NDCEE - DTICPRF-16884K), and B6-B20 blend specification (ASTM D7467). ... Content – ASTM 6217. Two Moody AFB vehicles and the MCBH TRAM had incidences where the vehicle samples exceeded

NDCEENational Defense Center for Energy and Environment

Office of the Assistant Secretary

of the Army(Installations and

Environment)

DoD Executive Agent

BIODIESEL: PAVING THE WAY FOR DOD’S

RENEWABLE FUTURE:

David Chavez, NAVFAC ESC

5/11/2011

The NDCEE is operated by:

Office of the Assistant Secretary

of the ArmyInstallations, Energy and

Environment

Technology Transition – Supporting DoD Readiness, Sustainability, and the Warfighter

Report Documentation Page Form ApprovedOMB No. 0704-0188

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering andmaintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information,including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, ArlingtonVA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if itdoes not display a currently valid OMB control number.

1. REPORT DATE 11 MAY 2011 2. REPORT TYPE

3. DATES COVERED 00-00-2011 to 00-00-2011

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Biodiesel: Paving the Way for DoD’s Renewable Future

5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

5b. GRANT NUMBER

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER

5e. TASK NUMBER

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) National Defense Center for Energy and Environment(NDCEE),Concurrent Technologies Corporation,100 CTC Drive,Johnstown,PA,15904

8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATIONREPORT NUMBER

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)

11. SPONSOR/MONITOR’S REPORT NUMBER(S)

12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES Presented at the NDIA Environment, Energy Security & Sustainability (E2S2) Symposium & Exhibitionheld 9-12 May 2011 in New Orleans, LA. U.S. Government or Federal Rights License

14. ABSTRACT

15. SUBJECT TERMS

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Same as

Report (SAR)

18. NUMBEROF PAGES

39

19a. NAME OFRESPONSIBLE PERSON

a. REPORT unclassified

b. ABSTRACT unclassified

c. THIS PAGE unclassified

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98) Prescribed by ANSI Std Z39-18

INSERT EVENT TITLE – INSERT MONTH & YEARDemonstration of Biodiesel Blend Use In Ground Tactical Vehicles and

Equipment, 5/11/20112National Defense Center for Energy and Environment

NDCEE Task 0555 in support of:ESTCP WP-0728

Demonstration of Biodiesel Blend Use in Ground Tactical Vehicles and Equipment (non-deployed)

Mr. David ChavezNAVFAC Engineering Service Center



Additional Project Support

• Navy's Environmental Sustainability Development to Integration (NESDI) program

• Joint Group on Pollution Prevention (JG-PP)



• Principal Investigator– Dave Chavez, Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center (NFESC)

• Tri-Service Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricant Working Group– Luis Villahermosa, TARDEC, Army Team Leader, Subject Matter Expert (SME)– Richard Kamin, CNO, Navy Tactical Energy– Ben Curtis, Air Force Petroleum Agency

• Field, Laboratory, and SME Support– Bill Black, Marine Corps Light Armored Vehicle (LAV) Office– Sherry Williams, Navy Fuels and Lubricants Cross Functional Team– Emilio Alfaro, AFPET– George Handy, NDCEE/CTC– Kevin Merichko, NDCEE/CTC– Leanne Debias, NDCEE/CTC– Steven Westbrook, Southwest Research Institute (SwRI)

• Additional DoD and Industry Support– Omar Mendoza, Air Force Research Laboratory – Steve Howell, National Biodiesel Board– Robert McCormick, PhD, National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Project Team



• The objective is to demonstrate and validate the use of B20 in non-deployed ground tactical vehicles and equipment by addressing users concerns:

1. Stability of the biodiesel2. Accelerated deterioration during high temperature storage3. Vehicle operation and fuel properties in low temperatures4. Water affinity and microbial degradation5. Material compatibility and solvency

Technical Objectives



• Demonstrated biodiesel blend (B20) in non-deployed tactical vehicles and equipment for various operational schedules and climate conditions to addressuser concerns

Demonstration Sites:

• NSWC Crane, IN (Hot/Cold, Humid)– User Concern #1 thru #5– LAV, Operated 4 hours/Month– LAV, Operated 15 Min/Month

• 29 Palms, CA (Hot, Dry) – User Concern #1, #2, #4 and #5– HMMWV (HUMVEE), Operated once

every 4 weeks

Technical Approach



Demonstration Sites:• Moody AFB, GA (Hot, Humid Climate)

– User Concern #1, #2, #4 and #5– Older Model Bobtails (1997 Dodge)– Newer Model Bobtails (2008 Dodge)– Refueler Truck

• NBVC, CA (Mild Climate)– User Concern #1, #4 and #5– MTVR, Operated as a part of

Seabee Training Schedule

• MCBH, HI (Hot, Humid Climate)– User Concern #1, #2, #4 and #5– HUMVEE– TRAM

Technical Approach



• Established DoD Team– Subject Matter Experts from Army, Navy, and Air Force

• Gained DoD Sites and Vehicles for Demonstration• Developed Demonstration Plan• Established Laboratory Fuel Analysis Contract• Began Collecting Data at 4 DoD Sites:

– 29 Palms – July 2009– NSWC Crane – August 2009– Moody – Sept 2009– NBVC – July 2009 (Restarted January 2010)

Overview of Prior Work



• Added MCBH to site installations and began collecting data (June 2010):– TRAM– HUMVEE

• Completed data collection at 5 DoD sites (12/2010)• Completed engine oil and fuel testing (1/2011)• Performing trend analysis

Overview of Prior Work



• Engine oil samples submitted to TARDEC for analysis (monthly).

• The oil testing methods are based upon the methodology contained in the JOAP Manual.– Wear Metals– Total Acid Number– Total Base Number– Kinematic Viscosity at 40◦C– Kinematic Viscosity at 100◦C

Methodology

– Viscosity Index– Soot Content– Percent Fuel Dilution– Water Content



• B20 Vehicle and fuel storage tank (dispenser) samples submitted to CTC for analysis (monthly).

• Fuel sample testing and acceptance criteria derived from: B20 specification (A-A-59693A), Navy F-76 specification (MIL-PRF-16884K), and B6-B20 blend specification (ASTM D7467). – Appearance– Acid Number– Viscosity at 40◦C– Water & Sediment– Total Water Content– Color

Methodology

– Particulate Contamination– Oxidation Stability, Rancimat– Stability

• Total Insolubles• Iso-octane Insolubles• Acid value



Dispenser Oxidation Stability - Rancimat

All Initial Fuel Samples Met or Exceeded the Acceptance Criteria.



Vehicle Oxidation Stability - Rancimat

Vehicle sample QA Tests Increased as the vehicles were refueled. Even though the fuel fell below the reference line, vehicle performance remained

unchanged. The 1997 Bobtail had a low Rancimat number, 1.3, on 4/9/2010.



Vehicle Oxidation Stability - Rancimat

Other Points of Concern at MCBH and NBVC; one time delivery could be the reason for low Rancimat.



Dispenser Particulate Content – ASTM 6217

All dispenser samples were well below the reference point.



Vehicle Particulate Content – ASTM 6217

Two Moody AFB vehicles and the MCBH TRAM had incidences where the vehicle samples exceeded the reference points.



DispenserAcid Number – ASTM D664

All samples had results less than the reference point of 0.2 mg KOH/g.



Vehicle Acid Numbers – ASTM D664

Again, all samples were well below the reference point, having results less than 0.2 mg KOH/g.



JOAP Oil Test Results

No significant difference between test and control vehicles; both Moody Refuelers have fuel infiltration into crank case.

14 .000

12 .000

10 .000

£. 8 .000 c .Q s i5 6 .000

4 .000

2 .000

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Fuel Dilution - Moody AFB

~- ... ~~' ,' ~

- 2008 Sobta il Fo rd FLTI35 0, 820 .,_.. ,.,., ~----~--------+-~~-----~~'-'------------- -·-W~ Sob~I Fo~ F~5~ D~~ I , , ,

f ........,_ 1'3'37 Sobta il Dodge Ra m 2500 Oummins, 820

- .... - 1'3'37 S.Obta il Dodge Ram 2500 Cu mmins, Die se l

R-11 Refu e le r INT7400, 8 20

- R-11 Refue le r INT7400, Diese l

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No significant difference between test and control vehicles for JOAP

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Moody AFB 1997 Bobtail - Calcium, Magnesium, Phosphorus, and Zinc

.. ...... -/ :S-----6--~ .....

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-~Moody AF8; 1997 Bobtail Dodge Ram, 2500 Cummins; 820; Calcium

-+- Moo<lyAF8; 1997 Bobtail Dodge Ra m, 2500Cummins; Diesel; Calcium

............ Moody AFB; 1997 Bobtail Dodge Ram~ 2500 Cummins; 820; Magnesium

-+- Moody AFB; 199 7 Bobtail Dodge Ram~ 2500 Cummins; Diesel; Magnesium

- Moody AF8; 1997 Bobta il Dodge Ram, 2500 Cummins; 820; Phosphorus

-+- Moody AFB; 1997 Bobtail Dodge RamJ 2500 Cummins; Diesel; Phosphorus

~Moody AF8; 1997 Bobtail Dodge Ram, 2500 Cummins; 820; Zinc

-+- Moo<lyAF8; 1997 Bobtail Dodge Ram, 2500Cummins; Diese l; Zinc

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• Cold Start Issues (User Concern #3: Vehicle operation and fuel properties in low temperatures)– 29 Palms (Humvees)

• Both Test and Control Vehicles have trouble starting after cold nights in desert (14-18 ˚F)

• Replaced glow plug, that warms fuel prior to start, on both vehicles, cold starting issues have gone away

– Crane (LAVs)• Vehicles smoke initially upon starting in cold weather, but then run

normally LAVs have engine pre-heaters to help with starting diesel

vehicles in cold weather The control vehicles, running on JP-8, also smoke, just not as

long or as much as the test vehicles

Vehicle Operator Observations



• Material Compatibility Issues (User Concern #5, Material Compatibility and Solvency)– Moody AFB

• Fuel sending unit screen separation due to material incompatibility in 1997 Bobtail Truck Fuel Tank

• Fuel Quality Issues (User Concern #1, Stability of the Biodiesel and User Concern #2, Accelerated Deterioration during High Temperature Storage)– Moody AFB

• Orange Deposits in 1997 Bobtail Truck

Vehicle Operator Observations



• Moody experienced B20 orange residue and maintenance issues in 1997 Bobtail Test Vehicle.

• No B20 residue was seen in the 2008 test vehicle.• Differences in vehicle design and usage may play a role.

– Fuel tank covered, less exposed to the sunshine/heat– Fuel cap more appropriate and robust– Due to recess, less chance of getting water/rain into the fuel tank during refueling– Low Usage - 75 hours for the year

Vehicle Design Bobtails (from AFPET Study)

1997 2000



1997 and 2008 Bobtail Fuel System Components

1997 Bobtail (B20) 1997 Bobtail (DF2) 2008 Bobtail B20 (B20)



• Orange deposits found in the Test Vehicle (1997 Bobtail Truck)– Deposits found in fuel tanks, fuel sending units, filters, fuel lines,

fuel pumps, and other fuel wetted surfaces– Vehicle fuel system design a significant factor

• 2008 Test Vehicle did not have any deposits– Caused by low turnover of fuel in vehicle tank, high heat, and

humidity. – Difficult to clean (somewhat soluble in ethanol)– Fuel injector failures very high at this AF Base– Material incompatibility causing filter screens to fall out of fuel

sending units and into the fuel tanks

Oxidative Stability Depositsat Moody AFB



• Fuel Stability Still a Major Concern– Moody AFB

• Lack of Maintenance Data– Limited number of vehicles– Duration of test

• Additional Funding Required to:– To Track Fleet of Vehicles Running on B20 (50% Fleet on B20)– Increase Variety and Number of Vehicles– Collect Statistically Significant Maintenance and Operational Data– Provide Periodic Fuel Sampling on Key Indicators

• Marine Corps and Army Interested in Fleet Test– MCBH Hawaii and USAG Hawaii

Issues



• Path Forward– Develop Final Report with SME input– Develop List of Qualified Vehicles and Training Operations with SME

input– Develop Economic Analysis of using B20 instead of JP-8– Larger Number of Vehicles is required to ensure capture of all data

• B20 related maintenance cost increases• Fuel system failures and vehicle break downs• Comparison of fuels over preventive maintenance cycles

– Monitor B20 use under training conditions• Interchanging between JP8 and B20

• Post Project Results– Prior to participation in ESTCP Demonstration access to B20 was

limited to test vehicles at MCBH, Base Commander expanded use of B20 to non-tactical fleet and brought on line a 10,000 gal B20 tank.

– USAG Hawaii currently seeking storage tank to support B20 dispensing

Technology Transfer



Acknowledgements

• NDCEE Executive Agent Mr. Hew Wolfe, ODASA (ESOH)

• NDCEE Deputy Program Director LTC Stephen Spellman, ODASA (ESOH)

• NDCEE Program Manager Mr. Hany Zaghloul, ODASA (ESOH)

• NDCEE Alternate Contracting Ms. Darlene Bader-Lohn (IMAE-ETT)• Officer’s Representative

• Government Technical Monitor David Chavez, NAFVAC([email protected])

• NDCEE Project Manager George Handy ([email protected])

• NDCEE Team Members Please see Slide 4 “Project Team”

DoD Executive AgentOffice of the

Assistant Secretary of the Army

Installations, Energy and Environment

www.ndcee.ctc.comThis work was funded through the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Army Installations, Energy and Environment and conducted under contract W74V8H-04-D-0005, Task 0555. The views, opinions, and/or findings contained in this paper are those of the author(s) and should not be construed as an official Department of the Army position, policy, or decision unless so designated by other official documentation.



Questions?



• AFPET – Air Force Petroleum Laboratory • ARFL – Air Force Research Laboratory• ASN - Assistant Secretary of the Navy• ASTM – American Society for Testing and Materials• B20 – Blend of Fuel: 20% biodiesel, 80% petroleum diesel by volume• B100 – Pure Biodiesel. Biodiesel is defined in ASM D6751 as “a fuel comprised

of mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, designated B100.”

• CNO – Chief of Naval Operations• CTC – Current Technologies Corporation• DENIX – Defense Environmental Network & Information Exchange • DoD – Department of Defense• DTIC – Defense Technical Information Network • EQI – Environmental Quality Initiative • HMMWV or (Humvees) - High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicles• JOAP – Joint Oil Analysis Program

Acronyms and Symbols



● JTP – Joint Technical Publication● KOH – Potassium Hydroxide● LAV – Light Armored Vehicle● MCBH – Marine Corps Base Hawaii● MTVR – Medium Tactical Vehicle Replacement or 7-Ton Vehicle● NBVC – Naval Base Ventura County● NDCEE – National Defense Center for Energy and Environment● NESDI – Navy Environmental Sustainability Development to Integration● NFESC – Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center ● NSWC – Naval Surface Warfare Center● POL – Petroleum, Oil, and Lubricants● SME – Subject Matter Expert● SwRI – Southwest Research Institute● TARDEC – Tank Automotive Research, Development and Engineering Center ● TRAM - Tractor, Rubber Tired, Articulated Steering, Multi-Purpose

Acronyms and Symbols



• Presentations:– Joint Group on Pollution Prevention, March 10, 2010– Joint Group on Pollution Prevention, November 6, 2008– National Biodiesel Board Technical Meeting, October 23, 2008– Navy Environmental Sustainability Development to Integration Program,

June 2, 2008– 2nd Annual Alternative Energy NOW Conference, February 21, 2008– Joint Group on Pollution Prevention, April 11, 2007

• Publications:– Navy Environmental Sustainability Development to Integration (NESDI)

2007 Year in Review – Leveraging Resources– Currents Magazine Winter 2007 Issue Cover Story - Fueling the Navy in

a Petroleum-Challenged World

Publications



MethodologyExample Test Methodology: Acid Number

Test Methodology

Test Equipment

Parameters Set an autotitrator to deliver 0.05 mL/min of alcoholic KOH during a potentiometric titration until the potential changes by less than 5 mV/0.1 mL; calculate acid number

Experimental Control Standardization of KOH, and Titrant blank

Acceptance Criteria 0.2 mg KOH/g, max

Reference Document ASTM D664

Lab Equipment Required for Test Manufacturer Model # Serial #

Autotitrator Brinkmann Instruments/Metrohm USA

836 Titrando 1836002010117

Analytical Balance A&D N/A 10400184



Dispenser Oxidation Stability - Rancimat

Moody AFB, 29 Palms, and NSWC Crane were consistently above the reference point.

NBVC only exceeded the reference point on the initial sample.



Dispenser Total Water Content – ASTM D6304

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0.02%

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NBVC; Dispenser

29 Palms; Dispenser

NSWC Crane; Dispenser

MCBH; Dispenser

All storage tank samples had water content values well below 0.1%.



Vehicle Total Water Content – ASTM D6304

All results were less than 0.1% water, with the exception of two vehicle samples from Moody AFB.




No significant difference between test and control vehicles.

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- Moody AF8; 2008 Sobtail Ford, FLTT350; 820

-·-Moody AF8; 2008 Sobt :ail Ford , FLTT350; D iese l

.-.-Moody AF8; 1'397 Sobtail Dodge Ram, 2500

Cummi ns; 820 -*"- Moody AF8; 1997 Sobtail Dodge Ram, 2500 Cummi ns; D ies-e l

......,._ Moody AF8; R-11 R-efuele r, INT 74()0; 8 20

--+-- Moody AF8; R-11 Refue le r, INT 7400; D iese l

........,_ NBVC; MTVR; 820

-+- NBVC; MTVR; JP8

~29 Pal ms; HUMVEE; 820

-~- 29 Pal ms; HUMVEE; JP8

--- NSW CCrane; AVGP P6, 15 M PM; 820

~ NSWCCrane; AVGP P7, 4 HPM; 8 20

--- NSWCCrane; AVGP P8, 15 M PM; JP8

- * - NSWCCrane; AVGP P10, 4 HPM; JP8

MC8H; HUMVEE; 820

- MC8H; HUMVEE; JP8

_....,_ MC8H; TRAM ; 820

- .... - MC8H; TRAM ; JP8





E "-"-

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...._. MoodyAF8; 1997 Bobtail DO<lge Ram, 2500 Cummins; 8 20; Chromium

---MoodyAF8; 1997 Bobtail DO<lge Ram, 2500 Cummins; Diesel; Chromium

...._. MoodyAF8; 1997 Bobtail DO<lge Ram, 2500 Cummins; 820; Si l icon

-+- MoodyAFB; 1997 Bobtail Dodge Ram, 2500 Ct.lmmins; Diesel; Silicon





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Documents

NDCEE - DTICPRF-16884K), and B6-B20 blend specification (ASTM D7467). ... Content – ASTM 6217. Two Moody AFB vehicles and the MCBH TRAM had incidences where the vehicle samples exceeded