NCERT- Hindi Kritika - Class X

8/14/2019 NCERT- Hindi Kritika - Class X

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1- ekrk dk vpy 1f'koiwtu lgk;

2- tkWtZ iape dh ukd 10

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1- ,d rjg dk ok| ;a=k 2- izHkkr] losjk 3- yykV 4- ,d izdkj dk fryd ftlesayykVij rhu vkM+h ;k vkZpanzkdkj js[kk,cukbZtkrh gSa

tgk yM+dksadk lax] rgkcktse`nax

1

tgkcqbksa dk lax] rgk[kjpsdk raxgekjs firk rM+osQ2 mBdj] fucV&ugkdj iwtkdjus cSB tkrs FksA ge cpiu ls gh muosQ vaxyx x, FksA ekrk ls osQoy nw/ ihus rd dkukrk FkkA blfy, firk osQ lkFk gh ge Hkh ckgjdh cSBd esa gh lks;k djrsA og vius lkFk ghgesa Hkh mBkrs vkSj lkFk gh ugyk&/qykdj iwtkij fcBk ysrsA ge HkHkwr dk fryd yxk nsus osQ

fy, mudks fnd djus yxrs FksA oqQN gldj] oqQN >q>ykdj vkSj oqQN MkVdj oggekjs pkSM+s fyykj3 esa f=kiqaM4 dj nsrs FksA gekjs fyykj esaHkHkwr [kwc [kqyrh FkhA fljesayach&yach tVk,FkhaA HkHkwr jekus ls ge [kkls ^ce&Hkksyk* cu tkrs FksA

firk th geas cM+s I;kj ls ^HkksykukFk* dgdj iqdkjk djrs A ij vly esa gekjk ukeFkk ^rkjos Q'ojukFk*A ge Hkh mudks ^ckcwth* dgdj iqdkjk djrs vkS j ekrk dks^eb;k*A

tc ckcwth jkek;.k dk ikB djrs rc ge mudh cxy es a cSBs&cSBs vkbus esaviuk eq g fugkjk djrs FksA tc og gekjh vks j ns[krs rc ge oqQN ytkdj vkSjeqLkdjkdj vkbuk uhps j[k nsrs FksA og Hkh eqLkdjk iM+rs FksA

iwtk&ikB dj pqdus osQ ckn og jke&jke fy[kus yxrs A viuh ,d ^jkeukek cgh*ij gkkj jke&uke fy[kdj og mls ikB djus dh iksFkh osQ lkFk ck/dj j[k nsrsA fiQj

f'koiwtu lgk;

1ekrk dk vpyekrk dk vpyekrk dk vpyekrk dk vpyekrk dk vpy


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2


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ekrk dk vpy

3

5- ihB osQ cy ysVuk 6- feykuk] yisVuk] xw/uk 7- Hkj isV ls vf/d [kk ysuk8- LFkku] volj 9- ekrk

ikp lkS ckj dkxk osQ NksVs&NksVs VqdM+ksaij jke&uke fy[kdj vkVs dh xksfy;ksaesa yisVrs vkSj mu xksfy;ks a dks ysdj xaxk th dh vksj py iM+rs FksA

ml le; Hkh ge muosQ oaQ/s ij fojkteku jgrs FksA tc og xaxk esa,d&,d vkVsdh xksfy;kisaQddj eNfy;ksadks f[kykus yxrs rc Hkh ge muosQ oaQ/s ij gh cSBs&cSBsglk djrs FksA tc og eNfy;ksadks pkjk nsdj ?kj dh vksj ykSVus yxrs rc chp jkLrses a >qosQ gq, isM+ksadh Mkyksaij gesa fcBkdj >wyk >qykrs FksA

dHkh&dHkh ckcw th gels oqQ'rh Hkh yM+rsA og f'kfFky gksdj gekjs cy dks c ysrk gS fd ge cgqr [kk x,_ vki f[kykusdk


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4

10- ljlksadk rsy 11- ljkcksj dj nsuk 12- NksVk 'kkfe;kuk 13- Hkkst] nkor14- Hkkstu djuk

tc ge lc cukoVh fpfM+;ks a dks pV dj tkrs Fks rc ckcwth dgus yxrsvPNk]vc rqe ^jktk* gks] tkvks [ksyksA

cl] ge mBdj mNyus&owQnus yxrs FksA fiQj jLlh esac/k gqvk dkB dk ?kksM+kysdj uax&kM+ax ckgj xyh esa fudy tkrs FksA

tc dHkh eb;kges a vpkud idM+ ikrh rc gekjs yk[k NViVkus ij Hkh ,dpqYywdM+ok rsy10gekjs flj ij Mky gh nsrh FkhA ge jksus yxrs vkSj ckcwth mlij fcxM+ [kM+s gksrs_ ij og gekjs flj esarsy cksFkdj11 gesamcVdj gh NksM+rh FkhA fiQj gekjh ukHkh vkS j fyykj es a dkty dh cnh yxkdj pks Vh xwFkrh vkS j mlesaiwQynkj y^wck/dj jaxhu oqQjrk&Vksih iguk nsrh FkhA ge [kkls ^dUgS;k* cudj ckcwthdh xksn esaflldrs&flldrs ckgj vkrs FksA

ckgj vkrs gh gekjh ckV tksgusokyk ckydksadk ,d >qaM fey tkrk FkkA ge mu[ksy osQ lkfFk;ksa dks ns[krs gh] fllduk Hkwydj] ckcwth dh xksn ls mrj iM+rs vkSjvius getksfy;ksaosQ ny esafeydj rek'ks djus yx tkrs FksA

rek'ks Hkh ,sls&oSls ugha] rjg&rjg osQ ukVd! pcwrjs dk ,d dksuk gh ukVd&?kjcurk FkkA ckcwth ftl NksVh pkSdh ij cSBdj ugkrs Fks] ogh jaxeap curhA mlh ijljoaQMs osQ [kaHkksa ij dkxk dk pnksvk12 rkudj] feBkb;ksa dh nqdku yxkbZtkrhA mlesafpye osQ [kksaps ij diM+s osQ Fkkyksa esa


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ekrk dk vpy

5

15- vke dk mxrk gqvk ikSkk 16- ijns osQ fy, Mkyk gqvk diM+k17- fe^h dk cuk fNNyk dVksjk

dHkh&dHkh ge yksx cjkr dk Hkh tqywl fudkyrs FksA duLrj dk racwjk ctrk]veksys15 dks f?kldj 'kgukbZctk;h tkrh] VwVh pwgsnkuh dh ikydh curh] ge lekhcudj cdjs ij pqaM ns[k ikrs rcowQn&owQndj fpYykus yxrs Fks

pyks Hkb;ks nnjh] lkrw filku dh eksVjhA

vxj fdlh nwYgs osQ vkxs&vkxs tkrh gqbZvksgkjnkj ikydh ns[k ikrs] rc [kwc kksjls fpYykus yxrs Fks


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oQfrdk

6

18- vjgj 19- oqQks osQ 'kjhj esa fpiosQ jgus okys NksVs dhM+s] fdyuh20- nhurkiwoZd dh tkus okyh izkFkZuk] fourh

jgjh18 es a jgjh iqjku jgjh] Mksyk osQ dfu;k gekj esgjhAblh ij ,d ckj cw


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ekrk dk vpy

7

ekbZidkbZxjj&xjj iwvk] ge [kkbc iwvk] uk [ksyc tqvkAfiQj D;k Fkk] gekjk jksuk&/ksuk Hkwy x;kA ge gB djosQ ckcwth dh xksn ls mrj

iM+s vkSj yM+dksadh eaMyh esa feydj yxs ogh rku&lqj vykiusA rc rd lc yM+osQlkeusokys edbZ os Q [ksr esankSM+ iM+sA mlesa fpfM+;ks a dk >q aM pj jgk FkkA osnkSM+&nkSM+dj mUgsa idM+us yxs] ij ,d Hkh gkFk u vkbZA ge [ksr ls vyx gh [kM+sgksdj xk jgs Fks

jke th dh fpjbZ] jketh dk [ksr] [kk yks fpjbZ] Hkj&Hkj isVAgels oqQN nwj ckcw th vkSj gekjs xko osQ dbZvkneh [kM+s gksdj rek'kk ns[k jgs

Fks vkSj ;gh dgdj glrs Fks fd ^fpfM+;k dh tku tk,] yM+dkas dk f[kykSuk*A lpeqp

^yM+osQ vkSj canj ijkbZ ihj ugha le>rsA*,d Vhys ij tkdj ge yksx pwgks a osQ fcy esa ikuh myhpus yxsAuhps ls mQij ikuh isaQduk FkkA ge lc Fkd x,A rc rd x.ks'k th osQ pwgs dh

j{kk osQ fy, f'ko th dk lki fudy vk;kA jksrs&fpYykrs ge yksx csrgk'kk Hkkx pys! dksbZ vkSa/k fxjk] dksbZ va VkfpVA fdlh dk flj iw QVk] fdlh os Q nkr VwVsA lHkhfxjrs&iM+rs HkkxsA gekjh lkjh nsg ygwyqgku gks xbZA iSjksaosQ ryos dkVks a ls Nyuh gksx,A

1-


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ekrk dk vpy

9

8- ;gkekrk&firk dk cPps osQ izfr tks okRlY; O;Dr gqvk gS mls vius 'kCnksaesafyf[k,A

9-ekrk dk vpy'kh"kZd dh mi;qDrrk crkrs gq, dksbZ vU; 'kh"kZd lq>kb,A

10- cPps ekrk&firk osQ izfr vius izse dks oSQls vfHkO;Dr djrs gSa\

11- bl ikB esacPpksa dh tks nqfu;k jph xbZgS og vkiosQ cpiu dh nqfu;k ls fdl rjgfHkUu gS\

12- iQ.kh'ojukFk js.kq vkSj ukxktqZu dh vkpfyd jpukvksa dks if


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oQfrdk10

;g ckr ml le; dh gS tc baXySaM dh jkuh,fykkcsFk f}rh; e; vius ifr osQ gnqLrkuikkjus okyh FkhaA v[kckjksaesamudh ppkZ gks jghFkhA jksk yanu osQ v[kckjksa ls [kcjsavk jgh Fkhafd 'kkgh nkSjs osQ fy, oSQlh&oSQlh rS;kfj;kgksjgh gSajkuh ,fykkcsFk dk njkh ijs'kku Fkk fdgnqLrku] ikfdLrku vkSj usiky osQ nkSjs ij jkuhdc D;k igus axh\ mudk lsoz sQVjh vkS j 'kk;n tklwl Hkh muosQ igys gh bl egk}hi dk

rwI+kQkuh nkSjk djus okyk FkkA vkf[kj dksbZekkd rks Fkk ughaA kekuk pwfd u;k Fkk]I+kQkSt&iQkVs osQ lkFk fudyus osQ fnu chr pqosQ Fks] blfy, I+kQksVksxzkI+kQjksadh I+kQkSt rS;kj

gks jgh Fkh---baXySaM osQ v[kckjksadh drjusa gnqLrkuh v[kckjksaesanwljs fnu fpidh ukj vkrh

Fkha] fd jkuh us ,d ,slk gyosQ uhys jax dk lwV cuok;k gS ftldk js'keh diM+kgnqLrku ls exk;k x;k gS---fd djhc pkj lkS ikSaM [kjpk ml lwV ij vk;k gSA

jkuh ,fykkcsFk dh tUei=kh Hkh NihA izl fiQfyi osQ dkjukes NisA vkSj rks vkSj]muosQ ukSdjksa] ckojfp;ksa] [kkulkeksa] vaxj{kdksadh iwjh dh iwjh thofu;kns[kus esavkbA'kkgh egy esajgus vkSj iyus okys oqQkksard dh rlohjsav[kckjksaesaNi xb---

cM+h /we FkhA cM+k 'kksj&'kjkck FkkA 'ka[k baXySaM eas ct jgk Fkk] xwt gnqLrku esa vkjgh FkhA

bu [kcjksals gnqLrku esaluluh iSQy jgh FkhA jkt/kuh esa rgydk epk gqvk FkkAtks jkuh ikp gtkj #i, dk js'keh lwV igudj ikye osQ gokbZvas ij mrjsxh] mlosQ

deys'oj

2tkWtZ iape dh ukdtkWtZ iape dh ukdtkWtZ iape dh ukdtkWtZ iape dh ukdtkWtZ iape dh ukd


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tkWtZiape dh ukd11

1- LokHkkfod :i ls 2-dkseykaxh 3- [kaHkk] ewfrZ 4- HkykbZ pkgus okys

fy, oqQN rks gksuk gh pkfg,A oqQN D;k] cgqr oqQN gksuk pkfg,A ftlosQ ckojph igysegk;q essatku gFksyh ij ysdj yM+ pqosQ gSa] mldh 'kku&'kkSdr osQ D;k dgus] vkSjogh jkuh fnYyh vk jgh gS---u;h fnYyh us viuh rjI+ kQ ns[kk vkSj cslk[rk1 eqg lsfudy x;k] og vk, gekjs ?kj] [kqnk dh jger---dHkh ge mudks dHkh vius ?kjdks ns[krs gS a! vkSj ns[krs&ns[krs u;h fnYyh dk dk;kiyV gksus yxkA

vkSj dfj'ek rks ;g Fkk fd fdlh us fdlh ls ughadgk] fdlh us fdlh dks ughans[kk ij lM+osaQ toku gks xb] cq


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oQfrdk12

mPp Lrj ij e'kojs gq,] fnekx [kjksaps x, vkSj ;g r; fd;k x;k fd gj gkyresabl ukd dk gksuk cgqr k:jh gSA ;g r; gksrs gh ,d ewfrZdkj dks gqDe fn;k x;kfd og I+kQkSju fnYyh esagkfkj gksA

ewfrZdkj ;ksa rks dykdkj Fkk ij kjk iSls ls ykpkj FkkA vkrs gh] mlus gqDdkeksaosQps gjs ns[ks] vthc ijs 'kkuh Fkh mu psgjksa ij] oqQN yVosQ] oq QN mnkl vkSj oqQNcngokl FksA mudh gkyr ns[kdj ykpkj dykdkj dh vk[kksa esavklwvk x, rHkh ,dvkokk lqukbZnh] ewfrZdkj! tkWtZ iape dh ukd yxkuh gS!

ewfrZdkj us lquk vkSj tokc fn;k] ukd yx tk,xhA ij eq>s ;g ekywe gksukpkfg, fd ;g ykV dc vkSj dgk cuh FkhA bl ykV osQ fy, iRFkj dgkls yk;k

x;k Fkk\lc gqDdkeksa us ,d nwljs dh rjI+kQ rkdk---,d dh ukj us nwljs ls dgk fd ;g

crkus dh ftEesnkjh rqEgkjh gSA [kSj] elyk gy gqvkA ,d DyoZQ dks iQksu fd;k x;kvkSj bl ckr dh iwjh Nkuchu djus dk dke lkSai fn;k x;kA---iqjkRkRo foHkkx dhiQkbyksa osQ isV phjs x, ij oqQN Hkh irk ugha pykA DyoZQ us ykSVdj desVh osQ lkeusdkirs gq, c;ku fd;k] lj! esjh [krk ekI+kQ gks] I+kQkbysalc oqQN gke dj pqdh gSaA


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tkWtZiape dh ukd13

5- fdlh dk;Z osQ gksus ;k u gksus dh iwjh ftEesnkjh] dk;ZHkkj

gqDdkeksaosQ psgjksaij mnklh osQ ckny Nk x,A ,d [kkl desVh cukbZxbZvkSjmlosQ ftEes ;g dke ns fn;k x;k fd tSLks Hkh gks] ;g dke gksuk gS vkSj bl ukddk nkjksenkj5 vki ij gSA

vkf[kj ewfrZdkj dks fiQj cqyk;k x;k] mlus elyk gy dj fn;kA og cksyk]iRFkj dh fdLe dk Bhd irk ugha pyk rks ijs'kku er gksb,] eSagnqLrku osQ gjigkM+ ij tkmQxk vkSj ,slk gh iRFkj [kkstdj ykmQxkA desVh osQ lnL;ksa dh tku esatku vkbZA lHkkifr us pyrs&pyrs xoZls dgk] ,slh D;k phk gS tks gnqLrku easfeyrh ughaA gj phk bl ns'k osQ xHkZesa fNih gS] k:jr [kkst djus dh gSA [kkst djus osQ fy, es gur djuh gksxh] bl esgur dk iQy gesafeysxk---vkus okyk kekuk

[kq'kgky gksxkA;g NksVk&lk Hkk"k.k I+kQkSju v[kckjksa esa Ni x;kAewfrZdkj gnqLrku osQ igkM+h izns'kksavkSj iRFkjksa dh [kkuksaosQ nkSjs ij fudy iM+kA

oqQN fnu ckn og grk'k ykSVk] mlos Q ps gjs ij ykur cjl jgh Fkh] mlus fljyVdkdj [kcj nh] gnqLrku dk pIik&pIik [kkst Mkyk ij bl fdLe dk iRFkjdghaughafeykA ;g iRFkj fons'kh gSA

lHkkifr us RkS'k esavkdj dgk] ykur gS vkidh vDy ij! fons'kksadh lkjh phksage viuk pqosQ gSafny&fnekx] rkSj&rjhosQ vkSj jgu&lgu] tc gnqLrku esa cky Mkalrd fey tkrk gS rks iRFkj D;ksaughafey ldrk\

ewfrZdkj pqi [kM+k FkkA lglk mldh vk[kksaesaped vk xbZA mlus dgk] ,d ckreSadguk pkgwxk] ysfdu bl 'krZij fd ;g ckr v[kckj okyksard u igqps---

lHkkifr dh vk[kksa esa Hkh ped vkbZA pijklh dks gqDe gqvk vkSj dejs osQ lcnjokks can dj fn, x,A rc ewfrZdkj us dgk] ns'k esa vius usrkvksadh ewfrZ;kHkhgSa] vxj btkkr gks vkSj vki yksx Bhd le>sarks---esjk eryc gS rks---ftldh ukdbl ykV ij Bhd cSBs] mls mrkj yk;k tk,---

lcus lcdh rjI+kQ ns[kkA lcdh vk[kksaesa ,d {k.k dh cngoklh osQ ckn [kq'khrSjus yxhA lHkkifr us /hes ls dgk] ysfdu cM+h gksf'k;kjh lsA

vkSj ewfrZdkj fiQj ns'k&nkSjs ij fudy iM+kA tkWtZiape dh [kksbZgqbZukd dk uki

mlosQ ikl FkkA fnYyh ls og cacbZ igqpkA nknkHkkbZ ukSjksth] xks[kys] fryd] f'kokth]dkWolth tgkxhjlcdh ukosaQ mlus VVksyha] ukiha vkSj xqtjkr dh vksj Hkkxk xkakh


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oQfrdk14

th] ljnkj iVsy] fo_yHkkbZ iVsy] egknso nslkbZdh ewfrZ;ksadks ij[kk vkSj caxky dhvksj pykxq#nso johanzukFk] lqHkk"kpanz cksl] jktk jkeeksgu jk; vkfn dks Hkh ns[kk]uki&tks [k dh vkSj fcgkj dh rjI+ kQ pykA fcgkj gks rk gqvk mkj iz ns'k dh vksjvk;kpanz'ks[kj vkkkn] fcfLey] eksrhyky usg:] enueksgu ekyoh; dh ykVksaosQikl x;kA ?kcjkgV esaenzkl Hkh igqpk] lR;ewfrZ oQks Hkh ns[kk vkSj eSlwj&osQjy vkfnlHkh izns'kksadk nkSjk djrk gqqvk iatkc igqpkykyk yktirjk; vkSj Hkxrlg dh ykVksals Hkh lkeuk gqvkA vkf[kj fnYyh igqpk vkSj mlus viuh eqf'dy c;ku dh] iwjsgnqLrku dh ifjozQek dj vk;k] lc ewfrZ;kns[k vk;kA lcdh ukdksadk uki fy;kij tkWtZiape dh bl ukd ls lc cM+h fudyhaA

lqudj lc grk'k gks x, vkSj >q>ykus yxsA ewfrZdkj us


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tkWtZiape dh ukd15

v[kckjksaesa flI+kZQ bruk Nik fd ukd dk elyk gy gks x;k gS vkSj jktiFk ijbafM;k xsV osQ ikl okyh tkWtZ iape dh ykV osQ ukd yx jgh gSA

ukd yxus ls igys fiQj gfFk;kjcan igjsnkjksa dh rSukrh gqbZA ewfrZ osQ vkl&ikl dkrkykc lq[kkdj lkI+kQ fd;k x;kA mldh jokc fudkyh xbZ vkSj rkkk ikuh Mkyk x;krkfd tks knk ukd yxkbZ tkus okyh Fkh] og lw[kus u ik,A bl ckr dh [kcj turkdks ughaFkhA ;g lc rS;kfj;k Hkhrj&Hkhrj py jgh FkhaA jkuh osQ vkus dk fnu uknhdvkrk tk jgk Fkk ewfrZdkj [kqn vius crk, gy ls ijs'kku FkkA knk ukd ykus osQ fy,mlus desVh okyks a ls oqQN vkSj enn ekxhA og mls nh xbZA ysfdu bl fgnk;r osQlkFk fd ,d [kkl fnu gj gkyr esa ukd yx tkuh pkfg,A

vkSj og fnu vk;kAtkWtZiape osQ ukd yx xbZAlc v[kckjksaus [kcjsa Nkihafd tkWtZiape osQ knk ukd yxkbZxbZ gS---;kuh ,slh

ukd tks drbZ iRFkj dh ughayxrhAysfdu ml fnu osQ v[kckjksaeas ,d ckr xkSj djus dh FkhA ml fnu ns'k esadgha

Hkh fdlh mn~ ?kkVu dh [kcj ughaFkhA fdlh us dksbZ iQhrk ugha dkVk FkkA dksbZlkoZtfud lHkk ughagqbZFkhA dghaHkh fdlh dk vfHkuanu ugha gqvk Fkk] dksbZ ekui=kHksaV djus dh ukScr ugha vkbZFkhA fdlh gokbZvas ;k LVs'ku ij Lokxr&lekjksg ughagqvk FkkA fdlh dk rkkk fp=k ughaNik FkkA

lc v[kckj [kkyh FksAirk ugha ,slk D;ksa gqvk Fkk\ukd rks flI+kZQ ,d pkfg, Fkh vkSj og Hkh cqr osQ fy,A

iz'u&vH;kl

1- ljdkjh ra=k esa tkWtZ iape dh ukd yxkus dks ysdj tks prk ;k cngoklh fn[kkbZ nsrhgS og mudh fdl ekufldrk dks n'kkZrh gSA

2- jkuh ,fytkcsFk osQ njkh dh ijs'kkuh dk D;k dkj.k Fkk\ mldh ijs'kkuh dks vki fdlrjg roZQlaxr Bgjk,xs\

3- ^vkSj ns[krs gh ns[krs u;h fnYyh dk dk;k iyV gksus yxk*u;h fnYYkh osQ dk;k iyVosQ fy, D;k&D;k iz;Ru fd, x, gksaxs\

4- vkt dh i=kdkfjrk es apfpZr gfLr;ksa osQ igukos vkSj [kku&iku laca/h vknrksavkfnosQ o.kZu dk nkSj py iM+k gS

(d) bl izdkj dh i=kdkfjrk osQ ckjs esa vkiosQ D;k fopkj gSa\([k) bl rjg dh i=kdkfjrk vke turk fo'ks"kdj ;qok ih


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oQfrdk16

5- tkWtZ iape dh ykV dh ukd dks iqu% yxkus osQ fy, ewfrZdkj us D;k&D;k ;Ru fd,\6- izLrqr dgkuh esatxg&txg oqQN ,sls dFku vk, gSa tks ekStwnk O;oLFkk ij djkjh pksVdjrs gSaA mnkgj.k osQ fy, iQkbysalc oqQN gke dj pqdh gSaA* lc gqDdkeksaus ,dnwljs dh rjI+kQ rkdkA* ikB esa vk, ,sls vU; dFku NkVdj fyf[k,A

7- ukd eku&lEeku o izfr"Bk dk |ksrd gS A ;g ckr iwjh O;aX; jpuk esafdl rjg mHkjdjvkbZ gS\ fyf[k,A

8- tkW tZiape dh ykV ij fdlh Hkh Hkkjrh; usrk] ;gkrd fd Hkkjrh; cPps dh ukd fiQVu gksus dh ckr ls ys[kd fdl vksj laosQr djuk pkgrk gSA

9- v[kckjk sa us knk ukd yxus dh [kcj dks fdl rjg ls izLrqr fd;k\

10- u;h fnYyh esalc Fkk----flI+kZQ ukd ughaFkhA bl dFku osQ ek;e ls ys[kd D;k dgukpkgrk gS\

11- tkWtZ iape dh ukd yxus okyh [kcj osQ fnu v[kckj pqi D;ksa Fks\


18/53

1- bfUnz;ksals ijs 2- izdk'k] mtkyk

eSaus gSjku gksdj ns[kkvkleku tSls myVk iM+kFkk vkSj lkjs rkjs fc[kjdj uhps fVefVek jgs FksAnwj---esalEeksgu txk jgh Fkh] oqQN bl dnj fd mu tknwHkjs {k.kksa esa esjk lc oqQN LFkfxrFkk] vFkZghu Fkk---eSa] esjh psruk] esjk vkl&iklA esjs Hkhrj&ckgj flI+kZQ 'kwU; Fkk vkSj Fkhvrhafnz;rk1 es a Mwch jks'kuh dh og tknqbZ>kyjA

khjs&khjs ,d mtkl2 ml 'kwU; ls iwQVus yxk---,d izkFkZuk gkasBksadks Nwus yxh---lkuk&lkuk gkFk tksfM+] xnZgqizkFkZukA gkezks thou frezks dkSlsyh (NksVs&NksVs gkFk tksM+djizkFkZuk dj jgh gwfd esjk lkjk thou vPNkb;ksa dks lefiZr gks)A vkt lqcg dh izkFkZukosQ ;s cksy eSaus ,d usikyh ;qorh ls lh[ks FksA

lqcg geas ;weFkkax osQ fy, fudy iM+uk Fkk] ij vk[k [kqyrs gh eSackyduh dhrjI+kQ HkkxhA ;gk osQ yksxksaus crk;k Fkk fd ;fn ekSle lkI+kQ gks rks ckYkduh ls HkhoaQputa?kk fn[kkbZnsrh gSA fgeky; dh rhljh lcls cM+h pksVh oaQputa?kk! ij ekSlevPNk gksus osQ ckokwn vkleku gYkosQ&gYkosQ cknyksals


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18

3- rjg&rjg osQ

rjg bl ckj Hkh cknyksaosQ dikV BkoqQj th osQ dikV dh rjg can gh jgsA oaQputa?kku fn[kuh Fkh] u fn[khA ij lkeus gh jde&jde3 osQ jax&fcjaxs brus lkjs iwQy fn[kkbZiM+s fd yxk iwQyksaosQ ckx esavk xbZgwA

cgjgky---xSa xVkWd ls 149 fdyks ehVj dh nwjh ij ;weFkka x FkkA ;weFkka x ;kuh?kkfV;k---lkjs jkLrs fgeky; dh xgure ?kkfV;k vkS j iwQyks a ls ynh okfn;k feysaxhvkidks Mkboj&de&xkbM ftrsu ukxsZ eq>s crk jgk FkkA D;k ogk cI+kZQ feysxh\ eSacpdkus mRlkg ls iwNus yxrh gwA

pfy, rks---Atxg&txg xnjk, ikbZu vkSj kwih osQ [kwclwjr uqdhys isM+ksadk tk;tk ysrs gq, ge

igkM+h jkLrksa ij vkxs c


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lkuk lkuk gkFk tksfM+---

19

4- khjs&khjs 5- rhozrk] izcyrk] vfkdrk

j+rk&j+rk4 ge mQpkbZ dh vksj c


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6- flj 7- O;Lr 8- 'kkfir] vfHk;qDr 9-lhek 10- reksxq.k ls ;qDr] oqQfVy 11- cqjh bPNk,

bl fc[kjh vlhe lqanjrk dk eu ij ;g izHkko iM+k fd lHkh lSykuh >we&>wedjxkus yxslqgkuk lI+kQj vkSj ;s ekSle glh---A

ij eSaekSu FkhA fdlh f"k dh rjg 'kkar FkhA eSapkgrh Fkh fd bl lkjs ifjn';dks vius Hkhrj Hkj ywA ij esjs Hkhrj oqQN cwn&cwn fi?kyus yxk FkkA thi dh f[kM+dhls eqaMdh6 fudky&fudky eSa dHkh vkleku dks Nwrs ioZrksaosQ f'k[kj ns[krh rks dHkh mQij ls nwk dh kkj dh rjg >j&>j fxjrs ty&izikrksa dksA rks dHkh uhpsfpdus&fpdus xqykch iRFkjksaosQ chp bByk&bByk dj cgrh] pknh dh rjg dkSakekjrh cuh&Buh frLrk unh dks A flyhxqM+h ls gh gekjs lkFk Fkh ;g frLrk unhA ij ;gkmldk lkSan;Z ijkdk"Bk ij FkkA bruh [kwclwjr unh eSaus igyh ckj ns[kh FkhA eSajksekafpr

FkhA iqyfdr FkhA fpfM+;k osQ ia[kksadh rjg gYkdh FkhAesjs uxifr esjs fo'kkyeSaus fgeky; dks lykeh nsuh pkgh fd rHkh thi ,d

txg jQdh---[kwc mQpkbZ ls iwjs osx osQ lkFk mQij f'k[kjksa osQ Hkh f'k[kj ls fxjrk isQumxyrk >jukA bldk uke Fkk^lsou flLVlZokWVj iQkWyA* +yS'k pedus yxsA lHkhlSykuh bu [kwclwjr yEgks a dh jaxr dks oSQejs esaoSQn djus esae'kxwy7 FksA

vkfne ;qx dh fdlh vfHk'kIr8 jktoqQekjh&lh eSa Hkh uhps fc[kjs Hkkjh&HkjdeiRFkjksa ij cSB >jus osQ laxhr osQ lkFk gh vkRek dk laxhr lquus yxhA FkksM+h nsj ckngh cgrh tykkjk esa iko Mqcks;k rks Hkhrj rd Hkhx xbZA eu dkO;e; gks mBkA lR;vkSj lkS an;Z dks Nwus yxkA

thou dh vuarrk dk izrhd og >juk---mu vn~Hkqr&vuwBs {k.kksaes a eq>esathoudh 'kfDr dk vglkl gks jgk FkkA bl dnj izrhr gqvk fd tSls eSaLo;aHkh ns'k vkSjdky dhljgnksa9 ls nwj cgrh kkjk cu cgus yxh gwA Hkhrj dh lkjh rkefldrk,10vkSjnq"V okluk,11 bl fueZy kkjk esa cg xbA eu gqvk fd vuar le; rd ,sls gh cgrhjgw---lqurh jgwbl >jus dh iqdkj dksA ij ftrsu eq>s Bsyus yxk---vkxs blls Hkh lqanjukkjs feysaxsA

vueuh&lh eSa mBhA FkksM+h nsj ckn gh fiQj ogh ukkjsvk[kksavkSj vkRek dks lq[knsus okysA dgha pVd gjs jax dk eksVk dkyhu vks


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22

pqgyckkh osQ vankk esa crk;k ftu jkLrksals xqkjrs gq, vki fge&f'k[kjksa ls VDdjysus tk jgh gSamUghajkLrksadks ;s igkfM+usapkSM+k cuk jgh gSaA

cM+k [krjukd dk;Zgksxk ;g esjs eqg ls vdLekr fudykA og lathnk gks x;kAdgus yxk] fiNys eghus rks ,d dh tku Hkh pyh xbZFkhA cM+k nqlk; dk;ZgS igkM+ksaij jkLrk cukukA igys MkbukekbV ls p^kuksadks mM+ k fn;k tkrk gSA fiQj cM+s&cM+siRFkjksa dks rksM+&eksM+dj ,d vkdkj osQ NksVs&NksVs iRFkjksaeas cnyk tkrk gS ] fiQj cM+s&lstkys esamUgsayach i^h dh rjg fcBkdj dVs jkLrksa ij ckM+s dh rjg yxk;k tkrk gSAkjk&lh pwd vkSj lhkk ikrky izos'k!

vkSj rHkh eq>s ;ku vk;k---bUghajkLrksaij ,d txg flfDde ljdkj dk cksMZ yxk

Fkk ftl ij cM+s&cM+s v{kjksaesafy[kk Fkk] ,oj oaMMZ gwfMiQkbM MsFk VwfcYM nhtjksM~lA (vki rkTtqc djsaxs ij bu jkLrksadks cukus esayksxksaus ekSr dks >qByk;k gSA)

,dk,d esjk ekufld pSuy cnykA eu ihNs ?kwe x;kA blh izdkj ,d ckj iykewvkSj xqeyk osQ taxyksa esa ns[kk Fkk---ihB ij cPps dks diM+s ls ckkdj ikksadh ryk'kesaou&ou Mksyrh vkfnoklh ;qofr;kA mu vkfnoklh ;qofr;ksaosQ iwQys gq, iko vkSj


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23

16- gkFk esa iM+us okyh xkBsa;k fu'kku 17- de ysuk vkSj T;knk nsuk 18- cs [kkstrs&[kkstrs ogk rd vk x, FksAeq>s xexhu ns[k ftrsu dgus yxk] eSMe] ;s esjs ns'k dh vke turk gS] bUgsa rks vkidgha Hkh ns[k ysaxh---vki bUgsaugha] igkM+ksadh lqanjrk dks nsf[k,---ftlosQ fy, vkibrus iSls [kpZ djosQ vkbZ gSaA

^;s ns 'k dh vke turk gh ugha] thou dk iz fr larqyu Hkh gS aA ;s ^osLV ,Vfjisbx*17 gSaA fdruk de ysdj ;s lekt dks fdruk vfkd okil ykSVk nsrh gSa*] eu

gh eu lkspk eSa usA ge okil thi dh vks j eqM+us yxs fd rHkh eSaus ns[kkosJe&lqanfj;k fdlh ckr ij bl dnj f[kyf[kykdj gl iM+h Fkhafd thou ygjk mBkFkk vkSj og lkjk [kaMgj rktegy cu x;k FkkA

ge yxkrkj mQpkbZ;ksaij p


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oQfrdk

24

19- kheh] gydh

kjk Hkh larqyu fcxM+s] bap Hkj Hkh thi bkj&mkj f[klosQ rks ge lhks ?kkfV;ksa esa! bujkLrksaij txg&txg fy[kh psrkofu;k Hkh gesa[krjksaosQ izfr ltx dj jgh FkhaA lkeusgh fy[kk Fkk^khjs pyk,] ?kj eas cPps vkidk barkkj dj jgs gSaA

FkksM+k vkSj vkxs cqukgV&lhA vk[ksa vuk;kl Hkj vkbAKku dk uUgk&lk cksfklRo tSls Hkhrj mxus yxk---ogha lq[k 'kkafr vkSj lqowQu gS tgkv[kafMr laiw.kZrk gSisM+] ikSks] i'kq] vkSj vknehlc viuh&viuh y;] rky vkSj

xfr esagSaA gekjh ih


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25

20- fo"k] kgj 21- feyu] la;ksx 22- ry] Lrj 23- ppkZ esavkuk 24- fuxy fy;k

vksjk gksus osQ igys gh fdlh izdkj Mxexkrh f'kykvksa vkSj iRFkjksals gksdj frLrkunh dh kkj rd igqphA cgrs ikuh dks viuh vatqfy esa Hkjk rks vrhr Hkhrj kM+dusyxk---Le`fr esadkSakk---gekjs ;gk ty dks gkFk es a ysdj ladYi fd;k tkrk gS---D;kladYi d:\ ij eSaladYi dh fLFkfr esaughaFkh---Hkhrj Fkh ,d izkFkZuk---,d dekksjO;fDr dh izkFkZuk---Hkhrj dk lkjk gykgy20] lkjh rkefldrk, cg tk,---blh cgrhkkjk esa! jkr khjs&khjs xgjkus yxhA fgeky; us dkyk oaQcy vks


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28/53


27

esjs iko >u&>u djus yxs FksA ij eu oankou gks jgk FkkA Hkhrj tSls nsork tkxx, FksA [okfg'k gqbZfd eSaHkh cI+kZQ ij ysVdj bl cI+kQhZyh tUur dks th Hkj ns[kwAij esjs ikl cI+kZQ ij iguus okys yacs&yacs twrs ugha FksA eSaus pkgk fd fdjk, ij ysyw ij dVkvks] ;weFkkax vkSj >kaxwysd dh rjg VwfjLV LikWV26 ughaFkk] bl dkj.k ;gk>kaxwdh rjg nqfu;k Hkj dh rks D;k ,d Hkh nqdku ugha FkhA [kSj---

nuknu I+kQksVks [kpokus dh ctk; eSa ml lkjs ifjn'; dks vius Hkhrj yxkrkj [khapjgh Fkh ftlls egkuxj osQ MkoZQ :e esabls fiQj&fiQj ns[k lowQA laiw.kZrk osQ mu {k.kksaeas ;g fgef'k[kj eq>s esjs vk;kfRed vrhr ls tksM+ jgs FksA 'kk;n ,slh gh foHkksj djnsus okyh fnO;rk osQ chp gekjs f"k&eqfu;ksa us osnksa dh jpuk dh gksxhA thou lR;ksa

dks [kkstk gksxkA ^losZ Hkoarqlqf[ku%* dk egkea=k ik;k gksxkA vafre laiw.kZrk dk izrhdog lkSan;Z,slk fd cM+k ls cM+k vijkkh Hkh bls ns[k ys rks {k.kksa osQ fy, gh lgh^d#.kk dk vorkj* cq cu tk,A

vkSj rHkh fnekx esadkSakk fd feYVu us bZo dh lqanjrk dk o.kZu djrs gq, fy[kkFkk fd 'kSrku Hkh mls ns[kdj Bxk&lk jg tkrk Fkk vkSj nwljksadk veaxy djus dhofk Hkwy tkrk FkkA eSaus ef.k ls iwNkD;k mlus i jgh FkhA og ,dk,d nk'kZfudksadh rjg dgus yxh] ;s fgef'k[kj ty LraHk gSa] iwjs ,f'k;k osQA ns[kks] izfr Hkh fdluk;kc huh&lh ijr eq> ij Nk xbZA mM+rs cknyksadh rjg iRFkj rksM+rh mu igkfM+uksadk [k;ky vk x;kA

vkRek dh vuar ijrksadks Nhyrk gqvk gekjk ;g lI+kQj FkksM+k vkSj vkxs c


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oQfrdk

28

gl fn;k,d mnkl glh] vki pSu dh uhan lks losaQ] blhfy, rks ge ;gkigjkns jgs gSaA

^isQjh HksVqyk* (fiQj feysaxs) dgrs gq, ftrsu us thi pkywdj nhA FkksM+h nsj ckngh fiQj fn[kh ,d I+ kQkSth Nkouh ftl ij fy[kk Fkk^oh fxo voj VqMs iQkWj ;ksjVqekjksA*

eu mnkl gks x;kA Hkhrj oqQN fi?kyus yxkA egkuxj esa jgrs gq, dHkh ;ku ghugha vk;k fd ftu cI+kQhZys bykdksaesaoSlk[k osQ eghus esaHkh ikp feuV esagh gefBBqjus yxs Fks] gekjs ;s toku ikS"k vkSj ek?k esa Hkh tcfd flok; isVksy osQ lc oqQNte tkrk gS] rSukr jgrs gSaA vkSj ftu ldjs ?kqekonkj vkSj [krjukd jkLrksals xqkjus

Hkj eas gekjs izk.k dki mBrs gSamu jkLrksa dks cukus esatkus fdruksaosQ thou viuhehvkn osQ iwoZ gh [kRe gks x, gSaA esjs fy, ;g ;k=kk lpeqp gh ,d [kkst ;k=kk FkhAiwjk lI+kQj psruk vkSj varjkRek esagypy epkus okyk FkkA cgjgky---vc ge yk;qaxokil ykSVdj fiQj ;weFkkax dh vksjA ftrsu oqQN fnu iwoZ gh usiky ls rkkk&rkkkvk;k FkkA

;weFkkax dh ?kkfV;ks a esa,d u;k vkd"kZ.k vkSj tqM+ x;k Fkk---


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D;k\ foLe; vkSj vfo'okl ls eSamls lqurh jghA D;k leqnz dh rjg oqQkksaij Hkh iwf.kZek dh pknuh dkeukvksadk okj&HkkVk txkrh gS! [kSj---A

ykSVrh ;k=kk esathi esa Hkh ftrsu gesajde&jde dh tkudkfj;k nsrk jgk eSMe];gk,d iRFkj gS ftl ij xq#ukud osQ iqQV izV gSaA dgrs gSa ;gkxq#ukud dh Fkkyhls FkksM+s ls pkoy fNVd dj ckgj fxj x, FksA ftl txg pkoy fNVd dj fxjs Fks]ogk pkoy dh [ksrh gksrh gSA

djhc rhu&pkj fdyksehVj ckn gh mlus fiQj mxyh fn[kkbZ] eSMe bls [ksnqedgrs gSaA ;g iwjk yxHkx ,d fdyksehVj dk ,fj;k gSA ;gknsoh&nsorkvksadk fuoklgS] ;gktks xanxh iSQyk,xk] og ej tk,xkA

rqe yksx igkM+ks a ij xanxh ughaiSQykrs---\mlus thHk fudkyrs gq, dgkughaeSMe] igkM+] unh] >jus---ge budh iwtk

djrs gS a] bUgsa xank djsaxs rks ge ej tk,xsArHkh xSaxVkWd bruk lqanj gS ] eSaus dgkAxSaxVkWd ughaeSMe xarksd dfg,A bldk vlyh uke xarksd gSA xarksd dk eryc

gS igkM+---AeSa oqQN iwNrh fd og fiQj pkyw gks x;k] eSMe ;weFkkax Hkh igys VwfjLV LikWV

ughaFkkA ;g rks flfDde tc Hkkjr esa feyk mlosQ Hkh dbZ o"kks ckn Hkkjrh; vkehZosQ dIrku 'ks[kj nkk osQ fnekx eas vk;k fd ;gk flI+kZQ I+kQkSft;ksa dks j[kdj D;k gksxk]

?kkfV;ks a osQ chp jkLrs fudkydj bls VwfjLV LikWV cuk;k tk ldrk gSA vki nsf[k,]vHkh Hkh jkLrs cu jgs gSaA

^gk] jkLrs vHkh Hkh cu gh jgs gSaA u,&u, LFkkuksadh [kkst vHkh Hkh tkjh gSA 'kk;neuq"; dh blh vlekIr [kkst dk uke lkSan;ZgS*---eu&gh&eu eSadgrh gwA

thi vkxs cyfeykrs flrkjksadh jks'kuh esaugk;k xarksd ysf[kdk dks fdl rjg lEeksfgr dj jgkFkk\

2- xarksd dks ^esgurd'k ckn'kkgksa dk 'kgj* D;ksa dgk x;k\

3- dHkh 'osr rks dHkh jaxhu irkdkvksadk iQgjkuk fdu vyx&vyx voljksa dh vksjlaosQr djrk gS\

4- ftrsu ukxsZ us ysf[kdk dks flfDde dh izfr] ogk dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr ,oa tuthouosQ ckjs esa D;k egoiw.kZtkudkfj;k nha] fyf[k,A

iz'u&v

H;kl


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5- yksax LVkWd esa?kwers gq, p dks ns[kdj ysf[kdk dks iwjs Hkkjr dh vkRek ,d&lhD;ksafn[kkbZ nh\

6- ftrsu ukxsZdh xkbM dh Hkwfedk osQ ckjs esafopkj djrs gq, fyf[k, fd ,d oqQ'kyxkbM esaD;k xq.k gksrs gSa\

7- bl ;k=kk&okkar esaysf[kdk us fgeky; osQ ftu&ftu :iksa dk fp=k [khapk gS] mUgsavius 'kCnksaesafyf[k,A

8- izfr osQ ml vuar vkSj fojkV Lo:i dks ns[kdj ysf[kdk dks oSQlh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS\

9- izkfrd lkSan;Z osQ vykSfdd vkuan esaMwch ysf[kdk dks dkSu&dkSu ls n'; >d>ksjx,\

10- lSykfu;ksadks izfr dh vykSfdd NVk dk vuqHko djokus esa fdu&fdu yksxksadk;ksxnku gksrk gS] mYys[k djsaA

11- fdruk de ysdj ;s lekt dks fdruk vfkd okil ykSVk nsrh gSaA bl dFku osQvkkkj ij Li"V djsaa fd vke turk dh ns'k dh vkfFkZd izxfr esaD;k Hkwfedk gS\

12- vkt dh ih


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egkjk"Vh; efgykvksadh rjg kksrh yisV] dPN ckks nq ykjh nuknu na M yxkrh tk jgh FkhAmlos Q 'kjhj ls Vid&Viddj fxjh cwnksa lsHkwfe ij ilhus dk iqryk cu x;k FkkA dljrlekIr djosQ mlus pkj[kkus osQ vxksNs ls viukcnu iks aNk] ckk gqvk twM+ k [kksydj flj dkilhuk lq[kk;k vkS j rRi'pkr vknedn vkbZusosQ lkeus [kM+h gksdj igyokuksadh rjg xoZlsvius HkqtnaMksa ij eqXk nf"V isQjrs gq, I;kt osQVqdM+s vkSj gjh fepZosQ lkFk mlus dVksjh esa

fHkxks, gq, pus pckus vkjaHk fd,Amldk p.kd&poZ.k&ioZvHkh lekIr u gks ik;k Fkk fd fdlh us ckgj can njokks

dh oqaQMh [kV[kVkbZA nqykjh us tYnh&tYnh dPN [kksydj ckdk;ns kksrh iguh] osQ'klesVdj djhus ls ckk fy, vkSj rc njokks dh f[kM+dh [kksy nhA

cxy esa caMy&lh dksbZ phk nck, njokks osQ ckgj VqUuw[kM+k FkkA mldh nf"V'kjehyh Fkh vkSj mlosQ irys gksBksaij >sai&Hkjh iQhdh eqldjkgV FkhA foyksy1 vk[ksaVqUuw dh vk[kksa ls feykrh gqbZnqykjh cksyh] rqe fiQj ;gk] VqUuw\ eSaus rqEgas ;gk vkusosQ fy, euk fd;k Fkk u\

VqUuwdh eqldjkgV mlosQ gksBksa esagh foyhu gks xbZA mlus fxjs eu ls mkj fn;k]

lky&Hkj dk R;ksgkj Fkk] blhfy, eSaus lkspk fd---] dgrs gq, mlus cxy ls caMyfudkyk vkSj mls nqykjh osQ gkFkksaesans fn;kA nqykjh caMy ysdj ns[kus yxhA mlesa

4

f'koizlkn feJ ^#nz*

,gh BS;k >qyuh gsjkuh gks jkek!,gh BS;k >qyuh gsjkuh gks jkek!,gh BS;k >qyuh gsjkuh gks jkek!,gh BS;k >qyuh gsjkuh gks jkek!,gh BS;k >qyuh gsjkuh gks jkek!


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,gh BS;k>qyuh gsjkuh gks jkek!

33

2- oqQEgyk;k gqvk eq[k ;k mnkl eq[k 3- 'kgukbZosQ lkFk ctk;k tkus okyk ,d rcys tSlkcktk 4- ,d rjg dk xhr ;k yksdxhr tks Hkknks dh rht esaxk;k tkrk gS 5- fygkt djuk

[kj dh ,d lkM+h yisVh gqbZ FkhA VqUuwus dgk] ;g [kkl xkakh vkJe dh fcuh gSAysfdu bls rqe esjs ikl D;ksayk, gks\ nqykjh us dM+ s Loj ls iwNkA VqUuw dk

'kh.kZonu2 vkSj Hkh lw[k x;kA mlus lw[ks xys ls dgk] eSaus crk;k u fd gksyh dkR;ksgkj FkkA--- VqUuw dh ckr dkVrs gq, nqykjh fpYykbZ] gksyh dk R;ksgkj Fkk rks rqe;gkD;ksavk,\ tyus osQ fy, D;k rqEgsadgha vkSj fprk ughafeyh tks esjs ikl nkSM+spys vk,\ rqe esjs ekfyd gks ;k csVs gks ;k HkkbZgks] dkSu gks\ [kSfj;r pkgrs gks rksviuk ;g dI+kQu ysdj ;gk ls lhks pys tkvks! vkSj mlus mis{kkiwoZd kksrh VqUuw osQiSjksa osQ ikl isaQd nhA VqUuw dh dkty&yxh cM+h&cM+h vk[kksa esa vieku osQ dkj.k vklwHkj vk,A mlus flj >qdk, gq, vknZz oaQB ls dgk] eSarqels oqQN ekxrk rks gwughaA

ns[kks] iRFkj dh nsoh rd vius HkDr }kjk nh xbZ HksaV ughaBqdjkrh] rqe rks gkM+&ekldh cuh gksA

gkM+&ekl dh cuh gwrHkh rks---] nqykjh us dgkAVqUuwus tokc ughafn;kA mldh vk[kksals dTty&efyu vklqvks a dh cwnsauhps

lkeus iM+h kksrh ij Vi&Vi Vid jgh FkhaA nqykjh dgrh xbZ---AVqUuwik"kk.k&izfrek cuk gqvk nqykjh dk Hkk"k.k lqurk tk jgk FkkA mlus bruk gh

dgk] eu ij fdlh dk cl ugha] og :i ;k mej dk dk;y ugha gksrkA vkSjdksBjh ls ckgj fudy og khjs&khjs lhf


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6- xkus dk is'kk djus okyh7- iSjksa ls oqQpyuk ;k jkSanukA Hkko ;g gS fd og oLrqcgqrk;rls izkIr gks 8- geys osQ fy, ;k yM+us osQ fy, rS;kj jguk 9- 'kksHkk ;k jkSud ?kVuk10- eqg uksp ysuk 11- j[kokyh djuk

dj [kkstokokyksaus viuh thr lqfuf'pr le> yh Fkh ijarqtc lkkkj.k xkuk gkspqdus ij loky&tokc osQ fy, nqDdM+ ij pksV iM+h vkSj foi{k ls lksyg&l=kg o"kZdk ,d yM+dk xkSugkfj;ksa6 dh xksy esa lcls vkxs [kM+h nqykjh dh vksj gkFk mBkdjyydkj mBkjfu;k y ijesljh yksV! (izkfeljh uksV) rc mUgaas viuh fot; ijiwjk fo'okl u jg x;kA

ckyd VqUuw cM+s tks'k ls xk jgk Fkkjfu;k y ijesljh yksV!njxksM+s7 ls ?ks oj cqfn;k ns ekFks eksrh d cfn;k

vmj fdukjh eas lkjh osQVk d lks ugyh xksVA jfu;k!---

'kgukbZokyksa us VqUuwosQ xhr dks can ckts esa nksgjk;kA yksx ;g ns[kdj pfdr Fks fd ckr&ckr ea s rhjdeku gks tkus8 okyh nqykjh vkt vius LoHkko os Q izfrowQy[kM+h&[kM+h eqldjk jgh gSA oaQB&Loj dh ekqjrk esa VqUuwnqykjh ls gksM+ dj jgk FkkvkSj nqykjh eqXk [kM+h lqu jgh FkhA

VqUuwosQ bl lkoZtfud vkfoHkkZo dk ;g rhljk ;k pkSFkk volj FkkA mlosQ firk?kkV ij cSBdj vkSj dPps egky osQ nl&ikp ?kj ;tekuh esalR;ukjk;.k dh dFkkls ysdj Jk vkSj fookg rd djkdj dfBukbZls xgLFkh dh ukSdk [ks jgs FksA ijarq

iq=k dks vkokjksa dh laxfr esa'kk;jh dk pLdk yxkA mlus HkSjksgsyk dks viuk mLrkncuk;k vkSj 'kh?kz gh lqanj dtyh&jpuk djus yxkA og i|kRed iz'ukskjh esa Hkh oqQ'kyFkk vkSj viuh blh fo'ks"krk osQ cy ij og ctjMhgk okyksadh vksj ls cqyk;k x;kFkkA mldh 'kk;jh* ij ctjMhgk okyksaus ^okg&okg* dk 'kksj epkdj flj ij vkdk'kmBk fy;kA [kkstokokyksa dk jax mrj9 x;kA VqUuwdk xhr Hkh lekIr gks x;kA

iqu% nqDdM+ ij pksV iM+hA 'kgukbZ dk ekqj Loj xwtkA vc nqykjh dh ckjh vkbZAmlus viuh nf"V en&foy cukrs gq, VqUuwosQ nqcys&irys ijarqxksjs&xksjs psgjs dksHkj&vk[k ns[kk vkSj mlosQ oaQB ls Ny&Ny djrk Loj dk lksrk iwQV fudyk

^dksf


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16- nksuksarjI+kQ

ckrphr ugha gqbZA dkj.k] VqUuw vkrk] ?kaVs&vkk ?kaVs nqykjh osQ lkeus cSBk jgrk] iwNusij Hkh n; dh dkeuk izdV u djrk osQoy vR;ar euks;ksx ls nqykjh dh ckrsalqurkvkSj fiQj khjs ls Nk;k dh rjg f[kld tkrkA ;kSou osQ vLrkpy ij [kM+h nqykjh VqUuwosQ bl mUekn ij eu&gh&eu glrhA ijarq vkt mls oQ'kdk; vkSj dPph mej osQikMqeq[k ckyd VqUuwij d#.kk gks vkbZA vc nqykjh dks ;g le>us esansj u yxh fdmlosQ 'kjhj osQ izfr VqUuwosQ eu esa dksbZyksHk ugha gSA og ftl oLrq ij vklDRk gSmldk lacak 'kjhj ls ugha] vkRek ls gSA mlus vkt ;g Hkh vuqHko fd;k fd vktrd mlus VqUuwosQ izfr ftruh mis{kk fn[kkbZgS og lc oQf=ke FkhA lp rks ;g gS fdn; osQ ,d fuHk`r dksus esa VqUuw dk vklu nu ls cpus yxhA mlus pwYgk tyk;k vkS j jlks bZ dhO;oLFkk esatqV iM+hA R;kas gh kksfr;ksa dk ,d caMy fy, isaQowQ ljnkj us mldh dksBjhesaizos'k fd;kA nqykjh us kksfr;ksa dk caMy ns[k mkj ls nf"V isQj yhA isaQowQ us caMymlosQ iSjksa osQ ikl j[k fn;k vkSj dgk] ns[kks rks] oSQlh cfkrs gq, dgkA

nqykjh isaQowQ dks mkj nsuk gh pkgrh Fkh fd tykus osQ fy, fons'kh oL=kksadk laxzgdjrk gqvk ns'k osQ nhokuksa dk ny HkSjoukFk dh ldjh xyh esa ?kqlk vkSj ^Hkkjrtufursjh t;] rsjh t; gks* xhr dh ofu ls mHk; ik'oZ16 esa[kM+h bekjrksadh izR;sddksBjh xwt xbZA ,d cM+h&lh pknj iSQykdj pkj O;fDr;ksaus mlosQ pkjksadksuksadksetcwrh ls idM+ j[kk FkkA mlh ij f[kM+fd;ksals kksrh] lkM+h] dehk] oqQjrk] Vksihvkfn dh o"kkZgks jgh FkhA

lglk nqykjh us Hkh viuh f[kM+dh [kksyh vkSj eSapsLVj rFkk yadk&'kk;j osQ feyksadh cuh ckjhd lwr dh e[keyh fdukjs okyh u;h dksjh kksfr;ksa dk caMy uhps iSQyhpknj ij isaQd fn;kA pknj lHkkyus okys pkjksa O;fDr;ksadh vk[ksa ,d lkFk f[kM+dh

dh vks j mB xb_ dkj.k] vc rd ftrus oL=kksa dk laxz g gqvk Fkk os vfkdka'kiQVs&iqjkus FksA ijarq ;g tks u;k caMy fxjk mldh kksfr;kas dh rg rd u [kqyh FkhA


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mlus iM+ksfluksadh fuxkg ls vius vklqvkas dks fNikus dk dksbZiz;Ru ughafd;kAiM+ksflusa Hkh doZQ'kk nqykjh osQ n; dh ;g dkseyrk ns[k nax gks xbA mUgks aus nqykjhosQ bl vkpj.k dks ckj&ofurk&lqyHk vfHku;&ek=k le>kA fc^ks us fnYyxh Hkh dhA

eq>s yqdk&fNih iwQVh vk[k ughalqgkrhA eSaus rks vkt rd tks oqQN Hkh fd;k] lcMaosQ dh pksV] nqykjh us dgkA og mBh vkSj lcosQ lkeus lanwd [kksy mlesa ls VqUuwdh nh gqbZ vklqvksaosQ dkys kCcksals Hkjh [kj dh kksrh fudky mlus igu yhA mlus>haxqj dks cqykdj iwNk] VqUuwdgk ekjk x;k\ >haxqj us crk;k] Vkmu gkWy! vkSjtc og Vkmu gkWy tkus osQ fy, ?kj ls ckgj fudyh rks njokks ij gh Fkkus osQ eaq'khosQ lkFk isaQowQ ljnkj us vkdj dgk fd nqykjh dks Fkkus tkuk gksxk] vkt veu lHkk

}kjk vk;ksftr lekjksg esa mls xkuk iM+sxkA

(5)

fjiksVZ dh dkih esk ij iVdrs gq, izkku laoknnkrk us vius lgdehZdks MkVk]'kekZth] vki rks v[kckj dh fjiksVZjh NksM+dj pk; dh nqdku [kksy ysrs rks vPNkgksrkA laokn&laxzg rks vkiosQ cwrs dh ckr ughatku iM+rhA Hk;Hkhr 'kekZ th us xaseas dkSM+h [ksyrh gqbZ viuh vk[kksa ls p'ek mrkjdj mls oqQjrs ls iksaNrs gq, iwNk] D;ksa]D;k gqvk\

izkku laoknnkrk us [kh>dj dgk] ;g tks vki iUus ij iUuk vfyI+kQ&ySyk dh

dgkuh ls jax yk, gSa] og dgk Nisxk vkSj dkSu Nkisxk] bl ij Hkh vkius oqQN fopkjfd;k gS\ vkius tks fy[kk gS mldk vkiosQ flok dksbZvkSj Hkh xokg gS\ vkt vkidhfjiksVZNki nw rks dy gh v[kckj can gks tk,_ laiknd th cM+s ?kj igqpk fn, tk,A

vius lacak esaokrkZgksrh lqudj laiknd th Hkh ltx gq,A mUgksaus iwNk] D;k ckrgS\

;gh 'kekZ th dh fjiksfVx ij >[k jgk gw] vkSj D;k\ izkku laoknnkrk us dgkAif


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x;k] tks tykus osQ fy, fons'kh oL=kksadk laxzg djrk tkrk FkkA ,sls gh ,d tqywl osQlkFk uxj dk izfl dtyh&xk;d VqUuwHkh FkkA mDr tqywl tc Vkmu gkWy igqpdjfo?kfVr gks x;k rks iqfyl osQ teknkj vyh lxhj us VqUuw dks tk idM+k vkSj mlsxfy;k nhaA xkyh nsus dk izfrokn djus ij teknkj us mls cwV dh Bksdj ekjhA pksVilyh esayxhA og fryfeykdj kehu ij fxj x;k vkSj mlosQ eqg ls ,d pqYyw[kwufudy iM+kA ikl gh xksjs lSfudksadh xkM+h [kM+h FkhA mUgksaus VqUuw dks mBkdj xkM+h esaykn fy;kA yksxksals dgk x;k fd vLirky dks ys tk jgs gSaA ijarq gekjs laoknnkrk usxkM+h dk ihNk djosQ irk yxk;k gS fd okLro esaVqUuwej x;kA jkr osQ vkB cts VqUuwdk 'ko o#.kk esa izokfgr fd, tkrs Hkh gekjs laoknnkrk us ns[kk gSA

bl flyflys esa ;g Hkh mYys[k gS fd VqUuw dk nqykjh ukEuh xkSugkfju ls Hkh lacakFkkA dy 'kke veu lHkk }kjk Vkmu gkWy esavk;ksftr lekjksg esa Hkh] ftlesaturk dk,d Hkh izfrfufk mifLFkr ugha Fkk] nqykjh dks upk;k&xok;k x;kA mls Hkh 'kk;n VqUuwdh eR;qdk laokn fey pqdk FkkA og cgqr mnkl Fkh vkSj mlus [kj dh ,d lkkkj.kkksrh&ek=k igu j[kh FkhA lquk tkrk gS fd mls iqfyl tcjnLrh ys vkbZFkhA og mlLFkku ij xkuk ughapkgrh Fkh tgkvkB ?kaVs igys mlosQ izseh dh gR;k dh xbZFkhAijarqfoo'k gksdj xkus osQ fy, [kM+k gksuk iM+kA oqQ[;kr teknkj vyh lxhj us ekSlehphk xkus dh I+kQjekb'k dhA nqykjh us iQhdh glh gldj xkuk izkjaHk fd;kA mlus oqQNvthc nnZ&Hkjs xys ls xk;k,gh BS;k>qyuh gsjkuh gks jkek] dklksaeS a iwNw\

ikl gh esaoaQiuh ckx osQ iwQyksadh [kq'kcwls ok;qeaMy vkeksfnr gks mBk FkkA pkjksavksj lUukVk Nk;k gqvk Fkk ftls Hksndj nqykjh dh Lojygjh xw t mBh

^,gh BS;k>qyuh gsjkuh gks jkek] dklksa eSaiwNw\*cwV dh Bksdj [kkdj nksigj dks VqUuwftl LFkku ij fxjk Fkk mlh LFky ij nf"V

tek, gq, nqykjh us nksgjk;k] ^,gh BS;k >qyuh gsjkuh gks jkek* vkSj fiQj pkjksavksjmn~Hkzkar20nf"V ?kqekrs gq, mlus xk;k^dklksaeSaiwNw\ mlosQ vkj&izkar ij fLer dh,d {kh.k js[kk&lh [kphA mlus xhr dk nwljk pj.k xk;k

^lkl ls iwNw] uufn;k ls iwNw] nsojk ls iwNr ytkuh gks jkek\*^nsojk ls iwNr* dgrs&dgrs og fctyh dh rjg ,dne ?kweh vkSj teknkj vyh

lxhj dh vksj ns[k mlus ytkus dk vfHku; fd;kA mldh vk[kksals vklwdh cwns NgjmBha] ;k ;ksadfg, fd os ikuh dh oqQN cwns Hkh tks o#.kk esa VqUuwdh yk'k isaQdus ls

20- Hkzfer fpk] gSjku


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fNVdhavkSj vc nqykjh dh vk[kksaesa izdV gqbA oSlk :i igys dHkh u fn[kkbZiM+kFkkvkkh esa Hkh ugha] leqnz esaHkh ugha] eR;qosQ xaHkhj vkfoHkkZo esaHkh ughaA

lR; gS] ijarq Ni ugha ldrk] laiknd us dgkA

1- gekjh vkkknh dh yM+kbZesa lekt osQ misf{kr ekus tkus okys oxZ dk ;ksxnku Hkh deugha jgk gSA bl dgkuh esa ,sls yksxksa osQ ;ksxnku dks ys[kd us fdl izdkj mHkkjk gS\

2- dBksj n;h le>h tkus okyh nqykjh VqUuwdh eR;q ij D;ksa fopfyr gks mBh\

3- dtyh naxy tSlh xfrfof/;ksadk vk;kstu D;ksagqvk djrk gksxk\ oqQN vkSj ijaijkxryksd vk;kstuksa dk mYys[k dhft,A

4- nq ykjh fof'k"V dgs tkus okys lkekftd&lkaLfrd nk;js ls ckgj gS fiQj Hkh vfrfof'k"V gSA bl dFku dks ;ku esaj[krs gq, nqykjh dh pkfjf=kd fo'ks"krk, fyf[k,A

5- nq ykjh dk VqUuw ls igyh ckj ifjp; dgkvkSj fdl :i esagqvk\

6- nq ykjh dk VqUuwdks ;g dguk dgkrd mfpr FkkrSaljcmyk cksy fkUuxh esadc ns[kysyksV\---! nqykjh osQ bl vkis {k esavkt osQ ;qok oxZosQ fy, D;k lans'k fNik gS \ mnkgj.klfgr Li"V dhft,A

7- Hkkjr osQ Lok/hurk vkanksyu esa nqykjh vkSj VqUuw us viuk ;ksxnku fdl izdkj fn;k\

8- nq ykjh vkSj VqUuw osQ izse osQ ihNs mudk dykdkj eu vkSj mudh dyk Fkh\ ;g izsenqykjh dks ns'k izse rd oSQls igqpkrk gS\

9- tyk, tkus okys fons'kh oL=kksaosQ


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1- Hkhrj dk] van#uh 2- izdk'k] nhfIr 3- dkj.k

eS a D;ksafy[krk gw\ ;g iz'u cM+k ljy tkuiM+rk gS ij cM+k dfBu Hkh gSA D;ksafd bldklPpk mkj ys[kd osQ vkarfjd thou osQ Lrjksals laca/ j[krk gSA mu lcdks la{ksi esaoqQNokD;ksaesack/ nsuk vklku rks ughagh gS] utkus lEHko Hkh gS ;k ugha\ bruk gh fd;k tkldrk gS fd mues a ls oq QN dk Li'kZfd;ktk,fo'ks"k :i ls ,slksadk ftUgsatkuuk nwljksaosQ fy, mi;ksxh gks ldrk gSA

,d mkj rks ;g gS fd eSablhfy, fy[krk

gwfd Lo;atkuuk pkgrk gwfd D;ksafy[krk gw&fy[ks fcuk bl iz'u dk mkj ughafeyldrk gSA okLro esalPpk mkj ;gh gSA fy[kdj gh ys[kd ml vkH;arj1 foo'krk dksigpkurk gS ftlosQ dkj.k mlus fy[kkvkSj fy[kdj gh og mlls eqDr gks tkrk gSA eSaHkh ml vkarfjd foo'krk ls eqfDr ikus osQ fy,] rVLFk gksdj mls ns[kus vkSj igpku ysusosQ fy, fy[krk gwA esjk fo'okl gS fd lHkh oQfrdkjD;ksafd lHkh ys[kd oQfrdkj ughagksrs_ u mudk lc ys[ku gh oQfr gkssrk gSlHkh oQfrdkj blhfy, fy[krs gSaA ;g BhdgS fd oq QN [;kfr fey tkus os Q ckn oq QN ckgj dh foo'krk ls Hkh fy[kk tkrkgS&laikndksaosQ vkxzg ls] izdk'kd osQ rdkts ls] vkfFkZd vko';drk lsA ij ,d rksoQfrdkj ges'kk vius lEeq[k bZekunkjh ls ;g Hksn cuk, j[krk gS fd dkSu&lh oQfr

Hkhrjh izsj.kk dk iQy gS] dkSu&lk ys[ku ckgjh ncko dk] nwljs ;g Hkh gksrk gS fd ckgjdk ncko okLro esancko ughajgrk] og ekuks Hkhrjh mUes"k2 dk fufefk3 cu tkrk gSA

vKs;

5eeeeeSSSSSaaaaa D;ksa fy[krk gw\D;ksa fy[krk gw\D;ksa fy[krk gw\D;ksa fy[krk gw\D;ksa fy[krk gw\


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eSa D;ksafy[krk gw\

;gkij oQfrdkj osQ LoHkko vkSj vkRekuq'kklu dk ego cgqr gksrk gSA oqQN ,sls vkylhtho gksrs gSafd fcuk bl ckgjh ncko osQ fy[k gh ughaikrsblh osQ lgkjs muosQ Hkhrjdh foo'krk Li"V gksrh gS;g oqQN oSlk gh gS tSls izkr%dky uhan [kqy tkus ij dksbZfcNkSus ij rc rd iM+k jgs tc rd ?kM+h dk ,ykeZu ct tk,A bl izdkj okLro esaoQfrdkj ckgj osQ ncko osQ izfr lefiZr ughagks tkrk gS] mls osQoy ,d lgk;d ;a=kdh rjg dke esaykrk gS ftlls HkkSfrd ;FkkFkZosQ lkFk mldk laca/ cuk jgsA eq>s bllgkjs dh k:jr ughaiM+rh ysfdu dHkh mlls ck/k Hkh ughagksrhA mBus okyh rqyukdks cuk, j[kwrks dgwfd lcsjs mB tkrk gwvius vki gh] ij vykeZHkh ct tk, rksdksbZgkfu ughaekurkA

;g Hkhrjh foo'krk D;k gksrh gS\ bls c[kkuuk cM+k dfBu gSA D;k og ughagksrh;g crkuk 'kk;n de dfBu gksrk gSA ;k mldk mnkgj.k fn;k tk ldrk gSdnkfpr~ogh vf/d mi;ksxh gksxkA viuh ,d dfork dh oqQN ppkZd: ftlls esjh ckrLi"V gks tk,xhA

eSa foKku dk fo|kFkhZjgk gw] esjh fu;fer f'k{kk mlh fo"k; esagqbZA v.kq D;k gksrkgS] oSQls ge jsfM;e&/ehZrRoksa dk v;;u djrs gq, foKku dh ml lhs FkkA fiQj tc og fgjksf'kek esav.kq&ce fxjk] rcmlosQ lekpkj eSaus i


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oQfrdk

44

ughavk;k] tks ?kfVr osQ vuqHko esa ughavk;k] ogh vkRek osQ lkeus Toyar izdk'k esavk tkrk gS] rc og vuqHkwfr&izR;{k gks tkrk gSA

rks fgjksf'kek es a lc ns[kdj Hkh RkRdky oqQN fy[kk ugha] D;ksa fd blh vuqHkwfrizR;{k dh dlj FkhA fiQj ,d fnu oghalM+d ij ?kwers gq, ns[kk fd ,d tys gq,iRFkj ij ,d yach mtyh Nk;k gSfoLiQksV osQ le; dksbZogk[kM+k jgk gksxk vkSjfoLiQks V ls fc[kjs gq , jsfM;e&kehZinkFkZ dh fdj.ks a mles a #4 gks xbZ gksaxhtksvkl&ikl ls vkxs cqylk fn;k] tks ml O;fDRk ij vVdhamUgksaus mls Hkki cukdj mM+ k fn;k gks xkA bl izdkj lew ph Vs tMh tS ls iRFkj ijfy[kh xbZA

4- can gks xbZ] iQl xbZ


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45

eSa D;ksafy[krk gw\

5- mRiUu

ml Nk;k dks ns[kdj tSls ,d FkIiM+&lk yxkA voko~Q bfrgkl tSls Hkhrj dghalglk ,d tyrs gq , lw;Z&lk mx vk;k vkSj Mwc x;kA eS a dgwfd ml {k.k esav.kq&foLiQksV esjs vuqHkwfr&izR;{k esavk x;k,d vFkZ esaEkSa Lo;a fgjksf'kek osQ foLiQksVdk HkksDrk cu x;kA

blh esals og foo'krk tkxhA Hkhrj dh vkoqQyrk cqf osQ {ks=k ls c


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oQfrdk

46

lu~1959 esaizdkf'krvjh vks d#.kk izHkke;dkO;&laxzg esa ladfyr vKs; dh fgjksf'kekdfork ;gknh tk jgh gS

fgjksf'kek

,d fnu lglklwjt fudykvjs f{kfrt ij ugha]uxj osQ pkSd %/wi cjlhij varfj{k ls ugha]

iQVh feV~Vh ls ANk;k, ekuo&tu dhfn'kkghulc vksj iM+haog lwjtugha mxk Fkk iwjc esa] ogcjlk lglkchpksa&chp uxj osQ %dky&lw;ZosQ jFk osQifg;ksaosQ T;ksa vjs VwV djfc[kj x, gksanlksafn'kk esaA

oqQN {k.k dk og mn;&vLr!osQoy ,d izTofyr {k.k dhn'; lks[k ysus okyh nksigjhAfiQj\Nk;k, ekuo&tu dhugha feVhayach gks&gks dj %ekuo gh lc Hkki gks x,ANk;k,rks vHkh fy[kh gSa>qyls gq, iRFkjksaijmtM+h lM+dksadh xp ijA

ekuo dk jpk gqvk lwjtekuo dks Hkki cukdj lks[k x;kAiRFkj ij fy[kh gqbZ;gtyh gqbZNk;kekuo dh lk[kh gSA


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ys[kd ifjp; ys[kd ifjp; ys[kd ifjp; ys[kd ifjp; ys[kd ifjp;

f'koiwtu lgk;f'koiwtu lgk; dk tUe lu~ 1893 esa xko muokl] fkyk Hkkstiq j (fcgkj) esagqvkA muosQ cpiu dkuke HkksykukFk FkkA nloha dh ijh{kk ikl djus osQckn mUgksaus cukjl dh vnkyr es a udyuohl dhukSdjh dhA ckn es a os gnh osQ v;kid cu x,Avlg;ksx vkanksyu osQ izHkko ls mUgksaus ljdkjh ukSdjh ls R;kxi=k ns fn;kA f'koiwtu lgk; vius

le; osQ ys[kdksa es a cgqr yksdfiz; vkS j lEekfurO;fDr FksA mUgksaustkxj.k]fgeky;]ek/qjh]ckydvkfn dbZizfrf"Br if=kdkvksa dklaiknu fd;kA blosQ lkFk gh os gnh dh izfrf"Br if=kdkerokykosQ laiknd&eaMyes a FksA lu~ 1963 esamudk nsgkar gks x;kA

os eq[;r% x| os Q ys[kd FksAnsgkrh nqfu;k]xzke lq/kj]os fnu os yksx]Lefr'ks"kvkfn mudh ntZu Hkj x|&fr;k izdkf'kr gqbZgSaAf'koiwtu jpukoyhosQ pkj [kaMksa essa mudh laiw.kZ jpuk, iz dkf'kr gSaA mudh Hkk"kk es a yks dthou vkSjyksdlaLfr osQ izlax lgt gh fey tkrs gSaA


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ys[kd&ifjp;

f'koizlkn feJ ^#*f'koizlkn feJ ^#nz* dk tUe lu~ 1911 esadk'kh esagqvkA mudh f'k{kk dk'kh osQ gfj'panz dkWyst] DohaldkWyst ,oa dk'kh fganwfo'ofo|ky; ls gqbZA #nz th usLowQy ,oafo'ofo|ky; eas v;kiu dk;Zfd;k vkSjdbZif=kdkvks a dk laiknu Hkh fd;kA cgqHkk"kkfon~ #nz th ,d lkFk gh miU;kldkj] ukVddkj] xhrdkj]O;aX;dkj] i=kdkj vkSj fp=kdkj FksA

mudh izeq[k jpuk, gSa cgrh xaxk]lqfprkp(miU;kl)]rky ryS;k] xkfydk] ijh{kk iphlh

(xhr ,oaO;aX; xhr laxzg)A mudh vusd laikfnr jpuk, dk'kh ukxjh izpkfj.kh lHkk}kjk izdkf'kr gqbgSaA os lHkk osQ iz/kuea=kh in ij Hkh jgsA lu~ 1970 esamudk nsgkargks x;kA

#nz th viuh tUeHkw fe dk'kh osQ iz fr vkthou fu"Bkoku jgs vkS j mudh ;ghfu"Bk muosQ lkfgR; esaO;Dr gqbZgS] fo'ks"kdj mudh vuqie frcgrh xaxkesaAcgrh xaxkdks oqQN fo}ku miU;kl ekurs gSa rks oqQN mls dgkuh&laxzg Hkh ekurs gSaA

vKs;lfPpnkuan ghjkuan okRL;k;u ^vKs;* dk tUe lu~1911 esam-izos Q nsofj;k ftys os Q dfl;k (oq Q'khuxj) bykos Q esagqvkA izkja fHkd f'k{kk tEew&d'ehj esagqbZvkS j ch-,l-lh-ykgkS j ls dhA oz Qkafrdkjh vkanksyu esaHkkx ysus os Q dkj.kvKs; dks tsy Hkh tkuk iM+kA

lkfgR; ,oa i=kdkfjrk dks iw.kZr% lefiZ r vKs; usns'k&fons'k dh vusd ;k=kk,dhaA mUgksaus dbZukSdfj;k dha

vkSj NksM+haA vkkknh osQ ckn dh gnh dfork ij vKs; dk O;kid izHkko gSA dfork os Q vykok mUgksaus dgkuh] miU;kl] ;k=kk&o kkar] fuca/]vkykspuk vkfn vusd fo/kvks a esa Hkh ys[ku fd;k gSA


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mudh izeq[k jpuk,gSaHkXunwr]prk]vjh vks d#.kk izHkke;]ba/uq jkSansgq, ;s]vkxu osQ ikj }kj(dkO;&laxzg)]'ks[kj % ,d thouh]unh osQ }hi(miU;kl)]foiFkxk]'kj.kkFkhZ] t;nksy(dgkuh&laxzg)]f=k'kaoqQ]vkReusin (fucak)]vjs ;k;koj jgsxk ;kn (;k=kk&okkar)A vKs; }kjk laikfnrrkj lIrdlfgr pkjlIrdksa dk ledkyhu gnh dfork osQ bfrgkl esaegoiw.kZ LFkku gSA lkfgR; vdknseh,oaKkuihBiqjLdkj lfgr vKs; dks vusd jk"Vh;&varjkZ"Vh; iqjLdkjksa ls Hkh iqjLoQrfd;k x;kA lu~1987 esamudk nsgkolku gks x;kA

ckSfdrk dh Nki vKs; osQ laiw.kZys[ku esa feyrh gSA muosQ ys[ku osQ ewy esaoS;fDrdrk dh igpku dh leL;k gSA


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NCERT- Hindi Kritika - Class X