Need for Energy

SQA Questions

Need for energy WYSK• Energy i____ = total energy of all f____ eaten• Energy o____ = total energy u____ by the body• Energy is used in e.g. m________, making

h____ • If energy input is g_______ than output the body

will g____ weight• If energy input is l______ than energy output the

body will l_____ weight• Extra energy is s_____ as f___.

nput oodutput sed

ovementeat

reaterain

essose

tored at

Gas exchange WYSK• In breathing, o______ gas is a________

and c_______ dioxide is released• Air passes down the t_____ which divides

into two b______, one goes to each l____.• Each bronchus divides many times into

b_________ which take air deep into l____. The bronchioles end in a number of thin walled a___ s____.

• The air sacs are covered with a n_______ of b______ c__________

xygen bsorbedarbon

rachea

ronchi ung

ronchiolesung

ir acs

etworklood apillaries

Lungs

1

4

3

2

8

6

5

7

trachea

ribs

lungs

diaphragm

ribs

lungs

bronchioles

bronchi

Breathing CREDIT• During inhalation intercostal muscles c___________ the ribcage

moves u__ and o__. The diaphragm contracts and moves d_____. In the chest, volume i_________ and p________ decreases.

Air moves i____ the lungs• During exhalation intercostal muscles r_______the ribcage moves

d_____ and ___. The diaphragm relaxes and moves u___. In the chest, volume d_________ and pressure i__________.

Air moves o____ of the lungs

ontractp utown ncreases

ressure

nto

elaxown inp ecreases

ncreasesut

Efficient gas exchange CREDIT• Lungs are efficient gas exchange structures

because1.Very l_____ s_______ a_______ due to millions

of air sacs2.The lining of air sacs is m_____ allowing

d_________ of gases3.The l______ of air sacs is very t____ allowing

r_____ diffusion of gases4.Millions of b_____ c__________ provide a

r____ b______ supply to the air sacs for t__________ of gases

arge urface rea

oistiffusion

ining hinapid

lood apillariesich loodransport

Gas exchange in the lungs CREDIT

1

9

2

3

4

5

6

78

Blood flow inCapillary

Lining of air sac

Blood flow out

Red blood cell

oxygenCO2

Air out

Air in

• Blood flowing into the capillary network is l___ in o_____ and h_____ in CO2

• CO2 diffuses ___ of the blood and into a__ s____ or a________

• Oxygen diffuses out of the _______ and into the b_____

ow xygen igh

out ir ac lveolus

Air sac ( alveolus)

lood

Mucus cilia and cartilage WYSKIn the trachea and bronchi B________ ( and dirt) are t______ in sticky

m_____Tiny hairs called c_____ push the m______ and

t_______ b_______ and dirt back u_ t_________ the throat

The trachea and bronchi are s____________ by rings of c_________ which prevent them from c__________ during b_________

acteria rappeducus

ilia ucusrapped acteria powards

trengthenedartilage

ollapsing reathing

QTS

Trachea

Bronchus

Bronchiole

capillary

Rings of cartilage Bronchiole

air sac

UV

Carbon dioxide

oxygen

Increases from 18 breaths /min to 25

Volume of each breath increases from 500 to 3500

3500 X 25 = 87,50087,500

E -ribs F- diaphragm

A - mucus

6

7

4

√

Allows gases to (dissolve and) diffuse

Allows rapid diffusion / diffusion can only occur over small distances

C Intercostal muscles

E diaphragm

Keeps trachea / bronchi open

Beat upwards to mouth carrying mucus with trapped dirt and germs

2.4L

3.2L

0.8L

As pressure increases volume decreases

Volume does not go below 2.4L

0.8L

0.6L

15

0.6L + 1.6 +3.1 +2.6 = 7.9 7.9

Prevent trachea from collapsing during breathing

mucus

Cilia sweep the mucus and trapped particles back up towards the throat

Heart and Circulation

SQA Questions

The Heart WYSK

• The heart has __ chambers. Two upper chambers called the right and left ______. Two lower chambers called the right and left ________

• Blood returns from the body to the right a______ in the v____ c_____. When it is full the muscular wall c_________ and squeezes blood through a v_____ into the right _______

4atrium

ventricle

trium ena ava

alveventricle

ontracts

• When the r_____ ventricle c______ blood is forced through a v______ into the p________ a______ which carries d___________ blood to the l_____

• Oxygenated blood returns from the lungs in the p__________ v_____. The left a_____ receives the blood. When it is full the muscular wall c_________ and squeezes blood through a v_____ into the left _______.

ight ontractsalve

ulmonary rteryeoxygenated ungs

ulmonary eintrium

ontractsalve

ventricle

• When the l_____ ventricle c______ blood is forced through a v______ into the a______ which carries o___________ blood to the whole ______

• Valves prevent b________ of blood• The m______ wall of the left ventricle is

much t________ because it has to pump blood all round the b______

• The heart muscle obtains its blood supply from c________ a________

eft ontractsalve

orta xygenatedbody

ackflowusclehicker

ody

oronary rteries

• Blood leaves the heart in a_______, flows through c________ and returns to the heart in v_______.

• The pulse indicates blood flowing in an a________.

rteriesapillarieseins

rtery

Blood (G)• Blood consists of r___ blood cells and white

blood cells carried in a liquid called p_____• Red blood cells:• Transport o_______ round the body.• Contain h___________• Do not contain a n______ and are very s____• Plasma is the l______ part of blood• transports c_____• carries dissolved f____ from the small intestine to

b______ cells• Carries d________ CO2 from the body cells back

to the l______

edlasma

xygenaemoglobin

ucleus malliquid

ellsood

odyissolved

ungs

Haemoglobin (C)• Haemoglobin is the red p________in

blood cells which carries o________ from the lungs to the body cells

• At the lungs o_______ diffuses into the blood from the air sacs and c_______ with the haemoglobin of the red blood cell to become o____________

• At the b______ cells oxyhaemoglobin b____ d_____ easily to release its o_____

igmentxygen

xygenombines

xyhaemoglobinody

reaks ownxygen

Capillary network (G)• Living cells are in c_____ c_______ with

capillaries• O______ and glucose d______ from the

blood c__________ to the c_____ • C__ and waste diffuse from the c____ to

the blood capillaries

lose ontact

xygen iffuseapillaries ells

O2 ells

Capillary network (C)• A capillary network has• A l______ surface area• The lining of a capillary is v___ t____ (only

o__ cell thick) allowing r_______ diffusion • This allows e________ g__ e________ by

diffusion

argeery hin

ne apidfficient as xchange

lungs

body

RARV

LALV

X XX X

Vena cava

Pulmonary artery

aorta

Pulmonary vein

RA LA

RV LVX X

X X

Pulmonary artery

Pulmonary vein

aorta

Vena cava

body

lungs

RARV

LALV

X XX X

Vena cava

Pulmonary artery

aorta

Pulmonary vein

body Right atrium

lungsRight ventricle

leftventricle body

Oxygenated blood to body

Oxygenated blood from lungs

Pulmonary vein

Left atriumvalve

Left ventricle

Right ventricle

valve

right atriumvena cava

deoxygenated blood from body

valve

pulmonary artery

aorta

deoxygenated blood to lungs

RA

Rv

LA

LV

CA

BD

21

34

Blood flows backwards

RA

LA

LV

opens

closes opens

closes backflow

RV, PA,lungs.PV,LA,LV,AORTA,BODY,VENA CAVA,RV

blood is in pulmonary artery

arteries

capillaries veins

pulse artery

Pulmonary arteries – go to lungs to get oxygen

Coronary arteryMesenteric artery

renal arteryhepatic artery

Coronary veinHepatic portal vein

renal veinhepatic vein

lungs

Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein

Vena cavaaorta

coronary artery

hepatic arteryHepatic vein

Hepatic portal vein

kidney

Left atrium

aorta

Mesenteric artery

Renal artery Renal vein

vena cava

pulmonary artery

liver

hepatic portal vein

liver aorta

Left atrium

false

true

true

false

d

c

i

f

ab

h

e

g

i

gj

if

hae

bdc