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Human EvolutionNeanderthals and Us
350 – 30 kya – H. NeanderthalensisAKA
NeanderthalsEurope, central
and northern Asia
Shorter limbs, wide ribcage, larger noses
Height 5’7”Brain 1200-
1900 cc (larger than AMH)
Very closely related to AMHStronger than AMH, especially arms and
handsRange of hair colours, many red or blonde
haired, with light skinGood eyesight, possibly better than AMHSame gait as AMHEvidence of language use**Same intelligence as AMH**
Made advanced tools, such as quartz handaxes, 3-sided picks, stone cleavers
Dugout boats – sailed Mediterranean as early as 99 kya
Buried deadCreated cave artEvidence of self-
adornmentApex predators –
hunted deer, reindeer, ibex, boar, aurochs, mammoth, elephant, rhino
Used fire to cook vegetables
Complex social groups similar to H. sapiens
Evidence of trade between groups, and with H. sapiens
Built sheltersIn Moldova – building made of mammoth
skulls, jaw bones, tusks, leg bones had 25 hearths inside
ExtinctionRecent DNA testing has shown evidence of
some interbreeding of H. sapiens and Neanderthals, outside of Africa1-4% of the DNA of non-Africans was passed
down from Neanderthal ancestorsThose individuals and groups who were not
absorbed into H. sapiens populations likely died out after a brief period of rapid climate changeFood became more scarce, and Neanderthals
required more calories to survive than H. sapiens
200 kya – present – H. SapiensExtinct subspecies? – H. sapiens idualtu
160 kyaEthiopiaBrain - 1450 ccVERY few fossils, so not much known; many
argue they are not actually a different group from H. sapiens sapiens
H. Sapiens SapiensAKA “wise man”Started in Africa, but later moved throughout
the world
Blue eyes, dark hair, olive complexionLight skin does not appear until 6 – 12 kya
Height Early – 5’7” – 5’9” Modern range - 4’7” – 6’3”
Brain Early average – 1600 cc Modern range - 950-1800 cc
At first, culture essentially the same as Neanderthals, including signs of behavioral modernity