1 A' ITtfU1idn

'. THS CRI9IS IN SCUTH AFRICA.

by Z.K.,..,tt.hewI. . fl~", I. 71.. 74'.~!t .... It ~.'"'".£ /If, ..... il..l~

~ne nf tt. three .".,.rotlgn Stet.e. ln Atrlc •• ot South AtJoio. 18 outh 01' t.hIt S.t.r ••

. tnlt other t.wo Delng Lioeri •• nd Ethlopi •• Vlthln the Briti.h Commonwe.lt.h ot N.tion. 1'1. r.nk •

•• • O~m1nlon which ... n. t.het it i ••• It-go~.rnlng ln reg.ra toc bot.h it. lnternal .nd extern.

attair •• Admittedly no recogni .. d publio au~crity.not eftn the Unlwa lIa 10n •• he. yet

.uco.eded ln l.ying down undieputed oriteria tor deteralning t.t. oir.pm t.nee. under which

any territory ca" be eatel to be eelt-&oftrning in the proper eenee ct the \er •• Thu. ln 'c_

• quarten it IlAY be que.tioned whther • country in which tt. .. aj~ri ty ot t. lnhebi tant. are

d.ni.d .ny .rrecti.,. .her. in ite g~ftrnm.nt can ju.Utiably be cl.ldli., a •• elt-g~"ernillg.

In all prooability lt this criterion were to be .trict.ly .ppli.d ... .,z a number ot .oc&lleo

.o~.reign .tat.e •• includi .. g t.he Onion ot Sout.h AtJoic .... ight. not. be able to ... rge .ucc ... tIIlly

froa tt. \e.t.. At. all e~ent.,ln iotarn.tlonol circle. at. the pro .. nt t.l .. rlght.ly "r wrongly,

it 1e generally .ccept.ed thet the Union ot 90ut.h AtJoica 18 •• elt-,;n ... rni g count.ry belongin,;

to tho We.\ern grcup ot d.mocr.t.ic count.rle ••

91t.uatad at. t.he .honk .nd ct whet he. be.n a ne&l.cted it not. a tol gotten o~nt.1nont.

the .rraln ot t.t. Union ot South AtJolca ha.,. until reoontly not atetr.ct much .ttention

oute1de it. border •• Tho country hal larg.ly been unat~oted by tho aynoa; c tcrce. and tactor.

which ha". Ihaped tho cour •• ot hl.tory in the mod.rn world. ;:.,.n in usua 111 _!Ill lntor_d

circle. to Europe ,A_rica and elaewhere ,the Union ot South AtJoica ha. rto 'pel' nn ..,re

tnan gcld,di.aona.,the Krug.r lIational Park and Pield-Mar.holl 9mut •• Un 0 tt. intluence .nd

l.ao.rehlp ot th1. Bo.r W.r ".taran the Unlon hoe played it. part in two Ver.,and eMn

tc "t. pre .. nt oontUct ln lor ••• tt. b ..... d. a t('ken contrlbut.1on whioh doubt earned

gold.n oplnlona in o.rtaln Unlted lIaUon.· circle.. But .part tJoca the n tlc •• he has recoind..

•• 1ng to the .ppear.nco. ot hor .. lUtary torco. ln "erlou. w.r th •• tre.,S uth AtJoic. he. ln

the ... In been l.n ttl gn her r>wn • .,..t w.y wihout tt. .potl1ght ot ""rld b11city balng

directed on her intern.l .rrair •• Her. we na.,. • country "ho .. 1.o1.Uon1 a h nnt only a

.. ttar ot d.liber.to,con.ciou. pollCY on the part ot It. rul.r.,but .1'0 ho r •• ult ot "hat

pr.ctically ... ount. tc .tudi.d indift.r.nce on the pert ot \ho out..l~e" ld. Th.lr r.l.ti~.

r.acton ••• tro. \no m.ln thor~ught.r ••• nd cro •• -ro.d. of tho .. ~Q.rn "nr he. per.ltted

South Atrio.n. to .njoy the doubttul luzury ot 1.01atlonl~ .na t.o d.~el a h.rd oru.t

of In •• n.itl,,.n ••• to oonte.por.ry curr.nt. cf tnou - nt .nd .ctlon c~ .. bine with a .... "hot

ju~.nll. propanai ty tor par~zy ... ot r.ge wben contJoontocl wl \h crl tlci.. O1Il.ny qu.rtor

wUhln or w1t.hou~ her bord.n. To be aft. alone' to do as t ... y pl .... 18 the dure.t.

it a".ohronbUo,wl.h ot t.ho •• who w1UCI power in Sout.h Al'l"l08. Flen". thelr rather

.101.nt r.aotlon to the In.r .... d .t~ntlon whioh thet country'a .ttalr. have reo.l".d

ln r.cent yeara • . South Al'l"loa'. oontinu.d refIJ.al to place t.he terr1tory ot South-' .... t

Al'l"loa und.r the Tru.ta •• hlp Oounoil ot the Un1ted Natlon •• tne d.b.tes 1n the As •• m~ly

ot t ... Unls.a natlona r.gerding her tr •• taBnt ot Indl.ns ln Sout.h Atriom.htr •• pte ••• d

lnuntlon to d.mand trom the Unlted Il1ngdom Government the tran.far to her ot the IIlgh

Oomal •• 10n T.rrlt~l •• ot Baautol.nd,BeohuaIl81anel Prot.ctorate and ewe.il.nel.her lndirect

lntluence on the d.o1elon or tne Brltlah Go".r~nt 1n the affaire ot Ber.te. Kha •• the

•• U.d Ohi.r or the e. .. ngwato trlbe--tht .. and other qu .. tlona ha .. oau •• d many peopl.

to rub tb.1r .y .. • nd to looi: noun' tor lnror .. tion about tllia oountry whlo11 11M the

.rl'l"ontery to d.ry world oplnlon a. repreHnted bY the Unlte" N.tiOIll-1nd to &.t away

wl til It. Turnln& the .potllght ot world plbl101ty on South Atrl0. h .. re .. al." thet thl.

1. Utely to be one ... ot the trouble .pote ot the world in tne y.ns that U •• baad •.

Praotl0.lly tor the tir.t tl ..... rlou.-mi>na.d ob_rver •• n" r.presentati".a ot the world

Pr •• a er. be&irmln& to lnform tha world about the poliol .. that n. beln& propag.ted .nd

.nd p.lt lnto praotlae &ha8e •• nd ln 81.w or /ihe lnterCl.pende"oe or the mod.rn wor Id

qu •• tlon •• re natur.lly bein& .. ao a. to whether the lntere.ta ot 1nternational pea".

and .. GUrUy are not Daln& aDOlaognac! by the world tol.ranoe of ti •• itu.tion whloh 1.

d.Y.loping ln thet are ••

In oron to .ppr.ol.te the bado iaau .. lmolftd ln the South Atrloan .ltu.tion

it 18 .. 11 to bear 1n mind the multi-raoial oharacter or tne popu18t1on.and ln partioular

the r.iatift proportlon. at tbe racial &roupe repre •• nted tner •• The populatlon ot the

Unlon 1. generally ola •• ltt.d lnto tour .. In rao1al categor1 ••• n .... ly.Europe.n.(wlllteJ.

Afrloana.All.tic •• nd Mlxed or Ooloure". The !urope.na !lUmber approld. .. tely 2t 1111110111'.

the Atrican. Sf miUlon •• tne Aalatlo.(malnly Indbn. but 1ncluding China .. ) '80.000 and * "be Mlxed or Ooloured 1 _Uion. The Iurope.n •• thougD obnoualy .n i_1grant &roup.haft

be.n •• '.bll.had in thi. are •• 1n08 lo~J tha A.i.n. orl&lnally ca .. lnto thl country ••

I.lla.ntur.d labour.n about UI60 on the in,.hatlon or "he N.tel 1i0verm.ntJ the A!"rlcan •

• re lncllgenpu. to the country •• lthough "be .......... Euro"'.n. '-1 r- C ... 11 th.t thay .re IIO\J

the Ml_d or O()l()ur.d are the rewlt ot 1I1 ... g.n.Uon i>&t. .... n black and whlta.elthough

the, includ. a group at ~.lay. who we" nrlginell, brought lnto the on~try a •• 18~.

tro. the B .. t. the orux at the !I out It Atrio.n problell lie, ln t.he t.ot. that the­

group. are all d.tarlllined t.n _ke Soutlf Atriol t.heir permanent ho ... but h .... not yet

d1.00v.r.d a .atl.taotory ba.i. on whioh th.y o.n be weld.d lnto • united netion. !he

European •• otlon whioh at pr ... nt hold. the raln. at power ·go~rn. It .. 1t aooordln,

to the t •• l11.r d.moor.tic pro.,.dure. at the W •• tern wor1d.with .dult .uttr.g. tor

IIIn and wOllla aad a perlla .. nt.ry .y.tell d.rlv.d tro. the Brlti.h Parli ... nt .nd

...,d.ll,d olo •• ly upoa it'. The beU.t at the South Atrl08n European ln d'lIOora01 h.

howe~r. ooup1.d with. oondotioa thet to 'xtead ite benetlt. to the nonewhit. groupe

in the oountry would tor hi. be !Niolde l •• ad ther.tore auo .... h. South AtrU.n

,,,~rnlllnt. hen .tri~n to d.vi ... poUtioel •• ooao.l0 and aoohl .y.te. ter the

oountry thet would .aaur. the per_nent .upre ... cy ot the European ln n.tional.pronn­

ol.l(.t.te) or looal llte. !hi. pro .... he. au1.1nat.d ln the adoption at wh.t i.

len",," .. the pollcy at .pertbeld( .. per.tion) •• pou .. d by the pre •• nt ,0nrnMnt. !hie

polloy ...... no pr.ten ... t being be .. d on 'ocall,d d • ...,cr.Uo prinoipl"J lt h

tr.nkly .nd openly d •• ign.d by It. proponent. to pr ••• rv. the ba ••• kap(bo •• -.hip) at

the white ... n on • permanent baet •• -Apertheid reate on the r.oognltion th.t there

.r. ditt,r.n ... whioh .r. not .. n-.. d,·. In other w~rd. tha pollcy ., 1. at .. t

purpo .. Unud with tactora whloh are beyond the oontrol at the groupe lnvolY.d-­

t.halr rao. or oolour. the whlte by vtrtou, at hi. white .kln .hell tor ... r .bd under

all oirou .. t..noa. ra_in .... ter t.o .U non- white'J t.he non-whlte.whatenr the

oirau •• t.n ..... h.n on ground at hh r.o. or oolour.r ... in pr._ .... ntly an lnttrlcr t.o

.n white ••

HeW APARTHlUD WORKS. In ordar to ,1n .tf.ot to thla pollcy S()uth Atrioa he. adopted

v.rlou. 1.,1.1ati~ and admlnl.tr.ti ...... aaura. in ditttr.nt .pher •• nt lit •• !hue

ln the poUtioal .p.r, 18gh18tl ... tepe he~ be.n t,un tn d.prl .. all non-white.

ot the politic.1 right. no .... lly .njoyed by white •• n ... 1y.the right to vote tor or to

be01l1ll ... ber. ot ,,, .. rnin, bodi •• whethar nat.ional.prodnoi.l(.tate) 01' 100a1. A. a

.op til the non-white groupe who paavlou.ly .njoyed the •• right. under Briti.h rule in

the C.pe Colony(now the Cape Proyince).they .r. perll1ttad.und.r .tri~nt property and

eduo.tion.l qu.lifio.tion. n.t .pplloable to white •• to ,l.ot • 11mit,d nu.ber ot ,hlt.,

If· t.o r.pr ... nt. t.he. on a .eperet.. b .. h ln t.he naUond legielatur. and in the Oape

'7 ...... ~c." Pro.inoial(.t.ate) Council. Atrioan. he.a .1nc. 19)6 been~three .uah whit.. repr ••• nteti •••

ln t.hI Union Hou •• ot A •• e.bly,while Oolourede(Mixed) und.r a law pe •• ed ln 19,1 ha ..

be.n .llowed tour .uoh repree.ntat.i.a., ••• gainat. th. white group whioh he. 155

repr •• entet.he. in t.hI ..... Hou.e. 'l'b. non-whit. ••• r. con.tentiT remind.d t.hat thi.

H.lted. repre .. nt..tine .ccorded t.o the. 10 • pr1Ylleg," ot whioh t.!:.y _y be dper1ged

it t.hly .how .ny leck ot a .. n •• ot rupono1bil1t.y ln thl .xerci •• ot *_tIt it,IIlKP

•••• g •• lectlng per.on. with'ooamuni.tio' .i.w. to repr •• ,nt the •• A •• ord ot O.moole. CA"lc.

oont.inually hang. o.ar t.be ... oc.ll.d "nati •• r.pr ••• ntati.e.· wh~ au.t. take~not to

.d.ooate _aeure. whioh are inooapetlble wit.h t.he ba.io ,t.-* poliay ot white IUpr._oy.

In Ie.ping with the ~lioy at white domination the Go •• r~nt t.ake. cera not to

countenaoo. t.be eet.abli.haent tor .on-white. ot public bedie. likely to lead to t.he

ary.talli •• tion nt,.ay,Atric.n opini~o and tbe de.elopment ot a nat.ional oon.aioa.oe ••

among the Atrican peopol •• Renea thl abolit.ion in 1950 ot tbe Hati.e R.pr ••• ntati ••

Oounoil •• tebli.hld in 19'7 und.r the Repre .. ntation ot Native. Aot ot 1916,0 body

whioh,oonai.tlng , .. ~ ot p.rtly eleoted and partly nomlnated Atrioan a.mber.,aommlt.ted

tbe unperdonable .10 of being t.oo oon.i.tently unaoimcu. io it.. oond •• natl"n of the

polioy ot raoial di.ori.inat.lon. Thl r.le.ent eeotion. of thl Act. ot 19}6 ha.1 been L...tM

replaoed by t.hI ~ Aut.horitie. Aot. in ter • oB which .peoial loa.l ad.i.ory bcdi.e .re

toba e.t.bli.bed tor the B.ntu "n • trib.l or it.hnlo· h.l~ Thi. i. t~A old imperilli.t

dl.loe ot 'd19ide and rule" to be applied with tvenUlth can~ry taolm1cd effioienoy.

The Atrican. ha .. ,otoour .. ,madl lt olear thet U. 10 nC't thlir intantiC'n to turn Walt thl

olook of hi.tory. The ide. ot Afrioen n.tirneli •• hal in taot bean .trengt.henld r.ther

w.kened by tho appearance of the Bentu Authoriti .. Aot..

Hot eat.iefled wit.h thh t.he South Atric.n GMern .. nt undlr the pretext. ot deaUng

wlth thl '.enace' ot communiea hal taken unto it.elt powera whioh can ba u •• d t.o .il.nOl

all oritio. of the et.tuB guo_ Undor t.he 9uppreo.i~n ot Communi •• Aot t. which i ... d.

retroepeoti.e and in which the tara 'e~DmUni.a' 1 •• agully and loo .. ly detinod,ind1tidual.

and orgeDi.at.ione,white or n~n-white,wh1ah .dvne.t.o a d.parturo frna • policy ba.ed on

raoial di.orimination run t.he r1.k of belng 'li.tod' a. oommunistie .nd being made to

suffer t.he heny pend tie. provided fC'r in the Aot without having the right. of recbur ..

to t.he Court •• Thu. it may be .aid that in the polioy "t raci.l di.orimination the

Government hal .rmed it.elt with .dequate .at.gu.rd. a,ain.t .ny po •• ibl. 1nv •• ion ~b,

non-wh1te. ot the cit.d.l ot white .upr .... cy.

In the .conomio .phere whit. polit1cal aupr .... cy hal inexorably led to wh1te

.connmic aupre ... cy. The Europe.n hal u .. d hie politic.l power to gat tor hh .xclua1 ..

benetit the licn' •• har. ot the land. Und.r the land l.w. ot the country.principelly the

N.tiv •• Land ot 191~ r.ad togather with the N.tiv. Land .nd Tru.t Act ct 19)5 Atric.n

l.nd right. ha .. be.n r •• tr1cted to an ar.a covering. po •• 1ble 171 mil110n morg.n ot l.nd

(. mor.an .qu.l. 2 .or •• ) out ot • totel .r •• ot l4~ .illion morgan. '.riou •• rguaant •

• r. ot. cour •••• ploy.d to ju.tity thi. inequitebl. d1.tribution ot land between bl.ok

.nd wh1te. One i. that in v1.w ot the backw.rd .t.t. ot Atrican agr1culture it i. right

that acre land .hould be plac.d at the diapo.al ot tha wh1te .. n who can aka better u ••

ot it. Another argument i. that the B.t1ve Ra •• rv ••• i ••• th •• r ••••• t a.id. tor Atr1o.n

oocupat10n li. within the be.t r.int.ll .re •• ot the Un10n. Thu. Dr v.n B1ljon in hi.

book.· ... n.b.k.n. tu ••• n Bl.nk en Swart in Suid-Atrika'('Border Land •• rka b.twe.n Wh1te .nc

Bl.ck 1n South Atr1c.·) •• , •• ·Almo.t .11 the .re •••• t •• 1d. tor N.t1ve. 11. w1thin the

product1v. reg1nn. ot the Union. F1gur •• tor the prodtctiw. l.nd •• t •• 1d. tor Europe.n •

• nd N.tiv ••• how the tollowing.-

Are. ot the Un1on •••.••.•..•.•.••••......•.••..•.......••••. 14~ .128 ,954 .organ Prnduoti Va Ara •••.•••.••....•..••••.•.•••.•••..•....••..••••• 60,000,000 Produot1v. pert •• t a.id. tor N.t1v ••••••••••••••••••.••••••• 17.672,9~' Percentaga ot Productiv. pert ot Un10n eat .. 1d. tor Nativ •••••••••...•.•.....•••.•..• ' •...•••.•.•.• . ....... ~""'.

The l •• rned .uther 1.,ot cour •• not worr1.d by the t.ot th.t on hi~wn f1gur •• wh10h in

.ny c .... r. ot doubtful vaUd1ty only,,,,, ot the ·productiv •• r.L 18 .et d1d. tor Native.

who .re ne.rly tour t1me. a. many a. the Europe.n. tor whnm 7~ ot the ·product1v •• r •• •

1 •• et •• 1de plu. l~ ot the .oc.lled ·unproduct1v.· .r •• ot the Un10n trnm whi ch 1n /tJ'0./14

t.ct III.Ich ot the Un1nn'~ia d.rived • .. A further .rgument 1. th.t 1n .ny ca •• the N.tive doe. not ne.d •• much l.nd .a the

Europe.n. thuaxi Dr von B1ljon continue •• - "It i. fu*te.r c.lcul.ted th.t the need. ot

the European comp.red tn tho •• ot the N.tive .re 1n • r.tio ot ten to one. Ct the produot1ve

r.gion. ot the Union •• lloo.tion. per he.d ot • t •• 11y ot tive per.nn •• r •• pprox1mat.ly'

To Europe.n •••••.••••••••••• 105 morg.n To Native •••...............•• 16 .or~.n

The .otu.l r.t10 compered to the .r •• th.t he. ba.n .llocated to e.ch r.o. to prov1d.

trr it. sub.i.tenoe.ther.t~r. ia .bout .ix .nd • h.lt to one. It it i. borne in .ind that

the Ii.U ... 18 in • po.ition tn supple"'"t h18 inco ... by hi. l.b"ur in the ua .. Alxa.tu

" .. ry.d tor ~he Europe.n.whil. the !Uropean may not do ao.the r.tio would beco .... .an

.... U.r. The true ratio c.n only ba ..... rtained it the supple .ntaU"n which the N.th.

cen bring .bout with hi. l.bour in the European .r •• i •• jded to the productivity ot hi.

territory. 5till .nother teotor ot import. nee i. that the N.ti ... '. l.nd say n~t be

.xpropri.ted. Hi. l.nd ... held in cu.tody by • Tru.t. The European i. the tru.te •• Th.

bac.u •• '- in .ny 0 ... he c.n mak •• Hving by working tor the whit .... n and uking the

whit .... n'. l.nd .~re 'produotive'.whe .... the white man couldn't "t oaur .. arrk tnr hi ••

~"r.over he(tlle Afric.n) 18 in the tortunete poait1on ot h.' heving te bother .bout the

ownership ot l.nd. The white ISIan 18 the tru.te. tor hie 1.nd.It 18 the white un vh has

the trouble tn d.oid. wh.t i. t~ be done with the l.nd •• t a.id. t"r Nativ •• ! Com-.nt

on this i. ne.dl ••••

Pinally it i. argued thet the l.nd •• 1. •• id. trr African i. a6r. than .dequ.te

beo.u •• tha ••• 1. majority ot Afrl0.n. Itve out.id. the ••• rve •• Thu •• ccording t" the

1946 c.neu. the popul.ti~n ot the Union w •••• tollow •• -

urope.n •••..•••••••••••• 2.'72,690 (20.~) Colnur.d .................. 928,484 (8.1' ) Ad.tic .................... 265,260 (2.' ) N.tl •••••••••••••••.•.••• 7,8'1.915(66.6~) TOt.l ••••••••••••.•..•••• ll.418'49

TbJ. it 1. "apprnxiutely oorr.ot to .. y that t~.t.1n. ar •• bout 7O'l ot the population.

but it mu.t be .. ~mbe .. d th.t they .r. di.tribut.d •• tollow •• -

In . aUve .re ............... }.267 .185("r .bnut In other ur.l Ar ••••••••••• 2.675.677( " " In urban .r ••••••••••••.•••• l.689.05}( 0 •

42 ) ,n 21 )"

'Heno. only '.2'11.185, .Uvea out ot. total Union pnpulati"n at 11.418.,49 11 ... in 10 .. IIeti ...

ar ... ,whicllll reduo •• the erigine! figure at 70( to 1 ... than 2~. The ether N.th .. Ih •

• ither in the town. or a. long •• tabliah.d o.quattar.o on Europe.n-owned term.·(St.t .... nt

i.~O by tha Union Natl18 Artair. Depertment.Stati.tio. l.d.t.d November ly,Q). Th •

• tata_nt natur.lly _lea. no .ntion ot tn. taot that larg. number. ot lIa1.118. a ..

oompell.d to liv. out.id. the Nativ. ar ••• baoaU" ot the li~itad .~nunt ot land avail.bl.

tnar •• nor dee. it cI .. olo .. the teot tnat the people o~nc.ruad have no l.nd right. outsid.

the NaUve Re .. r.,. •• The only right t Atr1aan h .. .. iI in t.ho towna or on European-owned

tar •• 1. the pr1vileg. to vork for tho European,generally under aond1t1ona vh1ah ax .. aan

only be tolaratad by 1nd1viduala or gr upe vh1all hev. no alwrnaU.,. IIut to aaoapt. Xo

allOunt of apeaial pl.ading or juggling vith atat1aUaa oan .xpla1n avay the ina 'lui tab 1.

d1atr1but1on of land bet ... e vhit.. aDd blaak in South Atr1aa.

Government hal armed it •• lt with ad.quate .afeguard. again.t ony po •• ible inva.l~n by

>1 non-wha .. ot the oUadel ot white aupr .... oy.

4n the eoonomio e~here white poll.ioal supremaoy ha. inexorably led to white

.oonoml0 .upremacy. The &uropean ha. uled his political power to get tor hie exclu.ive

banetit the lionl. shar. ot tha land. Under the 1.ndKS law. ot the country,principally

the Natives Land Act ot 191 read together wit~heNaiiveR Land .oi Trust Act ot 19,6

Atrican land rights an srea opvering ~ a po •• ible 17i mll11~n

morgen(a morgen e 2 acr •• ' out a total area nt 14, milli~n m~rgen. Thi.

inequitable d i. usually justifi.d in white circl •• by .aying that owing to

the baokward .tate ot Atrioan agrioulture it is right that mrreland ehould be pIeced at

the dispo.al ot the white man who can make better use ot it In the tield of employment

non-whitee,eepeoially Atricane ere dieoriminated agalnst in terms ot whet ie known a.

the ·oivili.ed labor' polboy. "Though not strictly legal this polioy hae tR.xattaat had

a protound etteot on non-European employment". Adopted in 1924 in order to proteot tho.e

Europeans who found them .. l.ee .xoluded from the rank. of ekill.d labor, the Government

",-"AU Hu~ I--.I I <~ hal adopted various method. ot .xtending their employment 1n le ... klll"d work. Thus in

1'-

Goyernment und.rtakings where cost i. not the deoisive t.otor in polioy,the direct

sub.titution of white labor for non-vhite,e.pecially Atrican labor,at higher ratee ot

pay,hae taken plaoe. In non-Government undertaking. through the influenoe of the Department

ot ~bor eptoial grade. of employment inter~di.te bat .. en the skilled and unskilled grade.

have b.on oreated at intermediate KIiaa wage rate. on tho undoretending t~~t euch pe.t.

would be reserved for Europeane. The austo .. Act hae also bean used to oomptl proteot.d

induetries to employ a higher ratio of white vorker •• lhe Goveroment Tender and Supply

30ard hal al.o baen u.ed to foroa tenderer. tor sovarnment contract. to employ a rea.onab

proportion ot ·citili.ed"(wh1te) worker •• Although this policy vae relaxed to a certain

.xtant during World War 11 oving to bhe demand tor labor to meet war ne.ds,the pre .. nt

~oyerneaDt hal re-impoaad *1. with greater .tringency.

under the indu.trial law8 of the country,inpartioular the Induetrial Conoiliation Act

of 19~7 Atrican. do not f.ll within the oategory ot le.ployae l a. defined in the Aet and

are therefore not allowed to for. recogni.ed trade union •• Organisation. ot Atrican worker

are not illegal but their lack of offloial reoognition is obViously a handicap to them

1n any projeoted oollecttve ~*pln1nr; with their " .. player.. 1'he "ates oj' pay of un.kille,

Atrlcen w"rare heft,bovey"r. be"n ll!1proYed to /I ClJrtain exteut lie a rGsu1t. of the

operatlon. of t.he liege BOIlrd .. tDbU.hed under the .... ge lIot of 19'1 pan.d to de.l wUh

lndu8tr1e. in "hioh employ.re lind employee. lire not adequlltely organ1aed for the pur\lM"

of the Induetrilll 00no11iet10n Aot pre.,leualy rnentlt:'ned. G ... n uoder the Vllge Aot,howeYer,

the "II,U of 10"" vnlte .killed vorker ere generally fixed at between eb .nd ten tl ....

t.ne "age of the un.killed vorker. l'ore".,er ,SOIIlI!I 01' tile largeet r;roupa of Af'riOllnlllborere

such •• Mlne laborars a01 Agr1cuhurel vorlatr" are "paoifioelly exoluded f'r01ll the

"pltr.tlona of the '{oge Bnllrd. Th. relatively highly d..,all"l"d eoone~ 01' 30uth Afrioll

resta upon tile eKpl~1t11tl"n of it ... ineral raaouroe~ in bt:'ld,aiH~nd8.eral.~sng.ne,e lind

other bue metel ... ",,11 ae upon terming. The Mining Induetl'y reU". prinoipally upon

cheep 1111grllnt vorkllr" for ite African lIloor foroe. Undor thill "y"telll t.hoUl,,,nd. of

Indl~nou. ~frlo8ne fro .. videly H8perllted tr1bal al'eall are recruited for lebor ~n t~~

~llnee lind are hru.ec1 in Oompound. 1n "hic!! an atwmpt itl flIaae to InflUlIIts too .. tros thll

·de,tr1balh1ng" lnflu~lnc .. n of the urban "01 101uotr1l1 ClJntree eurrcundi I en ,., ~'D tn. termlnaUnn of their oontracts whioh generall run 1'''1' IIpproxllMtely "le"en ..,.ntne )

the)' are repatriated at their own eXp9n.8 to the trIbal a ....... tr. which they 0 .... Ae

tr.er are hn u."d,1"e1· end nedieetiy eared f~r b:' tt .. lr ""'plrY8ra,thet;r euh "lIge. ar.

1'lX80 at • lrw 1"v81. In 194·5 the average C(lISO earning .. of "hite WnrK:erA Otl ~". !'111ne ..

IllUltlnted to£'IIV,Wh119 tile cash earning. "f Afrioan worJtere were i 42.6. (thO "eueing,

h8dlng .nd other bCIfle1'1to givan tn Afriaan "crkors "ar" valued at cp'T~Xil'l .. toly ,., 5O';C

or tnolr osoh $orninge.) Sine~ ly45 ~uroreon wagee ha.,. r110n oonsiderably 1n keeping

vith t!',e rhing oo,t at 11 vlng/ Afrioan".goll on the J.liM9 ha ve r .. ·.aina1 praotlo81ly

urJonenge<1. 11< SO'll wi'>nQ:Jt eayin;; that the aUt.io ... ege polioy of the Mining Indultry

hal 0 <lepree.,in: efreet en " • .:;e ahnoar<la -tel' Atriosn. 11'1 tl'llt otner(!eluln1ary) lmlulltrla"

to vhl.oh t.~,,~ are turning f~r employb'tlnt i, incr9aai",,; ,,'n\)ers 11'1 prlli.,rsnoe t.o Vining.

Already mora than" :t of tr. H'l'lcan le"or nf tne Mlne~ 10 I\ra .... n 11'/ !!l!!ane of the ...

reoruiting "Yntell from beyocld the border! ot the Unkn. In 1944 out of e total Atrloan

lab~r foree of ,~,829.onll' 160,444 aame tro~ th~ Unton."",, r".t 08in~ tro~ the Britleb

High On~l~.inn Territnre8.tro~ Fortugu~Bo ~Qat Atriaa ~d otner tropical arenl.

In 1"ar'1l1n<: the ""rJ<i"!,: cnndi tl~ns and "agAB 0" Africlln ""rkere aro 10 unaatil1'llctory

'>"at 1t 18 bean·,lng 1001'<> and "'-"I'e dlfrloult for vhite f'armsrs tn obte1n "I' rsteln trea

If .

... eur •• to oompol ~trio.n l.borar •• nd their faa11ie.,dir.ctly or inair.ctly,to remain the

on the r.r ... that F.rming I fJ~u.try he. lo.t. it. holding pover •• tar •• Atrio." labor

18 aio"" by ~ne pr.ctice. occa.lon.ln .xpo •• ~ by the Pra •• euoh •• the trequent u ••

ot the .j.abok(wnip) by t.ra tor ... n .n<l the looking up ot labor ..... 1. nignt bUm- with

1. ... 11' olothlng talatn .way trOlll th.ll,in or~er to prevent tneir asoapo. Thllro .... 'ot oour .. ,

.nite hrllltr. wno h.va •• ood rejOtaUon tor justice and t.irpl.y 1111111>:',,*0 .nd w/lt) ..

• r •• u1t .... xa.xxa.x ~o not. bav. to r.ly on oompul.ion to keap tn.ir labor.

frob.bly tne _ •• burCl.n.""", .nd the Ilo.t ".x.Uou ••• peot ot .. hII polioy ot .port-

heid 18 pra .. nwCI Dy the notorious P ... 9yate'" whioh 18 d .. l.gna~ t.o aDD.tu_ to r •• t.riot

tn. er.eaoa ot _".lI8nt. ot Afrio." worlatra. Undar the P ... .,..t.alll tne Atricen 18 r.quir.d

to carryon his pereon "arlou. dOCUDents. rhUs .n Atrican trav.111ng rroll on. ot the

ila •• rve. t.o ." urDen centre auat. De in po .... don ot II 1;I' ... 111n, !!! •• ) on arrh.l in

tne urban .ra. he Iluat w1 .. n1" 72 n"ur. r.port bi. pra.ence to .u .ppropriate otfio1.l who

... y " .. may not pro"i.Cle Inll IIi til .not.tler doouaant-. perll1 .. t.o ••• k wOl'k--v.114 tor a

... rt.in number of a.Y8) it na fail. to tind work w1 th1n .. u.. pra.cribed poriod .t.no parait

... y .1t.,.r ce axwn".d or he ... y be requ1red t." le." ... ue ern wit.hin •• peoifi.d porioll, /v..fS

Wh10h r.ot 18 en:lor.ad on n1.8 parll1t. .0 tna ... ny poliooman who calla tor h1 ..... o.n •••

at once tnat he 18 not .utnor1aed to r ..... 1n 1n ",e an.; it IlII f1n<1 •• ,.ploy"",nt he mu8t

raport tho t.ct. whon ho i. provided 1I1th .not.her docull8nt--4 .arvloe contr.ct which he

au ... renew monthly for • fae) it he liv •• in t.he 10cat10n or t~lInehip 8et. .01d. tor

African. ho .. y he requlral! to bav •• nother docu ... nt--a l"dger '. porm.!!. If he de.lr ...

to be abroad out..id. the locat.lon .rt.r 9p.... ho muot 00 provided by hi ... mplnyer or ooma

ot.i.r .uthori.ad per.on a1th another dooument--. epecial PIs •• In addition he must of

cours •• lwayo hn. on hi_ peroon another doou1llllot--hl0 t.x recoipt t.o ahow that he he.

paid his t.xe. tor tho cur •• nt yo.r. 'allure to produce any of the.e document. on demand

by • polio .. officet i •• criminal otfence irr.spective of whether tho lnUvlduol concern.d

has in tact. ot.herllio. coaplied wl"h the l.w .... g.f.ilur .. to prod .... a tax receipt 00 de_lid

1a • crlJ1lin.l oft .. no .. llhether t.he aocuaad ha. in taot pald his tall. Certain oatogorle.

ot Atrican •• ra .. xempted from the requirement to be in po. eS8i~n lot .0:M of those

doou ... t. but suoh individual. mu.t be in poe.e •• ion of a dooument known ••• n e.emptinn

aert.ifloato.f.ilure to produce IIhlch on demand i •• i~ilarly S or11111n31 otfence.

I"

Varlou. goftrnllBnt or-llllie.1on. be"" reportad ady.r.ely "" thh .~ta_ under "hich

thou.and. D~ Afrloane are .nnually .ent to prl.on for "hat .re pur.ly tachnl0.1 att.noa., .bolition

but only nne O"",lIIl.ttae ot Inquiry hu had the oour.ge to adyaaata • total aknl'Jm o~ tha

ey.tell.n .... ly.the S_lt Oollmittae o~ 1942. Othan heft contantad the_l",8 with reca_nd

lng .cme .i.pll~o.tlan a~ It .... lnly in the direotion ot reduoing the nUllber •• ~ docullBnt~

required. !Par frl"ll heedlng U. adYioa a~ c~ .. lan. o~ lnqulry or the d .... nds o~ Afrlc.n

tor ~t •• bolition,the pr ••• nt go,..rn .. n' he. d.oid.d to .ntr.noh the pa ••• y.tam by .. an.

ot. 1." known •• the N.ti,...(Abollt,on o~ Pa ..... nd Oa-ordlnatlnn ot OaoullBnt.)Act. In

tuture inet •• d ot the Atrloan belng requlred to c.rry "pertlte dl'ou .. nta,he wl11 heve

to carry. "r.tarenca bonk","ln wbioh .hell be r~oord.d the .ppropri.t. pre8arlb.d

partieulu. relating t!> wah n.U,..". It 18 obYiou. thet the vee at the wDiIl liard

·.b~liti~n" ln the title ot this Aot i •• ntir.ly 1l1.1e.d1n~,.nd Atrlcan. he,.. nnt

hutt.tad to .. "nree. their unoolllprO>ll1ainZ oPP<la1t1on t" the new fro .. lIhlah the P .... y.t.",

1. galng to .eau~ in South Atrio., •• peoially •• the "ret.r.no. bnnk' er. i •• leo ~oin~

to bring Atrio.n "a_n within the .oopa o~ the .yetall to • J;!'e.ter extent than e".r ba~or ••

In the .p.r .. ot .ooial .. niG •• ,partheld take. the tt>rlll a~ .epar.te ... rYic .. tor

the dttf'llrent reolal ",oupe. Ther. are th' " .. par.te eohO()l .y.t .... ~or white.Afrio.n.

Indi.n and Oolour.d 1n the crl .. ry .nd .. condary ~eldl there are .lght uniyer.itl •• tar

the ~ .. ll "hite po~letlnn,end one unly.r.1ty college ~"r ncn-whlt •••• lthauSh threa ot

the .. hite unhara1U" .dmlt .. Haited nu .. bere o~ non...,h1t. atudente. In P"et oNloe.,

r.ilrcad oNica •• n1 C'tmr public pl.cae .eperate .ntren08e and •• perat. oount.r. are

proyldeJ tnr Buropo.n. and n~n-Europo.n.l aeparat •• ocommodation 1n publlo v.hicle •• uch

a. traln.,tr.", •• nd bu .... nd •• pm-ate hoU1t1e •• whera they .1I1at,in pla08. o~ .ntertaln

=ent end reer~ation auoh •• olna .... ,the.tr •• ,pl.yground ••• te. In the 0 ••• ot Atric.n. _-.

th~re i1 a .~pa~ate Onur •• ~t ••• "i.ting .1de by .ld. with the ~rdlnary oourt .y.t •• ot

tor the .ettle~nt ot di.pute. betwe.n Atrican."ari.ing out~OU.toS8 ~ollnved by N.tl ••• ·,

but Uibougb the outh Atrlcan Supra ... Oourt he. a high raputat1~n tor ioIpertl.l1ty ln thf.

.dm1nl.tr.ti~n ot juetloe,the .c.l •• are be.ylly load.1 .g.in.t thl Atrloan 1~ the lnhr1~~

court. pre.ld8~ OYBr by whlte Megi.t~.ta. of white Nati.e O~==1 •• 1an.r •• Owlng tn the

.xpon •• ot eppeal to the BUrari"r oourt. the y .. t majority ot 0 .... nat-naUy end in the

1nf'llrlor court ••

It,

~(f, A".MuIl.S +0 A/A .. il..A.lA Suffioient has boIen uid to gi ... the .... d.r lome ld"a IIf the tu"r)' and pnotiol .f

the triditicnal polioy of racial di.crimination follrved by the Uni~n ~f 9~uth Africa.

Thtt question aris,," a. to the nature "f the r •• oti~n "f v.ri~u •• ct1~n. ~f t~~

population to tb1. polioy. 'cr many Y.lrl ~.gr.gati~n 01' ap!t~4d--a di.tincti~n

without a differ.nce--ha. been largely unch.llengod,boIoauoe it sppoared t~ affect

a~veJ'lely on 11' the intere.t. of the vt'teleee and dofencel" •• nM-whtt"',pertioulal'ly

the Africane. Many white. suoh •• til<! lIIi .. ionarlos.th .. "",.,boIrs of the United Party

1ej by 3mut. and "f thtt ~.~. white Labor Party end other per.~n. of a mora libolra1

outlook than that of the Nationalilte,whi1e t~.y depl~r"d thtt trend of event. in

South Africa,ware not pr.pared to take any aothe .tepi againat the flov.rnunt la polley,

They oontented themeelve. with appeal. to the Afrioano to bo patient and to maks the

boIst of the limited opportuniti •• avail.ble to them within t~~ framevrrk of the

aocapted oyatem. Movement. ouoh a. t~ Joint Oounoils of Suropean anj Africane in

different citi"e which had the .upp~rt ~r the Churohes and ~thnr 'friends'of the

Africans did what they oould to ft~li~rate the lot ~f the underprivilegeJ grnupe

vithoU~hal18ngin~ the etatu. quo in any fundamental manner. For tha Afrlcan. it va.

largely a lone battle. IHtorta at forming 8 unihd front with O?lourod. and Indian.

ti,., and again pr~ye'l sb~rtiye,bttoau.a th8 latter group •• nj~y.d in ao'" a.peote of

their lits slightly batter priv11e~s than those accnrieJ t~ Afrioan.,whioh they were

l~th to jeopardi.e by ms~inR on~~on cau." with t he true underrlog of the oruntry.

With the paeseS" of time,h~~v"r,it i. b"co~1n, 1ncr •• eingly ol.arer to .11

group. that fr8"Jo~ like peaOtt i. inJlvi.ible,that a o~untry oannot be half-fre. and

halt-alave or h&lf-dem~oratio and halr-totalitari3n without that .ituation reacting

unfavourably upon the inter •• ta ani the Wltlfare of all groups. Cnntinu"d di.regard

b! public authority nt t~" fundatlental W'l8n ris hto of any ... otion of the p"pulation,

with i~punitl,l~18 othsr 980tion. of the population into a tsl .... n •• of •• ourity

and ~aks. the~ insenoitive t~ the gradual a.8U~ption by govern~ntal authority ot wid.

disoretionary power. resulting ultioately in a thr • • t tn the oivil liberties of all

groupe. The crisis in South Afriol today li •• in the flct that the Afrioana are not

alone in foaring that the South African Gcvern~~nt has embarked upnn a courso whioh,

if uninterruptsd,Mi~ht ".el1y d.~eipp into totalitarianilm for .11 end not fnr Africana

1'2. •

lnleeurity f~r all thMe wh~ do not 8ubsc"ibe to the ideology of the pree.nt g~v8rn ... nt­

t.hat 10 the factor which cherecter1 ... present-day S"uth African s~ctety. 'lihat aI''' they

going to do n"rtT' is the qua.Uco cO""Mnly osk .. d in privata ccnvareatirne.

rho r.eoone und"rlying thi. feeling ~f t •• ~ insecurity vary,of cruroe.trom group

to &"oup. Thu. the i<:nglisb have been alarlt8d by t~ ... d"!'ti~n r1' mee""reo ouch .. the

Citizen.hip Act w.hiob IlIBk". it 'DOrB d1f'1'1oult than hitherto fer ~ngl1.h i .. :n1grentl to

quality al citizens of th18 m~mb9r of the Briti.h O"m~"nw~alth of N.ti,n •• a • .,n more

conoern haa bean cauaed by the goyernlllClnt'. retuul to acoept a rBoent decieion of the

highset Divisi"n ,,1' the ·q"uth African Supre ... O"urt that the Entr .. nohed Ohua". of the

::louth Atrio.n Oon.titution,inclucling the .. qyality of 1:nglish and Afriksans s. official

languages,still 1'~rM part rf the 18w ~f the c~untry. ro ~verride the decision. of the

Supr.~ Oourt tbs &~vo rn~nt hoe used it, .rnall majority to pa •• th" Hi$h Court of

farliament Aot und~r which. Oourt conlisting of m3Mbsra of Parliament may revi"w

dee1s1"na of the Su;>reme Oourt O"l constitutional i.9ues. !hil throat to til." independence

of the Judiciary haa aggravatsd the fe"Ung of inSBCliIrity of all groupB.includlng 10II1II

gOV8rn;neo~ suppnrt<>rs.

Lar.:e A"ot1~n8 of the white workers are aU8p1c1~ns that th& Suppraesion of •

OommunisM Aot ?t 1)50 whioh purports t" be do sir-ned to'liquid.te' communism in the

country h •• put into the hand. of the e~outive an instrument which can a a.ily be oon .. rte~

into machinery for tbs suppr .... ion of freodom of "posch and of .o.,oci.tioD,a ~.ttw1

auapioinn whinh haa not ""en allayed by the fact that ths firat vioti!lfl of the Act h.,.. whit..

included .O~ of the 1eading~trede unionist. in tno cnuotrr-. The .eme effect haa been

prnduced cn the white wnrkero by e recently published r"P<'rt of 11 Oom'll1e~i(.n on Industrial

Legt.latinn epp~intod by the gove rnment.

The Mixed or Oolour"d People have .uffered the sa"'" 1'etA- ao the African. 1n th.t

in ths ter~e of tbs $eparato ReprQ"ontation of Votlre' Aot of 1951 they are to be removed "f~

ITo", the co ..... nnrfntere' 3nd placo 00 a soparate Colnured Vcters ' .. oU to elect a limite d

nu~b"r of whites to represent them in ParliarJent.t~u. re".jering inncououe the Coloured tu c.t ,",,1f>o.4

Vots whioh i'ormor l ;f inrlu"o¢8ct"in a "urn." .. of par liamantary cnnni tU8ncsn in t\'ll3 Oape.

Th~ Group Area. Act in terms of wn1ch towns ana oities are oeing dLviGe4 1~

raoial zone.,aud Uu<ler >l11l0il people will only bo alln""d.aa'tO with tne parmin10n or tns

1-,. Jlin1et .. r conca_d,to own or oocupy property in the zon ..... lgned to the group t.o .. lIioh

t.ney b .. l~nl': h ... t.hrown the propert.y Market. 1n some part. of the aountry Into contu.10n,

.nd 18 16kely to "au.e ..... r herdehip 1n many aae8,e.peo1aUy among 1.11. Iadlan. who bay. fMc'" frp'"

In''188ted much of wealth 1n property 1" .. ra .. l-.. hion t.hey a .. a 11uly to be required to

remoye • Under tre .ame la .. thou ... nd. of urb .. n Atricana,aspecl.11y OIl the Wit .. ater.r.nd,

baYS 81 ..... dy been informed the, thBY .. re going to he r.m~yed trom area. *n which t.n.y even

h ..... held property right. for many year. to are •• In .. hlch they .. r. proal.eallee •

•• .... curity then they .. nj~y nnw.

The Mi ... lon. whloh tor the beet pert ot • cantury have enjoyed goyernment ~pport

tcr their eduoatlon .. l work among Atricen. hays al .. o .... n t.he .. rlting on the .. all 1n t.he

racently pUDli.hed report of .. Gov .. rnment Oomm1e.1on on Natlva Sauoation. Bot only doe.

the Report gl ..... cue .... ht grudglng reaognltion to the efforte of the Mi •• lon. whiah he .. {..4

thu. borne the burden of Atrlcan eduoation,but theta ara taptta but thinly vail.d thre.t.

of .. lthdr .... l of Ilnanala1 ~pport tor their work. To the a .. r.ge reader thl. aight

~gge.t t.nat t~ O~le5i~n baa reoOMmended the aon .. r.lon of tna Ml.810n Sohool .yetem State

for Atric .. n. lnto .. public Ichocl eyetem flnanoed and .. dmini.~.rad by the .... ,a .oheme

.. hieh he. been advoo .. ted by tho •• engaged in Atrican education for many year.. r.r tro.

it. Wh .. t aatually i. ~gge8t.d i ..... the gradual tranatar ot Afrlcan .ohoola t.o the

manag ..... nt and fln.ncing of the Afrioan penpl. the .... lY ••• In otnar .. ord. that the poore.t

aeotlon at the community ehould be mad. r •• pon.lble for the finenoint of the eduoation of·

its own children,a policy ot fieoal apartheid wbioh in the oplnion of oompet..nt ob •• ryar.

11111 11tH in the 1 .. t abllly.U pro .. ttetrillWntal to the development of Atrioan eduoation.

OPPOSITION TO PRBBE!rl' POLIOY. Sutfioient h .. been aaid t.o indicate that the polioy

fo110 .... d by euoee.lv. government. in the Union and particularly .in08 the •• aumptlon of

otfice hy t.he pr ..... nt go.ernment hal tumed tMe fair ieadtry into. hou.e divided agaln.t

ltael.f. Oppod tion to the pr ... ent trend 01' govern ... nt policy haa taken .ariou. tor ....

In ~ar11 .... nt the 0pp'.ltlon parti.e,o~n.lating of the Unlted Party tormerly led by

Pl .. 1d-~.raha11 9~t. and nn .. by Adyoc .. ta G. Strau •• ,the Labor Party repre •• nting the wMte

.. orker. and the thr ... 'Native Repre.entatlve.· (no .. reduced tn two •• the raou1t of the

expul.lon of one member--Mr Sam K.hn,M.P.--in term. of the Suppre •• ion of Oommunia. Aot)

hltve become ml're •• 0 .. 1 in their oondellllatinn ot governmant policy. They he .... ployed

l~.

every cnnet.1tutlonal d"viee Of4n to tbem t~ oppos" the legtalatlve progre_ ba •• a tn

~ tile po 110y of a ."the id--de layl ng tacU os ,all-n1ght littings ,Mool4I~ a_!ld_nta and

Cj:=...!""iJ~~r!i~)Bill' put forward ,retusal to partioipate 1n

-eonttdence mrtions,mntion. for the adjournment

rf the Houso on .. .. ttars ~f ur~e"t p.tblic importence,eto. But the \towrnment h .. u •• d itl

.lender mejcrit:' t" defest every move rn the part of' the Opposition.

Ilut thl inl!rf .. oti Vane,. or r.ne Optp81tion partie. h,a leen dua,I tnin""not ao

llUCn to .. he siz" ,,1' t~e "",j~rl.tr w1th vhion tn"y have to oontenll out. 1;0 t.he faot that

t~ 'th$ p,,0110 ':!l ino''''peeitllly to tne .. h1te "l.otorste,th.y have no alr.erna'i1'18 poli~

to t~at of the ruling party,.epecially on the colour qu •• r.ion. The Nationaliata ... nd

for vhite aupremaey,tb9 Opposlt.ion part.l". for whi,.. lead.rani~~~UJ~

any SUDstant1al aiff.r"noe. In order t~ expo •• the bankru,.py 0

all t.he !lat.ienaHats have to do 18 to eccu .. thsm of be1ng ln revoUl' of equality bet ... en

.11~.h.manoe at their blaok and white. Their invariab1. reaot10n 1a t~ prote.t vir.h 'hI~

command that they yi .. l~ to ~ 1. being vead.d to the trad1t1"na1 South Afr1can 1'011<17

of white supr.mACY. If t~AY are acouled of be1ng 'communiatlcaljJ-inolinad',they prot.at ~

tbat,."r9 in favour of' cO'll .... n1 ... being ,..da • capitel ~ff.noe. Th1a atte .. pt. to

out-X'i1onaltat tho Na'l~nali.te he. loet tbea many supportera. It 1_ tni. _bid ow-boxing

in P8rli ... ~nt vhich haa led to tbe formation of the extra-parliamentary ae •• ment known

.. the TOROH OOM'lANDC. Thill 18

Grou p-o. ptaln A.O .Malan ..... an

an organ1.atlon rnrmed by .. hite ex-aoldier.--tnalr l.ad"r '"' IIJ,.,u W,." ii

ace fighter-pilnt 1n the Battle of Brltaln--who hevlng ,. fougnt agllnet t~t.litarl.ni.1I in Vorld Val' 11 he_e •• t the .... 1ve. tr. taek of r~ullng

"hi~ publlc opinlon azainst a go •• rnment which th.y balle". i. dragging the country

al .. ng tr .. r~ad to 'uclam. Th.ir maln phnk 18 the d.renea of the Soutn African 00net1-

tutl~n by gett1ng rid of the prea.nt government VlllCh na. _ho,," 11t't18 r.gard ror the

801 ..... und.rtakinga in respect 01' tbe righta of '1Ilriou. groupe ,.Rpeci.lly the lIili te

r.roll pe, OI'ntained 1n ther. document. *I!&* rna ~"'ve .... nt he. gal ned a ppre01l ble IlUpport

'thr~ue~~ut the country in 'the rural s_ .. ,,11 .e r.n. urban are ••• Againa't it the \tovern ... nt

Me us"d t.he taotic. whlch inv"rlably produce r.8Ulte,namely,to aoouae tbem cf ba1ng

·comMun1.tle·,~r nf lIorking hend 1n hand wi'tft tIe non-white. against wh1te .upr .... ay.

Th6 Tnrc" ~"",..nd" hAS haateoad ttl .saure ,,11 and sundry tnat it h •• no COlll!1lUnUti 1n

If.

It. r.nks.tn.t ite Derenlp 1. not open to non-white •• nd tnot In .ny ca.e 1t 1. no'-

.. rely. pr ... ure group concernaa purely aD(\ a1raply wl"b toe

pre.erutioD "t the S utD Atrl c.n Oon.1tution( in wDioh.ot couree. tile prlnciple of white

aupremacy 1& en.r.rlne ). Tnat •• 11 tr .. toroh CO_lIclc ba. no" yet auo ..... d in oon'tinolag

toe ehitw aleotor.~ .~U~ ~ne clanger. ot »alani ••• a. sbown 1n a reoent by-eleotion at

Wa~r.troo. in tho T .nl.a.l where tll8 Nationali.t •• cored a re.ounOing viotory incr.a.' .,. ,~" ing t"eir previou. 1IlIl or1tY,.,by 650 vote.!

THK CHUROH. Refer.nce muet now be made to tho role ot ~ho Ohr lItian Ohurch in tho preHnt

a1tuat1on In South Af'I ica. The Onion of South Afric. claim. to be all Oilri.thn naUon

~N'" as,.. the firet articla n tho South Afric.n con.tituion. Indeed apart fro~ tho St.te.tho influential InBtitutl'n

Ohurch c.n rightly clllll1 to be the lIO.t' .... f1Iix .. II .. * .. U .... !I..-,. in conte.porery South

African lociety. The ible h .. played .n ilIlportent part in tho history ot both the Outch

(Afrikanero) .Dd tho ngUeh whe con.Utute the meln elo~nta in the 1Ihite population. '!'he..

que.tion may thorefo rightly be .Iked a. to the extent to which the Churoh ie exeroi.i~.,

XIaSil cr a moderating influemce on the dete.iorating reiltlon.

betwean the r.cial oup. 1n South Afrio •• 'or • v.riety of rea. on. tho Church i. not

at prelent exerting ~ ho wholeeome 1nfluence on raoe relation. whioh llIiiht be axpected.

Firt.ly.the Church 1 South Afr1c .... 1ng to her unhappy divlaion. hera •• olaewbe.e i ••

not in a pel1tion to apeak w1th one 90ic. cn matter. of n.tional i~port.noe. Althcugh ~

thora exi.ta in tho a Chrht.1an Council to var111u. protestant church~. ar.

~ll.ted •• ome of t llIC.t 1n~nti.l denomin.ticna atand outside thi. forum in woich

ftClrt iftItiil> .. made to cry.talli tbe Chri.tl.n viewpoint on i mportant natien.l t •• uel. Among the

bft'1 cJa 11y danO.ll1natlonllouhid the Chr1atian Council ara the Outch • af"rlDOd Churchea and the Ro ..

C.thol1c Church.

Tho Dutch orlli8d Ohurche. to which the ... jority of the Afrike.na-lpe.king

whites belong are.ri wrongly.regardad .a pol1tically the ~~at influential

ohure"". iu • III branche. of thh Church aupport. the apartheid pol1cT •

• lthough in oertein portent re.pect. thoygovern ... nt doae nnt .. e aye to eye with tholll

on t " ia ... tter. To t Dutch aeformed Churchel .!l!!rtheid taken to it. logical conclusion

implie. the d1vilicn country 1nto two Statel.one in which white 1ntere.t. shall

be par.mount.and anot , r in which African inter •• tl .h.ll be predolllinant. A. t lOll' put it

". in a Churoh Cc-nf.renc" helJ in 3l~emfcnte1n in 1950,

'It "".t be re:.emoored trot nr. nation in tIe lI~rlJ werthI' of th n~uIO(n~ti:n~ could alw.y. be .ati.tied lIith n~ •• y or only .D indlr.ct .ay in the prlltl0.1 .nd "0010-ecenc- io organloatlC'n of the CnQlltr" ill weich dAci iona 6re taken ~n t~.t nation'a interest and tuture. To axpect the Bsntu tr be 8ati.tiad with .uah •• t.te ot atr.ira ia n!'t 0<>1y to be unfair tr 111 r.I , hut >li11 also e""nwally leal to the [r ... hot di.illuaionxent and .trlts'.

!Ioncs t.he Bantu must. be ghen a .. pent. at.te in whloh they can beco ... tull 01 then.

wlthout any 1iml~.tinn. t~ thelr rlght •• nd ,...pon.lbl11tle". But thi •• ugg •• tlon ot •

klnd !'t '(I!ur"ata,,' and "Bantu.tan" tor South jtrlc. lltU iJlDediato ly .pndIII* raJlldiated

by the l.ader. ot til .. pr8~a"t govarn_nt,.nd eapeola11y by Dr D.' , lIal.n,the Pri_ Minloter,

wh~ deolared •• phat10ally that 'total •• gregation lIa" i2praoticabla under pre .. nt

oondltinn. in ~('uth Atrica". The gr •• t adv.nt.g. ot apartheid ••• vote-o.tohing .log.n

i. that lt doee n~t na08 ••• r11y .... n tha .... thing to tho •• IIh~ pr •• oh lt .nd to tho ••

who .ocept it. No d"ubt r:any ot the ordln.ry .abera of the iJutch Retormad Oburche. "ho

helpod to put the pre-ant g<'Varn_nt into pover ln 1948 thought th.t .partheid _ant

t~t.l .ep.ratinn wheraa. the politioi.n. who are nevar unduly perturbed by .ny di.orepancy

betlf88n th8~ry and praotice had quite other vi."e nn tha matter. It i. this diver~ence

betwean apartheid ~

a. an article ot politioal talth and its aekn~wled!ld impraoticability ".t-

whlch ... ",sny p9!'ple 9iow it with di.tru.t .nd rag.rd a. a poorly di.gui •• d att.mpt to gil'.

the white man the be.t and the bl.ck ... n the worat ot b"th .. "rU ••

The Ohriltien Cnuncil ot South Atrio. 1. in theory oppo~d to the polioy ot

apartheld .nd ha. end •• vnur.d to get the Prima ~ini.tar,Dr D.', •• l.n,&o di.ou •• with it.

repr ••• nt.tiv •• 'oonditlrno prayailing in South Atrioan .001al lite which .. ke it ditticult

t"r .. ny ot ~r brathw .. to d .... lop tullna •• ot par.on.lity·. Dr ~~lan turn.d down the

requ •• t ot the Churche. tor sn interview 0" the greund ,.~ng othere,that the Olurchee

them •• lve. praoti.~ aperth8id i" their ~wn .phera. Thi. 1. ~t cour .. another nt the gre.t

w •• lme .... ot th~ Church ln South Atric •• All the Cburohe. are organilad lIn • 8II~rag.tionl.t;

b •• i. with .~parata churoheo tor whlte,Atrican,Ooloured and Iodian,olld with tte po •• ible

exc.ption ot the Roa.n O~tholio Churoh,.huroha. t"r "hite. ara net nor.ally npan to non-GL...W>

whi te w"rahiprera. Where ~thay are ,n~n-..h1 tea .re generally expected to occupy ... at •

• peel.1ly e.t .tid. tor the •• The ..... pplie. ~o church .ohnol. and to any other inatitu­

tiona tor whieh tlw Ohureh8 •• re ,...p"'ndb1 •• Even .n 80'" of the a".t 1mpertent Mi .. ion

Stations whare thoo taw raoldent white. and the bl.oke wor.hip tocath8r under tha ....

11.

in t.he orp;anhaUon "f the Ohurohea in the IUohioory of ·h ... /ltat. the .".t. 11I""rtant

"".ta are bold by whit..s.aod any at. mpt. t.o brook thr~ugh t.hi. tradit.i~n,whera

circum.tano •• ju.t.ify This laok of unity .nd aquaUty ... n

"it.hin the Ohurch hse been 0118 of t , oeu.sa Df the ind.pendent("r .epenti.t.) ohurch

.......... nt .mong AfriMo. in SouthsrD J fric •• In adA 1t.ion it. 1e c.ue1n~ ".ny Afric"D ..... n

among t.hose who he~. r.mained within the white-controll.d Ohurch •• to 1" •• o~nf1d.nce

in the Cblrch •• the champi"n ot the bratherh" d ot lllan under the ,.th.rh"od ot Gnd

.nd to identify it with the ""licy ol the State. It i.,ot c"urae.un~.eti"n.bl. th.t

some or the .~.t onn.truotive w~rk f r the benetit ot tr.e non-white ,roure in eduoation,

h.alth and aoob1 ..altare 1e ep"naor d by thot Oblrch. Ohurch lead.re han in the , .. t·

b .. eD gr •• t .nd r.arl .... cl\ampioDs ot the ceue .. ot the underl'4'ivU.red in 'Iruth Africa. atand

Tbo D ..... ot lII"tt'at,Ph1111p.Liv1ng.t~ n •• Ool.n.o,l.abille ,Lindl .. y And nth"r8 uri high i.xihaxtl.~~.tx'k ••• x"k.xkax.x.kKXI~,xf"xx.%!"-xx .. x.i i~he li.t ot theae wh" have .tri ... n tDr high.r .. "ral .tandorde in attitut •• towerd.

and tr.atm.nt ot non-"hite •• But tha o.n be nn doubt that Micha.l 8cott. and 'ather

Huddlalt"nl are tev and tar between church atriie. today. The price which aIleh

per80n. might be aall.d up-:-n to pay °latferboetie."(th. Afrikasn. term tor

negrophil,.t) is ~re.ter than moat w Id be willing tr pay.

The O)'r1athn Oouncil test Oonference hae Bppeeled tor. NationalOon ... ntloll

tru17 rapr ... ntative of aU rae.. hich j~int con8ultsti~n lII1ght take place "n the

be.t means of prn~otlny, peace and ~niou~ livinr,.and hae .et itaelf the ta.k ot

worki!l~ towards a Oonvention "t the rche. to be held n"t later than Jenu.·y,19,4.

In the ~antiDB the vi.wa ot .he Ooun il on fundamental truth. in retard t" race relation.

have be.n w'!l!!ar1e"d aa tollowsl­• "n.God he. cre.ted all ... 0 in Hie i

" ... r,Uel unity. 2.Individuale "h" h .... proer.psed

.h~uld abero in tl!& respeneib1l1t1 ,. The r.al ne.d ot Bouth Afrioe 1e 4.:::i ttzanahip i r,v~ lv. 9 rartlcl~.t1o

.coorded t~ all o.pable rf .xerci , •• v.ry child ahould rays teA opp,.,.

o", ..... nity can ,;i v. ,Bnd teor which t 6.£very men hal the ri ght t o work 1.

hi. abiliti •• fnr the eo .. ~on good.

• Con.equently beyrnd all diff.renc •• r .... 1D. an

~ • primi~i ... soc1al .tructur. to on~ ."rs sd .. anoed of thair flew at.tuB. "ap~rtheid' but o •• ndragO(unity ttrnugh teemwerk)

in re.penei b le govern""nt. rile Franel,i ., ahould be nr' it. oity ot nceivlng tho bas t education that the chili hal tho capaoity.

t ee t Ipharo in whioh ho 08 r. a:eica tt-, beet u •• ot b ~ ~uth

!hi. id.a ot ·"qual ri .hta ter civili ed .. no generally

It. aroh-imperial1"t,c..oil ilhnde.,and tile graduaUat epproach l/Ol.oh it 1>'p1:.8 has olao

be.n eap~u.ed by the lio,nan Cath"Uo Ulmroh. In a reeant atat""",nt bl th" 1\'",an 'Jath"l1o

a"ohbiohoFa and biahcp. publiehe1 ln the Catholio jo~rnal,·90uth'rn '::ro .. " ,tt,u

deolared thet. juetiee d .... co.d t.hat. tho n~"-2urnptal'. al'_?!.Ild be per .. 1tta to .. volvo

gr.dually toward. f\ll1 part101pati~n 1n the p"l1tieal,sc~ o'tic and e"Hunl Htd of t.he

country. Dhori:::inat1on b .. ed e"olu.haly on gro ... "d, "f' cele.r .,,0' d.cribel in ~ ho

staw_ct .. & "a .. otrenc. a,a1n8t t~.e rignt of non-europeans t~ their nstural dignity ..

"liere the attituae of' E:urnr •• ne the ,(,110 raacnn fer !!outn Arr1ca'. ,"e ... l lr~ble .. it "'oulo be ... lit-pIa anru,n tr condemn 1t a. unjuat and un-Chr1.t1an and,by a <let.erm1ned proca8B of' .duoa~trn,en~ .. avour to ~d1f'Y it. Row .. ver the rreble 11 rsr IIIr'r. co plex thab.tnat;1ts o","pledty arlsea out nt tile f'aot that. tna graat majority of the non~uropaan. ana par~ioularly "ne Arr~canB, l1av~ on. yet reaernd a at ... e ~f' "ev .. lopment t.,,~t "ouH junl1'Y the1,. 1nt"l:ratl~n intn 0 b~"",gene"u •• "oiety .. 1 ttl t.n. lI:uropean. A aujaen and vio! .. n •• t ..... ,.pt to torce ,.he., 1oot" t.he onuld of Eurr.r ... n ltUrmere ."u ovato ... W~'Jld be <l1ssatr"", •• 1Mre ",uot be f'l'adual d .. volo~nt and rrudent adaptat1"n. Nnr rauat tnay be required t" oonrorm in e'r6ry r""pect ~" l>uropean "SY" f'or their ~"n ci.t.1tJc"t1ve qualit1.a are carsol .. ~f rich development ••• Thru~n the ~j~rlty ot n"n-Eurnpean. ar • • t.ill undevelopeJ,~nore ar .. me"y 01' the' w .. ll quRlifl .. ~ to particip"te 1\.lly in .rA .octal,politieal .,a .. c, .. ~io life "f the oru"try".

rtlis 1. a fair ~"&"",..nt "f "MIlt 18 ,.nerally regarded " .. tna 11beral po1nt. of .111"

wbien floa. ju.ttfiett1nn f'nr tno> !,,11ay "jnpted 07 South Arrlca 1n ... rtain elterable

eonQit1~na 1n non-E.ropean, ... rl particularly Afr1can,.~clal llr. and 1nclin •• tn the .i""

trat nnea tnue eoM1T.ion .. are 81taa4l4,a ohange of 1'o11cy ""uld be ine.itable. 'rhe

~!:l!:>!.ti p~l1oy.~r. tt ether hand,1s clearly b .. "d on ,,'>at ar .. re,,8rdad .. oondition.

"hloh t"" nnn-"hite. 1l1th,r III inlidduala or .s grnup. ar .. pn .... rle .. to vary. The many

n~n-wnlte. re~arjej by the Cathel1c bilbnp •• 1 ·"all qua11ft,d to partioi,ate fully in

tl<. Icetal.pnl1t1cal a01 .. c~n~l:llc 111'. ~f the cnuu~ry· not rII/iarded .. til .. m"at a.r10ua

mORt per8U~.i •• Idv~oe+.ea ef arerthaid hes .. Xpr ... 88d the .1 .. " tnat the difrarencea

bet-Wilen El1roF~Cn 8'1d nt'n-":'UT(\p8en are not rem" •• bl.. • ~r1held' I he tlay., ·r •• t. nn the reoot;n1Uen that there .,.. diff .. rence9 weiclO ere n~t 1n4,.-".1 ... r"" •• ~irfenncee b~tveen tte racea aTe n~t only 1nd1vtduel ~.t chsract .. r1atic of the race and no ene can f'ettcnm h~w deep "r eu!",rflctlll tr,cy are. ::;""n if we ."oc'ld tr,ink '<"at t~8 sp1rituel dir .. renee are it no alr.nificant impnrt,tht .xternal d1ffaren ... rl!llrla1n 8fJC1 no policy ci' C1Vl11zat1t'll c.n r.~"c t.t1em."Arerthetd 1!1': n'E'ce •• c:rr nr-i er.UMO the Nat1ve 10 of' le.ner pot .. ntial nlue t~"n t.oe "hite,but beou ... he 18

-ancers8N"rt1g"'(rf 8rl~t,r.(tr ld.n1 CIT 80rt.) enj boC!lU80 u,.,-ter 8 cr-t"fdretlvC! ay_tea n,,1t~"r t~e ~M nor ,r.B "t~ .. r can follr" h18 '''''" nat"r. Ind tully anjoytor 11". "U

tne we81~h or n18 own culturu~.

It is the tlUute ,,1' tlV!! l1;eral. 1n South Africa to dlaU"'.,uhh bah" .. n a f·r.lie!, basad

on reao.ab •• taotor •• nd ona ba •• d on taetor. beyond the oontrol ot the indi.idu.l wbiob

i. re.,nn.ibl. tor the ... r widening gilt betwe.n thea and the non-white group.. In nea­

white oirol •• tbe ,--'liberal' he. beco_ a ter. ot abu ••• ynonymou. with political

isbecile •• nd oon •• ~ntly oo-operatlon betwe.n reccgni.ed liberal org.ni •• tion. eucb ••

the In.titute ot R.oe Rel."n •• nd non_bite. h beooming aor •• nd sora dittioult.

The In.tltute ot R.ce Relation. 1 •• body wbiob w •• tound.d o •• r 20 ye.r. a, •• wlth the

obj.ct ot toeterlng pe.oe.goodw1l1 .nd pr.otioal oo-oper.tion betwe.n tbe .. riou ... etion.

ot the populaUon. To it are .ffi11.ted tna prinoipal lIUlIiolpal1t1e. of the oountrr.

ohurche •• uni .. r.iti ••• at •• ionarr .nd other organie.tione. In .dditlon it he •• n indi.idu.l

.. sbeubip ot •••• ral thou .. nd. ot people trom the dithrent racial groupe. Th. In.titute

publi.h ... journal dnotecl to tbe proble .. of raoe reletion. in Soutb Atrice. By ghlnl

e.id.no. betore all import.nt Go .. rosent Oommi •• icn •• by oonduotlnl or epon.or1nl r .... r.h

.nd .. king ••• ll.ble the reeulte ot .uch in ... tlg.tlon •• br holdlng Oon~r.noe •• t whloh

people with nrring poinb ot d.w o.n be brought toget.t-.r tor IlUtUal e"obenp ot 91 ....

tDe In.tat.ute i. eno •• vouring to bring ligbt r.ther tea. he.t t.o bear on the oont.DYer.i.l

leeu .. in.ol,..<1 in tr. South Atrio ... e1tu.Uon. "Throughout. ite h1etorr.the In.titute b ..

be.n .ble to o~nd the .olunt.ry ear.ioe. ln .. ny tlelde .nd tocl.y it hold •• po.it.lon

ln the field of r.oe r.lat.ione reoognieed both in the Unlon .nd o .. r ••••••• ut.hBeitati,...

It. b ••• lw.ye .dopted an objeoti ... t.titud. tow.rd. our r.ol.l proble ... nd it .nde •• our.

to b ... lta oonoludon. on .. oartaill8d t.ct. .nd objeotlYe inquiry".(R.R.18,/iI9). Th.t tbe

In.titute h .. not been altoptner euooe •• tul in gaininl tna oontideno. of .11 •• otione g.tbOred

ot tbe p~pul.t1on ... y lie , •••• trOll the t.ot. tbat tbe AtriubOn be .... tabU.hed .n

in.titut. of the own known •• tbe South Atric.n Bur.au ot R.oi.l Att.ire with be.d~.rtar •

• t St.llenbo.oh. Thi. body i. onmaited to .. aroh for •• olution ot t.he r.oe probl •• in

South Atric. on tbe b .. b ot .I!!rthtid. The non-white Iroupa he ••• lao indloned their

laok ot oontld.noe ln the Inetitute thrnugh thelr no..-.Nnhip ot it .nd *- by the f.ot.

tnet tney .r. ueu.lly oon.plouou. by their .baanoa trOll it. oon~r.noee. ~lte naturally

t.hey .r. la •• inter •• ted in d.liber.ti •• th.n in .otion bodi •••• nd the~ wnd to look upon

tno Inetltute.rightly or wrongly ••• not re.lly intere.tad in taking .ny .oti ••• tepe to

bring .bout a radio.l ob.np in tbe .tatu. quo •• tar •• tney .r. oooc.rneo.

Wow faU. '0 be 001ld~ .... d '110 o'UtlJd. or 'ho 1I0.....mU. II'lIIIpo, .. poo1.Uy \be Atrlooll.,

\0 \110 pr .. OIl' 'r.nd ot tlnlOI1 WoU"o po1107. I' 10 obyt..ud, .. \ wi'ht>u\ 0 oor\a111 ... out>

of dlfrtel._ 'ho\ _ .-TO '0 _h" tile poln' of dow ot .uon 0 larp fttI.ber of

poopla,wUb dh.r .. booqroUftd.,.nd w1ht;ou' J>l'opor Or,.M tor '110 .,.,....o1"n ot tllelr

..,um. of "low. Thon on 1n .1l1.\ono.,kac .. r,. ftU",ber lit or,onloot1~1I.,.t'_ otno1oU,

O.bbll ... c:t(~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~M~~~~~~~tl>une! ln \b. Re .. n. ~ t po .. ple tbo ... l"..

tbroUSb Tobmtol')' orpn1ooUolI ..... ftr dh.r ..... , be ,lie .,1 ... 111. tn. .. bod10. 011 o''' ~

.. t\on,t .. , u. un0ll1l1Ou. 111 tlleir oppo.1Unll \0 '110 pol107 ot o.rtlleld or .. ,r.soUell

or Will'" OU,..."07 er wb1te laodor.hlp Dr tru.tooohip ... n 1. 1I0W o".on lmc-wl.dp \he'

, .. noa-wlUto ",oupo Ia.,. .1Il00 .JUlIO a6,~ .,.aarbd upon. OOIlpo1p ot n"n-.,1"lell'

otTU 0110 ..... 101100 whloh \1Ie, d •• u1be a. 0 c...poli'\ of Doti.noe ot Un3uu ww •• 1110

Oo.polp 1 •• pon.orod by tn. Atrl0.n Ifotlonal Oon&l'."'\'" sr.a1or Atr10.11 pol1\1001

orsollio.tion •• tebU.hod 111 1912 too .. 111 t ... dl~roll' Bontu \r1bel lnto OlIO DOttOIl

tor \he sro\ooUon et 'boa o .... "n rl,h •• one! \110 .. r"IIOUI>n of thalr welfaro in tllO

tllen nowly ••• bU.nod Ullloll of 110"" Atrl00. Tile South Afrlol11 Ind1011 Cnn«r ... hoe

01.0 1oontit1od It •• lt with tbl. aoT .... II'.01I 'ho 10T1\O\100 or tile Atrloo11 •• tlonol

lY' OOllgro... Tho C..,.l111 woo de01doc:t upon 1n 0 n.oluUolI ,.. .. 01 ot 0 n.tlona1 oont.roll ..

ot tile Autooll Oon&J'e" hole1 1a BloomtoDtoin 111 Doooaber,lS?l. Thlo deoUinn 0.11001

upon "- Atrl0.n poo,le \0 do \wo \n1n,.,lIOlDOly,

• lo,10 IiIIItIt orpnl ....... otln,. and dOIlOIIO\roUolI. Oft Asrll 6,19:)2 .. 0 proton o,oll1n \be wppro .. lell· \o whlob , ... Afriooll poopl. !loci boon oub3.o\Od und.r whl\o 010111 .. \1l1li dur1n« 'ho poO\ ,00 )'0"'. 0'114 1n o,poo1\lo11 \0 tile Vu Riobeel< OelobroU"II-'i to be hold ln l~ \e ......... ,. ... U. ..' • \0 o_aerote whl. \0 _ttl .... n' 111 !OI11.h Atr100 ln 16,:l.

(11)10 aa sr.poroUoa. l.e 'oa pon 111 0 Ooapolgn of Dort.aoo of Unju.' ww. to be loun.bod ot 0 d.", '0 be eanounood lator.

011 *pr11 6 10 r"!I<'II_ to .. tono dirootift ot tho Afrlooa X.U" .. l O"nt;ro ••• "'"u.lo"1o .Dd

witi.l, ottndod .... _tlftt;. elld cI •• na.trotion. were hold la di~ront. par .. of 'ho

..,Ufttl')'. On \lIot do, tbr"ugbou' ,. OOUftvy 111 rural a. well o. ur_1I oolltro. Afrloo111 r

end "tnor lIIIa-luropo.lI. p\lIerod,lIo' \0 rolol_ e.,.r tnalr nVII oppr.otlon or to lndulp

boon .Kpoot.d lft o1'f'lo10lll .,_rtl,lIu~Oyer1\l1lY '0 d.el1Oo\o tlle_

•• ou. ploclp \0 rid , .. _1.,.0 by t .. lr on .frort. ond _11-

_orld. or tile .bookl •• by whloh tllO, are tottered ln '110 land "r thalr blrth.

').J •

• 1;lng or 1;ne II:lI8ou1;i ... or t ... African 5.Uonal O"ngr ... and the S~uth Afric.n Indian

oongre.~ June 26. ~,and on tnat date ,Dr J.S .Moroke, the Prll1d.1It-General ot t.he

Afrloan lIeUo".l Oongr ••• ,cllle" tor 10,000 "c1u"t ... r. tor the O.mpaign by Jun .. 26.

In the ,..an-;!,.. tbl Uoftrnlll8nt ... 0 .Ir •• oy talten .0-;10n .gal0.t certel" non-~ropean

laaelera lcnown 1;0 01 liklly to play • promlO1nt pert ln t.he Callpelgn. In ten. of the

Suppre •• ion of 80amuni.m Act the •• l.ader. were givan ,0 daye wlthln whioh to re.lgn

trom .1t.her t.he Afric.n Natlon.l Oongr .. uo or the South Afrioan Indian Oongr •••••• the

c ... may ba •• nd wer. o.ll.d upon torthwith to 0 ...... nd de.i.t frOIl .ddr ••• ing any publl'

... tlng •• nd not to moft frOIl the Provine •• in which th .. y war .. domicil.d. One .nd .11

the l.ad.re in .u •• tion d.cid.d to d.ry the b.n impo •• d upon them by the Ninhter ot

Ju.tlce b~ addr ••• ing public me.ting. wher.upon they w.re arr •• t.d .nd put in j.il •

• l.n. tor the Campaign dir.oted by • N.tion.l Action Oommitte. wara not lnterrupted by

the •• inoid.nt •• nd on th .. due d.te, •• all the world Itnow.,the .,olunteer. went lnto

.otion .e dlraoted. A. a reault hundred. ot Afrlcan. and Indian. ha,.e alr.ady baen taan

lnto ou.tcdy and ar. awaiting trial.

Vhy hu. the non-&uropeana .. mbarud upon thi. Callpeign which will undoubt.d ly Inteil

~ a great deal ot autt.ring and hard.hip tor thou who partioipete in itt The .... oil1on ot

ot the African N.tional Ooogr ••• 1. in.pir.d by the intol .. rabl •• ituati~n in whioh the

African people find theme.l .... with their right. gradually whittled down and .11 the uau.l

IIIthod. inettwotual to terll1nata th .. pollt~oal .ubjugation •• o~nnml0 Ixpl~lt.tlon and ...t

.001al dagr.datlon to whlch th.y ara aubj.cted. Slno. It. lnoaption ln 1912 the Afrlcan

National Oongr •• hal tri.d .,ariou. method. to brlng about tha 11beratlon ot the Afrio.n

peopla. On mora than one occaalon,ln It. early history,lt lint .xpln.i,.. del.gation. to

the United Xibgelom to pltition the British Government only to find that 'the oow ot

Briti.h justio. hael run dry' a. tar a. non-white. in South Africa vere oonoarn.d. Ano~he.

d.l.g.tion tc the f".01 O~ntwr.no. in Pari. in 1919 di.oo .. r.d thet fr •• id.nt Wil.on'. prinoipla ~ ot'.alt-daterll1n.tion tor ... 11 nation. did not .pply to Afrioan •• In South Afrioa

HIIlt d.putation. r.pr .... ntation •• pltit1on •• nd rot.olution. to auco ... h. gonrnm.nta /....,...

produo.d no battar rs.ult.J appaal. to whit. publio opinion through the Pra •• ,through

oo-oparation iryh.tional,provinoial or local organisation. ha,.. t.ilad to halt the

downward trend ot Uni~n lIa\i,.. folioy.

inhabitants ~t thla sub-oontinent .n a raault 01' the short-slghted polioi8s at euoces.1y

South A~ican govern~nt •• The r.ati~nali.ta ' who cnntrnl the pre. nt £cvernmant did not

initiat. tht. trend but have merely aoceler.ted lthe tem~ ot raoial dl.criminatl~n. The

A~1c.n I~ti~n.l Oanere •• i8 •• t1.t181 tr..t the A~lc~n po~ple and ether n~n-wh1te

gr"upe have n"" no alternathe but to ombark uP<'n • campai;:;n tr>r the detiano. rot the

unjust laws 1'0 nud ur~n the... .<,rully the Afr1c.n ponple ore "law-9blding pac-pl.

whoee respeot. tror c"nst1t.uted authority hee beon st~a1neJ to th!l utlllo.t by the rllohl1.

P<'110188 of tt.e oountry. ~ttx It i. f18H - )l.arahall ~ •• wh~ o!lce doeeribed the t~t

patience ~f th!l African .. "inlne,but}..even African paUence h not i""xhauatibla

proved by the turn ~j' event. in South Africa.

The Oampai~ a. at preeent or~anic~d re tl upon a vnluoteor balil. Cnly perl~ns who

are oC'nvlnce.j tt.t it 18 their duty t~ rerticipa1e in it ere callad up~n to d~ 80 and

when .ccopte~ .re requlred tn undergr • pari"J of ~r.ln1nf and prOF8r.ti"n. A Itriot

di.olplln~ c,,1e r~1 be.n adopted. It enj~ln. volunteers to "told them.elvea eroct and

appear alert"anJ tn malntain ~ 'high .~andrad of cleanllne.1 bt~h in perleD and app.rel~

The appearanca,beerlng and oon4uot ot volunteer. 1. re~r~ed aa i~portant t~r brth

arrale and preltig •• The Oc~. &~a "n to .ay, ·Orunkenneftl,r~wdyl.m and hrnligent ••

are highly prejlldicial tn the untty 01' the .elunteerl and tho c.uee ,and ttereter. the

vrlu ctaerl are requlrej to .vnid any lemblance ot it. Prnvneatirn no atter how asver"

"",at n"t be o"nd':ered ju.titicatinn. A volunteer who 18 beUeve1 tr ha~e oc!> .. i ttad a

breach c-t di.olpline will be dealt with by .n aprrrpriete ~tticer·. Theee me •• ure. ot

di~eIpl1n. Ire all the more naca •• ary aa t~A oampaign 1e lntan4dd to be • non·viel.n\

Itrue;gle. In their pree"nt unar!l8J atate i t w~uld cbvlouely b. tuttle and 8uicidal trr

the ncn- white. to thlnk of .n arll>8d atruggle agaln.t th!l p"Vltra-Vat-b .. ln the ceuntry.

The latter have a mnn"poly ct the death-Je.llng weapona dAvtaed by ordern acience . With

theIr b.ra handa the non-whitea cannnt hope t" Itop aeroplanea,tenka,lII8cl,lne £Una and

J at"~ bnllbe,al+'hnllgh h1et"ry ha. ahnwn • ·ain and agaln tl'at "he .. re pn8S ... ~len o~ toroe

1. by nn .. ana a deci.ive weaP<'n 1n a .. r in which ~r.l ialue. are involved. .hatll8 4 .... .tM _"et h •• in recent erade. tau~~t ~ppr ... "J people that nrn-vi,.,llnee i8 n"t an .... y

torm 01' atruuzl •• It. require •• delr"e "r •• It-diaoipline eni .81t-o~ntrDl lurpeselnl

that requirel at the man who f1chta trom behln~ the ahi.ld ot edern ar~Ur . !be rnly

.hield ~n the n"n-vi!l.nt re.iatar ia mor.l pr1nolrl. o~uplod with per.onal oonvi.tion.

a ahl~ld whioh i. lmpervleu. to mod.rn in.trumanta ot coeroi~n but i. nrt .. ttioi.nt to

prnteet the 8ndy trnm pain end .utt8rln,. Ap.rt trom the volunte.r. who vill cnn.tituta

tM .pellrhead ~t the attack uP'ln unju.t law •• the n.t ot the n"n-white publio will abo

be .ble t" perticlpete 1n the e~Dlpd;,n whioh,it 1t is tn aucoa.d.w1l1 require .....

• up~rt. Alraady ln var10ua centre. Vnlunteer (elfar. Or ltte •• hi .. baen tormed to

reb. t'lJn:l.,oollaot anJ .upply f'n~d and olothing anJ otharwi ... to taka oare rof' the

~'.wi. volunteer. and their d.pan1ant •• A "11110n Shilling rr •• dom 'ta~p Pund ba.

ba.n l.uno~d contributinne to which enme from brth mambar •• nd non-mambar. of' Oongr ••••

The Olmpsign i. directed a~.in.t unluet l.wa .nd nothing .1 ... nd nobody al ... A. Or J.9

~oroka,th. Pr •• i.ent-1en.ral.ha •• mpha.1 •• d, ·1. do nnt hate the Dutch or the ~ngll.h.

but va bate the nppra .. 1ve lew~ under whloh we are cOllp6Ued tn liv ••• Ru .n velue. onl)"

£r~w in • vh"le.~m8 aoeial medium. In that r •• pect,ther. 1. a crying ne.d tn avang.ll ..

the turop ... n. ot ·"uth Af'rloa.The M. text "hich .h~uld ba pruchad oontinually 1. 1'00 I

unto C'tMra •• you " ... uld haTt! the do unto "nu'! The Con~r.u d.flniti"n ot 'unju.t'

law. i. quite .1mpl.,na~ly,la~. bReed rn rac1al d1.criminatinn. There are sany l.w.

bae.~ oa r~c1el diecrl~in.tion that the Atrican people tind .0 intol.rable that increa.~

nu.."bera rof' tl"elll ar. dl.obey1ng th ... anyh"". I' .. nc. the brp incr .... ln the African

prla .. n populat.1,.n, •• tue "p ... r1.. ,,1' the Ilapart_nt of Juet10e ehe-w. eut the ••••• r

d.fiance nt unju.t lawe by unor .nl .. o lnQ1viduale,h~waver lars. tr:elr 111 bera,ha. no

.ttltc~ upnn the gOY8rnl1l8nt bacau .. 1t 1e undirected and ,,"controllec. It h thia .1_nt

ot Jl1~.d1r.ctlon and oontrol wh10h the African National O"nrr."a h .. 1ntr"duc.d

into *txt ... the growing pr.ot1 .. ot the d.ti.nce ot unjuet lawa. The connaqu.nc •• ot

thl. Oalllrtl1gn na.,. alrudy pro .. d eer10". tor t.tln •• who nave partioipebd in it. Hundrec

11-f't manand ""l"'In na .. "'.n .rr •• tad a~d ... ryin& _nten~ •• have bean impeaed upen f"r thel'f

clvl1 die"o.oi.no •• 1~~~x--*x""x.awita5XS •••• The auffering an~ herd.hlp vhich

the campaign antail. ba. l.d many peopl •• both black end whit •• to advi .. the Atr1can

tlatinnal Oongr •• a net to .mbark up"n it.but none ot th.. han.f' far "ttltr.d any ett.o

alternatlY. t .. br1ng about whet the Atrican panr1. d •• ir •• n.~ly.tr •• d". trnm rppr ••• 1c

Cbv1,.uely the Afrlcan 1l.t1"nal Oongr ... he. no •• aiatic o.dre tr bring autterin& upnn

pe~pla ju.t. tor t.he uk. of aohieY1ng cheap nntor1ety. L1ke eti,er peorl •• who ha .. baan

I \ . / ln d'l!ilar dt'J3t1~., the Atr1C'1" p""1'10 ar.. r .. para1 t" un·)"rg" ~"tter1n~ 1n "rJar to .1'"

~..,.~has tr~. ~he lingerlng d ... th of h,-,,,,il1.ti~n and "l'preao1rn. ! ... ,..lar Tho rbv1~UI Jllbl1e duty rof th"", "h~ 1>811$"" that 10M nat. .. of a1'1'a1.r. which hal be,-n...)

d"dt with 1" the fO .... I':~1ng pile-a 1a net 1n tr~ in6eraata of "hr~r t~" inhabitante of

that eru/,try or f'f the world ln e-"arlll 18 not to inJulge in pinua ad"'cnhinna to tha

African t" be pat1ant and t" wait, fica~bor-11k",for anmstnin~ t~ turn up,but t~ find out

1n what way hI! might cnntribute to ~he rem"val of the roct eau."1 of tnil growing ... naa

nf bithrnss. and r .... nt .... nt " .. ~n!: tM Afrieana and nt;)6r n~n-",r.1te r;rnup.,tn fight

again"~ tho ... thin" in tn .. Inoi.l, .. 00no.l0 and 1'"lit1081 .,.tsa a~t-lp ln th~ o~untry

.. h1eh ar .. p~i.nn1ng t~. ~alatinna .. tween p""pl ... wOr ara on:=on h"irl to • land in

whleh their lntare"t. are inextrioably bound togethor.

It 11 not unfalr to .. y thet a opeoial ra.P'Ona1bll1~y r"eta u!'<'n tr. OIrJreh in

South Atriol whioh ln Ip1te of tha dift1cultls1 inherent ln t~e situat10n 1. cslied u~n

tn Ihe up to ltl .. l88ion,n .... ly,t" "r~ III" Ind w"man,black ani whl1A1 alike,to place

the1r relatinnahipa in aU spheral of their U,.... urr.n a Chrhtlan bsato and n"t ... rely ° nn the ~ .. 1e ~~ axpediency. "Lik •• 11 hum.n inot1tutinns th" Ohuror .... otten faU in

their true functlona,but this do ... ""t _an that thay .!at net .tt .. pt them. H"rale ara

at least of a. ouoh i~p"rtano" in the Oabinet .1 11' the e8b"r~t,And lt nnt lnfWeQUantly

bee" .... the duty nf the Orurches tn luh the .. ;,nay c~ __ no:ere out of' the Temple. !t te

only twbeo they(the Ohurchel) are nnt fit for their j"b th~t they oh"uld "keep nut of

pew. The polioy of the Stete 1e in faot tha 1"">1101 tINt of at l ... ~t .~"" indivHu,l. dl"ft"'l

trom all Churohea,and lt 18 futtle ~or penple to think the; e~n rel .. ,te the ,.nrk of

1ntroduoing II<>ral Itandal"11 lnt" our hu"",n r.,laU"nohlpe t!' tho Orm'eh a~ In In!titutlnn

with!'ut themlalva •• 1 indi'idull Ohriltl.na pl.yin~ th~ir plrt 1n ~ot1nG the c,"llenge

of the paganiaa whioh goas by the na ... of p!'l1ti08 in tr" 'IIo""rn State. "C\lr teak 11 nnt

to withdraw rr"", the world but to 11,. .. our falth and aprly it In pr11tlcal deolsions

under the fr\I1dane" of U .• H"l:r SMUt'.