Nemeth Abbreviations And Typeform Indicators - CTEBVI Denault... · Mary Denault Nemeth Abbreviations and Typeform Indicators CTEBVI 2011 Page 2 This is an example of a listing of

Mary Denault Nemeth Abbreviations and Typeform Indicators CTEBVI 2011 Page 1

Nemeth Abbreviations

And Typeform Indicators

Abbreviations

Identifying Abbreviations

There is usually a different typeface on variables than abbreviations. Variables are usually italicized. Before beginning transcription, take a close look at the typeface used in the text.

Abbreviations may be followed by periods or spaced away from the surrounding text. This isn’t always the case.

Look for a definition in the surrounding text. Many times, an abbreviation is defined in the text before the first occurrence.

Check for a section in the back of the textbook that lists abbreviations.

Letters are sometimes used as a temporary placeholder for an actual value. Examples: A = Area, L = Length, W = Width. The values change depending on the problem. These are not abbreviations.

If you are still not sure if an item is an abbreviation or not, Section 49b of the Nemeth code tells us to treat it as if it were not an abbreviation. Stay consistent throughout the text once you have made a decision.

What do you notice about the typeface in the problem below?


This is an example of a listing of abbreviations in a physics book:

Rules for abbreviations can be found in Nemeth Code Sections 49-54.

Rules for abbreviations:

Abbreviations are punctuated in literary mode.

Abbreviations are spaced away from operation signs.

No space should be left between an abbreviation and its period, a slash line or any symbol of grouping, indicator, punctuation, fraction line, termination, superscript or subscript which applies to the abbreviation. A space must be left in all other cases.

If no space appears between two components of an abbreviation, no space should be left in braille. Example: sq.ft.

When abbreviations have a superscript or subscript, the punctuation indicator is required.

The contraction for "in." or "in" must never be used for inches.


The English letter indicator must be used before an abbreviation which consists of one letter or a combination of letters corresponding to a short form word if the abbreviation is not followed by a period that applies to it.

Example of spacing with signs of operation:

ImzfjbqzP=Im=Kh=@O]GPKR=`j=HO]GSKT=`j=

==Im=Kh=@TKM=`j=HNPKQ=`j=

==Im=Kh=@OMKQ=`j=


The problem number below was treated this way for the whole text. There were numbers followed by a period all through the textbook with these mixed in. It was important to have the circled numbers stand out from the others.

The shape indicator for squares is used in the problem below AQ. Abbreviations are unspaced from the fraction line.

EOF=Itofqb=b^G=o^qb=v=cKa=V=ILbm=@N=V=

==pfjmibL=ZjQ=

====\O=`jLAQ=jj@=Kh=\AQ=`jLAQ=jj@=

====\P=`jLAQ=jj@=Kh=\AQ=`jLAQ=jj@=

====\Q=`jLAQ=jj@=Kh=\AQ=`jLAQ=jj@=

=

Which abbreviations in the example below require a letter indicator?

Always remember to check that the abbreviation for centimeter (cm) doesn’t have a letter indicator. Some braille programs will insert the letter indicator for cm. A quick search will find these.


The section number below is a cell 5 heading.

A blank line is required between directions and a cell 5 heading.

A space is required in problem 10 between mm and the multiplication dot.

====@UJQ=IPszqH=Ijbqof`=Irkfqp=EILraRq=

====Iqbuq_llh=mmQ=@PSQJPSTF=

=

====IPszqQ=

@NM|Q=@S=jj=G\N=`jLNM=jj@=Kh=JJJJ=`j=

@NN|Q=@MKUT=XIi=G\NIMMM=jIiLN=XIi@=

==Kh=JJJJ=jIi=

@NO|Q=@U=Xj=Kh=JJJJ=`j=

@NP|Q=@NO=hd=Kh=JJJJ=Xd=

@NQ|Q=@OIMMM=jIi=Kh=JJJJ=XIi=

=


Proofreading Practice

==IZ=îi=ob`q^kdibpN=>=[b^=`=O=cKa=

MjriqfmivH=>=iRd\=M>=tfa\Q=I>=Zjri^=Z>=

[b^=E^=ob`q^kdib=fp=I^=Kh=Xi=]G=XtQ=

I>=slirjb=fp=@NPIOQS=fk{PQ=


The letter indicator is required for the abbreviation for meter below. The period does not apply to the abbreviation, it ends a sentence. See Section 51 in the Code book.

In a) and c), the abbreviation has a superscript. The punctuation indicator is required.

@PM|Q=I>=[b^=E^=i[db=sbdbq^@=d[aR=V=^=

====mzplkDp=v[a=j^v=O=

==X^F=@OMM=Xj{O|Q=

==X_F=@MKR=e^Q=

==X`F=@MKMO=hj{O|Q=

When it is doubtful whether the period applies to the abbreviation, the period should be considered as applying to the abbreviation. In the example below, the textbook wasn’t consistent in using punctuation, so this falls into the doubtful category. Notice that the letter indicator isn't used on m. below.

@NT|Q=I^k=bnrfi^qzî=qof^kdibO=?l=pfab=

==fp=@PNKQ=jQ=


In the example below, the Greek symbol for Sigma is used. It is helpful to look at the back of the textbook for Greek letters. Fonts are not always the same from book to book and not always the same as the Code book.

Italicized typeface is used for variables. Abbreviations (newton, kilogram, meter and second) are not italicized.

Abbreviations are unspaced from the fraction line, slash and closing fraction indicator.

^Xu=Kh=\KIpIcXu?Lj@=

==Kh=\UKT=XIkLMKPM=hd@=Kh=@OV=Xj|LXp{O=

Greek symbols from the back of the book:

In the example below, the abbreviation is unspaced from the slash.

22 ft./sec

@OO=cqQ|Lpb`Q==


This is another example of an abbreviation that is used in a fraction. The Greek symbol for upsilon is used below. Notice that m/s is spaced away from the closing parentheses that come before it, but not the slash that they are attached to in print. The abbreviation is also unspaced from the fraction line. In this case, it is runover to the next line, but is still considered unspaced.

This is a complex fraction because of the m/s.

Because the fraction is divided at the plus, it must be divided at the fraction line and every equals.

This is a linked expression.

==KIplirXk=I>=^sz^db=pmbA=E>=?mfìbp=fp=

>=prj=E>=pmbAp=afsfaA=M>=qlqî=krj_z=E=

?mfìbpP=

==KrW=

====Kh=I\ERKMMHUKMMHNOKMHNOKMHNOKMHNQKM=

======HNQKMHNTKMHOMKMF=Xj|LXp=

======ILVI@=

====Kh=@NOKT=Xj|LXp=

Find the errors in the example below

Is=Kh=@Q=`jG=P=`j=Kh=@NO=`j{P=


Which of the following are abbreviations? Do they require the letter sign? Which letters are variables, which do not require the letter sign?

The example below is an abbreviation which requires the punctuation indicator. Notice that 19 cm is punctuated in literary mode, the superscript in 114 cm makes the punctuation indicator necessary in the second abbreviation.

The number 114 is moved down to the next line, a number and its abbreviation must be on the same line.

@PM|Q=I>=_^pb=fp=@NV=`jN=C>=[b^=fp=

==@NNQ=`j{O|Q=IcVa=>=ebfYqQ=


The example below is another example of when a number and the accompanying abbreviation won't fit on the same line.

Notice that the abbreviation for Fahrenheit appears to be unspaced in print. A space is inserted in braille because a space is required before and after the abbreviation. Punctuation is literary.

@RP|Q=I^=p`fRqfL=?tH=aroH=>=prjjz=^q=>=

==Ipy\=Imlib=LIk=klqbp=q=>=qbjmz^qrob=fp=

==^_=J@ON{KG=XIcQ=IaroH=>=tVqz=Bb=`=

==bumb`q=>=qbjmz^qrob=S_b=w=jG=w=

==@RT{KG=XIc=`liazQ=IW^q=qbjmz^qrob=jfYq=

==Bb=bumb`q=aroH=>=tVqzU=

=

In the example below, the time 10:15 and the abbreviation for P.M. won’t fit on the same line. The time is moved to the next line.

The number 55 and the word minutes don’t have to be on the same line, the word minutes isn’t an abbreviation.

A. Shawn was scheduled to arrive at 10:15 AM. He was 1 hour 55 minutes late. When did he arrive?

XI^|Q=IB^tk=M=pGAriA=S[ofsb=^q=

==@NM|P@NR=I^QIjQ=Ieb=M=@N=eyo=@RR=

==jVrqbp=i^qbQ=IWR=afa=eb=[ofsbU=

=


Typeform Indicators

Type-Form Indicators for Letters, Numerals and Compound Expressions

|=Boldface type (dots 456)

K=Italic type (dots 46)

The effect of a type-form indicator only extends to the letter which immediately follows it. In a sequence of unspaced letters, the indicator must be used each time. This can be found in Nemeth Code Section 41.

AB

|XI^|XI_=

A+B+C

|XI^H|XI_H|XI`=pqrs

m|Xn|Xop=

The type-form indicator must be used to show the numerals are printed in a type form other than regular type.

4

|@Q==7

K@T=


The effect of the type-form indicator with numerals extends until there is a change in type. The appropriate type-form indicator and the numeric indicator must be used before each change in type.

200+400+600 = 1200

|@O@MMH|@Q@MMH|@S@MM=Kh=|@NO@MM=

Type-Form Indicators for Words, Phrases, and Mathematical Statements

ID|=Opening boldface type (dots 6, 3, 456)

|ID=Closing boldface type (dots 456, 6, 3)

IDK Opening italic type (dots 6, 3, 46)

KID=Closing italic type (dots 46, 6, 3)

When words, phrases or mathematical statements are in bold typeface, the Nemeth bold indicator is used.

Nemeth Sections 33-34: When ink-print shows a boldface word or phrase within an unlabeled item, or when it shows an italicized phrase which either begins or ends with a mathematical expression, the appropriate type form indicators must be used.

A clarification of compound words can be found at the BANA website. It is attached to the end of this document.


This is an example of bold words within a paragraph. This textbook put new terms in bold type.

nrîfq^qfsbN=^=ID|=GfJpnr[b=qbL=Z=

^ppl`fIk=|ID=`=O=rpA=S^ppbpp=Wb>o=>=

obiIkBfm=Oq=>=qtl=s[f^@p=fp=pfdkfcf`^kqQ=

I\=GfJpnr[b=qbL=fp=EqR=`îiA=>=ID|=qbL=E=

VabmRaXb=|ID=O`=>=krii=evml>pfp=t=O=>=

=

If it becomes necessary to use two typeform indicators consecutively, they must be unspaced from each other.

ID|IDK=afob`Xk=E=buqobjb=KID|ID=


The example below is an italicized phrase that ends with a letter. The letter y is not part of a phrase, variables are frequently italicized throughout the text. The x is part of an italicized phrase, italics are maintained on the x. The Nemeth italic indicator is used here.

In such situations, y is said to vary directly as x (in the first case) or vary inversely as x (in the second case). =

IV=pG=pfqrIkpN=Xv=fp=pa=ql=IDK=s[v=afob`qiv=

w=Xu=KID=Efk=>=cL=`^pbF=IDK=lo=s[v=Vszpbiv=w=

Xu=KID=Efk=>=pb`lka=`^pbF|Q=

=

=

In the example below, the italicized phrase ends with a number. Nemeth italics are used here.

I^k^p^wf=jfdoIkpN=rkqfi=cVIv=|>=mrb_il=

eljbp=T=Jmibqbiv=^_ClkAQ=I>=abifYqXi=

_llh=IDK=Imol`bAHp=E>=I^k^p^wf=

IpvjmlpfrjN=@NVUNI=KID=mr_ifBA=MIjbp^=

Iszab=Ijrpbrj=I^ppl`fIkN=Pq^Vp=^=s=

VqzbLH=Q`rpKk=^_=jb\lap=^k\olmlildfLp=

rpb=ql=E^mmolufj^qbivF=

=

In the example below, only the word sequence is bold.

(or sequence)

Elo=ID|=pbnrXb=|IDF=


In the example below, Section 5.4 requires the Nemeth bold indicator.

Because the italicized portion is only the words First, Outer, Inner, Last, literary italics are used.

(Recall from Section 5.4 that FOIL stands for First, Outer, Inner, Last)

EIob`îi=c=ID|=Ipb`Xk=@RKQ=|ID=q=IIclfi=LCp=Z=KKIcLN=IyqzN=IVkzN=KIi^LF=

=

In the example below, numbers are in italics, but do not begin or end the phrase. Literary italics are used here.

CAUTION Only Quadratic equations solved for y (whose graphs are vertical parabolas) are examples of functions. The horizontal parabolas in Examples 8 and 9 are not graphs of functions, because they do not satisfy the vertical line test.

==II`^rXk=Ilkiv=Inrâo^qf`=bnrIkp=plisA=

Z=Xv=E{W=do^mep=[b=szqf`î=m[^_li^pF=[b=

bu^jmibp=E=crk`XkpQ=KKI>=elofwlkqî=

m[^_li^p=V=Ibu^jmibp=@U=C=@V=[b=k=do^mep=

E=Kcrk`XkpN=O`=>v=a=k=p^qfpcv=>=szqf`î=

iVb=qbLQ=

The example below ends with parentheses. The Nemeth italic indicator is used here, after the parentheses.

The ampersand is not mathematical, the literary ampersand is used.

j?lv=lk=IDK=obpb[G=C=absbilmXq=

EIo]CIaF|Q=KID=


Labeled Statements

The example below is a labeled Statement. Examples of labeled statements are theorems, definitions, axioms and lemmas.

The labels are transcribed as though they were entirely capitalized. The word or phrase singled out for definition is transcribed using the typeform shown in print.

The format for the definitions is 3/1. The paragraph between the definitions is a regular paragraph, and is in 3/1,

The bold indicator for the first example (the word coordinate) is moved to the next line. The indicator must be on the line with at least part of the expression that it applies to.

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=

==IIabcVfXk=I>=krj_z=^ppl`f^qA=F^=mlVq=

lk=>=oNi=krj_z=iVb=fp=`îiA=>=

ID|=`lloaV^qb=|ID=E=q=mlVqQ=

dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=

==IV=>=mobÀH=bu^jmibN=>=krj_zp=\NLO@I=

\PLQ@I=@OKRI=J@PKRI=C=J@N|\NLQ|@=[b=>=

`lloaV^qbp=E>=mlVqp=>v=obmobpRqQ=

TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT=

==IIabcVfXk=I>=krj_zp=q=`=O=obmobpRqA=F=

mlVqp=lk=>=oNi=krj_z=iVb=[b=`îiA=

ID|=oNi=krj_zpQ=|ID=

dddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddddd=


Discussion

How would you transcribe the example below? It is referring to temperature.

Is the letter indicator required?

Where would you put the spaces?

How would you transcribe the example below?

Is the letter indicator required?

Are there spaces?


s stands for seconds. How is this written?

Decays/(nucleus·s)


Can the regular italic indicator be used?

Where do the italics go?

In this example, we are assuming that the ratio (price increase)/(sales loss) gives the same value when the price increase is 20 cents as it does when the price increase is 15 cents.


How would you write this?

I the regular italic indicator or Nemeth italic indicator used here?

How is bar written below?

How is bar graph written?

2. A bar can be a straight stripe or band. What do you think a bar graph used to display data?

Letter/number or Number/letter abbreviationsRule VI §37. Use of the Punctuation Indicator: Subject to the provisions of §38, the

punctuation indicator must be used before a punctuation mark and after any symbol of the type listed below. In all these circumstances, the mode of punctuation is considered to be mathematical.

viii. After a sequence of more than one letter in which each letter has a separate identity, provided that such a sequence is not an abbreviation.

ix. After an abbreviation made up of a combination of unspaced letters and numbers.The car was equipped with 4WD.,! C> 0 EQUIPP$ ) #4,W,D_4

(Renumber the subdivisions from ix on.)

Rule VIII §50. Capitalization with Abbreviations: a) In an abbreviation, whenever letters are capitalized in ink print, a single letter must be

preceded by the single capitalization indicator, and a sequence of more than one letter must be preceded by the double capitalization indicator.

b) In an abbreviation which consists of a combination of unspaced numbers and letters, each letter of the abbreviation must be preceded by the single capitalization indicator.

MP3 player ,M,P"3 PLAY] QE2 ,Q,E"2 Standard 4NS2 ,/&>D #4,N,S"2

(NS means Number Sense)

Rule VIII --§52 Punctuation with Abbreviations:a) Abbreviations must be punctuated in the literary mode, provided that the punctuation

is at the same level as that abbreviation.b) An abbreviation consisting of a combination of unspaced numbers and letters must be

punctuated mathematically.

The 4GL was followed by efforts to define a 5GL. (Fourth/fifth generation language),! #4,G,L 0 FOLL[$ 0EF=TS 6DEF9E A #5,G,L_4

Most sales and marketing people work in B2B. (business to business),MO/ SALES & M>KET+ P "W 9 ,B"2,B_4 She has a great job at 3M!,%E HAS A GRT JOB AT #3,M_6

Celsius, Fahrenheit, KelvinNew rule:Rule VIII §51 English-Letter Indicator with Abbreviations

d. (new section) The English-letter indicator must not be used before a single-letter abbreviation shown with a left superscript or subscript.

Temperature is measured in °C and °F.,TEMP]ATURE IS M1SUR$ 9 ^.*",C & ^.*",F4

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Nemeth Abbreviations And Typeform Indicators - CTEBVI Denault... · Mary Denault Nemeth Abbreviations and Typeform Indicators CTEBVI 2011 Page 2 This is an example of a listing of