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An Introduction to Chemical, Biological,
and Radiological Threat AgentsPrepared for
National Cooperative Highway Research ProgramTransportation Research Board, National Research Council
Prepared byScience Applications International Corporation
McLean, VA, tel. (703) 676-4559
As part of20-59(19)Transportation Response Options: Scenarios of Infectious
Diseases, Biological Agents, Radiological, Chemical andOther Hazardous Materials: A Guide to Transportations
Role in Public Health Disasters
Revised: September, 2005
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF SPONSORSHIP
This work was sponsored by the American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials, in cooperation with the FederalHighway Administration, and was conducted in the NationalCooperative Highway Research Program, which is administered by theTransportation Research Board of the National Research Council.
DISCLAIMERThis is an uncorrected draft as submitted by the research agency. Theopinions and conclusions expressed or implied in the report are thoseof the research agency. They are not necessarily those of theTransportation Research Board, The National Research Council, theFederal Highway Administration, the American Association of StateHighway and Transportation Officials, or the individual states
participating in the National Cooperative Highway Research Program.
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An Introduction toChemical, Biological, and
Radiological ThreatAgents
Revised: September 2005
DANGERTOXIC
CHEMICALS
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The question is, what levels of insanitydo we have to prepare for?
-- Joshua Lederberg, Nobel laureate
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Descriptions, effects, detection,
and general responses to:
Chemical threats (Slides 7-14) Biological threats (Slides 15-24)
Radiological threats (Slides 25-32)
Contents
DANGERTOXIC
CHEMICALS
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AGENTS SUMMARY CHARACTERISTICS
Time To EffectsPotentialImpact
Availability
BIO Days toWeeks Local toGlobal Low
RAD Minutes toHours
City toRegion
Medium
CHEM Seconds toHours
CityBlocks
High
Summary Comparison
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CHEMICAL THREATAGENT FUNDAMENTALS
DANGERTOXIC
CHEMICALS
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Chem-Agent Effectsand Treatment
MITIGATION
Minimize exposure: Avoid chemical cloud Cover face to filter
breathingGet medical attention:
Skin decontamination Antidote
HEALTH EFFECTS
DisorientationDizzinessNauseaBlindnessSerious InjuryImmobilizationDeath
DANGERTOXIC
CHEMICALS
Some have no antidote!
Chem-agents may be solid, liquid, or gas.
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Types of Chem-Agents
Persistent chemicals
remain on surfaces without evaporatingor breaking down for more than 24hours
can remain for days to weeksNon-persistent chemicals
quickly evaporate and break down
carried in bulk on commercial carriers
DANGERTOXIC
CHEMICALS
Some chem-agents are persistent,many are not persistent
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Types of Chem-Agents
1. Nerve Agents disrupt nervous system,causes paralysis, fatal quickly
2. Blister Agents destroy skin and tissues,cause blindness, may be fatal
3. Choking Agents lung fills with fluid,cause choking, quick or delayed
fatality7. Blood Agents interferes with oxygen at
the cellular level, fatalquickly
9. Riot-Control Agents skin and breathing
irritations, rarely fatal
DANGERTOXIC
CHEMICALS
Chem-agents are commonly classifiedby the type of harm they cause.
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Exposure Pathways
Chemical Agent Pathway
Inhalation Ingestion Skin or EyeContact
Nerve ++ + ++Blister + -- ++
Choking ++ -- +Blood ++ -- --Riot-Control ++ -- ++
DANGERTOXIC
CHEMICALS
++Typical path +Possible path -- Unlikely pathTypical exposure path varies with chemical type
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Chem-Agent Dose
Chemical Agent100% Lethal Air Dose Quantity
Domed Stadium Movie Theater Boeing 747-400
Nerve 13 Gallons 2 Cups 1.3 ounces
Blister 338 Gallons 4 Gallons 1 Quart
Choking 780 Gallons 9 Gallons 2.3 Quarts
Blood 520 Gallons 6 Gallons 1.5 Quarts
Riot-Control 1820 Gallons 21 Gallons 5.3 Quarts
Note: A barrel holds 44 gallons; tanker trucks carry 1,000 to 12,000 gallons;
rail cars carry in excess of 20,000 gallons.
DANGERTOXIC
CHEMICALS
Lethal doses vary among different Chem-agents
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Chem-Agent Detection
Some can be seen
Some can be smelled
Some can be tasted Mostcan be felt (e.g. burning
sensation, choking)
All can be detected by appropriateinstruments
DANGERTOXIC
CHEMICALS
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Chem-Agent Response
Call in hazmat team
Identify chemical agent
Isolate and contain affected area
Evacuate and shelter-in-place public
Provide needed medical treatment
Cleanup contaminated area
DANGERTOXIC
CHEMICALS
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BIOLOGICAL THREATAGENT
FUNDAMENTALS
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The Bio-Agent Threat
Some agents have NOvaccine
Some survive dormant in theenvironment for weeks to years
Many multiply in the body
Symptoms may be delayed
Causes disease and death byinhalation, ingestion, or skin contact
Some are Contagious! (transferred
from person-to-person)
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1.BACTERIASingle-celled organismsCan reproduceAntibiotic treatment
2.VIRUSESLive inside cellsNeed host to reproduceVaccine and antiviral
treatments
3.BIOTOXINSNon-living (cant reproduce)Produced by organismsAntidote treatment
Anthrax(Bacteria)
Ebola(Virus)
Ricin(Toxin)
Types of Bio-Agents
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Bio-Agent Delivery
Overt -- Provides notice, creates panicaircraft, bombs, missiles
Covert --NO notice; spread may be unchecked for days!
Spray fine mist (e.g., into HVAC)
Spread on food, water, surfaces (e.g., mail, vehicles)
Contagious people and animals
Attacks can be overt or covert method of delivery is important!
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Bio-Agent Dose
A tiny amount of Bio-Agent can be very potent!
Inhalation of 1 to 500 bacteria or viruses cancause sickness and death.
100,000 bacteria fit on a pin head
400 million virus fit on a pin head
Inhalation of 0.000002 to 4.8 micro grams of a
biotoxin can cause sickness A sand grain weighs 170 to 13,000
micrograms
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Felt
Detected quickly
byinstruments
Bio-Agent Detection
Bio-Agents are identified through symptoms orthrough time-consuming tests, because theycannot be:
Seen
Heard
Smelled
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Bio-Agent Indicators
Many patients with sameillness at the same time
Symptoms unusual for age
Type of infection rare to region
Dead animals before humans
Since bio-agents are difficult to detect, itis critical to note indicators!
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Bio-Agent Response
Identify: Bio-Agent(s), source, areaaffected, population exposed
Notify local medical facilities
Isolate and contain affected areasand population Treat -- provide vaccine or
medications to the affectedpopulation
Decontaminate affected areas andpopulation Follow-on Treatment -- continue
medical treatment as appropriate
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Bio-AgentDecontamination
Physical removal-HEPAvacuum
Liquid decontaminationFoam decontamination
Emulsions
Fumigants
Different approaches for different situations, and multiple approaches for most situations.
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RADIOLOGICAL THREATAGENT FUNDAMENTALS
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Artificial Sources ofRadiation
Medical Equipment
Radiopharmaceuticals Industrial instruments Food irradiation facilities Nuclear research laboratories
University research reactors Nuclear weapons Nuclear power plants
Only artificial sources pose a significant threat.
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Measuring Radiation
Curie
Amount ofmaterial
Rem
Absorbeddose
Half-LifeTime for decay to the original amount
Curie
s
Time
16
84
2
Radiation has unique measurement units.
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Shielding fromRadiation
n
Skin, paper, 1 to 4 inches of air
Less than inch metal, glass,concrete, 1 to 18 feet air
2 to 12 inches lead, 3 to 18inches steel, 1 to 6 feet ofconcrete
[Alpha]
[Beta]
[Gamma orNeutron]
Radiation radiates in all directions andbounces of surfaces. Protective shieldingvaries with the type of radiation.
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Protection from Radiation
1. Minimize Time
2. Maximize Distance
3. Maximize Shielding
Three rules for protection from radiation:
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Indications of aRadiological Event
Explosive release of fine powder or solid material
Skin reddening Headaches
Nausea & vomiting Hair loss Weakened immune system
Explosions and symptoms of high radiationdoses indicate a radiological attack.
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Response to aRadiological Event
Identifypresence of radiationbeyond normal
background Isolate and contain affected area --
mitigate spread of contamination
Shelter-in-place orevacuate
depending on dose rates Provideneeded immediate medical
treatment
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An emergency system thats dustedoff and used only during a rare eventisnt going to work.
-- Tara OToole, Johns Hopkins