Nen van minh An Do

8/2/2019 Nen van minh An Do

1/17

PHN 1

NN VN MINH N C AI

Nn vn minh n l mt nn vn minh ni ting v thuc v nhng nn vn minh c

nht th gii.

Vn minh pht trin bi v con ngi bit canh tc, bit k thut nung gch, xy nh , bit

cu trc,sp t v c trinh k thut qun s tng mc khc nhau

Nn vn minh n thi c i bao gm c vng t cc nc nh: n , Pakistan,

Npan, Bangladesh ngy nay.

A. C s hnh thnh nn vn minh n

I. iu kin t nhin

Bn o n thuc Nam gn nh hnh tam gic. pha bc, bn o b chn bi dy

ni Hymalaya. T bn ngoi vo n

rt kh khn, ch c th qua cc con o

nh ty-bc n. ng nam v ty nam

n gipn dng.

Hng nm ti ma tuyt tan, nc t

dy Hymalaya theo hai con sng n

(Indus) v sng Hng (Ganges) li em

ph sa ti bi p cho nhng cnh ng

Bc n.

a hnh a dng: sa mc, ni, rng rm

Kh hu gi ma

Nn vn minh lu vc sng Indus (3.000-1.800 Tr. C.N.) thm m nhng t tng

v hnh thc ngh thut m v sau ngi ta xem nh bn sc tiu biu cho n .

1

Bn n c ai
http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AApanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%C3%81http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymalayahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymalayahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_H%E1%BA%B1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_l%C6%B0u_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_gi%E1%BB%9Bihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AApanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%C3%81http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymalayahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99_d%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymalayahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_H%E1%BA%B1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_l%C6%B0u_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99


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II. Dn c

Ngi dn xy dng nn nn vn minh c xa nht n ven b sng n l nhng

ngi ravia. Ngy nay nhng ngi ravia ch yu c tr min nam bn o n

. Khong 2000 nm TCN n 1500 nm TCN c nhiu tc ngi Arya trn vo xm

nhp v li bn o n. Sau ny, trong qu trnh lch s cn c nhiu tc ngi khcnh ngi Hy Lp, Hung N, Rp Saudi, Mng C xm nhp n do c dn y

c s pha trn kh nhiu dng mu, nhiu chng tc, tn gio, ngn ng v vn ha

phong ph to nn nn vn minh n .

B. Cc giai on lch s chnh

I. Nn vn minh c xa trn lu vc sng n (3.000-1.800 TCN)

Cc nh kho c tm ra ci ni u tin ca n ti lu vc sng n. Ti y ngi

ta tm thy nhng pho tng mt ngi n ng trong t th suy tng gi n mn phi

yoga. Rt nhiu hin vt c tm thy khu vc Harappa v Mohenjo c nin i t

3.000 dn 1.800 trc cng

nguyn. Nhng tm ti gn y

h m phn no v s lan ta

ca nn vn minh lu vc sng

n rng ln v min Bc v min

Ty xa xi cng vi c dn lu

vc sng n li c quan h gn

gi vi vn ha Dravidia, tng

phn thnh t rt lu min Nam

n trc khi ngi Aryan t

chn n.

Bn cc di ch ca nn vn

minh sng n

Ti liu lch s gip chng ta hiu bit v thi k ny khng phi l ti liu thnh vn m l

ti liu kho c hc. V vy trc nm 1921, giai on lch s ny cha c bit n.

2
http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90ravi%C4%91a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90ravi%C4%91a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Aria&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_L%E1%BA%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_N%C3%B4http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Saudihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4ng_C%E1%BB%95http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_l%C6%B0u_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nguy%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%A0_kh%E1%BA%A3o_c%E1%BB%95&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harappa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohenjo&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nguy%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nguy%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_l%C6%B0u_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_l%C6%B0u_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_Dravidia&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Aryan&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90ravi%C4%91a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90ravi%C4%91a&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Aria&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_L%E1%BA%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hung_N%C3%B4http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp_Saudihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4ng_C%E1%BB%95http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_l%C6%B0u_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nguy%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nh%C3%A0_kh%E1%BA%A3o_c%E1%BB%95&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yogahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harappa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohenjo&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nguy%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nguy%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nguy%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nguy%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_l%C6%B0u_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_l%C6%B0u_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_l%C6%B0u_v%E1%BB%B1c_s%C3%B4ng_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=V%C4%83n_h%C3%B3a_Dravidia&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Aryan&action=edit&redlink=1


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Nm 1921 v 1922, cc nh kho c hc n tm thy Harppa v Mhengi ar

thuc lu vc sng n hai thnh ph cng rt nhiu hin vt b chn vi di t. Nhng

hin vt y l di tch ca mt thi k lch s c gi l vn ha Harppa hoc nn vn

minh lu vc sng n.

1. Cc hin vt tm thy.

Harppa v Mhengi l hai thnh ph rt ln xy bng gch. Xung quanh thnh ph c

thnh v ho bao bc. Trong thnh ph c cc ng ph ngang dc thng tp. Mi thnh

ph c hng trm nh v ca hiu ln nh, trong phn nhiu l nh hai tng. Trong nh

thng c y tin nghi nh bp,

phng tm, ng dn nc

cc di ch ny, cn tm thy nhiu

cng c sn xut, v kh, dng

trong i sng hng ngy, trang

sc, t l v hn 3000 con du c

khc ch ha. Cc dng c , c

th bng ng hoc ng thau, c th

bng .

Con du ca nn vn minh sng n

2. Tnh hnh x hi.

Nhng hin vt pht hin c cho bit rng trong x hi thi k c s phn ha

giu ngho rt r rt. Vic pht hin ra ch vit, hn na trn mt s con du c ghi

nhng ch nh ngi cm quyn (Sasa), ngi cai tr (Pata), vua ca nhng ng vua

(Reja reja) v.v ni ln rng x hi thi vn ha Harppa l x hi c nh nc.

Nn vn minh lu vc sng n tn ti t khong u thin k III n na u thin k II

TCN th b hy dit. Nguyn nhn ca s hy dit l nn lt do nc sng An dng

ln. C dn y phi di c sang pha ng b li cc thnh ph ca h b vi dn xung

lng t.

3. Sao lc k t ca nn vn minh Harappa3


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Vn minh Harappa thi s khai: Ch vit c s dng trong giai on Harappan pht

trin bt ngun t h ch vit c tm thy vo u nm 3500 TCN. Richard Meadow

ngi cng gp mt trong vic khai qut nn vn minh ny bc b quan im ny. Vic

s dng cc k t bng gm v cc con du Indus chnh l h ch vit ca giai on

Harappan pht trin.

Vn minh Harappan thi k pht trin: Chui cc con du Indus c tm thy ph bin

trn nn t bng phng, c con du ng du hnh ch nht, nhng cc nh kho c

cng c tm thy trn t nht mt t cc vt liu khc bao gm cc cng c, cc thanh

nh, a ng v gm.

Vn minh Harappa hu k: Sau 1900 TCN, h thng biu tng/k t dng nh

c hon thin.

II. Nn vn minh V (1.600-th k I TCN)

vo khong thi gian 100 n

1.600 TCN, mt chi ca dng h

Aryan rng ln, thng c

gi l ngi Indo-Aryan, di cn n . H em theo cng

vi h l ting Phn v mt tn

gio da trn nghi l hin t cc

v thn tng trng cho cc th

lc ca thin nhin nh Indra,

thn ma v sm, thn Agni

(la) v Varuma, cha t ca

cc sng bin v ma mng.

Nhng bi ngi ca v thn y c tp hp li thnh bn tp Kinh V . Lu i nht l

tp Rigveda (1.500-1.200 Tr. C.N.). c im ca Kinh Veda l hng con ngi n t

tng cao c, vn phong p v bc chuyn nhng nghi thc t bn ngoi vo kinh

nghim ni ti.

4

Bn nn vn minh V
http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nguy%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCNhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%E1%BA%A1nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_gi%C3%A1ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_gi%C3%A1ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indra&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nguy%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TCNhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aryan&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%E1%BA%A1nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_gi%C3%A1ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_gi%C3%A1ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indra&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0


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Sau mt thi gian di chung sng, ngi Arya v ngi Dravida bn x ng ha. Do

tip thu c k thut v vn minh ca ngi Dravida, do chim c nhng vng t ai

mu m v thun li, ngi Arya bt u chuyn t chn nui, du mc sang i sng

nng nghip nh c, pht trin th cng nghip v thng nghip. c trng ca nn kinh

t nng nghip thi k ny l kinh t tiu nng kt hp cht ch vi th cng nghip gia

nh nn tnh cht t cp t tc l ni bt v quan h trao i gia cc cng x rt yu t. cng l nguyn nhn lm x hi n pht trin rt chm chp v tr tr.

V mt x hi, thi k ny xut hin ch ng cp ( varna - mu sc, chng tnh)

gp phn quy nh c cu x hi v nh hng n hnh thi t tng n c i. l

ch x hi da trn s phn bit v chng tc, mu da, dng di, ngh nghip, tn

gio, quan h giao tip, tc cm k hn nhn...c hnh thnh trong thi k ngi Arya

chinh phc, thng tr ngi Dravida, cng nh trong c qu trnh phn ha x hi ngy

cng su sc gia qu tc v thng dn Arya. Theo thnh in Blamn v b lut

Manu, x hi n c i chia thnh bn ng cp ln: ng u l ng cp tng l, l

s Blamn (Brahmana); th hai l ng cp vng cng, vua cha, tng lnh, v s

(Kshatriya); th ba l ng cp thng nhn, in ch v thng dn Arya (Vaishya); th

t l ng cp tin dn v n l (Shudra). Ngoi bn ng cp trn cn c nhng ngi b

coi l ngoi l ng cp x hi. l tng lp ngi cng inh, h ng (Paria) nh ngi

Chandala.

Thi k Va cng l thi k hnh thnh cc tn gio ln m t tng v tn ngng ca

n nh hng m nt ti i sng tinh thn x hi n c i, nh o Rig - Va, o

Blamn, sau l o Pht, ao Jaina... Thi k ny chnh l thi k c thuyt ni rng

cng vi n l s ra i c Pht .

Vo nm 326 TCNAlexandros ngi Macedoniavt sng Indus v nh thng mt trn

quyt nh v rt v. Cuc xm lng ca ng li du n ca th gii Hy Lp, nng

vn ha n ln mt tm cao mi.

Vo nm 320 TCN. Chandragup-ta Maurya (hong Maurya) thng nht tr li ton b

cc b lc ri rc v thnh lp ch tp quyn, kinh c t ti Pataliputra (bang

Bihar ngy nay).

III. ch Gupta5
http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%E1%BB%81n_v%C4%83n_minh_V%E1%BB%87_%C4%90%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Ph%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandroshttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedoniahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedoniahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_L%E1%BA%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_L%E1%BA%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_ch%E1%BA%BF_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Ph%E1%BA%ADthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandroshttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedoniahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hy_L%E1%BA%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C4%90%E1%BA%BF_ch%E1%BA%BF_Gupta&action=edit&redlink=1


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Thi k hong kim ca nn vn minh n thuc vo thi k ch Gupta. Thi k ny

c nhiu thnh tu ni bt v vn ha trng trt. Thi k ny nn vn minh n li

cho nhn loi mt khi lng cc di sn khng l.

C. Thnh tu chnh ca Vn minh n

1. Ch vit, vn hc

Thi i Harappa-Mhenj ar, min Bc n xut hin mt loi ch c m ngy

nay ngi ta cn lu gi c khong 3.000 con du c khc nhng k hiu ha.

Th k VII TCN, y xut hin ch Brami, ngy nay cn khong 30 bng c khc

loi ch ny. Trn c s ch Brami, th k V TCN n li xut hin ch Sanscrit, y

l c s ca nhiu loi ch vit n v ng Nam sau ny.

Hai tc phm vn hc ni bt thi c i l Mahabharata v Ramayana. Mahabharata l

bn trng ca gm 220.000 cu th. Bn trng ca ny ni v mt cuc chin tranh gia

cc con chu Bharata. Bn trng ca ny c th coi l mt b bch khoa ton th phn

nh mi mt v i sng x hi n thi .

Ramayana l mt b s thi di 48.000 cu th, m t mt cuc tnh gia chng hong t

Rama v cng cha Xita(con ca n thn m t). Thin tnh s ny nh hng ti vn

hc dn gian mt s nc ng Nam . Rimk Campuchia, Rimkhim Thi Lan

chc chn c nh hng t Ramayana.

Thi c i n cn c tp ng ngn Nm phng php cha ng rt nhiu t

tng c gp li trong ng ngn ca mt s dn tc -u.

2. Ngh thut

n l ni c nn ngh thut to hnh pht trin rc r, nh hng ti nhiu nc ng

Nam . Ngh thut n c i hu ht u phc v mt tn gio nht nh, do yu cu

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ca tn gio m th hin. C th chia ra ba dng ngh thut: Hinu gio,Pht gio, Hi

gio.

C rt nhiu cha thp Pht gio, nhng ng k u tin l dy cha hang Ajanta min

trung n . y l dy cha c c vo vch ni, c ti 29 gian cha, cc gian cha

thng hnh vung v nhiu gian mi cnh ti 20m. Trn vch hang c nhng bc tngPht v nhiu bch ho rt p.

Cc cng trnh kin trc Hinu gio c xy dng nhiu ni trn t n v c xy

dng nhiu vo khong th k VII - XI. Tiu biu cho cc cng trnh Hinu gio l cm n

thp Khajuraho Trung n, gm tt c 85 n xen gia nhng h nc v nhng cnh

ng.

Nhng cng trnh kin trc Hi gio ni bt n l thp Mina, c xy dng vo

khong th k XIII v lng Taj Mahan c xy dng vo khong th k XVII.

3. Khoa hc t nhin

V Thin vn, ngi n c i lm ra lch, h chia mt nm ra lm 12 thng, mi

thng c 30 ngy. (Nh vy nm bnh thng c 360 ngy). C sau 5 nm th h li thm

vo mt thng nhun.

V Ton hc: Ngi n thi c i chnh l ch nhn ca h thng ch s m ngy

nay ta quen gi l s Arp. ng gp ln nht ca h l t ra s khng, nh vy mi bin

i ton hc tr thnh n gin, ngn gn hn ln. (Ngi Ty u v vy m t b s La

M m s dng s Arp trong ton hc.) H tnh c cn bc 2 v cn bc 3; c

hiu bit v cp s, bit v quan h gia 3 cnh trong mt tam gic. Pi = 3,1416.

V Vt l, ngi n c i cng c thuyt nguyn t. Th k V TCN, c mt nh

thng thi n vit ...tri t, do trng lc ca bn thn ht tt c cc vt v

pha n.

Y hc cng kh pht trin. Ngi n c i m t cc dy gn, cch chp ghp

xng s, ct mng mt, theo di qu trnh pht trin ca thai nhi. H li hai quyn

sch l Y hc tot yu v Lun kho v tr liu.

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T tng, tn gio

n l ni sn sinh ra nhiu tn gio nh o Balamn,o Pht,o Jain v o Sikh.

o Balamn ra i vo khong th k XV TCN, trong hon cnh ang c s bt bnh

ng rt su sc v ng cp v o ny chng minh cho s hp l ca tnh trng bt bnh

ng .

o Pht ra i vo khong gia thin nin k I TCN do thi t Xitacta Gtama, hiu l

Sakya Muni (Thch Ca Mu Ni) khi xng. Cc tn Pht gio ly nm 544 TCN l nm

th nht theo Lch Pht, h cho l y l nm c Pht nhp nit bn. (V vy, nhng

ngi chu theo o Pht trc kia vn n ngy qua i hn ngy ra i, khc

hn nhng ngi theo o Thin cha). Gio l c bn ca o Pht l T diu (bn

iu).

o Jain-K Na cng xut hin vo khong th k VI TCN. o ny ch trng bt st

sinh mt cch cc oan v nhn mnh s tu hnh kh hnh.

o Sikh- Xch xut hin n vo khong th k XV. Gio l ca o Xch c s kt

hp gio l ca o Hinu v gio l ca o Islam. Tn o Xch tp trung rt ng

bang Punjap v ngi n thing ling ca h l ngi n Vng Punjapd. o Balamn l

o sinh ra cui cng

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PHN 2

9


10/17

THI NGI DRAVIDA C AI

A. V tr ngi Dravida c i

n l mt trong nhng vng t c nn vn minh c nht ca lch s loi ngi. y l

nn vn minh thng lu sng Indus (sng n), tri xung c thng lu sng Ganges

(sng Hng). C th ni trung tm v linh hn ca nn vn minh tng i thun cht v

c nht n tp trung vng ny, ni m ging dn Dravidian sinh sng. Trong

co mt s thanh ph ln nh Mohenjo Daro, Harappa v cng nh Dholavira,

Ganweriwala, Lothal, Kalibanga v Rakhigarhi .

Ngun gc ngi Dravidien pht tch t pha ty bc n . Ngi Dravidien vn sinh

trng t trc n , c nc da ngm ngm, tc qun, vc ngi tm thc. Vn

minh Dravidienne ( vn minh sng n) chu nh hng ca cc nn vn minh khc. Ni thtc c ngha nn vn minh nhn chng Dravidienne l mt s tng hp kh bn cht gia

cc mi lin lc ca cc vng a Trung Hi v Cn ng. Vn minh bn x n cng

rt huy hong khng km cc vng khc, tri li cn c nhiu im u thng hn.

B. c trng th ngi Dravida:

I. Mt s thnh ph tiu biu

1. Thnh ph Mohenjo Daro:

To lc gia vng t hoang na kh hn thuc tnh Sindh PakistanMohenjo-darothnh ph ln nht to dng nn nn vn minh Indus. Vi quy m rng ln nh vy,

thnh ph c th c ti 40.000 nhn khu. Nu nn vn minh sng n c mt th

th chc hn phi l Mohenjo Daro.

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S thanh ph Mohenjo Daro

Bn chi tit ca thnh bn trong Mohenjo Daro

1 Trng hoc

2Bn tm

3 Day nh cho khch phng xa

4 Va lua

5Con mng

6Ni c tru ca cc linh muc (?)

7Hi trng

8n(?)9 Pho i bng gach nung

10Thp bng gach nung

11 Ke bng gach bun

12cu thang

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12/17

Mt nn vn ha th phc tp v cng ngh tin tin hin r trong nn vn minh Thung

lng Indus. Cht lng quy hoch th x, thnh ph cho thy kin thc v quy hoch th

v hiu qu m chnh quyn thnh ph t u tin cao v v sinh. Cc ng ph ca

thnh ph ln nh daro-Mohenjo c t ra trong mt mu li hon ho, tng

ng vi ngy hin ti New York. Nhng ngi nh c bo v khi ting n, mi hi, v

k trm.

Cc dy nh nm trn nhng mch ng chnh ct nhau gc bn phi.

Con ph chnh rng khng di 9m.

H thng nc sinh hot phc tp. cc khu vc dn c, mi gia nh u c mt nh

tm c lt bng v ng ng thot nc ring. Rc thi ca c thnh ph s c

a vo cng rnh. Trong mt h thng dn nc duy nht cho c hai loi: ng dn cc

loi cht thi v ng dn nc sinh hot c lp t cc con ng chnh, cc

ng ct v nhng con ng nh hn. Nc thi i theo ng ca nhng chic vi

khng y.

Mt s con ng giao nhau cn c nhng khu nh xy bng gch cha rc thi.

Ni cao nht ca thnh ph, trn mt ci bc khng l bng gch, phn t cui cng nh

ln sau nhng trn lt tn ph vng Indus.

Ngi dn xy dng mt ci bn tm ln. Xung quanh bn l nhng vi phun nc vo

trong bn.

Mc ch ca "C Thnh" vn cn gy tranh ci. Tri ngc vi nn vn minh Lng Hv Ai Cp ng thi, khng c cu trc tng i ln c xy dng. Khng c bng

chng du vt ca cung in hoc n i,ni ca cc v vua, qun i, hoc cc linh

mc. Mt s cu trc c cho l kho lng. Tm thy mt h tm ln, c cho rng rt

c th l mt h tm cng cng. mc d thnh c bao bc bi tng thnh nhng

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nhng cu trc ny dng nh khng c dng cho mc ch phng th.C th c

xy dng lm chch hng nc l.

2. Thnh ph Dholavira

S thnh ph Dholavira

Chu thich:

A. Lu i

B. Tng ngoi

C. Thi trn ni thnh

D. Thi trn ngoai

F. B cha nc

g. Cng thnh phia nam

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L mt trong nm thnh ph ln nht tiu lc a Harappan, Dholavira mang li nhiu

s ngng m i vi nn vn minh Indus.

Thnh ph Dholavira tri rng trn mt hnh ch nht 100 ha. Kch thc khong 771,10

mt di, v 616,85 mt rng. Cho thy t l chnh xc 5:4 m c th c tm thy nhiucng trnh trong thnh ph nh lu i hoc thnh ly.

Cc thnh phn ni bt ca cnh quan thnh ph pht trin y bao gm hai bn

thnh, mt khu dn c trung tm v mt khu khc pha ngoi, hai sn vn ng , mt

khu nh ph , mt lot cc h cha c thit lp h thng trong mt thnh ly khng l

c bn pha. Th v l, bn trong thnh ph , c mt h thng chin ly phc tp. Thnh

ph c l cu hnh ging nh mt hnh bnh hnh ln bao bc bi cc bc tng s c

trc c ko di t ng sang ty. Trn c s v tr tng i ca h, quy hoch, bo vv kin trc, ba b phn chnh c hnh thnh bn trong thnh ph l thnh ly, khu th

ph ni thnh v khu dn c ngoi .

Cc thnh ly ti Dholavira, khng ging cc thnh ph khc nh Mohenjodaro, Harappa

v Kalibangan nhng li ging vi Banawali, c xy dng pha nam thnh ph. Ging

nh Kalibangan v Surkotada n c hai phn khu dnh lin, c cho rng s dng nh

mt thnh ly v tng ngoi bo v lu i ti Dholavira, nm tng ng pha ng v

pha ty, c hai u rt kin c. y l khun mu bo v thng dng trong h thngphng th vng chc v ni tht y tnh thm m, cng vo n tng , thp, i phun

nc v h thng thot nc. V pha bc ca thnh c mt khong sn bng phng

rng v di, c th s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh tp hp cng ng trong

nhng dp l, nghi l, mt sn vn ng v mt ni tip th cho hng ha. V pha bc c

khu dn c ni thnh, nm gn lu i cn pha ng l khu dn c ngoi .

Bn cnh v pha nam ca lu i, trn cc h cha lin k, mt din tch t xy dng

c nng ln v chy dc theo tng thnh , c th lm thnh ly phng th hoc nh

kho, ni lu tr, ct gi hoc khu nh cho ngi hu.

Thnh ph hnh thnh nhiu b cha nc ln. Bo tn mt cch tinh vi cch knh rch.

c xy dng hon ton bng , dng tr nc ngt t nhng trn ma hoc nc

t cc con lch gn .

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Cch b tr phn nh hnh thc pht trin y v gn lin vi cc giai on pht trin

ca th Harappan .

II. Nhng thnh tu trong giai php quy hoch, xy dng thnh ph

C trnh khoa hc k thut cao, c bit h bit cch ch ng c thin tai l l lt,

gp phn xy dng mt thnh ph m bo cho vic sinh sng ca mi ngi. Vic s

dng hon ho cc vt dng s khai nh gch nung (khng ging nh nhng vin gch

phi tiu biu ca nn vn minh Lng H), nhng ngi ch ca nn vn minh ny xy

dng nn nhng thnh ph vi mc quy hoch ht sc tinh vi so vi mc pht trin

trong thi k .

Thnh ph Dholavira.

S dng loi gch khng nung xy tng v gch nung lm mng.

Thnh ph c cung cp bi mt h thng dn nc phc tp, dng nc ra sch

thnh ph.

Nc chy vo ng ng dn nc ngm v c a ra bn ngoi tng thnh.

C 16 h cha nc trong thnh ph.

Thnh ph Dholavira nm vng m ly Kutch nn nc ung rt khan him. Nhng

con sng rt quan trng vi s pht trin ca nn vn minh. Ton thnh ph Dholavirac bao bc bi 250.000 mt khi nc qu gi. Phng php dn nc vo cc h

cha nc ln trong thnh ph rt quan trng.

Xy p iu chnh lng mc nc , thay i hng ca con sng cung cp nc

cho cc h cha khng l. Ci p ln nht di 79m, rng hn 7m.Khng phi ch c mt

ni cung cp nc duy nht. T mt chic h ny chy v mt chic h khc. Cc kin

trc s tn dng a hnh dc t nhin. Thnh ph cao hn ni c nc thng ngun,

nm cao hn 13m so vi h ngun. iu gip cho vic gi nc, cc ng ng dnnc v trung tm thnh ph. Ngi ta c th dng nc d tr ti tiu cho cc cnh

ng hu nh quanh nm.

Ngi ta lp ra quy hoch thnh ph vi mc ch d tr nc qu gi v i vi ngi

dn Dholavira, nc l nhn t cn bn ca s sng

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NGUN TAI LIU:

Tng hp t

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%83n_minh_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99

Sch Lch s th gii c i

Sch Lch s th ng Thi Ha

http://atlantipedia.ie/samples/dholavira-3/

http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_dholavira.asp

http://www.andaman.org/BOOK/F1-IndusCivilization/indus.htm

PHN PHN CNG THC HIN CUA CAC SINH VIN

Phn 1: Gii thiu tm lc cc c trng sinh thi t nhin v nhn sinh quan x hi ca

nn vn minh n thi c i. V biu nin i cc giai on pht trin ca nn vn

minh.

Sinh vin thc hin: Trng Duy Pht, Hong Th D T.

Phn 2: Gii thiu v tr, cc c trng th ngi Dravida c i. V mt bng minh ha

v phn tch b cc cc mt bng ca cc thnh ph

Sinh vin thc hin: Nguyn Th Thy Linh, L Cm Nhung

Phn 3: Gii thiu nhng thnh tu ca nn vn minh ny trong gii php xy dng, quy

hoch thnh ph.

Sinh vin thc hin: Bi Hong Ln

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MC LC

PHN 1 : NN VN MINH N C AI 1A. C s hnh thnh nn vn minh n 1I. iu kin t nhin 1II. Dn c 2B. Cc giai on lch s chnh

I. Nn vn minh c xa trn lu vc sng n (3.000-1.800 TCN)

2

21. Cc hin vt tm thy. 32. Tnh hnh x hi. 33. Sao lc k t ca nn vn minh Harappa 4II. Nn vn minh V (1.600-th k I TCN) 4III. ch Gupta

C. Thnh tu chnh ca Vn minh n

1. Ch vit, vn hc

6

6

62. Ngh thut 73. Khoa hc t nhin 7Biu nin i cc giai on pht trin ca nn vn minh 9

PHN 2: THI NGI DRAVIDA C AI

A. V tr ngi Dravida c i

1

0

10

B. c trng th ngi Dravida:

I. Mt s thnh ph tiu biu

1. Thnh ph Mohenjo Daro:

10

10

102. Thnh ph Dholavira 13II. Nhng thnh tu trong giai php quy hoch, xy dng thnh ph 15

Ngun ti liu v phn phn cng thc hin ca cc sinh vin 16

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