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NeonatologyA Practical Approach to Neonatal Diseases
123
Giuseppe Buonocore • Rodolfo BracciMichael Weindling Editors
Neonatology
A Practical Approachto Neonatal Diseases
Editors
Giuseppe Buonocore Michael WeindlingProfessor of Pediatrics and Neonatology Professor of Perinatal MedicineHead of School of Pediatrics University of LiverpoolDepartment of Pediatrics, Obstetrics Director of Postgraduate Researchand Reproductive Medicine Department of Women’s and Children’s HealthDivision of Neonatology Institute of Translational MedicineUniversity of Siena Head of School of Paediatrics Mersey DeaneryGeneral Hospital S. Maria alle Scotte Liverpool Women’s HospitalAzienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese Liverpool, United KingdomSiena, Italy
Rodolfo BracciFormerly Professor of Pediatrics andHead of Department of Pediatrics,Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine University of SienaSiena, Italy
ISBN 978-88-470-1404-6 e-ISBN 978-88-470-1405-3
DOI 10.1007/978-88-470-1405-3
Springer Milan Dordrecht Heidelberg London New York
Library of Congress Control Number: 2011940798
© Springer-Verlag Italia 2012
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction onmicrofilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is per-mitted only under the provisions of the Italian Copyright Law in its current version, and permission for use mustalways be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the Italian Copyright Law.
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Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and applicationcontained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevantliterature.
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All practitioners, doctors and nurses, who care for newborn babies have an enormousresponsibility. They are entrusted with the care of approximately 130 million childrenwho are born each year worldwide, about 20 million of whom are of low birth weight.Because they are born light and early, these children are at high risk of dying duringthe perinatal period, have reduced survival during infancy and are at risk of survivalwith cognitive impairment. Their health later in life may be adversely affected and eventhe next generation may suffer. Some babies become sick because they are born small,others because of inherited diseases, which often provide diagnostic and therapeuticchallenges. Still others, about one in every thousand, have thrived during the pregnancybut are subjected to severe and potentially damaging hypoxic ischaemia at full-term.We firmly believe that good care can help improve the survival of these small vulnerablepatients and this book was produced with the aim of providing healthcare practitionersin neonatology with an up-to-date, readily available and comprehensive source of prac-tical advice for the expert management of their patients and their diverse illnesses.
Neonatology is a science in rapid evolution and all the contributors to this new text-book are experts in their fields, clinically active and committed to developing the bestpossible care for their patients. This book brings together their expertise in a clear andeasy-to-follow manner. Although some may feel that in the age of the internet such atextbook is an anachronism, we feel passionately that those caring for newborn babieswill be helped by the accessibility of the information, written by experts, in this singlevolume. Our intention is that healthcare practitioners with responsibility for babies willbe helped by the knowledge of the contributors to this book and their collective expe-rience acquired over many years. The evidence base for practice has been set out whereavailable, but there are gaps in the research-based evidence and sick babies still deserveto be given first-class care. We firmly believe that this textbook will enable the betterdelivery of such high quality care by making widely available the personal expertiseof the contributors, who have been selected because of their international reputationsand renown. We hope this textbook finds a place in the library of every neonatal unitand on the bookshelf of every practitioner committed to the care of newborn babies.
The book has been organized in a logical manner. In the first section, relevant epi-demiology and fetal medicine are considered. Here consideration is given to epigeneticmechanisms and well as more traditional risk factors. Intrauterine growth restriction isconsidered from obstetric, neonatal and therapeutic aspects. There are chapters devotedto the difficult ethical problems in this area of care, how to make decisions, and how tomeasure the quality of the care that our small patients receive. The vital issue of followup outcomes is considered, as well as the complexities of cerebral plasticity and func-tional reorganization in children with congenital brain lesions.
The second section deals with therapeutic issues, including the organization of peri-natal care, transport services, resuscitation and oxygen toxicity, home care after dis-charge from hospital and the training of specialist doctors and nurses. Here legal issuesare also considered. The third section on nutrition begins with a consideration of the
Preface
physiology of the gastrointestinal tract and of the developing endocrine milieu. Nutri-tion of the baby in hospital is considered in its various aspects, as is post-discharge nu-trition, calcium and phosphorous homeostasis and micronutrients and vitamins. SectionIV provides a detailed consideration of the problems due to drugs taken during preg-nancy and there is an expert review of developmental pharmacology and therapeutics.Issues relating to infants born to mothers with diabetes are also considered here. SectionV deals with the respiratory system in all its complexity, ranging from its developmentand physiology, through a consideration of the control of breathing and the molecularstructure of surfactant and rare lung disorders, to practical therapeutic considerations.The following sections deal with the cardiovascular system, hyperbilirubinemia andliver diseases. Section VIII deals with surgery, including the treatment of orofacial mal-formations and necrotizing enterocolitis, and pre- and post- natal management. Subse-quent sections deal with hematology, immunology and inflammation, and the rare butimportant topic of neonatal malignancies. Sections on infection and endocrine and meta-bolic disease follow. Finally there are sections on neurology, including brain develop-ment, injury, electrophysiology and imaging, and relevant ophthalmology, orthopedicsand dermatology.
This book is comprehensive and provides an easily accessible single reference point.It is intended for all involved in the care of newborn babies – pediatricians, neonatalnurses, nurse practitioners, midwives, pediatric surgeons, anesthesiologists, neonatol-ogists and those training in these various areas.
Siena and Liverpool, November 2011 Giuseppe BuonocoreRodolfo Bracci
Michael WeindlingEditors
AcknowledgementsThe Editors are grateful to the Europe Against Infant Brain Injury (EURAIBI - Onlus)Foundation for its most generous support. Particular thanks to Barbara Marzocchi, whogave so much energy contacting contributors and getting back manuscripts, and toMarco Martorelli for his unfailing help in copy editing. Last, but no means least, weare very grateful to our trainees and residents, Sara Bertrando, Sara Cornacchione, TeiMonica, and Gemma Stazzoni, who carefully checked the index.
VI Preface
Section I Epidemiology and Fetal Neonatal Medicine
1 Epidemiology: Mortality and Morbidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Marcello Orzalesi and Carlo Corchia
2 The Development from Fetus to Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Domenico Arduini and Marianne Vendola
3 General Characteristics of Preterm and Term Newborn . . . . . . . . . . 17Stefano Parmigiani, Daniela Gianotti and Giulio Bevilacqua
4 Risk Factors for Gestational Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Maria De Bonis, Michela Torricelli and Felice Petraglia
5 Epigenetic Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Felicia M. Low, Emilia Tng and Peter D. Gluckman
6 Congenital Malformations and Syndromes:Early Diagnosis and Prognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Giovanni Corsello and Mario Giuffrè
7 Prenatal and Postnatal Inflammatory Mechanisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46Christian P. Speer
8 The Fetus at Risk: Chorioamnionitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Mikko Hallman and Tuula Kaukola
9 Diagnosis of Fetal Distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55Felice Petraglia, Carlotta Boni, Filiberto M. Severi and Jane Norman
10 Multiple Pregnancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67Maria Angela Rustico, Mariano Lanna and Enrico Ferrazzi
11 Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Obstetric Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77Anna Maria Marconi and Frederick C. Battaglia
12 Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Neonatal Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82Enrico Bertino, Luciana Occhi and Claudio Fabris
13 Intrauterine Growth Restriction: Intervention Strategies . . . . . . . . 89Victor K.M. Han, Maxim D. Seferovic, Caroline D. Albionand Madhulika B. Gupta
Contents
14 Late Preterm Infants at Risk for Short-Term andLong-Term Morbidity and Mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94Avroy A. Fanaroff
15 Ethical Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102Otwin Linderkamp
16 Basic Approach to the Care of Extremely Low BirthWeight Infants: an Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114Costantino Romagnoli and Fabio Mosca
17 The Process of Decision-Making . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117Endla K. Anday and Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos
18 Follow-up Outcomes of High Risk Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122Maureen Hack and Deanne Wilson-Costello
19 Early Markers of Poor Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130Fabrizio Ferrari, Licia Lugli, Isotta Guidotti and Marisa Pugliese
20 Quality of Neonatal Intensive Care and Outcomefor High Risk Newborn Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Liz McKechnie, Kathryn Johnson and Malcolm Levene
21 Cerebral Plasticity and Functional Reorganizationin Children with Congenital Brain Lesions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145Giovanni Cioni, Andrea Guzzetta and Giulia D’Acunto
Section II Perinatal and Neonatal Care
22 Organization of Perinatal Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150Neil Marlow
23 Training of Doctors and Nurses in Perinatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157Franco Macagno and Alfred Tenore
24 Neonatal Transport Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161Rocco Agostino and Roberto Aufieri
25 Problems of Discharge and Home Care of Newborns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165Fabio Mosca and Monica Fumagalli
26 Risk Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168Isabelle Ligi, Sophie Tardieu, Véronique Millet and Umberto Simeoni
27 Guidelines and Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173Rinaldo Zanini
28 Physical Environment: the Thermal Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178Gunnar Sedin
29 Information and Psychosocial Intervention in Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Massimo Agosti
VIII Contents
30 Neonatology and the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192Vittorio Fineschi and Emanuela Turillazzi
31 Environment and Early Developmental Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197Dominique Haumont
32 Neonatal Pain: Neurophysiology, Recognition and Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201Carlo Bellieni
33 Procedural Pain Management with Non-PharmacologicalInterventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206Celeste Johnston, Ananda M. Fernandes and Marsha Campbell-Yeo
34 Neonatal Anesthesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210Nicola Disma, Maria L. Massone, Leila Mameli, Giovanni Montobbioand Pietro Tuo
35 Neonatal Care in the Delivery Room: Initial Management . . . . . . 217Tara M. Randis
36 Approach to Low Risk Newborns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221Jennifer M. Duchon
37 Early Detection of Neonatal Depression and Asphyxia . . . . . . . . . . 226Paolo Biban and Davide Silvagni
38 Resuscitation of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232Ola D. Saugstad
39 Oxygen Toxicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242Giuseppe Buonocore, Rodolfo Bracci, Serafina Perrone and Maximo Vento
40 Physical Examination of the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250Claudio Fabris and Alessandra Coscia
41 Primary Investigations in the Term and Preterm Newborn . . . . . 257Ignazio Barberi, Eloisa Gitto and Diego Gazzolo
Section III Nutrition
42 Physiology of the Gastrointestinal Tract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263Arieh Riskin, Carlo Agostoni and Raanan Shamir
43 Hormones and Gastrointestinal Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281Flavia Prodam, Simonetta Bellone, Silvia Savastio, Arianna Busti, Carla Guidi, Alice Monzani and Gianni Bona
44 Feeding the Term Infant: Human Milk and Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290Silvia Fanaro and Vittorio Vigi
45 Nutritional Recommendations for the Very LowBirth Weight Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298Ekhard E. Ziegler
Contents IX
X Contents
46 Enteral Feeding of the Very Low Birth Weight Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304Johannes B. (Hans) van Goudoever
47 Parenteral Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311Jacques Rigo and Thibault Senterre
48 Post-Discharge Nutrition in Preterm Infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320Richard J. Cooke
49 Calcium and Phosphorus Homeostasis: Pathophysiology . . . . . . 333Jacques Rigo, Catherine Pieltain, Renaud Viellevoye and Franco Bagnoli
50 Micronutrients and Vitamins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354Olivier Claris and Guy Putet
Section IV Pharmacology and Infants of Smoking,Addicted and Diabetic Mother
51 Safety of Medications During Pregnancyand Breastfeeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 358Nada Djokanovic and Gideon Koren
52 Developmental Pharmacology and Therapeutics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364Erika Crane, Victoria Tutag Lehr, Merene Mathew and Jacob V. Aranda
53 Infants of Drug-Addicted Mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369Eunji Kim and Gideon Koren
54 Infants of Smoking Mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375Roberto Paludetto and Francesco Raimondi
55 Infants of Diabetic Mothers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379Jane E. Barthell and Michael K. Georgieff
Section V Respiratory System
56 Lung Development and Pulmonary Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387Corrado Moretti and Paola Papoff
57 Neonatal Pulmonary Physiology of Termand Preterm Newborns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405Corrado Moretti and Paola Papoff
58 Control of Breathing in Newborns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415Ruben Alvaro and Henrique Rigatto
59 Meconium Aspiration Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423Simone Pratesi and Carlo Dani
60 Molecular Structure of Surfactant: Biochemical Aspects . . . . . . . . 429Tore Curstedt
61 Surfactant Metabolism in Neonatal Lung Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433Virgilio P. Carnielli and Paola E. Cogo
Contents XI
62 Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Predisposing Factors,Pathophysiology and Diagnosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441Mikko Hallman and Timo Saarela
63 Pulmonary Hemorrhage, Transient Tachypneaand Neonatal Pneumonia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455Richard J. Martin and Amitai Kohn
64 Pulmonary Air Leakage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460Paola Papoff and Corrado Moretti
65 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia/Chronic Lung Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . 469Vineet Bhandari
66 Rare Lung Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484Paolo Tagliabue and Clotilde Farina
67 Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newbornand Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488Steven H. Abman
68 Treatment of Respiratory Failure: Mechanical Ventilation . . . . . . . 497Colin J. Morley
69 Continuous Positive Airways Pressure and otherNon-Invasive Ventilation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509Fabrizio Sandri and Gina Ancora
70 Lung Diseases: Surfactant Replacement Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522Henry L. Halliday
71 Nitric Oxide Therapy in Neonatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529John P. Kinsella
72 Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for Neonates . . . . . . . . . . . 537Anne Greenough, Munir Agha and Adam P.R. Smith
73 Lung Diseases: Problems of Steroid Treatment of Fetusand Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540Henry L. Halliday
74 Apnea of Prematurity and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome . . . . 543Christian F. Poets
Section VI Cardiovascular System
75 Cardiovascular Physiology, Pathology, and ClinicalInvestigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550Luciane Piazza, Angelo Micheletti, Diana Negura, Carmelo Arcidiacono,Antonio Saracino and Mario Carminati
76 Early Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease:When and How to Treat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 569Luciane Piazza, Angelo Micheletti, Diana Negura, Carmelo Arcidiacono,Antonio Saracino and Mario Carminati
77 Arrhythmias and Heart Muscle Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577Fabio Mosca, Federico Schena and Anna Maria Colli
78 Blood Pressure Disorders in the Neonate:Hypotension and Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Jonathan M. Fanaroff and Avroy A. Fanaroff
79 Polycythemia and Hyperviscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593Otwin Linderkamp
80 Patent Ductus Arteriosus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599Bart Van Overmeire
Section VII Hyperbilirubinemia and Liver Diseases
81 Bilirubin Metabolism, Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia, Physiological Neonatal Jaundice . . . . . . . . . . . . 608Giovanna Bertini and Carlo Dani
82 Pathologic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia,Isoimmunization, Abnormalities of Red Cellsand Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611Michael Kaplan, Ronald J. Wong and David K. Stevenson
83 Kernicterus, Bilirubin Induced NeurologicalDysfunction and New Treatments for UnconjugatedHyperbilirubinemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621Deirdre E. van Imhoff, Frans J.C. Cuperus, Peter H. Dijk, Claudio Tiribelliand Christian V. Hulzebos
84 Treatment of Hyperbilirubinemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629M. Jeffrey Maisels and Jon F. Watchko
85 Pathology and Treatment of Liver Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641Giuseppe Maggiore and Silvia Riva
86 Neonatal Cholestasis-Conjugated Hyperbilirubinemia . . . . . . . . . . 650Chad M. Best, Glenn R. Gourley and Vinod K. Bhutani
87 Surgical Treatment of Biliary Tract Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659George Ekema and Pierluigi Pedersini
Section VIII Orofacial and GastrointestinalMalformations and Diseases
88 Orofacial Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664Roberto Brusati and Giacomo Colletti
89 Esophageal Atresia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675Alfredo Garzi and Mario Messina
90 Gastrointestinal Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682Remigio Dòmini and Marcello Dòmini
XII Contents
91 Rare Surgical Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699Mario Messina, Francesco Molinaro and Alfredo Garzi
92 Meconium Plug Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704Mario Messina and Francesco Molinaro
93 Hirschsprung’s Disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 708Vincenzo Jasonni and Alessio Pini Prato
94 Gastroenteritis and Intractable Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713Assunta Braito
95 Rehydration after Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 719Carlo Bellieni
96 Necrotizing Enterocolitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724Elvira Parravicini and Federica Fromm
97 Surgical Treatment of Necrotizing Enterocolitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731Nigel J. Hall and Agostino Pierro
Section IX Hematology, Immunologyand Malignancies
98 Hematology and Immunology: Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735Robert D. Christensen
99 Pathophysiology of Coagulation and Deficienciesof Coagulation Factors in the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 748Rodney P.A. Rivers
100 Coagulation Disorders: Risk of Thrombosis in the Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763Angelo C. Molinari and Paola Saracco
101 Coagulation Disorders: Inflammationand Thrombosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 770Jennifer L. Armstrong-Wells and Marilyn J. Manco-Johnson
102 Coagulation Disorders: Clinical Aspectsof Platelet Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775Antonio Del Vecchio
103 Anemia in the Neonatal Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784Robert D. Christensen and Robin K. Ohls
104 Fetal and Neonatal Hydrops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799Gennaro Vetrano and Mario De Curtis
105 Physiology and Abnormalities of Leukocytes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804Kurt R. Schibler
106 Neonatal Hereditary Neutropenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819Gaetano Chirico and Carmelita D’Ippolito
Contents XIII
107 Therapy with Recombinant Leukocyte Growth Factors . . . . . . . . . . 822Robert D. Christensen
108 Fundamentals of Feto-Neonatal Immunologyand Its Clinical Relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 830Akhil Maheshwari and Edmund F. La Gamma
109 Congenital Immunodeficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848Alessandro Plebani and Gaetano Chirico
110 Inflammatory Mediators in Neonatal Asphyxiaand Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 853Marietta Xanthou and Victoria Niklas
111 Neonatal Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858Franca Fossati-Bellani
Section X Fetal and Neonatal Infections
112 Fetal Infections: Cytomegalovirus, Herpes Simplex,and Varicella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869Stuart P. Adler and Giovanni Nigro
113 Fetal infections: Rubella, HIV, HCV, HBV, and HumanParvovirus B19 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 880Pier-Angelo Tovo, Stefania Bezzio and Clara Gabiano
114 Fetal infections: Congenital Syphilis, and Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . 893Pier-Angelo Tovo, Carlo Scolfaro, Federica Mignone and Silvia Garazzino
115 Toxoplasmosis in the Fetus and Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898Wilma Buffolano
116 Neonatal Bacterial and Fungal Infections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 905Mauro Stronati and Alessandro Borghesi
117 Neonatal Septic Shock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931Rajesh K. Aneja, Ruby V. Aneja, Robert Cicco and Joseph A. Carcillo
118 Neonatal Viral Infections: Enteroviruses, and RespiratorySyncytial Virus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 940Paolo Manzoni, Elisa Antonielli d’Oulx and Pier-Angelo Tovo
119 Vaccinations and Neonatal Immunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 944Alberto G. Ugazio and Alberto E. Tozzi
Section XI Endocrine, Metabolic and Renal Diseases
120 Inborn Errors of Metabolism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 949Nicola Brunetti-Pierri, Giancarlo Parenti and Generoso Andria
121 Endocrine Diseases of Newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967Paolo Ghirri, Antonio Balsamo, Massimiliano Ciantelli, Antonio Boldrini and Alessandro Cicognani
XIV Contents
122 Disorders of Thyroid Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 993Paolo Cavarzere and Luciano Tatò
123 Disorders of Sexual Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1004Antonio Balsamo, Alessandro Cicognani, Paolo Ghirri, Rosa T. Scaramuzzo, Franco D’Alberton, Silvano Bertelloni and Antonio Boldrini
124 Pathophysiology of Fetal and Neonatal Kidneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018Farid Boubred, Isabelle Grandvuillemin and Umberto Simeoni
125 Acute and Chronic Renal Failure in the Newborn Infant . . . . . . . . . 1027Jean-Pierre Guignard and Uma S. Ali
126 Diagnosis and Treatment of Renal and Urinary TractMalformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1040Vassilios Fanos, Marco Zaffanello and Michele Mussap
Section XII Neurology
127 Brain Development and Perinatal Vulnerabilityto Cerebral Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1067Luca A. Ramenghi, Monica Fumagalli and Veena Supramaniam
128 Inflammation and Perinatal Brain Injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079Henrik Hagberg, Carina Mallard and Karin Sävman
129 Normal and Abnormal Neurodevelopmental andBehavioral Outcomes of Very Low Birth Weight Infants . . . . . . . . . 1087Betty R. Vohr and Bonnie E. Stephens
130 Neurological Examination of the Newborn Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1100Fabrizio Ferrari, Licia Lugli, Luca Ori, Claudio Galloand Natascia Bertoncelli
131 Neonatal Electroencephalography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113Lena K. Hellström-Westas
132 Neuroimaging Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1118Luca A. Ramenghi and Petra S. Huppi
133 Malformations of Cortical Development:Genetic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1131Renzo Guerrini and Elena Parrini
134 Congenital Malformations of the Brain: Prenatal Diagnosis, Spectrum and Causes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1137Elie Saliba and Christian Paillet
135 Biochemical Basis of Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy . . . . . . . 1147Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos and Endla Anday
136 Clinical Aspects and Treatment of the Hypoxic-IschemicSyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1160Floris Groenendaal and Frank van Bel
Contents XV
137 Neuroprotective Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1173Angela M. Kaindl, Géraldine Favrais and Pierre Gressens
138 Cerebral Hemorrhage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1180Linda S. de Vries
139 Neonatal Arterial Stroke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1192Daniela Ricci and Eugenio Mercuri
140 Neonatal Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199Malcolm Levene
141 The Timing of Neonatal Brain Damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1208Giuseppe Buonocore and Serafina Perrone
142 Thrombosis in the Development of Newborn BrainDamage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1216Paul Govaert
143 Epidemiology of Adverse Cerebral Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1228Neil Marlow
144 Neuromuscular Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1232Paolo Balestri and Salvatore Grosso
Section XIII Ophthalmology, Orthopedicsand Skin Diseases
145 Ocular Malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1240Elena Piozzi and Alessandra Del Longo
146 Retinopathy of Prematurity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1246José Carlos Rivera, Elsa Duchemin-Kermorvant, Allison Dorfman,Luis M. Ospina and Sylvain Chemtob
147 Neonatal Orthopedic Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1266Peter D. Pizzutillo and Martin J. Herman
148 Neonatal Skin Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1269Michele Fimiani, Roberta Bilenchi, Filomena Mandato, Stefania Mei,Niccolò Nami and Rosa Maria Strangi
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1295
Subject Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1303
XVI Contents
Contributors
Steven H. Abman Pediatric Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Pediatric HeartLung Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine andThe Children’s Hospital, Denver, Colorado, USA
Stuart P. Adler Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
Munir Agha Neonatal Unit, King’s College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
Massimo Agosti Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, F. Del PonteHospital, Varese, Italy
Rocco Agostino Department for Maternal and Child Health, S. Giovanni CalibitaHospital Fatebenefratelli, Rome, Italy
Carlo Agostoni Department of Paediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda OspedaleMaggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Caroline D. Albion Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine andDentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Uma S. Ali Division of Nephrology and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, B.J. WadiaHospital for Children, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
Ruben Alvaro Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba,Canada
Gina Ancora Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Mother and Child, InfermiHospital, Rimini, Italy
Endla K. Anday Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University College of Medicine,St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, USA
Generoso Andria Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Naples,Italy
Rajesh K. Aneja Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Universityof Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, USA
Ruby V. Aneja Division of Neonatology, Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, USA
Elisa Antonielli d’Oulx Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Jacob V. Aranda Division of Neonatology and Perinatal Translational ResearchLaboratory, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, USA
Carmelo Arcidiacono Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital HeartDisease, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
Domenico Arduini Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rome TorVergata, Rome, Italy
Jennifer L. Armstrong-Wells Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neurology, andHemophilia and Thrombosis Center, University of Colorado, Children’s HospitalColorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Roberto Aufieri Neonatal Emergency Transport Service Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Umberto I Polyclinic, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Franco Bagnoli Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Paolo Balestri Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine,Division of Pediatrics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Antonio Balsamo Department of Gynecologic, Obstetric and Pediatric Sciences,University and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
Ignazio Barberi Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Universityof Messina, Messina, Italy
Jane E. Barthell Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
Frederick C. Battaglia Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado, Denver,USA
Carlo Bellieni Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics andReproductive Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Simonetta Bellone Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, Universityof Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Silvano Bertelloni Adolescent Medicine, Pediatric Unit, Department of Obstetrics,Gynecology and Pediatrics, Santa Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
Giovanna Bertini Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence,Italy
Enrico Bertino Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Science, Division of Neona-tology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Natascia Bertoncelli Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena,Modena, Italy
Chad M. Best Rocky Mountain Pediatric Gastroenterology, Denver, Colorado, USA
Giulio Bevilacqua Department of Obstetrical, Gynaecological and Neonatal Sciences,University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Stefania Bezzio Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Vineet Bhandari Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, Gynecology and ReproductiveSciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
Vinod K. Bhutani Division of Neonatal-Developmental Medicine, Department ofPediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
XVIII Contributors
Paolo Biban Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Paediatrics,Major City Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Integrata, Verona, Italy
Roberta Bilenchi Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences,Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Antonio Boldrini Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa ChiaraUniversity Hospital, Pisa, Italy
Gianni Bona Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, University ofPiemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Carlotta Boni Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Alessandro Borghesi Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS PoliclinicoSan Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Farid Boubred Division of Neonatology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
Rodolfo Bracci Formerly of Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and ReproductiveMedicine, Division of Neonatology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Assunta Braito Department of Molecular Biology, Division of Infectious Diseases,University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Nicola Brunetti-Pierri Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples,Naples, Italy
Roberto Brusati Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, San Paolo Hospital, Universityof Milan, Milan, Italy
Wilma Buffolano Department of Paediatrics, Regional Register for Perinatal Infection,and Special Unit for Perinatal Infection, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
Giuseppe Buonocore Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Division of Neonatology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Arianna Busti Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, and Departmentof Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University ofPiemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Marsha Campbell-Yeo Women’s and Newborn Program, IWK Health Centre, Halifax,Nova Scotia, Canada
Joseph A. Carcillo Departments of Critical Care Medicine and Pediatrics, Universityof Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Penn-sylvania, USA
Mario Carminati Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital HeartDisease, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
Virgilio P. Carnielli Division of Neonatology, Salesi Hospital, and Polytechnic Uni-versity of Marche, Ancona, Italy
Paolo Cavarzere Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University ofVerona, Verona, Italy
Sylvain Chemtob Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Research Center, and Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Contributors XIX
XX Contributors
Gaetano Chirico Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Spedali CiviliHospital, Brescia, Italy
Robert D. Christensen Women and Newborns Program, Intermountain Healthcare,Ogden, Utah, USA
Massimiliano Ciantelli Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa ChiaraUniversity Hospital, Pisa, Italy
Robert Cicco Division of Neonatology, Western Pennsylvania Hospital, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, USA
Alessandro Cicognani Department of Gynecologic, Obstetric and Pediatric Sciences,University and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
Giovanni Cioni Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa,Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
Olivier Claris Department of Neonatology, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, Bron, andHospices Civils de Lyon and Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
Paola E. Cogo Cardiac Intensive Care Unit, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome, Italy
Giacomo Colletti Department of Maxillo-Facial Surgery, San Paolo Hospital,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Anna Maria Colli Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ GrandaOspedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Richard J. Cooke Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Saint LouisUniversity School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
Carlo Corchia International Centre on Birth Defects and Prematurity, Division ofPreterm Birth, Rome, Italy
Giovanni Corsello Mother and Child Department, University of Palermo, Palermo,Italy
Alessandra Coscia Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Science, Division ofNeonatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Erika Crane Cascade Pediatrics, Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA
Frans J.C. Cuperus Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology,University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Tore Curstedt Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet,Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Giulia D’Acunto Division of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa, Pisa,Italy
Franco D’Alberton Department for the Health of the Mother, the Child and theAdolescent, University and S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
Carlo Dani Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence, Italy
Maria De Bonis Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Mario De Curtis Department of Pediatrics, ‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome,Italy
Contributors XXI
Maria Delivoria-Papadopoulos Department of Pediatrics, Drexel University Collegeof Medicine, St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, USA
Alessandra Del Longo Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Niguarda Ca’ GrandaHospital, Milan, Italy
Antonio Del Vecchio Division of Neonatology, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, DiVenere Hospital, ASL Bari, Bari, Italy
Linda S. de Vries Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital,University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Peter H. Dijk Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University MedicalCenter Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Carmelita D’Ippolito Oncohematology and Bone Marrow Transplant Unit, SpedaliCivili Hospital, Brescia, Italy
Nicola Disma Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care,Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Nada Djokanovic The Motherisk Program, Division of Clinical Pharmacology andToxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Marcello Dòmini Pediatric Surgery Unit, ‘Alma Mater Studiorum’ University,S.�Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna, Italy
Remigio Dòmini Formerly of Pediatric Surgery Unit, ‘Alma Mater Studiorum’University, Bologna, Italy
Allison Dorfman Department of Ophthalmology/Neurology, McGill University- Montreal Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Montreal, Canada
Elsa Duchemin-Kermorvant Inserm UMRS872, Université Pierre et Marie Curie,Paris, France
Jennifer M. Duchon Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology/Perinatology,Columbia University, New York, USA
George Ekema Pediatric Surgery Unit, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
Claudio Fabris Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Science, Division of Neona-tology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Silvia Fanaro Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Section of Pediatrics, University ofFerrara, Ferrara, Italy
Avroy A. Fanaroff Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University Schoolof Medicine, Eliza Henry Barnes Chair in Neonatology, Rainbow Babies and Children’sHospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Jonathan M. Fanaroff Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve UniversitySchool of Medicine, Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Vassilios Fanos Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Puericulture Institute and NeonatalSection, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
Clotilde Farina Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, MBBM Foundationand San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
Géraldine Favrais Neonatal and Pediatric Resuscitation Service, Clocheville Hospital,CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
XXII Contributors
Ananda M. Fernandes Department of Child Nursing, Nursing School of Coimbra,Coimbra, Portugal
Fabrizio Ferrari Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena,Modena, Italy
Enrico Ferrazzi Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinical Unit, Buzzi Children’s Hospital,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Michele Fimiani Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences,Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Vittorio Fineschi Department of Legal Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
Franca Fossati-Bellani Formerly of Pediatric Oncology Department, FondazioneIRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
Federica Fromm Department of Internal Medicine, State University of New YorkDown State, New York, USA
Monica Fumagalli Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ GrandaOspedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Clara Gabiano Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Claudio Gallo Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena,Italy
Silvia Garazzino Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Alfredo Garzi Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Pediatric Surgery, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy
Diego Gazzolo Department of Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Medicine, C. ArrigoChildren’s Hospital, Alessandria, Italy
Michael K. Georgieff Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Center forNeurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
Paolo Ghirri Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, and Section of NeonatalEndocrinology and Dysmorphology, Santa Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
Daniela Gianotti Department of Obstetrical, Gynaecological and Neonatal Sciences,University of Parma, Parma, Italy
Eloisa Gitto Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University ofMessina, Messina, Italy
Mario Giuffrè Mother and Child Department, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Peter D. Gluckman Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, LigginsInstitute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand, and Singapore Institute forClinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore
Glenn R. Gourley Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology,University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
Paul Govaert Sophia Children’s Hospital Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands,and ZNA Koningin Paola Kinderziekenhuis, Antwerpen, Belgium
Isabelle Grandvuillemin Division of Neonatology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille,France
Contributors XXIII
Anne Greenough Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, MRC & Asthma UKCentre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, King’s College London, London, UnitedKingdom
Pierre Gressens Inserm U676, and Paris 7 University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris,France
Floris Groenendaal Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital,University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Salvatore Grosso Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Reproductive Medicine,Pediatric Neurology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Renzo Guerrini Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children’sHospital, Florence, Italy
Carla Guidi Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, University ofPiemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Isotta Guidotti Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena,Italy
Jean-Pierre Guignard University of Lausanne Medical School, Centre HospitalierUniversitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
Madhulika B. Gupta Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine andDentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
Andrea Guzzetta Department of Developmental Neuroscience, IRCCS Stella Maris,Pisa, Italy, and Queensland Cerebral Palsy and Rehabilitation Research Centre, RoyalChildren’s Hospital, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
Maureen Hack Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Rainbow Babiesand Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Medical Center, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Henrik Hagberg Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, ImperialCollege London, London, United Kingdom
Nigel J. Hall Department of Paediatric Surgery, UCL Institute of Child Health, andGreat Ormond Street Hospital for Children, University College London, London,United Kingdom
Henry L. Halliday Formerly of Regional Neonatal Unit, Royal Maternity Hospital andDepartment of Child Health, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland
Mikko Hallman Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Universityof Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Victor K.M. Han Departments of Paediatrics, and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, SchulichSchool of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario,Canada
Dominique Haumont Department of Neonatology, Saint-Pierre University Hospital,Brussels, Belgium
Lena K. Hellström-Westas Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, UppsalaUniversity Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
Martin J. Herman Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Christopher’s Hospital forChildren, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Christian V. Hulzebos Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, UniversityMedical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Petra S. Huppi Department of Pediatrics, Division of Child Development, UniversityHospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
Vincenzo Jasonni Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Genoa, and Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
Kathryn Johnson Leeds Neonatal Service, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds,United Kingdom
Celeste Johnston School of Nursing, McGill University, Montreal, and Women andNewborn Program, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, Canada
Angela M. Kaindl Inserm U676, and Paris 7 University, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris,France
Michael Kaplan Department of Neonatology, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, and TheFaculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
Tuula Kaukola Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Universityof Oulu, Oulu, Finland
Eunji Kim The Motherisk Program, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology,The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
John P. Kinsella Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University ofColorado School of Medicine, and Children’s Hospital Colorado, Denver, Colorado, USA
Amitai Kohn Department of Pediatrics, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak,Michigan, USA
Gideon Koren The Motherisk Program, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
Edmund F. La Gamma Division of Newborn Medicine, Maria Fareri Children’sHospital, Westchester Medical Center, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NewYork, USA
Mariano Lanna Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinical Unit, Buzzi Children’s Hospital,Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Malcolm Levene Academic Unit of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Leeds,and Department of Neonatal Medicine, Leeds Teaching Hospitals Trust, Leeds, UnitedKingdom
Isabelle Ligi Division of Neonatology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
Otwin Linderkamp Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University ofHeidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
Felicia M. Low Centre for Human Evolution, Adaptation and Disease, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
Licia Lugli Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
Franco Macagno Department of Perinatal Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universi-taria Santa Maria della Misericordia, Udine, Italy
Giuseppe Maggiore Department of Reproductive Medicine and Child Development,Division of Pediatrics, University of Pisa, Santa Chiara University Hospital, Pisa, Italy
XXIV Contributors
Contributors XXV
Akhil Maheshwari Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital, University of Illinoisat Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
M. Jeffrey Maisels Department of Pediatrics, Oakland University William BeaumontSchool of Medicine, and Division of Neonatology, Beaumont Children’s Hospital, RoyalOak, Michigan, USA
Carina Mallard Perinatal Center, Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology,Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Leila Mameli Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care,Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Marilyn J. Manco-Johnson Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology/ Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplant, and Hemophilia and Thrombosis Center, Universityof Colorado, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
Filomena Mandato Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences,Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Paolo Manzoni Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Anna Maria Marconi Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, DMSD San Paolo,University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Neil Marlow Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, London, UnitedKingdom
Richard J. Martin Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, RainbowBabies & Children’s Hospital, Division of Neonatology, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Maria L. Massone Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care,Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Merene Mathew Southwestern Medical Clinic, Stevensville, Michigan, USA
Liz McKechnie Leeds Neonatal Service, Leeds Teaching Hospital Trust, Leeds, UnitedKingdom
Stefania Mei Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Eugenio Mercuri Pediatric Neurologic Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
Mario Messina Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Pediatric Surgery, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy
Angelo Micheletti Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital HeartDisease, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
Federica Mignone Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Véronique Millet Division of Neonatology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
Angelo C. Molinari Thrombosis and Hemostasis Unit, Department of Hematologyand Oncology, Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Francesco Molinaro Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Pediatric Surgery, Policlinico Le Scotte, Siena, Italy
Giovanni Montobbio Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and Neonatal IntensiveCare, Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Alice Monzani Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, University ofPiemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Corrado Moretti Pediatric Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Pediatrics,‘Sapienza’ University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Colin J. Morley Department of Newborn Research, Royal Women’s Hospital, andDepartment of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne,Australia
Fabio Mosca Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda OspedaleMaggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Michele Mussap Department of Laboratory Medicine, San Martino University Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Niccolò Nami Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences, Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Diana Negura Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital Heart Disease,IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
Giovanni Nigro Department of Pediatrics, University of L’Aquila, L’Aquila, Italy
Victoria Niklas Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal Medicine, KeckSchool Medicine at University of Southern California, Children’s Hospital of LosAngeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
Jane Norman Tommy’s Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edin-burgh, MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute,Edinburgh, United Kingdom
Luciana Occhi Department of Pediatric and Adolescence Science, Division ofNeonatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Robin K. Ohls Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of NewMexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Luca Ori Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Modena, Italy
Marcello Orzalesi Maruzza Lefebvre D’Ovidio Foundation, Rome, Italy
Luis M. Ospina Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology, CentreHospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Christian Paillet CHRU, Inserm U930, François Rabelais University of Tours, PrenatalDiagnostic Center, Tours, France
Roberto Paludetto Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Federico IIUniversity of Naples, Naples, Italy
Paola Papoff Pediatric Emergency Medicine Unit, Department of Pediatrics, ‘Sapienza’University of Rome, Rome, Italy
Giancarlo Parenti Department of Pediatrics, Federico II University of Naples, Naples,Italy
Stefano Parmigiani Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Eastern LiguriaHospital, La Spezia, Italy
Elvira Parravicini Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Morgan StanleyChildren’s Hospital of New York-Presbyterian, Columbia University Medical Center,New York, USA
XXVI Contributors
Elena Parrini Pediatric Neurology Unit and Laboratories, A. Meyer Children’s Hospital, Florence, Italy
Pierluigi Pedersini Pediatric Surgery Unit, University of Brescia, Spedali Civili,Brescia, Italy
Serafina Perrone Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Division of Neonatology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Felice Petraglia Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Luciane Piazza Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital HeartDisease, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
Catherine Pieltain Department of Neonatology, University of Liège, CHR de laCitadelle, Liège, Belgium
Agostino Pierro Department of Paediatric Surgery, UCL Institute of Child Health,and Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, University College London, London,United Kingdom
Alessio Pini Prato Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Genoa, and Giannina Gaslini Institute, Genoa, Italy
Elena Piozzi Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology, Niguarda Ca’ Granda Hospital,Milan, Italy
Peter D. Pizzutillo Section of Orthopaedic Surgery, St. Christopher’s Hospital forChildren, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Alessandro Plebani Department of Pediatrics, Spedali Civili Hospital, and Universityof Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Christian F. Poets Department of Neonatology, Tubingen University Hospital,Tubingen, Germany
Simone Pratesi Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Careggi University Hospital, Florence,Italy
Flavia Prodam Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, and Depart-ment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Universityof Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Marisa Pugliese Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Modena,Modena, Italy
Guy Putet Department of Neonatology, Hôpital de la Croix-Rousse, Hospices Civilsde Lyon and Université Claude Bernard, Lyon, France
Francesco Raimondi Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Federico IIUniversity of Naples, Naples, Italy
Luca A. Ramenghi Division of Neonatology, Giannina Gaslini Children’s Hospital,Genoa, Italy
Tara M. Randis Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology/Perinatology,Columbia University, New York, USA
Daniela Ricci Pediatric Neurologic Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy
Henrique Rigatto Department of Pediatrics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg,Manitoba, Canada
Contributors XXVII
Jacques Rigo Department of Neonatology, University of Liège, CHR de la Citadelle,Liège, Belgium
Arieh Riskin Department of Neonatology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Silvia Riva Department of Pediatric Hepatology and Pediatric Liver Transplantation,IsMeTT, Palermo, Italy
José Carlos Rivera Departments of Pediatrics, Ophthalmology and Pharmacology,Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine, Research Center, and Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital, Research Center, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Rodney P.A. Rivers Section of Paediatrics, Department of Medicine, Imperial College,London, United Kingdom
Costantino Romagnoli Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, CatholicUniversity of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
Maria Angela Rustico Obstetrics and Gynaecology Clinical Unit, Buzzi Children’sHospital, Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Timo Saarela Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University ofOulu, Oulu, Finland
Elie Saliba Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Inserm U930,François Rabelais University and CHRU of Tours, Tours, France
Fabrizio Sandri Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Ospedale Maggiore,Bologna, Italy
Paola Saracco Pediatric Hematology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University ofTurin, OIRM S. Anna Hospital, Turin, Italy
Antonio Saracino Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Adult Congenital HeartDisease, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, Italy
Ola D. Saugstad Department of Pediatric Research, Rikshospitalet, Oslo UniversityHospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
Silvia Savastio Department of Medical Science, Division of Pediatrics, University ofPiemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy
Karin Sävman Perinatal Center, Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience and ofPaediatrics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
Rosa T. Scaramuzzo Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Santa ChiaraUniversity Hospital, and Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, Pisa, Italy
Federico Schena Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
Kurt R. Schibler Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
Carlo Scolfaro Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Gunnar Sedin Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, University Children’sHospital, Uppsala, Sweden
Maxim D. Seferovic Department of Paediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
XXVIII Contributors
Contributors XXIX
Thibault Senterre Department of Neonatology, University of Liège, CHR de laCitadelle, Liège, Belgium
Filiberto M. Severi Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Raanan Shamir Institute of Gastroenterology, Nutrition and Liver Disease, SchneiderChildren’s Medical Center, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv,Israel
Davide Silvagni Neonatal and Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Major City Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Integrata, Verona, Italy
Umberto Simeoni Division of Neonatology, La Conception Hospital, Marseille, France
Adam P.R. Smith Division of Asthma, Allergy and Lung Biology, King’s CollegeLondon, London, United Kingdom
Christian P. Speer University Children’s Hospital, Würzburg, Germany
Bonnie E. Stephens Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, WarrenAlpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
David K. Stevenson Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine,Stanford, California, USA
Rosa Maria Strangi Department of Clinical Medicine and Immunological Sciences,Dermatology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Mauro Stronati Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico SanMatteo, Pavia, Italy
Veena Supramaniam Perinatal Imaging Group, Robert Steiner MR Unit, MRCClinical Sciences Centre, and Wigglesworth Perinatal Patology Services, HammersmithHospital, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
Paolo Tagliabue Neonatology and Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, MBBM Foundationand San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
Sophie Tardieu Medical Evaluation Department, Public Health Department, Marseille,France
Luciano Tatò Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University of Verona,Verona, Italy
Alfred Tenore Chair of Paediatrics, University of Udine School of Medicine, Udine,Italy
Claudio Tiribelli Liver Research Center and University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
Emilia Tng Growth, Development and Metabolism Program, Singapore Institutefor Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore
Michela Torricelli Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Reproductive Medicine,Section of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
Pier-Angelo Tovo Department of Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
Alberto E. Tozzi Department of Pediatric Medicine, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome,Italy
Pietro Tuo Department of Anesthesia, Pediatric and Neonatal Intensive Care, GianninaGaslini Children’s Hospital, Genoa, Italy
Emanuela Turillazzi Department of Legal Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia,Italy
Victoria Tutag Lehr Department of Pharmacy Practice, Wayne State University, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, and Children’s Hospitalof Michigan, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
Alberto G. Ugazio Department of Pediatric Medicine, Bambino Gesù Hospital, Rome,Italy
Frank van Bel Department of Neonatology, Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, UniversityMedical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
Johannes B. (Hans) van Goudoever Emma Children’s Hospital, Academic MedicalCenter, and Department of Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam,The Netherlands
Deirdre E. van Imhoff Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, UniversityMedical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
Bart Van Overmeire Neonatology Service, Erasmus Hospital, Université Libre deBruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
Marianne Vendola Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of RomeTor Vergata, Rome, Italy
Maximo Vento Division of Neonatology, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe,Valencia, Spain
Gennaro Vetrano Pediatrics/Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Sacro Cuore di Gesù Hospital, Benevento, Italy
Renaud Viellevoye Department of Neonatology, University of Liège, CHR de laCitadelle, Liège, Belgium
Vittorio Vigi Formerly of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Section of Pediatrics, Universityof Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Betty R. Vohr Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Warren AlpertMedical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
Jon F. Watchko Department of Pediatrics, Magee-Women’s Hospital, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, USA
Deanne Wilson-Costello Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, RainbowBabies and Children’s Hospital, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Medical Center,Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
Ronald J. Wong Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine,Stanford, California, USA
Marietta Xanthou Neonatal Immunology Laboratory, B’ Neonatal Intensive Care Unit,Aghia Sophia Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece
Marco Zaffanello Department of Life and Reproduction Sciences, University ofVerona, Verona, Italy
Rinaldo Zanini Mother and Child Department, Azienda Ospedaliera della Provinciadi Lecco, Lecco, Italy
Ekhard E. Ziegler Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa,USA
XXX Contributors