Upload
apriyan-p-ardhitya
View
5
Download
0
Tags:
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Solid State Physics
FISIKA ZAT PADAT
UK II PERTEMUAN KE-1
Anif Jamaluddin1
1Prodi P.Fisika, PMIPA, FKIP, Universitas Sebelas Maret, Surakarta
Solid State Physics
• Review Bidang Kristal, Jarak Antar Bidang• Non Destruktif Test (NDT)• XRD Komponen
X-Ray SampleDetektor
• Prinsip Kerja XRD Bragg’s Law Faktor Intensitas Sinar-X
• Analisa Hasil (Kualitatif) Intensitas Vs Sudut 2θ Menentukan Struktur Kristal Sudut 2 θStudi Kasus
OutlineOutline
Solid State Physics
Index MillerIndex Miller
DirectionDirection
• [hkl] represents a direction • <hkl> represents a family of directions • (hkl) represents a plane • {hkl} represents a family of planes
Solid State Physics
Bidang KristalBidang Kristal
Intercepts → 1 Plane → (100)Family → {100} → 3
Intercepts → 1 1 Plane → (110)Family → {110} → 6
Intercepts → 1 1 1Plane → (111)Family → {111} → 8(Octahedral plane)
Solid State Physics
Atomic Packing Factor (APF)
APF = Volume of atoms in unit cell*
Volume of unit cell
*assume hard spheres
a=2(r Na)+ 2 (r Cl)V=a^3
Solid State Physics
Pengujian Karakterisasi tanpa merusak sample/bahan
• XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) • XRF (X-Ray Florosence)• SEM (Scanning Electron
Microscopy)• dll
Mengetahui Struktur Mikro BahanMengetahui Unsur Penyusun BahanMengetahui Topografi dari Bahan (Secara Visual)
Goal Menetukan Struktur Kristal (XRD)X-Ray λ = +- nmStruktur atom = +- nm
Solid State Physics
Skema alat XRDSkema alat XRD
Analisa Hasil
Sample (Powder)
Detektor
PC (Hasil)
Source Of X-Ray
Bragg’s Law Faktor StrukturLatihan
Solid State Physics
Jenis Sinar-XJenis Sinar-X
lmin
Bremsstrahlung
Characteristic Spectrum
(target dependent)
Solid State Physics
Bragg LawBragg Law
( )2222
2
222
4sin
sin2
lkha
N
a
lkh
ad
nd
hkl
nhkl
++=
=++
=
=
lq
lq
Solid State Physics
• A perfect crystal contains single planes (delta function for I(q))
• An imperfect crystal will show broadened peaks.
• Liquid or amorphous materials will give a continuous function
2q Vs Intensitas2q Vs Intensitas
Solid State Physics
Faktor StrukturFaktor Struktur
• Faktor Hamburan
• Faktor Struktur Kisi
• Faktor Geometri
F(h k l)=f
Solid State Physics
Faktor StrukturFaktor Struktur
Contoh :BCC, terdapat 2 atom dalam stuan kubus, dengan basis koordinat (0 0 0)dan (½ ½ ½ ) maka
Sehingga :S (hkl)= 0 jika (h+k+l)= ganjilDan Fhkl maksimal = 2 F, jika (h+k+l)= genap
F(h k l)=f
Solid State Physics
Faktor StrukturFaktor Struktur
Table of possible diffractionsB.C.C. F.C.C. Simple Cubic h2+k2+l2
----- ----- 100 1
110 ----- 110 2
----- 111 111 3
200 200 200 4
----- ----- 210 5
211 ----- 211 6
----- ----- ----- 7
220 220 220 8
----- ----- 221 / 300 9
310 ----- 310 10
----- 311 311 11
222 222 222 12
----- ----- 320 13
321 ----- 321 14
----- ----- ----- 15
400 400 400 16
Solid State Physics
Studi KasusStudi Kasus
2θ θ radian sin(θ) sin^2(θ) sin^2(θ)/ sin^2(θ)min sin^2(θ)/2 sin^2(θ)/3 sin^2(θ)/4 sin^2(θ)/5 sin^2(θ)/
0,1444
44,67300 22,33650 0,38985 0,38005 0,14443 1,00000 0,07222 0,04814 0,03611 0,02889 0,99996
65,02100 32,51050 0,56742 0,53745 0,28886 1,99992 0,14443 0,09629 0,07221 0,05777 1,99984
82,33300 41,16650 0,71849 0,65825 0,43329 2,99992 0,21665 0,14443 0,10832 0,08666 2,99981
98,94500 49,47250 0,86346 0,76009 0,57774 4,00003 0,28887 0,19258 0,14444 0,11555 3,99988
116,38000 58,19000 1,01561 0,84980 0,72216 4,99992 0,36108 0,24072 0,18054 0,14443 4,99973
137,13000 68,56500 1,19669 0,93083 0,86645 5,99891 0,43322 0,28882 0,21661 0,17329 5,99868
Sinar X yang dihasilkan oleh XRD berasal dari anoda Cu dengan panjang gelombang sinar-X 1,54056 0A. Hasil XRD diperoleh puncak-puncak intensitas sinar-x pada sudut 2θ = 44,6730; 65,0210; 82,3330; 98,9450; 116,380; 137,130 , Tentukan struktur kirstal dari bahan yg diamati?Jawab :Berdasarkan deret pada table. (1,2,3,4,5dst) maka Struktur bahan tersebut adalah simple kubik
Solid State Physics
Studi KasusStudi Kasus
( )2222
2
4sin lkh
a++=
lq
Untuk h2+ k2 +l2 =1a2= l(h2+ k2 +l2 )/sin2(q)a2= 1,54056 0A(1)/ 0,38005a=2,0268A
Solid State Physics
PustakaPustakaBurn Gerald, Glazer A.M, “Space Groups for solid State Scientists”, Second Edition, Academic Press New York,1990Cullity B.D, “Element of X-Ray Diffraction” Second edition, Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1977Ducan McKey, Christine Mckie, “Essentials Of Crystallography”, Black Well Scientific Publication, 1986http://database.iem.ac.ru/mincryst/http://webmineral.com/crystal/trigonal+hexagonalscalenohedral.shtml http://rockhounds.com/rockshop/xtal/part6.html ……,PDF-ICDD(Powder Diffraction File, International Center for Diffraction Data) Database,1998 (CD-ROM)Suryanarayana, Norton Grant, “X-Ray Diffraction Practical Approach”, Plenum Press New York, 1998Verma A.R, Srivastava O.N “Crystallography Applied to Solid State Physics”, Second Edition, New Age International Publishers India, 1991