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Neonatology A Practical Approach to Neonatal Diseases

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NeonatologyA Practical Approach to Neonatal Diseases

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123

Giuseppe Buonocore • Rodolfo BracciMichael Weindling Editors

Neonatology

A Practical Approachto Neonatal Diseases

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Editors

Giuseppe Buonocore Michael WeindlingProfessor of Pediatrics and Neonatology Professor of Perinatal MedicineHead of School of Pediatrics University of LiverpoolDepartment of Pediatrics, Obstetrics Director of Postgraduate Researchand Reproductive Medicine Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthDivision of Neonatology Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of Siena Head of School of Paediatrics Mersey DeaneryGeneral Hospital S. Maria alle Scotte Liverpool Women’s HospitalAzienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese Liverpool, United KingdomSiena, Italy

Rodolfo BracciFormerly Professor of Pediatrics andHead of Department of Pediatrics,Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine University of SienaSiena, Italy

ISBN 978-88-470-1404-6 e-ISBN 978-88-470-1405-3

DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-1405-3

Springer Milan Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011940798

© Springer-Verlag Italia 2012

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction onmicrofilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is per-mitted only under the provisions of the Italian Copyright Law in its current version, and permission for use mustalways be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the Italian Copyright Law.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, evenin the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regula-tions and therefore free for general use.

Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and applicationcontained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevantliterature.

6 5 4 3 2 1 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016

Cover design: Ikona S.r.l., Milano, Italy

Typesetting and production: Scienzaperta S.n.c. Publishing Services, Novate Milanese (Milano), ItalyPrinting and binding: Printer Trento S.r.l., Trento, ItalyPrinted in Italy

Springer-Verlag Italia S.r.l, Via Decembrio 28, I-20137 Milano, ItalySpringer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

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All practitioners, doctors and nurses, who care for newborn babies have an enormousresponsibility. They are entrusted with the care of approximately 130 million childrenwho are born each year worldwide, about 20 million of whom are of low birth weight.Because they are born light and early, these children are at high risk of dying duringthe perinatal period, have reduced survival during infancy and are at risk of survivalwith cognitive impairment. Their health later in life may be adversely affected and eventhe next generation may suffer. Some babies become sick because they are born small,others because of inherited diseases, which often provide diagnostic and therapeuticchallenges. Still others, about one in every thousand, have thrived during the pregnancybut are subjected to severe and potentially damaging hypoxic ischaemia at full-term.We firmly believe that good care can help improve the survival of these small vulnerablepatients and this book was produced with the aim of providing healthcare practitionersin neonatology with an up-to-date, readily available and comprehensive source of prac-tical advice for the expert management of their patients and their diverse illnesses.

Neonatology is a science in rapid evolution and all the contributors to this new text-book are experts in their fields, clinically active and committed to developing the bestpossible care for their patients. This book brings together their expertise in a clear andeasy-to-follow manner. Although some may feel that in the age of the internet such atextbook is an anachronism, we feel passionately that those caring for newborn babieswill be helped by the accessibility of the information, written by experts, in this singlevolume. Our intention is that healthcare practitioners with responsibility for babies willbe helped by the knowledge of the contributors to this book and their collective expe-rience acquired over many years. The evidence base for practice has been set out whereavailable, but there are gaps in the research-based evidence and sick babies still deserveto be given first-class care. We firmly believe that this textbook will enable the betterdelivery of such high quality care by making widely available the personal expertiseof the contributors, who have been selected because of their international reputationsand renown. We hope this textbook finds a place in the library of every neonatal unitand on the bookshelf of every practitioner committed to the care of newborn babies.

The book has been organized in a logical manner. In the first section, relevant epi-demiology and fetal medicine are considered. Here consideration is given to epigeneticmechanisms and well as more traditional risk factors. Intrauterine growth restriction isconsidered from obstetric, neonatal and therapeutic aspects. There are chapters devotedto the difficult ethical problems in this area of care, how to make decisions, and how tomeasure the quality of the care that our small patients receive. The vital issue of followup outcomes is considered, as well as the complexities of cerebral plasticity and func-tional reorganization in children with congenital brain lesions.

The second section deals with therapeutic issues, including the organization of peri-natal care, transport services, resuscitation and oxygen toxicity, home care after dis-charge from hospital and the training of specialist doctors and nurses. Here legal issuesare also considered. The third section on nutrition begins with a consideration of the

Preface

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physiology of the gastrointestinal tract and of the developing endocrine milieu. Nutri-tion of the baby in hospital is considered in its various aspects, as is post-discharge nu-trition, calcium and phosphorous homeostasis and micronutrients and vitamins. SectionIV provides a detailed consideration of the problems due to drugs taken during preg-nancy and there is an expert review of developmental pharmacology and therapeutics.Issues relating to infants born to mothers with diabetes are also considered here. SectionV deals with the respiratory system in all its complexity, ranging from its developmentand physiology, through a consideration of the control of breathing and the molecularstructure of surfactant and rare lung disorders, to practical therapeutic considerations.The following sections deal with the cardiovascular system, hyperbilirubinemia andliver diseases. Section VIII deals with surgery, including the treatment of orofacial mal-formations and necrotizing enterocolitis, and pre- and post- natal management. Subse-quent sections deal with hematology, immunology and inflammation, and the rare butimportant topic of neonatal malignancies. Sections on infection and endocrine and meta-bolic disease follow. Finally there are sections on neurology, including brain develop-ment, injury, electrophysiology and imaging, and relevant ophthalmology, orthopedicsand dermatology.

This book is comprehensive and provides an easily accessible single reference point.It is intended for all involved in the care of newborn babies – pediatricians, neonatalnurses, nurse practitioners, midwives, pediatric surgeons, anesthesiologists, neonatol-ogists and those training in these various areas.

Siena and Liverpool, November 2011 Giuseppe BuonocoreRodolfo Bracci

Michael WeindlingEditors

AcknowledgementsThe Editors are grateful to the Europe Against Infant Brain Injury (EURAIBI - Onlus)Foundation for its most generous support. Particular thanks to Barbara Marzocchi, whogave so much energy contacting contributors and getting back manuscripts, and toMarco Martorelli for his unfailing help in copy editing. Last, but no means least, weare very grateful to our trainees and residents, Sara Bertrando, Sara Cornacchione, TeiMonica, and Gemma Stazzoni, who carefully checked the index.

VI Preface

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Section I Epidemiology and Fetal Neonatal Medicine

1 Epidemiology: Mortality and Morbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Marcello Orzalesi and Carlo Corchia

2 The Development from Fetus to Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Domenico Arduini and Marianne Vendola

3 General Characteristics of Preterm and Term Newborn . . . . . . . . . . 17Stefano Parmigiani, Daniela Gianotti and Giulio Bevilacqua

4 Risk Factors for Gestational Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Maria De Bonis, Michela Torricelli and Felice Petraglia

5 Epigenetic Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Felicia M. Low, Emilia Tng and Peter D. Gluckman

6 Congenital Malformations and Syndromes:Early Diagnosis and Prognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Giovanni Corsello and Mario Giuffrè

7 Prenatal and Postnatal Inflammatory Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Christian P. Speer

8 The Fetus at Risk: Chorioamnionitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Mikko Hallman and Tuula Kaukola

9 Diagnosis of Fetal Distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Felice Petraglia, Carlotta Boni, Filiberto M. Severi and Jane Norman

10 Multiple Pregnancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Maria Angela Rustico, Mariano Lanna and Enrico Ferrazzi

11 Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Obstetric Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Anna Maria Marconi and Frederick C. Battaglia

12 Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Neonatal Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Enrico Bertino, Luciana Occhi and Claudio Fabris

13 Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Intervention Strategies . . . . . . . . 89Victor K.M. Han, Maxim D. Seferovic, Caroline D. Albionand Madhulika B. Gupta

Contents

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14 Late Preterm Infants at Risk for Short-Term andLong-Term Morbidity and Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Avroy A. Fanaroff

15 Ethical Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Otwin Linderkamp

16 Basic Approach to the Care of Extremely Low BirthWeight Infants: an Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Costantino Romagnoli and Fabio Mosca

17 The Process of Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Endla K. Anday and Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos

18 Follow-up Outcomes of High Risk Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Maureen Hack and Deanne Wilson-Costello

19 Early Markers of Poor Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Fabrizio Ferrari, Licia Lugli, Isotta Guidotti and Marisa Pugliese

20 Quality of Neonatal Intensive Care and Outcomefor High Risk Newborn Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Liz McKechnie, Kathryn Johnson and Malcolm Levene

21 Cerebral Plasticity and Functional Reorganizationin Children with Congenital Brain Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Giovanni Cioni, Andrea Guzzetta and Giulia D’Acunto

Section II Perinatal and Neonatal Care

22 Organization of Perinatal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Neil Marlow

23 Training of Doctors and Nurses in Perinatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Franco Macagno and Alfred Tenore

24 Neonatal Transport Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Rocco Agostino and Roberto Aufieri

25 Problems of Discharge and Home Care of Newborns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Fabio Mosca and Monica Fumagalli

26 Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Isabelle Ligi, Sophie Tardieu, Véronique Millet and Umberto Simeoni

27 Guidelines and Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Rinaldo Zanini

28 Physical Environment: the Thermal Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Gunnar Sedin

29 Information and Psychosocial Intervention in Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Massimo Agosti

VIII Contents

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30 Neonatology and the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Vittorio Fineschi and Emanuela Turillazzi

31 Environment and Early Developmental Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Dominique Haumont

32 Neonatal Pain: Neurophysiology, Recognition and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Carlo Bellieni

33 Procedural Pain Management with Non-PharmacologicalInterventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Celeste Johnston, Ananda M. Fernandes and Marsha Campbell-Yeo

34 Neonatal Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Nicola Disma, Maria L. Massone, Leila Mameli, Giovanni Montobbioand Pietro Tuo

35 Neonatal Care in the Delivery Room: Initial Management . . . . . . 217Tara M. Randis

36 Approach to Low Risk Newborns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Jennifer M. Duchon

37 Early Detection of Neonatal Depression and Asphyxia . . . . . . . . . . 226Paolo Biban and Davide Silvagni

38 Resuscitation of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232Ola D. Saugstad

39 Oxygen Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Giuseppe Buonocore, Rodolfo Bracci, Serafina Perrone and Maximo Vento

40 Physical Examination of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Claudio Fabris and Alessandra Coscia

41 Primary Investigations in the Term and Preterm Newborn . . . . . 257Ignazio Barberi, Eloisa Gitto and Diego Gazzolo

Section III Nutrition

42 Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Arieh Riskin, Carlo Agostoni and Raanan Shamir

43 Hormones and Gastrointestinal Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Flavia Prodam, Simonetta Bellone, Silvia Savastio, Arianna Busti, Carla Guidi, Alice Monzani and Gianni Bona

44 Feeding the Term Infant: Human Milk and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Silvia Fanaro and Vittorio Vigi

45 Nutritional Recommendations for the Very LowBirth Weight Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Ekhard E. Ziegler

Contents IX

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X Contents

46 Enteral Feeding of the Very Low Birth Weight Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304Johannes B. (Hans) van Goudoever

47 Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Jacques Rigo and Thibault Senterre

48 Post-Discharge Nutrition in Preterm Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Richard J. Cooke

49 Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis: Pathophysiology . . . . . . 333Jacques Rigo, Catherine Pieltain, Renaud Viellevoye and Franco Bagnoli

50 Micronutrients and Vitamins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354Olivier Claris and Guy Putet

Section IV Pharmacology and Infants of Smoking,Addicted and Diabetic Mother

51 Safety of Medications During Pregnancyand Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Nada Djokanovic and Gideon Koren

52 Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Erika Crane, Victoria Tutag Lehr, Merene Mathew and Jacob V. Aranda

53 Infants of Drug-Addicted Mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Eunji Kim and Gideon Koren

54 Infants of Smoking Mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Roberto Paludetto and Francesco Raimondi

55 Infants of Diabetic Mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Jane E. Barthell and Michael K. Georgieff

Section V Respiratory System

56 Lung Development and Pulmonary Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Corrado Moretti and Paola Papoff

57 Neonatal Pulmonary Physiology of Termand Preterm Newborns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Corrado Moretti and Paola Papoff

58 Control of Breathing in Newborns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415Ruben Alvaro and Henrique Rigatto

59 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Simone Pratesi and Carlo Dani

60 Molecular Structure of Surfactant: Biochemical Aspects . . . . . . . . 429Tore Curstedt

61 Surfactant Metabolism in Neonatal Lung Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433Virgilio P. Carnielli and Paola E. Cogo

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Contents XI

62 Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Predisposing Factors,Pathophysiology and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441Mikko Hallman and Timo Saarela

63 Pulmonary Hemorrhage, Transient Tachypneaand Neonatal Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Richard J. Martin and Amitai Kohn

64 Pulmonary Air Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460Paola Papoff and Corrado Moretti

65 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/Chronic Lung Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Vineet Bhandari

66 Rare Lung Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484Paolo Tagliabue and Clotilde Farina

67 Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newbornand Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488Steven H. Abman

68 Treatment of Respiratory Failure: Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . 497Colin J. Morley

69 Continuous Positive Airways Pressure and otherNon-Invasive Ventilation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Fabrizio Sandri and Gina Ancora

70 Lung Diseases: Surfactant Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522Henry L. Halliday

71 Nitric Oxide Therapy in Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529John P. Kinsella

72 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Neonates . . . . . . . . . . . 537Anne Greenough, Munir Agha and Adam P.R. Smith

73 Lung Diseases: Problems of Steroid Treatment of Fetusand Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Henry L. Halliday

74 Apnea of Prematurity and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome . . . . 543Christian F. Poets

Section VI Cardiovascular System

75 Cardiovascular Physiology, Pathology, and ClinicalInvestigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550Luciane Piazza, Angelo Micheletti, Diana Negura, Carmelo Arcidiacono,Antonio Saracino and Mario Carminati

76 Early Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease:When and How to Treat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Luciane Piazza, Angelo Micheletti, Diana Negura, Carmelo Arcidiacono,Antonio Saracino and Mario Carminati

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77 Arrhythmias and Heart Muscle Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Fabio Mosca, Federico Schena and Anna Maria Colli

78 Blood Pressure Disorders in the Neonate:Hypotension and Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Jonathan M. Fanaroff and Avroy A. Fanaroff

79 Polycythemia and Hyperviscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Otwin Linderkamp

80 Patent Ductus Arteriosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Bart Van Overmeire

Section VII Hyperbilirubinemia and Liver Diseases

81 Bilirubin Metabolism, Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia, Physiological Neonatal Jaundice . . . . . . . . . . . . 608Giovanna Bertini and Carlo Dani

82 Pathologic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia,Isoimmunization, Abnormalities of Red Cellsand Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Michael Kaplan, Ronald J. Wong and David K. Stevenson

83 Kernicterus, Bilirubin Induced NeurologicalDysfunction and New Treatments for UnconjugatedHyperbilirubinemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Deirdre E. van Imhoff, Frans J.C. Cuperus, Peter H. Dijk, Claudio Tiribelliand Christian V. Hulzebos

84 Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629M. Jeffrey Maisels and Jon F. Watchko

85 Pathology and Treatment of Liver Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641Giuseppe Maggiore and Silvia Riva

86 Neonatal Cholestasis-Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia . . . . . . . . . . 650Chad M. Best, Glenn R. Gourley and Vinod K. Bhutani

87 Surgical Treatment of Biliary Tract Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659George Ekema and Pierluigi Pedersini

Section VIII Orofacial and GastrointestinalMalformations and Diseases

88 Orofacial Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664Roberto Brusati and Giacomo Colletti

89 Esophageal Atresia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675Alfredo Garzi and Mario Messina

90 Gastrointestinal Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682Remigio Dòmini and Marcello Dòmini

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91 Rare Surgical Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699Mario Messina, Francesco Molinaro and Alfredo Garzi

92 Meconium Plug Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704Mario Messina and Francesco Molinaro

93 Hirschsprung’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708Vincenzo Jasonni and Alessio Pini Prato

94 Gastroenteritis and Intractable Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713Assunta Braito

95 Rehydration after Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719Carlo Bellieni

96 Necrotizing Enterocolitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724Elvira Parravicini and Federica Fromm

97 Surgical Treatment of Necrotizing Enterocolitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731Nigel J. Hall and Agostino Pierro

Section IX Hematology, Immunologyand Malignancies

98 Hematology and Immunology: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735Robert D. Christensen

99 Pathophysiology of Coagulation and Deficienciesof Coagulation Factors in the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748Rodney P.A. Rivers

100 Coagulation Disorders: Risk of Thrombosis in the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Angelo C. Molinari and Paola Saracco

101 Coagulation Disorders: Inflammationand Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770Jennifer L. Armstrong-Wells and Marilyn J. Manco-Johnson

102 Coagulation Disorders: Clinical Aspectsof Platelet Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775Antonio Del Vecchio

103 Anemia in the Neonatal Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784Robert D. Christensen and Robin K. Ohls

104 Fetal and Neonatal Hydrops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799Gennaro Vetrano and Mario De Curtis

105 Physiology and Abnormalities of Leukocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804Kurt R. Schibler

106 Neonatal Hereditary Neutropenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Gaetano Chirico and Carmelita D’Ippolito

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107 Therapy with Recombinant Leukocyte Growth Factors . . . . . . . . . . 822Robert D. Christensen

108 Fundamentals of Feto-Neonatal Immunologyand Its Clinical Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830Akhil Maheshwari and Edmund F. La Gamma

109 Congenital Immunodeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848Alessandro Plebani and Gaetano Chirico

110 Inflammatory Mediators in Neonatal Asphyxiaand Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853Marietta Xanthou and Victoria Niklas

111 Neonatal Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858Franca Fossati-Bellani

Section X Fetal and Neonatal Infections

112 Fetal Infections: Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex,and Varicella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869Stuart P. Adler and Giovanni Nigro

113 Fetal infections: Rubella, HIV, HCV, HBV, and HumanParvovirus B19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880Pier-Angelo Tovo, Stefania Bezzio and Clara Gabiano

114 Fetal infections: Congenital Syphilis, and Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . 893Pier-Angelo Tovo, Carlo Scolfaro, Federica Mignone and Silvia Garazzino

115 Toxoplasmosis in the Fetus and Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898Wilma Buffolano

116 Neonatal Bacterial and Fungal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905Mauro Stronati and Alessandro Borghesi

117 Neonatal Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931Rajesh K. Aneja, Ruby V. Aneja, Robert Cicco and Joseph A. Carcillo

118 Neonatal Viral Infections: Enteroviruses, and RespiratorySyncytial Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940Paolo Manzoni, Elisa Antonielli d’Oulx and Pier-Angelo Tovo

119 Vaccinations and Neonatal Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944Alberto G. Ugazio and Alberto E. Tozzi

Section XI Endocrine, Metabolic and Renal Diseases

120 Inborn Errors of Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Giancarlo Parenti and Generoso Andria

121 Endocrine Diseases of Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967Paolo Ghirri, Antonio Balsamo, Massimiliano Ciantelli, Antonio Boldrini and Alessandro Cicognani

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122 Disorders of Thyroid Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993Paolo Cavarzere and Luciano Tatò

123 Disorders of Sexual Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004Antonio Balsamo, Alessandro Cicognani, Paolo Ghirri, Rosa T. Scaramuzzo, Franco D’Alberton, Silvano Bertelloni and Antonio Boldrini

124 Pathophysiology of Fetal and Neonatal Kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018Farid Boubred, Isabelle Grandvuillemin and Umberto Simeoni

125 Acute and Chronic Renal Failure in the Newborn Infant . . . . . . . . . 1027Jean-Pierre Guignard and Uma S. Ali

126 Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal and Urinary TractMalformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040Vassilios Fanos, Marco Zaffanello and Michele Mussap

Section XII Neurology

127 Brain Development and Perinatal Vulnerabilityto Cerebral Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067Luca A. Ramenghi, Monica Fumagalli and Veena Supramaniam

128 Inflammation and Perinatal Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079Henrik Hagberg, Carina Mallard and Karin Sävman

129 Normal and Abnormal Neurodevelopmental andBehavioral Outcomes of Very Low Birth Weight Infants . . . . . . . . . 1087Betty R. Vohr and Bonnie E. Stephens

130 Neurological Examination of the Newborn Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100Fabrizio Ferrari, Licia Lugli, Luca Ori, Claudio Galloand Natascia Bertoncelli

131 Neonatal Electroencephalography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113Lena K. Hellström-Westas

132 Neuroimaging Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118Luca A. Ramenghi and Petra S. Huppi

133 Malformations of Cortical Development:Genetic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131Renzo Guerrini and Elena Parrini

134 Congenital Malformations of the Brain: Prenatal Diagnosis, Spectrum and Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137Elie Saliba and Christian Paillet

135 Biochemical Basis of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy . . . . . . . 1147Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos and Endla Anday

136 Clinical Aspects and Treatment of the Hypoxic-IschemicSyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160Floris Groenendaal and Frank van Bel

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137 Neuroprotective Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173Angela M. Kaindl, Géraldine Favrais and Pierre Gressens

138 Cerebral Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180Linda S. de Vries

139 Neonatal Arterial Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1192Daniela Ricci and Eugenio Mercuri

140 Neonatal Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199Malcolm Levene

141 The Timing of Neonatal Brain Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1208Giuseppe Buonocore and Serafina Perrone

142 Thrombosis in the Development of Newborn BrainDamage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216Paul Govaert

143 Epidemiology of Adverse Cerebral Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1228Neil Marlow

144 Neuromuscular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232Paolo Balestri and Salvatore Grosso

Section XIII Ophthalmology, Orthopedicsand Skin Diseases

145 Ocular Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1240Elena Piozzi and Alessandra Del Longo

146 Retinopathy of Prematurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246José Carlos Rivera, Elsa Duchemin-Kermorvant, Allison Dorfman,Luis M. Ospina and Sylvain Chemtob

147 Neonatal Orthopedic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266Peter D. Pizzutillo and Martin J. Herman

148 Neonatal Skin Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1269Michele Fimiani, Roberta Bilenchi, Filomena Mandato, Stefania Mei,Niccolò Nami and Rosa Maria Strangi

Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295

Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303

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Contributors

Steven H. Abman Pediatric Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pediatric HeartLung Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine andThe Children’s Hospital, Denver, Colorado, USA

Stuart P. Adler Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA

Munir Agha Neonatal Unit, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom

Massimo Agosti Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, F. Del PonteHospital, Varese, Italy

Rocco Agostino Department for Maternal and Child Health, S. Giovanni CalibitaHospital Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy

Carlo Agostoni Department of Paediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda OspedaleMaggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Caroline D. Albion Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine andDentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Uma S. Ali Division of Nephrology and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, B.J. WadiaHospital for Children, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

Ruben Alvaro Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba,Canada

Gina Ancora Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Mother and Child, InfermiHospital, Rimini, Italy

Endla K. Anday Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine,St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, USA

Generoso Andria Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Naples,Italy

Rajesh K. Aneja Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Universityof Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, USA

Ruby V. Aneja Division of Neonatology, Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, USA

Elisa Antonielli d’Oulx Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Jacob V. Aranda Division of Neonatology and Perinatal Translational ResearchLaboratory, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA

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Carmelo Arcidiacono Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital HeartDisease, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy

Domenico Arduini Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rome TorVergata, Rome, Italy

Jennifer L. Armstrong-Wells Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, andHemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Children’s HospitalColorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA

Roberto Aufieri Neonatal Emergency Transport Service Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Umberto I Polyclinic, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Franco Bagnoli Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Paolo Balestri Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine,Division of Pediatrics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Antonio Balsamo Department of Gynecologic, Obstetric and Pediatric Sciences,University and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy

Ignazio Barberi Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Universityof Messina, Messina, Italy

Jane E. Barthell Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA

Frederick C. Battaglia Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver,USA

Carlo Bellieni Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics andReproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Simonetta Bellone Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, Universityof Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

Silvano Bertelloni Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Unit, Department of Obstetrics,Gynecology and Pediatrics, Santa Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy

Giovanna Bertini Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence,Italy

Enrico Bertino Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Science, Division of Neona-tology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Natascia Bertoncelli Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena,Modena, Italy

Chad M. Best Rocky Mountain Pediatric Gastroenterology, Denver, Colorado, USA

Giulio Bevilacqua Department of Obstetrical, Gynaecological and Neonatal Sciences,University of Parma, Parma, Italy

Stefania Bezzio Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Vineet Bhandari Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, Gynecology and ReproductiveSciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

Vinod K. Bhutani Division of Neonatal-Developmental Medicine, Department ofPediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA

XVIII Contributors

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Paolo Biban Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Paediatrics,Major City Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Integrata, Verona, Italy

Roberta Bilenchi Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences,Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Antonio Boldrini Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa ChiaraUniversity Hospital, Pisa, Italy

Gianni Bona Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, University ofPiemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

Carlotta Boni Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Alessandro Borghesi Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS PoliclinicoSan Matteo, Pavia, Italy

Farid Boubred Division of Neonatology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France

Rodolfo Bracci Formerly of Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and ReproductiveMedicine, Division of Neonatology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Assunta Braito Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Infectious Diseases,University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Nicola Brunetti-Pierri Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples,Naples, Italy

Roberto Brusati Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, San Paolo Hospital, Universityof Milan, Milan, Italy

Wilma Buffolano Department of Paediatrics, Regional Register for Perinatal Infection,and Special Unit for Perinatal Infection, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy

Giuseppe Buonocore Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Division of Neonatology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Arianna Busti Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, and Departmentof Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University ofPiemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

Marsha Campbell-Yeo Women’s and Newborn Program, IWK Health Centre, Halifax,Nova Scotia, Canada

Joseph A. Carcillo Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Universityof Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, USA

Mario Carminati Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital HeartDisease, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy

Virgilio P. Carnielli Division of Neonatology, Salesi Hospital, and Polytechnic Uni-versity of Marche, Ancona, Italy

Paolo Cavarzere Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University ofVerona, Verona, Italy

Sylvain Chemtob Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Research Center, and Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

Contributors XIX

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XX Contributors

Gaetano Chirico Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Spedali CiviliHospital, Brescia, Italy

Robert D. Christensen Women and Newborns Program, Intermountain Healthcare,Ogden, Utah, USA

Massimiliano Ciantelli Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa ChiaraUniversity Hospital, Pisa, Italy

Robert Cicco Division of Neonatology, Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, USA

Alessandro Cicognani Department of Gynecologic, Obstetric and Pediatric Sciences,University and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy

Giovanni Cioni Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy

Olivier Claris Department of Neonatology, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, andHospices Civils de Lyon and Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France

Paola E. Cogo Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy

Giacomo Colletti Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, San Paolo Hospital,University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Anna Maria Colli Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ GrandaOspedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Richard J. Cooke Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Saint LouisUniversity School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

Carlo Corchia International Centre on Birth Defects and Prematurity, Division ofPreterm Birth, Rome, Italy

Giovanni Corsello Mother and Child Department, University of Palermo, Palermo,Italy

Alessandra Coscia Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Science, Division ofNeonatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Erika Crane Cascade Pediatrics, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA

Frans J.C. Cuperus Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology,University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Tore Curstedt Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet,Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden

Giulia D’Acunto Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa,Italy

Franco D’Alberton Department for the Health of the Mother, the Child and theAdolescent, University and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy

Carlo Dani Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy

Maria De Bonis Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Mario De Curtis Department of Pediatrics, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome,Italy

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Contributors XXI

Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University Collegeof Medicine, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, USA

Alessandra Del Longo Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Niguarda Ca’ GrandaHospital, Milan, Italy

Antonio Del Vecchio Division of Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, DiVenere Hospital, ASL Bari, Bari, Italy

Linda S. de Vries Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital,University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Peter H. Dijk Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University MedicalCenter Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Carmelita D’Ippolito Oncohematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, SpedaliCivili Hospital, Brescia, Italy

Nicola Disma Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care,Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy

Nada Djokanovic The Motherisk Program, Division of Clinical Pharmacology andToxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

Marcello Dòmini Pediatric Surgery Unit, ‘Alma Mater Studiorum’ University,S.�Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy

Remigio Dòmini Formerly of Pediatric Surgery Unit, ‘Alma Mater Studiorum’University, Bologna, Italy

Allison Dorfman Department of Ophthalmology/Neurology, McGill University- Montreal Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Canada

Elsa Duchemin-Kermorvant Inserm UMRS872, Université Pierre et Marie Curie,Paris, France

Jennifer M. Duchon Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology/Perinatology,Columbia University, New York, USA

George Ekema Pediatric Surgery Unit, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy

Claudio Fabris Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Science, Division of Neona-tology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Silvia Fanaro Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Section of Pediatrics, University ofFerrara, Ferrara, Italy

Avroy A. Fanaroff Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University Schoolof Medicine, Eliza Henry Barnes Chair in Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children’sHospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Jonathan M. Fanaroff Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve UniversitySchool of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Vassilios Fanos Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and NeonatalSection, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy

Clotilde Farina Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, MBBM Foundationand San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy

Géraldine Favrais Neonatal and Pediatric Resuscitation Service, Clocheville Hospital,CHRU de Tours, Tours, France

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XXII Contributors

Ananda M. Fernandes Department of Child Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra,Coimbra, Portugal

Fabrizio Ferrari Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena,Modena, Italy

Enrico Ferrazzi Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinical Unit, Buzzi Children’s Hospital,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Michele Fimiani Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences,Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Vittorio Fineschi Department of Legal Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy

Franca Fossati-Bellani Formerly of Pediatric Oncology Department, FondazioneIRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy

Federica Fromm Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New YorkDown State, New York, USA

Monica Fumagalli Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ GrandaOspedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Clara Gabiano Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Claudio Gallo Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena,Italy

Silvia Garazzino Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Alfredo Garzi Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Pediatric Surgery, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy

Diego Gazzolo Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, C. ArrigoChildren’s Hospital, Alessandria, Italy

Michael K. Georgieff Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center forNeurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA

Paolo Ghirri Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Section of NeonatalEndocrinology and Dysmorphology, Santa Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy

Daniela Gianotti Department of Obstetrical, Gynaecological and Neonatal Sciences,University of Parma, Parma, Italy

Eloisa Gitto Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University ofMessina, Messina, Italy

Mario Giuffrè Mother and Child Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

Peter D. Gluckman Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, LigginsInstitute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, and Singapore Institute forClinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore

Glenn R. Gourley Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA

Paul Govaert Sophia Children’s Hospital Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,and ZNA Koningin Paola Kinderziekenhuis, Antwerpen, Belgium

Isabelle Grandvuillemin Division of Neonatology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille,France

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Contributors XXIII

Anne Greenough Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, MRC & Asthma UKCentre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, London, UnitedKingdom

Pierre Gressens Inserm U676, and Paris 7 University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris,France

Floris Groenendaal Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Salvatore Grosso Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine,Pediatric Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Renzo Guerrini Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children’sHospital, Florence, Italy

Carla Guidi Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, University ofPiemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

Isotta Guidotti Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena,Italy

Jean-Pierre Guignard University of Lausanne Medical School, Centre HospitalierUniversitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland

Madhulika B. Gupta Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine andDentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Andrea Guzzetta Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris,Pisa, Italy, and Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, RoyalChildren’s Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Maureen Hack Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babiesand Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Medical Center, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Henrik Hagberg Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, ImperialCollege London, London, United Kingdom

Nigel J. Hall Department of Paediatric Surgery, UCL Institute of Child Health, andGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children, University College London, London,United Kingdom

Henry L. Halliday Formerly of Regional Neonatal Unit, Royal Maternity Hospital andDepartment of Child Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland

Mikko Hallman Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Universityof Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Victor K.M. Han Departments of Paediatrics, and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, SchulichSchool of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario,Canada

Dominique Haumont Department of Neonatology, Saint-Pierre University Hospital,Brussels, Belgium

Lena K. Hellström-Westas Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, UppsalaUniversity Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden

Martin J. Herman Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Christopher’s Hospital forChildren, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

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Christian V. Hulzebos Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, UniversityMedical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Petra S. Huppi Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Development, UniversityHospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland

Vincenzo Jasonni Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Genoa, and Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy

Kathryn Johnson Leeds Neonatal Service, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds,United Kingdom

Celeste Johnston School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, and Women andNewborn Program, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada

Angela M. Kaindl Inserm U676, and Paris 7 University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris,France

Michael Kaplan Department of Neonatology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and TheFaculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

Tuula Kaukola Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Universityof Oulu, Oulu, Finland

Eunji Kim The Motherisk Program, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

John P. Kinsella Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University ofColorado School of Medicine, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA

Amitai Kohn Department of Pediatrics, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak,Michigan, USA

Gideon Koren The Motherisk Program, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada

Edmund F. La Gamma Division of Newborn Medicine, Maria Fareri Children’sHospital, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NewYork, USA

Mariano Lanna Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinical Unit, Buzzi Children’s Hospital,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Malcolm Levene Academic Unit of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Leeds,and Department of Neonatal Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UnitedKingdom

Isabelle Ligi Division of Neonatology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France

Otwin Linderkamp Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University ofHeidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany

Felicia M. Low Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Licia Lugli Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy

Franco Macagno Department of Perinatal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universi-taria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy

Giuseppe Maggiore Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development,Division of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Santa Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy

XXIV Contributors

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Contributors XXV

Akhil Maheshwari Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital, University of Illinoisat Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA

M. Jeffrey Maisels Department of Pediatrics, Oakland University William BeaumontSchool of Medicine, and Division of Neonatology, Beaumont Children’s Hospital, RoyalOak, Michigan, USA

Carina Mallard Perinatal Center, Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology,Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Leila Mameli Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care,Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy

Marilyn J. Manco-Johnson Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/ Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Universityof Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA

Filomena Mandato Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences,Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Paolo Manzoni Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Anna Maria Marconi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, DMSD San Paolo,University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Neil Marlow Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UnitedKingdom

Richard J. Martin Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, RainbowBabies & Children’s Hospital, Division of Neonatology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Maria L. Massone Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care,Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy

Merene Mathew Southwestern Medical Clinic, Stevensville, Michigan, USA

Liz McKechnie Leeds Neonatal Service, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, UnitedKingdom

Stefania Mei Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Eugenio Mercuri Pediatric Neurologic Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy

Mario Messina Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Pediatric Surgery, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy

Angelo Micheletti Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital HeartDisease, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy

Federica Mignone Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Véronique Millet Division of Neonatology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France

Angelo C. Molinari Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematologyand Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy

Francesco Molinaro Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Pediatric Surgery, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy

Giovanni Montobbio Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and Neonatal IntensiveCare, Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy

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Alice Monzani Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, University ofPiemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

Corrado Moretti Pediatric Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Pediatrics,‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Colin J. Morley Department of Newborn Research, Royal Women’s Hospital, andDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Australia

Fabio Mosca Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda OspedaleMaggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Michele Mussap Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy

Niccolò Nami Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Diana Negura Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease,IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy

Giovanni Nigro Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy

Victoria Niklas Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal Medicine, KeckSchool Medicine at University of Southern California, Children’s Hospital of LosAngeles, Los Angeles, California, USA

Jane Norman Tommy’s Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edin-burgh, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute,Edinburgh, United Kingdom

Luciana Occhi Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Science, Division ofNeonatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Robin K. Ohls Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of NewMexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Luca Ori Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy

Marcello Orzalesi Maruzza Lefebvre D’Ovidio Foundation, Rome, Italy

Luis M. Ospina Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CentreHospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

Christian Paillet CHRU, Inserm U930, François Rabelais University of Tours, PrenatalDiagnostic Center, Tours, France

Roberto Paludetto Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Federico IIUniversity of Naples, Naples, Italy

Paola Papoff Pediatric Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Pediatrics, ‘Sapienza’University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Giancarlo Parenti Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Naples,Italy

Stefano Parmigiani Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Eastern LiguriaHospital, La Spezia, Italy

Elvira Parravicini Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Morgan StanleyChildren’s Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center,New York, USA

XXVI Contributors

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Elena Parrini Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy

Pierluigi Pedersini Pediatric Surgery Unit, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili,Brescia, Italy

Serafina Perrone Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Division of Neonatology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Felice Petraglia Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Luciane Piazza Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital HeartDisease, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy

Catherine Pieltain Department of Neonatology, University of Liège, CHR de laCitadelle, Liège, Belgium

Agostino Pierro Department of Paediatric Surgery, UCL Institute of Child Health,and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, University College London, London,United Kingdom

Alessio Pini Prato Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Genoa, and Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy

Elena Piozzi Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Niguarda Ca’ Granda Hospital,Milan, Italy

Peter D. Pizzutillo Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Christopher’s Hospital forChildren, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

Alessandro Plebani Department of Pediatrics, Spedali Civili Hospital, and Universityof Brescia, Brescia, Italy

Christian F. Poets Department of Neonatology, Tubingen University Hospital,Tubingen, Germany

Simone Pratesi Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence,Italy

Flavia Prodam Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, and Depart-ment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Universityof Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

Marisa Pugliese Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena,Modena, Italy

Guy Putet Department of Neonatology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civilsde Lyon and Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France

Francesco Raimondi Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Federico IIUniversity of Naples, Naples, Italy

Luca A. Ramenghi Division of Neonatology, Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital,Genoa, Italy

Tara M. Randis Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology/Perinatology,Columbia University, New York, USA

Daniela Ricci Pediatric Neurologic Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy

Henrique Rigatto Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,Manitoba, Canada

Contributors XXVII

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Jacques Rigo Department of Neonatology, University of Liège, CHR de la Citadelle,Liège, Belgium

Arieh Riskin Department of Neonatology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel

Silvia Riva Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation,IsMeTT, Palermo, Italy

José Carlos Rivera Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Research Center, and Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada

Rodney P.A. Rivers Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College,London, United Kingdom

Costantino Romagnoli Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, CatholicUniversity of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy

Maria Angela Rustico Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinical Unit, Buzzi Children’sHospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Timo Saarela Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University ofOulu, Oulu, Finland

Elie Saliba Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Inserm U930,François Rabelais University and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France

Fabrizio Sandri Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ospedale Maggiore,Bologna, Italy

Paola Saracco Pediatric Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University ofTurin, OIRM S. Anna Hospital, Turin, Italy

Antonio Saracino Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital HeartDisease, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy

Ola D. Saugstad Department of Pediatric Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo UniversityHospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Silvia Savastio Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, University ofPiemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy

Karin Sävman Perinatal Center, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience and ofPaediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Rosa T. Scaramuzzo Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa ChiaraUniversity Hospital, and Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy

Federico Schena Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy

Kurt R. Schibler Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

Carlo Scolfaro Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Gunnar Sedin Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University Children’sHospital, Uppsala, Sweden

Maxim D. Seferovic Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

XXVIII Contributors

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Contributors XXIX

Thibault Senterre Department of Neonatology, University of Liège, CHR de laCitadelle, Liège, Belgium

Filiberto M. Severi Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Raanan Shamir Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Disease, SchneiderChildren’s Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv,Israel

Davide Silvagni Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Major City Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Integrata, Verona, Italy

Umberto Simeoni Division of Neonatology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France

Adam P.R. Smith Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King’s CollegeLondon, London, United Kingdom

Christian P. Speer University Children’s Hospital, Würzburg, Germany

Bonnie E. Stephens Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, WarrenAlpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

David K. Stevenson Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine,Stanford, California, USA

Rosa Maria Strangi Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences,Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Mauro Stronati Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico SanMatteo, Pavia, Italy

Veena Supramaniam Perinatal Imaging Group, Robert Steiner MR Unit, MRCClinical Sciences Centre, and Wigglesworth Perinatal Patology Services, HammersmithHospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom

Paolo Tagliabue Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, MBBM Foundationand San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy

Sophie Tardieu Medical Evaluation Department, Public Health Department, Marseille,France

Luciano Tatò Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona,Verona, Italy

Alfred Tenore Chair of Paediatrics, University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine,Italy

Claudio Tiribelli Liver Research Center and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy

Emilia Tng Growth, Development and Metabolism Program, Singapore Institutefor Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore

Michela Torricelli Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy

Pier-Angelo Tovo Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy

Alberto E. Tozzi Department of Pediatric Medicine, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome,Italy

Pietro Tuo Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care, GianninaGaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy

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Emanuela Turillazzi Department of Legal Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia,Italy

Victoria Tutag Lehr Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and Children’s Hospitalof Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA

Alberto G. Ugazio Department of Pediatric Medicine, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome,Italy

Frank van Bel Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, UniversityMedical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Johannes B. (Hans) van Goudoever Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic MedicalCenter, and Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam,The Netherlands

Deirdre E. van Imhoff Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, UniversityMedical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Bart Van Overmeire Neonatology Service, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre deBruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

Marianne Vendola Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of RomeTor Vergata, Rome, Italy

Maximo Vento Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe,Valencia, Spain

Gennaro Vetrano Pediatrics/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Sacro Cuore di Gesù Hospital, Benevento, Italy

Renaud Viellevoye Department of Neonatology, University of Liège, CHR de laCitadelle, Liège, Belgium

Vittorio Vigi Formerly of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Section of Pediatrics, Universityof Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

Betty R. Vohr Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Warren AlpertMedical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA

Jon F. Watchko Department of Pediatrics, Magee-Women’s Hospital, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, USA

Deanne Wilson-Costello Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, RainbowBabies and Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Medical Center,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA

Ronald J. Wong Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine,Stanford, California, USA

Marietta Xanthou Neonatal Immunology Laboratory, B’ Neonatal Intensive Care Unit,Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece

Marco Zaffanello Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University ofVerona, Verona, Italy

Rinaldo Zanini Mother and Child Department, Azienda Ospedaliera della Provinciadi Lecco, Lecco, Italy

Ekhard E. Ziegler Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,USA

XXX Contributors