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NAVY EFFORTS TO SUPPORT BIODIESEL

USE AT DOD FACILITIES

Bruce Holden P.E.

Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center

Code 423, Port Hueneme, CA 93043

Voice: 805-982-6050 Fax: 805-982-1409

bruce.holden@navy.mil

2

Outline

• Biodiesel basics.• Environmental Security Technology Certification Program

(ESTCP) biodiesel emissions test program.• Naval Facilities Engineering Service Center’s biodiesel production project.

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WHAT IS BIODIESEL?

• A replacement for petroleum A replacement for petroleum diesel fuel.diesel fuel.• Derived from recycled and Derived from recycled and virgin vegetable oils andvirgin vegetable oils and and animal fatsand animal fats• Nontoxic & biodegradableNontoxic & biodegradable• Designated Alternative Fuel Designated Alternative Fuel under EPACTunder EPACT• Registered as a fuel & fuel Registered as a fuel & fuel additive with USEPAadditive with USEPA• Specification set by Specification set by ASTM 6751ASTM 6751

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BIODIESEL CHARACTERISTICS

• Higher cetaneHigher cetane• Better lubricityBetter lubricity• Reduces emissions & toxicityReduces emissions & toxicity• Blends easily with petroleum Blends easily with petroleum dieseldiesel• Can be run neat or in blendsCan be run neat or in blends• Minimal infrastructure changesMinimal infrastructure changes

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U.S. GOVERNMENT USE OF BIODIESEL

U.S. Government B20 Biodiesel Use (gallons):

FY98 FY99 FY00 FY01 FY02

8,989 107,560 477,985 1,104,6291,892,391

FY02 FY03 FY04

Dept. of Air Force 506,621 600,8972,890,529

Dept. of Navy 24,256 5,926 167,943

Marine Corps 275,952 709,3611,030,954

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BIODIESEL COMPLIANCE ISSUES

• Supports Executive Order (EO) 13149, “Greening the Government through Federal Fleet and Transportation Efficiency,”. This EO requires that federal fleets reduce petroleum consumption by 20%.

• Supports EO 13148 “Greening the Government through Leadership in Environmental Management”.

• Supports Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) program. For every 450 gallons of biodiesel fuel used on vehicles weighing more that 8,500 pounds, one AFV credit is earned. Each credit has a value between $2,500 and $20,000. This represents the addition cost to purchase an AFV.

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BIODIESEL PARTICULATION MATTER EMISSIONS (EPA REPORT)

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OBJECTIVES OF BIODIESEL EMISSIONS TEST PROGRAM

• Obtain criteria pollutant and HAP emissions data for DoD diesel engines fueled with various biodiesel fuels.

• Provide emissions data for DoD facility air emissions modeling efforts.

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PROJECT PLAN

• Test yellow-grease and soybean oil based biodiesel. Results will be compared to ULSD/JP-8.• Evaluate fuel additives.• Focus the Demonstration Plan on obtaining emissions data not currently available in the technical literature.• Test 8 vehicles and 2 portable/stationary engines.• Use EPA-approved duty-cycles and test procedures.• Use emissions test facilities operated by the University of California, Riverside (UCR), U.S. Army Aberdeen Test Center, and the DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory.

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TEST CYCLE/FUEL MATRIX

Item No.

Test Location

Application Description

Engine Make/Model

Model Year

Fuel Type/ Fuel

Additive

Test Cycle/Load

Regulated Emissions

HC & PM Charact-erization

NREL

None

1

UCR Mobile Lab

Thomas Bus

Cummins 5.9L

2002

ULSD B20 (soy) 49 State EPA No. 2 Diesel

Actual Use CBD

All

B20 (soy) No.2 Diesel

2 UCR HMMWV (Humvee)

GM 6.5L Model A2

2004 ULSD JP-8 B20 (YGA) B50 (YGA) B70 (YGA) B100 (YGA) B20 (soy) B100 (YGA) + Additive 1 B100 (YGA) + Additive 2

FTP, US06 All ULSD JP-8 B20 (YGA) B50 (YGA) B100 (YGA) B20(soy) FTP Modes Only

3 ATC

Harlan Aircraft Tug

Cummins C6 3.9L Engine family XCEXL0239AAA

1999 ULSD B20 (YGA)

In-use

CO, HC, NOx

None

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TEST CYCLE/FUEL MATRIX

Item No.

Test Location

Application Description

Engine Make/Model

Model Year

Fuel Type/ Fuel

Additive

Test Cycle/Load

Regulated Emissions

HC & PM Charact-erization

4

UCR

Stake Truck, Ford F Series

Cummins 5.9L – 175HP

1993 ULSD B20 (YGA) B20 (soy)

8-mode All ALL

5 UCR Tractor, Ford L-9000

Caterpillar 3406C

1992 ULSD B20 (YGA) B20 (YGB) B100 (YGA) 49 State EPA No. 2 Diesel

8-mode All

All

6 ATC

Hyster 65 Forklift Model H65XM

Perkins 2.6L - 55HP Engine family 1PKXL02.6UB1

2001 ULSD B20 (soy)

In-use HC, CO, NOx

None

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TEST CYCLE/FUEL MATRIX

Item No.

Test Location

Application Description

Engine Make/Model

Model Year

Fuel Type/ Fuel

Additive

Test Cycle/Load

Regulated Emissions

HC & PM Charact-erization

7

UCR

Ford F-350 Pickup

Navistar 7.3 L

1999

ULSD B20 (YGA)

FTP US06

All

All

8 UCR

Thomas Bus

CAT 3126, 330 HP

2000 Engine1999

ULSD B20 (YGA) B20 (soy)

8-Mode All All

9 UCR Portable 80 KW Generator

Kamatzu SA60125E-2

2000 ULSD B20 (YGA) B100 (YGA)

5-Mode All ULSD B100 (YGA) 75% Power Mode Only

10 UCR 60 KW Tactical Generator

Lippy MEP-806A

1995 ULSD JP-8 B20 (YGA)

5-Mode All None

Notes:

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PROJECT STATUS

• Satisfactorily completed all of the testing.• Most of the data for regulated emissions is available. HC and PM speciation results are being processed. • Project report will be issued in January 2006.

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NREL HEAVY-DUTY LABORATORY

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UCR MOBILE TEST VAN

Connector to exhaust pipe

Above: Mobile Trailer Laboratory

Left: Trailer laboratory interior, looking forward. Connector at the front captures emissions as the truck pulls the trailer.

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UCR TEST OF STAKE TRUCK

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TESTING RESULTS

•

UCR - Chassis AVL 8 Mode Results Ford F700 Stakebed Truck

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

NMHC*10 CO*5 NOx PM*50

Em

issi

ons

(g/w

hp-h

r)

ULSDB20 - YGBB20 - Soy

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UCR TEST OF HUMVEE

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TESTING RESULTS

UCR - FTP Emissions Results 2004 Humvee

-1.0

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

THC*100 CO*5 NOx PM/25

FT

P E

mis

sion

Rat

e (g

/mi)

ULSD

B20 - YGA

B50 - YGA

B70 - YGA

CO increase 17-28%

THC increase 75-100%

PM decrease 28% for B50

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ATC TEST OF TOW TUG

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TESTING RESULTS

ATC - Aircraft Tow Emissions Results

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

THC*10 CO NOx

Em

issi

ons

(pp

m)

ULSD

B20 - YGA

20% decrease

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OBJECTIVES OF NAVY BIODIESEL PRODUCTION PROJECT

• Optimize the economical production of biodiesel by optimizing the chemical conversion process. • Develop capability to perform ASTM biodiesel testing at Naval Base Ventura County (Port Hueneme).• Develop a standard design for biodiesel production facilities to be located at DoD activities. Design plant to be compatible with any virgin or used vegetable oil starting material. • Form partnership between Navy, National Park Service, Biodiesel Industries, Inc., and County of Ventura to promote biodiesel and other bio-based products. Enter into CRADA with Biodiesel Industries to optimize the production process.

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PRODUCING BIODIESEL

• Esterfication to produce biodiesel fuel: Methanol + Vegetable Oil = Glycerol + Biodiesel Base

3CH3OH + R3 -(C6H5O6) (C3H8O3) + 3R- (COOCH3)

All of the reaction products can be sold/used–Biodiesel is used as fuel–Glycerol is sold as soap, cosmetics, etc.–Wash water to remove acids/base from product can be used as gray water for irrigation.

•Biodiesel production processes typically use a batch reactor. The process runs at near ambient temperature and pressure.

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PORT HUENEME BIODIESEL INDUSTRIES BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FACILITY

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BIODIESEL KINETICS STUDY

• The first step is to find the optimal catalyst concentration.

• Reaction parameters: 100 mL crude cottonseed oil 25 mL methanolX g catalyst (= NaOH)

• Reaction Container: 250 mL round bottom flask1” magnetic stir bar

• Stir at speed where a definite vortex appears, to ensure good mixing (CSTR).

• Run reaction for 90 minutes at 60oC (Isothermal).

Condenser

250 mL RB Flask

Oil Bath

Heater with T Controller

Thermometer

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BIODIESEL KINETICS STUDY (Gas Chromatography)

• The biodiesel portion of product mixture is prepared for GC analysis.

• The GC looks for mass% of free and bound glycerin, monoG, diG, and triG. (“G” = glycerides)

• If the produced biodiesel fails to meet the specs, try running the reaction at different concentration of NaOH.

• Repeat until the specs are met.

Computer (Analysis)

Gas Tanks

GC Instrument (Data)

Samples

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BIODIESEL INDUSTRIES COMMERCIAL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FACILITY

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OUTSTANDING ISSUES

• The YGA test fuel was late in being producedfailed NFESC: Project management, provide fuels and fuel testing, participate in field testing. (Bruce Holden)

• UC Riverside (UCR): Assist with DEM/VAL plan and conduct testing. (Dr. Wayne Miller)