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COMPARISON OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN
PLASTIC MODIFIED BITUMEN AND NORMAL BITUMEN
Nazurah Zahidah Binti Umar Baki
Bachelor of Engineering with Honours
(Civil Engineering)
2010
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
R13a
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS
Judul:
COMPARISON OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN PLASTIC MODIFIED
BITUMEN AND NORMAL BITUMEN
SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010
Saya NAZURAH ZAHIDAH BINTI UMAR BAKI
(HURUF BESAR)
mengaku membenarkan tesis * ini disimpan di Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hakmilik Universiti Malaysia Sarawak.
2. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk
tujuan pengajian sahaja.
3. Membuat pendigitan untuk membangunkan Pangkalan Data Kandungan Tempatan.
4. Pusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini
sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi pengajian tinggi.
5. ** Sila tandakan ( ) di kotak yang berkenaan
SULIT (Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau kepentingan
Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA RAHSIA RASMI 1972).
TERHAD (Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh organisasi/
badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan).
TIDAK TERHAD
Disahkan oleh
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
Alamat tetap: 168 KAMPUNG BAKO
93050 KUCHING, SARAWAK MR LARRY SILAS
Nama Penyelia
Tarikh: Tarikh:
CATATAN * Tesis dimaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, Sarjana dan Sarjana Muda.
** Jika tesis ini SULIT atau TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisasi
berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai
SULIT dan TERHAD.
The following Final Year Project Report:
Title : COMPARISON OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN
PLASTIC MODIFIED BITUMEN AND NORMAL BITUMEN
Name : NAZURAH ZAHIDAH BINTI UMAR BAKI
Matric No. : 16797
has been read and approved by:
__________________________________ _____________
LARRY SILAS Date
Project Supervisor
COMPARISON OF RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES BETWEEN PLASTIC
MODIFIED BITUMEN AND NORMAL BITUMEN
NAZURAH ZAHIDAH BINTI UMAR BAKI
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the awards of the degree of Bachelor Degree with Honours
(Civil Engineering)
2010
Faculty of Engineering
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SARAWAK
2010
i
To my beloved father and mother
ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
In this page of acknowledgment, firstly I thank Allah for a smooth and
successful process of preparing this report. Secondly, I am grateful to my beloved
parent for their continuous and faithful support and understanding in my busyness in
completing this report.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Mr. Larry Silas for
his patience and kind guidance throughout the period of laboratory work and report
writing. Without the attention and dedicated guidance from my supervisor, this report
would not be successfully completed.
A special thank to Mr. Saiful, the technical staff member of the Highway
Laboratory at UNIMAS for his guidance, collaboration and assistance while carrying
out my laboratory work. A very thankful to my partner in laboratory work Azizah,
Henritta Ramus and Tan Kok Chuan for the help and information.
Million words of thanks for my best friend Melissa, Muhaizila, Norpatimah, Nur
Ain, Suhaila and Sharifah Azmin for their concern and support all the way and their
views and tips.
iii
ABSTRAK
Peningkatan jumlah sampah di Malaysia, per kapita menghasilkan 0.45 sehingga
1.44 kg/hari telah menjadi satu masalah yang serius. Pembakaran plastik bukanlah
penyelesa kepada masalah ini, bahkan ia telah menghasilkan satu masalah baru seperti
pencemaran udara. Pembakaran plastik menghasilkan dioksida yang secara lansung
menyumbangkan kepada penipisan lapisan ozon. Sejak 1995, program mengitar semula
plastik telah diperkenalkan di Amerika Syarikat. Bagaimanapun, program mengitar
semula plastik terbukti sukar untuk dilaksanakan. Masalah terbesar dengan pengitaran
semula plastik adalah ia sangat sukar untuk diagihkan secara automatik.
Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji ciri-ciri rheologi bitumen yang telah
diubahsuai. Plastik digunakan sebagai bahan tambah dalam bitumen. Dalam masa yang
sama, jumlah sampah dapat dikurangkan. Terdapat tiga jenis kajian yang dilakukan,
ujian terhadap kesan haba dan udara, ujian penusukan dan ujian titik lembut. Daripada
ujian kesan haba dan udara, jisim yang hilang untuk 10% plastik bitumen adalah tinggi.
Ujian penusukan, penusukan unit berkurang dengan pertambahan peratusan plastik.
Manakala dalam ujian titik lembut pula, titik lembut bertambah dengan pertambahan
iv
peratusan plastik. Daripada ujian penusukan dan ujian titik lembut, pensukan indek
boleh ditentukan. Penusukan indek adalah bertambah dengan pertambahan peratusan
plastik. Bitumen asli, 1% dan 2% plastik bitumen adalah jenis bitumen penurapan biasa
manakala 3% sehingga 8% plastik bitumen adalah jenis bitumen letup.
v
ABSTRACT
Increasing of the solid waste in Malaysia, the per capita generation from 0.45 to
1.44 kg/day becomes a serious problem. Plastic incineration will not solve the
increasing waste problem, but produce other problem such as air pollution. Burning
plastics disposal may create dioxin and directly contribute to the depletion of the ozone
layer. Since 1995 the plastic recycling programs were introduce in United State.
Unfortunately, the recycling of plastic has been proven difficult to be carried out. The
biggest problem with plastic recycling is that is difficult to automate the sorting of
plastic waste.
This study is to determine the rheological properties of modified bitumen. The
plastic is used as an additive in the bitumen. In the same time, the solid waste can be
reducing. There are three types of test, Rolling Thin Film Oven Test, Penetration Test
and Softening Test. From the RTFO test, the mass loss of the unmodified 10% plastic is
high. The penetration test, penetration unit is decrease with the increasing of the
percentage of the plastic. While in the softening test, the softening point is increasing
with the increasing of the percentage of the plastic. From the penetration unit and the
vi
softening point, the penetration index can be determined. The penetration index is
increasing with the increasing of the percentage of plastic. The unmodified bitumen, 1%
and 2% of modified bitumen is the conventional paving bitumen type while the 3% to
8% of modified bitumen is blow bitumen type.
vii
LIST OF TABLES
FIGURE DESCRIPTIONS PAGE
Table 2.1 Comparison of Selected Physical Properties 14
Table 2.2 Illustrative Comparison of Selected Single-ply
membranes Relative To A Built-up Roofing
Membrane
17
Table 3.1 Percentage of Plastic and Bitumen Weight 39
Table 3.2 Typical Value of Penetration Index 47
Table 4.1 Mass Loss of The RTFO Test 56
Table 4.2 Result of Penetration Test 58
Table 4.3 Result of Softening Point Test 61
Table 4.4 PI Value 73
viii
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE DESCRIPTIONS PAGE
Figure 3.1 Methodology Flow Chart 37
Figure 3.2 Rolling Thin Film Oven 41
Figure 3.3 Glass Bottle 42
Figure 3.4 Glass Bottle Before and After The Test 44
Figure 3.5 Penetration Test 49
Figure 3.6 Ring and Ball for Softening Test 50
Figure 3.7 Softening Test Procedure 53
Figure 4.1 Graft of The Mass Loss vs Percentage of
Plastic in Bitumen
57
Figure 4.2 Graft of The Penetration vs Percentage of
Plastic in Bitumen
59
Figure 4.3 The Temperature and Time For The Softening
Test vs Percentage of Plastic in Bitumen
62
Figure 4.4 PI For Unmodified Bitumen 64
ix
FIGURE DESCRIPTIONS PAGE
Figure 4.5 PI For 1% Modified Bitumen 65
Figure 4.6 PI For 2% Modified Bitumen 66
Figure 4.7 PI For 3% Modified Bitumen 67
Figure 4.8 PI For 4% Modified Bitumen 68
Figure 4.9 PI For 5% Modified Bitumen 69
Figure 4.10 PI For 6% Modified Bitumen 70
Figure 4.11 PI For 7% Modified Bitumen 71
Figure 4.12 PI For 8% Modified Bitumen 72
Figure 4.13 The PI Value vs Percentage of Plastic in
Bitumen
74
Figure 4.14 Comparison Between The Penetration and
Softening Test
75
x
ABBREVIATION
AASHTO American Association of Standard Highway and Transportation Official
APP Atactic Polypropylene
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BBR Bending Beam Rheometer
BC Bituminous Concrete
CBc Commercial Carbon Black
CBp Pyrolytic Carbon Black
CR30 Crumb Rubber modified bitumen with antioxidant
DSR Dynamic Shear Rheometer
MAH Maleic Anhydride
MSV Marshall Stability Value
xi
PAV Pressure Aging Vessel
PI Penetration Index
PMB Polymer Modified Bitumen
PVC Polyvinyl Chloride
RTFO Rolling Thin Film Oven
SAH Siccinic Anhydride
SBS Styrene Butadiene Styrene Copolymer
SHRP Strategic Highway Research Program
VT Viscosity Test
WCp Wood-derived Charcoal
TABLE OF CONTENT
Acknowledgment
Abstrak
Abstract
List of Table
List of Figure
Abbreviation
Pages
ii
iii
v
vii
viii
x
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 General 1
1.2 Problem of Statement 3
1.3 Objective 6
1.4 Scope of Study
6
Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) Test 9
2.3 Penetration Test 10
2.4 Softening Point Test 11
2.5 Advantages of Modified Bitumen in Roofing
2.5.1 Improved Quality Assurance 12
2.5.2 Improved Physical Properties 12
2.5.3 Successful Performance Experience 15
2.5.4 Similarity With Additional Low-Slope Roofing 15
2.5.5 Cost Advantages 16
2.5.6 Greater Versatility in Substrate Configuration 18
2.6 Limitation of Modified Bitumen 18
2.6.1 Lack of Composition Standard 19
2.6.2 Necessity for Quality Control 19
2.6.3 Application Precaution 20
2.6.4 Usage Restriction 21
2.6.5 Lack of Established Performance Criteria 21
2.6.6 Limitation Service Experience 22
2.7 Advantages of Asphalt Shingles 23
2.8 Previous Research
2.8.1 Effect of Aging on Viscoelastic Performance of
Asphalt Binder
24
2.8.2 Utilization of Waste Plastic Bag in Bituminous Mix for
Improved Performance of Road
25
2.8.3 Modified Technique for Construction of Flexible
Pavement
27
2.8.4 Crum-Rubber Modified Bitumen Containing
Antioxidant
29
2.8.5 Use of Softwood Bark Charcoal as a Modified for
Road Bitumen
32
Chapter 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 36
3.2 Flowchart 37
3.3 Percentage of Plastic Bitumen 38
3.4 Rolling Thin Film Oven (RTFO) 40
3.4.1 Test Equipment 40
3.4.2 Specimen Preparation 42
3.4.3 Overview of Procedure 43
3.4.4 Data Presentation 44
3.5 Penetration of Bitumen Material 45
3.5.1 Objective 46
3.5.2 Background 46
3.5.3 Summary of Test Method (ASTM,1998) 48
3.5.4 Procedure
48
3.6 Softening Test 49
3.6.1 Background 50
3.6.2 Summary of Test Method (ASTM,1998) 52
3.6.3 Overview Procedure 52
3.6.4 Result 54
Chapter 4 RESULT, ANALYSIS & DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Rolling Thin Film Oven Test 56
4.3 Penetration Test 57
4.4 Softening Test 59
4.5 The PI Value 62
4.6 Summary of Penetration and Softening Test 74
4.7 Discussion
75
Chapter 5 CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 77
5.2 Recommendation
79
References 80
Appendix 83
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Bitumen is a viscoelastic material that is characterize by a certain level of
rigidity of an elastic solid, but at the same time, flows and dissipates energy by
frictional losses as a various fluid (Mohamed et al). Bitumen can be defined as an
amorphous, black or dark-coloured (solid, semi-solid or viscous) cementitious
substance, composed principally of high molecular weight hydrocarbons and soluble in
carbon disulfide (Goetz and Wood, 1960).
2
Bituminous materials include primarily asphalts and tars (Tia). Bituminous
material is generally used to denote substances in which bitumen is present or from
which it can be derived (Geotz and Wood, 1960). Bitumen widely used as an adhesive
material in pavement mixtures, surface dressing, bridge deck water proofing, overlays
and the protection of buildings because asphalt is strong, readily adhesive, highly
waterproof and durable (Whiteoak, 1990).
Bitumen is a basic material in road construction and sometimes use in the roof
construction. It plays a large role in the requirement quality of the mixture. This
material undergoes many stages such as manufacturing process, transport, storage and
the treated in the construction of road. It is also a key of factor in extending the life span
of the road from 20 to 30 years. Viscosity is defined as the resistance flow. As the
viscosity decreases, a sample will flow more readily under the same condition of the
temperature and load. Asphalt binder cannot sustain a load without showing time-
dependent deformation known as creep.
Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semi-
synthetic organic amorphous solid materials that suitable for the manufacture of
industrial products. Plastic are typically polymers of high molecular weight and may
contain other substances to improve performance and to reduce the costs. Plastic can be
cast, pressed or extruded into an enormous variety of shape such as film, fibers, plates,
tubes, bottles and boxes.
3
There are two types of plastic, thermoplastic and thermosets. Thermoplastic will
soften and melt if enough heat is applied while the thermosets do not soften or melt no
matter how much heat is applied. The type of the plastic that used in this study is
thermoplastic. Plastic can be classified by their chemical structure, namely the
molecular units that make up the polymer’s backbone and side chains. Plastic also can
be classified by the chemical process used in their synthesis. The other classifications
are based on the qualities that are relevant for manufacturing or product design.
1.2 Problem of statement
In our country, the pollution is one of the serious problems. This is because of
the less awareness of the public in the important taking care of the cleanliness. One of
the reasons the pollution occur is less termination validity area. In Malaysia, the per
capita generation of solid waste varies from 0.45 to 1.44 kg/day depending on the
economic status of an area. The per capita generation rate is about 1 kg/day (Penang,
2001).
Since 1950, one billion tons of plastic has been discharge and may persist for
hundreds or even thousands of years (Weisman, 2007). In some cases, burning plastic
can release toxic fumes. Burning plastic Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) may create dioxin
4
(Oregon Environmental Council). The manufacturing of plastic often creates large
quantity of chemical pollutants. The production of the polystyrene contributed to the
depletion of the ozone layer.
By 1995, the plastic recycling programs were common in the United State also
in our country. Thermoplastics can be re-melted and reused. The thermoset plastics can
be ground up and used as filler though the purity of the material tends to degrade with
each reused cycle. To assist the recycling of disposable items, the Plastic Institute of the
Society of the Plastic Industry devised to mark plastic bottles by plastic type.
Unfortunately, recycling plastic has proven difficult. The biggest problem with
plastic recycling is that it is difficult to automate the sorting of plastic waste and so it is
labour intensive. Typically, worker sort the plastic by looking at the resin identification
code, though common containers. Other recyclable materials such as metals are easier
to process mechanically. The new mechanical sorting processes are being utilized to
increase plasticity recycling capacity and efficiency. Recycling certain types of plastics
can be unprofitable as well. The un-recycled waste, the typically disposed of landfills
incinerated or used to produce electricity at waste-to-energy plants.
From the research (Aslam and Shahan-ur-Rahman, 2009) the use of the plastic
materials such as carry bags, cups is constantly increasing. The consumption of plastics
