NEBOSH National Diploma - online revision sessiondownloads.astutis-resources.com/diploma_revision/NEBOSHDiploma… · NEBOSH Diploma Revision Human factors Lorna Bleyswyck Syllabus

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NEBOSH Diploma Revision

Human factors

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NEBOSH Diploma RevisionHuman factors

Lorna Bleyswyck

Syllabus Element

National Diploma 2010 A7

National Diploma 2015 A10

International Diploma 2011 IA7

International Diploma 2015 IA8

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The revision session

The aim of the session is to supplement your revision with tutor guided discussion.

During the session there will be a series of questions posed to you please join in by typing your response within the text box.

The session will end with a general question and answer session.

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Before we start

Here is an example question poll

Type your answer in the poll that is about to appear

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Session plan

Outline psychological and sociological factors which may give rise to specific patterns of safe and unsafe behaviour in the working environment

Explain the nature of the perception of risk and its relationship to performance in the workplace

Explain the classification of human failure

Explain appropriate methods of improving individual human reliability in the workplace

Explain how organisational factors could contribute to improving human reliability

Explain how job factors could contribute to improving human reliability

Outline the principles, conditions and typical content of behavioural change programmes designed to improve safe behaviour in the workplace

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What are human factors?



Human Factors are environmental, organisational and job factors, and human and individual characteristics which influence behaviour at work in a way which can affect health and safety

The Organisation

Culture, leadership, resources, work

patterns, communications......

The job

Task, workload,

environment, displays and

controls, procedures...

The individual

Competence, skills,

personality, attitudes,

risk perception...

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Key variables affecting individual behaviour

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Attitudes

Aptitude and ability

(Competence and skills)

Motivation

PerceptionIndividual

behaviour

Personality

Training and

development

The individual

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Attitude

Degree of like or dislike of an object (person, place, thing, or event)

Head, heart and hands!

Attitude and behaviour?


Value of expected

outcome of

behaviour

Attitude

Subjective Norm

Beliefs about and

motivation to comply

with other views

Relative

importance

of both

Intention

Perceived

behavioural

controls

Behaviour

Theory of planned behaviour


Perception of risk


Define perception



Perception is the way we take in information through our senses and

interpret it.


Sensation Attention Perception

Sensation

The registration by

the senses of

external stimuli

Attention

A selection or

filtering process

Perception

The processing of

sensory data into

useful information


Give reasons why a person may fail to perceive risk in a workplace



Past exam question

A train driver has passed a stop signal resulting in a collision with another train. Investigation of the incident concluded that the driver had seen the signal gantry but had not perceived the relevant signal correctly. There had been a number of previous similar incidents at this signal gantry, although the driver was not aware of this.

The driver concerned was inexperienced and had received no local route training or information. The signal was hard to see being partly obscured by a bridge on approach and affected by strong sunlight. In addition, the arrangement of the lights on the signal was a non-typical formation. The driver had approached the signal with no expectation from previous signals that it would be on stop.

Give practical reasons why the driver may not have perceived the signal correctly AND make reference to a suitable model of perception as part of your answer. (7)

Outline the steps that could be taken to reduce the likelihood of a recurrence of this incident. (13)


Perception of signal

Sensationo Sensory defect colour blindnesso Signal colour affected by strong sunlight / glareo Defective signal too dim

Attentiono Signal did not catch drivers attentiono Short durationo Lost amongst other information

Perceptiono Misread signal because of its unusual formationo Expectation (perceptual set) o Effects of drugs or alcohol, drugs o Fatigue


Reducing likelihood of recurrence

Job

IndividualOrganisation

Signal design / location / maintenance

Breaks / shift patterns

Cab glazing

Automatic train protection

Pre-employment screening

Training and assessment

Ongoing supervision

Health surveillance

Alcohol and substance misuse policy

Incident / near miss reporting

Feedback re positive action


Human failure


Mistakes

Knowledge

based mistakes

Slips of

action

Lapses of

memory

Rule based

mistakes

Routine

Situational

Exceptional

Skill

based

Errors

Violations

Human

Failures

Human failure (HSG48)


Past exam question

A poor organisational safety culture is said to lead to higher levels of violation by employees.

a) Give the meaning of the term violation ANDoutline the classification of violation as routine, situational or exceptional. (6)

b) Outline why a poor safety culture might lead to higher levels of violation by employees. (4)


Key points..

a) Violation the breaking of a safety rule

Routine regularly happens such as failure to wear correct PPE. A conscious action.

Situational due to actual or perceived pressure to complete a task. Maybe due to inclement weather or with the wrong equipment or inexperienced team.

Exceptional an extremely rare event to remedy the situation usually following an accident. Individuals may ignore safety rules for the perceived greater good.


Key pointsb)

Little supervision/no enforcement of routine violations perception by staff that unsafe practices are acceptable. No investment in health and safety training organisational pressures to get work done leading to

situational violations when there is insufficient safe equipment to complete tasks within allotted timeframes.

lack of investment in equipment, premises and plant leading to frequent breakdowns of essential safety equipment / no budget .

This may encourage unsafe practices such as situational violations.


Past exam question

Explain the classification of human failure as described in the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) publication Reducing Error and Influencing Behaviour (HSG48) AND give a practical example for EACH element of the classification. (20)


Mistakes

Knowledge

based mistakes

Slips of

action

Lapses of

memory

Rule based

mistakes

Routine

Situational

Exceptional

Skill

based

Errors

Violations

Human

Failures

Human failure (HSG48)


Contribution of human failure to serious incidents

National Diploma examples

Kegworth

Herald of Free Enterprise

Piper Alpha

Ladbroke Grove

International Diploma examples

Seveso

Three-Mile Island

Bhopal

Buncefield

Piper Alpha

Texas City

Errors and Violations


Personal influencing factors


Physical capability and condition

Fatigue (acute or chronic)

Stress/morale

Work overload/underload

Competence to deal with circumstances

Motivation v other priorities

Personal Performance Influencing Factors (PIFs)


Health and safety training

Analyse

Design and Develop

Deliver

Implement

Evaluate Stage 1Operational TaskAnalysis

Stage 2

Training Gap

Analysis

Stage 3

Training Options

Analysis

Training

objectivesList of tasks

Training

solution


Behavioural change programmes


Time

Accid

en

t / In

cid

en

t ra

tes

Engineering

Systems

Behaviours

When to use a behavioural change programme?


ABC model

AAntecedents

BBehaviour

CConsequences

Feedback


DOIT


Behaviour modification processImplementation Observation and feedback process

Gain management and

workforce support and

ownership

Behavioural safety

training

Specify critical

behaviours

Establish baseline

Modify environment,

equipment or systems

Review and

goal setting

Provide

feedback

Conduct

observations

Monitor

performance

Review critical

behaviours

Assess cultural maturity

or readiness


Programme suitability

Management issues

Workforce concerns

Barriers to success


Questions?


Take the main headings from each section and allocate revision time for each, and draw up a plan / timetable to cover everything in the unit

Space out your revision sessions - a daily routine is best Avoid working for long stretches - little and often is best Leave enough time to check that you understand the practice

questions in the workbooks Make separate summary notes when reading the texts or your

notes Restructure your notes when revising to eventually arrive at a

workable set of flashcards or similar so you can easily identify the concepts / key terms involved

Test yourself as you progress through each section based on thelearning outcomes

Revision tips

Documents

NEBOSH National Diploma - online revision sessiondownloads.astutis-resources.com/diploma_revision/NEBOSHDiploma… · NEBOSH Diploma Revision Human factors Lorna Bleyswyck Syllabus