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2 = 12 = 1
a = xa = xa + a = a + xa + a = a + x
2a – 2x = a + x - 2x2a – 2x = a + x - 2x2(a – x) = (a – x)2(a – x) = (a – x)
2 = 12 = 1
August 9, 1945August 9, 1945
Germany Imperial Navy U9 SubmarinGermany Imperial Navy U9 Submarin
19101910
19201920
The Flor do Mar was built in Lisbon in 1502. At The Flor do Mar was built in Lisbon in 1502. At 400 tons, it was the largest carrack yet built, 400 tons, it was the largest carrack yet built,
nearly twice the size of the largest ships at that nearly twice the size of the largest ships at that time.time.
15021502
Emulate Emulate &&
OriginalityOriginality
Emulate Emulate &&
OriginalityOriginality
DIPFSchloßstraße 2960486 Frankfurt am Main, Germany50.122544, 8.638403
Sunday February 7, 2010Sunday February 7, 2010A graduate teacher starts A graduate teacher starts at RM2,500 per month in at RM2,500 per month in Malaysia, compared to Malaysia, compared to RM6,196 in Singapore and RM6,196 in Singapore and RM15,661 in Hong Kong.RM15,661 in Hong Kong.
SubsidiesSubsidies
From 3% of government From 3% of government operating expenditure in 1998, operating expenditure in 1998, the cost of subsidies has the cost of subsidies has ballooned to almost 30% in ballooned to almost 30% in 2008. 2008.
The high cost of subsidies in turn The high cost of subsidies in turn restrains the Government‘s restrains the Government‘s
ability to upgrade infrastructures ability to upgrade infrastructures such as public transport, as well such as public transport, as well
as retards the government's as retards the government's ability to provide competitive ability to provide competitive incentives for attracting high-incentives for attracting high-
income activities into the countryincome activities into the country
NDTSNDTS
Why?Why?
Source : WTO 2001
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
800
Bill. $
Britain 280 Bill. $
Canada 277 Bill. $
China 249 Bill. $
USA 782 Bill. $
Germany 522 Bill. $
Japan 479 Bill. $
France 298 Bill. $
Italy235 Bill. $
Netherlands 212 Bill. $
Hongkong 202 Bill. $
Belgium 184 Bill. $
South Korea 173 Bill. $
Singapore 138 Bill. $
Spain 114 Bill. $
Russia 105 Bill. $
Malaysia 98 Bill. $
Sweden 87 Bill. $
Saudi Arabia 84 Bill. $
Taiwan 148 Bill. $
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
0 50 100 150
Multinational Companies …
Are Outgrowing the Countries
Siemens23.
0 50 100 150
Exxon Mobil1.
Wal-Mart Stores2.
General Motors3.
Ford Motor4.
5.
Royal Dutch/ Shell Group6.
Mitsubishi9.
Mitusi11.
Sumitomo18.
Daimler Chrysler
Toyota Motor10.
Malaysia
Gross National Income 2000 of Selected Countries in Billion US Dollars*
Source: fortune global 500 (06.06.2002). Source*: World Development Indicators database, World Bank, April 2002.
in Billion US $
200
200
N.Zeeland
Kuwait
IC-KL / Slide 4
HRDC-KL/ Slide 21
Orientation Marks for Training
Malaysia’s Economic Position In A Worldwide Perspective
• Malaysia’s gross national income for 2000: US $ 78.7 billion, compared to New Zealand US $ 49.7 billion. (World Development Indicators database, World Bank, April 2002). Exxon Mobil, the largest globally operating company, generated an income of US $ 210.4 billion for 2000 (Fortune Global 500 - 06.06.2002)
• As an exporting nation, Malaysia is ranked 17 internationally, at US $ 98 billion, behind Russia at US $ 105 billion and ahead of Sweden at US $ 87 billion. (WTO data, 2001)
Malaysia is a top exporting nation
Malaysia (like all other countries) has to accept the fact that we are part of a global market and have to observe the market rules and mechanisms
HRDC-KL/ Slide 22
CAUSES
Accelerated pace of information flow
Accelerated pace of technological
change
Effects Of Globalization
More work process-oriented k-workers needed to compete in a dynamic market
Borderless world of business competitors
How are we affected?
Increased workplace
complexitySkills become
obsolete faster
Skills increasingly need to have a
‘knowledge base’
HRDC-KL/ Slide 23
Consequently:Training of high-performing k-workers must be an absolute development priority for Malaysia
Training Is The National PriorityTraining Is The National Priority
(Source: Department of Statistics, Malaysia, "Monthly Manufacturing Statistics, Malaysia: December 2001“, www.statistics.gov.my)
High Productivity To Maintain Malaysia‘s Competitive EdgeHigh Productivity To Maintain Malaysia‘s Competitive EdgeThe Emphasis:The Emphasis:
Wage increase 2000-2001 : 2.8%
Productivity drop 2000-2001 : -0.4%
This trend has to be broken to ensure Malaysia’s positionto compete on a high level
with other countries
Change in % Over the Prior Year for Wages Paid and Productivity (2000-2001)
%
Increase in Wages Paid
Decrease in Productivity
2000-2001
0 2.8-0.4-1 1 2
HRDC-KL/ Slide 24
Source : Georg Spöttl, The Dual System Project, 2002
The Increasing Complexity At The Workplace Of The Car Mechanic
The Increase in the The Increase in the Volume of Repair Manuals for Volume of Repair Manuals for
Opel Cars 1933-1998Opel Cars 1933-1998
An Illustration:An Illustration:
13,866
8,012
4,526
1,727
1,2131,253
1,175710
470210130 990663
255170202
No
. o
f P
ages
Year1933 1951 1966 1983 1998
1.2 L 1.3 L
Olympia 1.3
Olympia 1.5
Omega B
Omega A
Record E
Record D
Record C
Record B
Record A
Record P2
Record P1Olympia 47
Olympia 50
Olympia 53
HRDC-KL/ Slide 25
100%
Years20 4 51
TechnologicalKnowledge3 years
50%
3
50%
100% ComputerKnowledge1 year
Years20 1 3 4 5
The Extremely Rapid Pace Of Technological Change
The “Decay” Of Knowledge
KnowledgeNeeded to be inCharge is 100%
Based on data from IBM, 1994
Knowledge in HigherEducation
5 Years15
100%
0 10
50%
Malaysia today is in-between fast-growing high-income& developing economies
Deteriorating student performance
High income economies predominantly services focused
Transparency International Corruption Perceptions Index
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
USA
Singapore
Indonesia
Germany
Malaysia
Thailand
China
India
Hong Kong
Japan
Korea
Viet Nam
UK
Israel
TRANSPARENCY INTERNATIONAL CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX
Wage growth has been low
Workforce today still relatively unskilled
25% of students opt out of education after SPMand enter the workforce
SPM qualification limits ability to moveto higher level jobs and wages
Graduate unemployment rates by universities
Government expenditure to address graduate employability
Number of expatriates by sectors (2000-2008)
Percentage of expatriate over total labour force (2005)
Benchmark of economic demand for expatriates
NDTSNDTSDUAL GERMANYDUAL GERMANY
Mercedes Benz
RM10,200RM10,200
RM43,000RM43,000
ISCED: International Standard Classification of Education
HRDC-KL/ Slide 68
The Process And Outcome Of Training
Source: “Verification” 1998, n.p. (modified)
Assessment of Competencies(Sequence of Defined Competencies)
Competency-Based Training
Process of Teaching and Learning(“Learning Curve”)
Experience-Based Training
LEVEL OF DESIREDSKILLS(Competence accordingto CBET)
Skills
Time
Contents of Training
HRDC-KL/ Slide 69
Workplace And Classroom As The Fundamental Domains InThe “Dual System”
Classroom In The Training Institution Workplace In The Enterprise
Production
Efficiency
Profitability
Learning
Protected Zone
Individual Care
Tapping The Best Training Potential Of Both Domains: This Is The Strength of The „Dual System“ In Training
Classroom etc.
Workplace etc.
Coordinating Agent
HRDC-KL/ Slide 70
Learning EnvironmentType of Learning
Correlation Between Different Types Of Vocational LearningAnd Selected Learning Environments
Abstract Learning Classroom
Learning Structured Contentsthrough Demonstration and Doing
Laboratory
Learning Basic Functional Skills School Workshop
Learning Complex / Rare Functional Skills(with Expensive Equipment)
Central Training Facility
Source: Gert Loose, Forschungsbericht, 1988, updated 2002
The Workplace As The Supreme Learning Environment
Learning Basic or More ComplexFunctional Skills (with Expensive Equipment)
Training Facility at Workplace
Learning Functional and Extra-FunctionalSkills in Real Work Environment
Training Corner at Workplace
Workplace
1989
1993
2009
National Industrial Trade Training and Certification Board (NITTCB)
National Vocational Training Council (NVTC/MLVK)
2005
2006
2008
10th MP
2007
Malaysian Skills Certification Systems (L1-L5)
Department of Skills Development (DSD)NASDA 2006 (Act 652)
6 Regional offices &CIAST
National Dual Training Systems (NDTS/SLDN
MENGARUSPERDANAMENGARUSPERDANA TEVT TEVT (10(10thth MP) MP)
Skills Dev. Master Plan SDT 2008-2009 Cyberjaya Office
Toward DKM & DLKM recognition 2010
1971
STANDARD KEMAHIRAN PEKERJAAN STANDARD KEMAHIRAN PEKERJAAN KEBANGSAANKEBANGSAAN
NATIONAL OCCUPATIONAL SKILL STANDARDS (NOSS)
NOSS ADALAH DOKUMEN YANG MENGGARISKAN KETERAMPILAN YANG DI PERLUKAN OLEH SESEORANG PEKERJA MAHIR YANG BERKERJA DI MALAYSIA BAGI SESUATU BIDANG DAN TAHAP PEKERJAAN SERTA LALUAN UNTUK MENCAPAI KETERAMPILAN TERSEBUT
APA ITU NOSS?
Daftar NOSS boleh diakses : www.dsd.gov.my
Daftar NOSS
Berasaskan keperluan pekerjaan. Mengikut struktur kerjaya di dalam sesuatu bidang pekerjaan. Dibangunkan oleh pakar industri dan pekerja mahir yang menjalankan pekerjaan.
CIRI-CIRI UTAMA NOSS
NOCC
from: www.jpk.gov.my
TEMPOH LATIHAN - NOSS
25,715,819 329,847 sq km
4,675 km highest point: Gunung Kinabalu 4,100 m
male: 70.56 yearsfemale: 76.21 years
本当にありがとう