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Nature of ScienceNature of Science
Science Science
Facts and ideas developed by scientists and the methods used by scientists to gain information.
A process of making observations and asking questions about those observations.
Scientists gain knowledge through study and investigation.
Facts and ideas developed by scientists and the methods used by scientists to gain information.
A process of making observations and asking questions about those observations.
Scientists gain knowledge through study and investigation.
ObservationsObservationsData
recorded observations or any information acquired through experimentation
Types of Observations Qualitative
involves a description of the quality by using your senses
Quantitative involves the use of instruments; results are
measureable; must include a number
Data recorded observations or any information acquired through experimentation
Types of Observations Qualitative
involves a description of the quality by using your senses
Quantitative involves the use of instruments; results are
measureable; must include a number
Quantitative or Qualitative ?
Quantitative or Qualitative ?
1. It is about _____ centimeters in diameter.
2. The flame begins about 1-cm above the top of the candle.
3. The flame is a shade of blue at its base.
4. The length decreased during the observation period.
5. Immediately around the wick in a region about 1-cm wide andextending about 1-cm above the top of the wick, the flame is dark.
6. The amount of decrease was about _____ centimeters per half hour.
7. This dark region is roughly conical in shape.
8. The candle is translucent.
9. It is white (or yellow, etc.).
10. The flame has sharply defined sides but a ragged top.
1. It is about _____ centimeters in diameter.
2. The flame begins about 1-cm above the top of the candle.
3. The flame is a shade of blue at its base.
4. The length decreased during the observation period.
5. Immediately around the wick in a region about 1-cm wide andextending about 1-cm above the top of the wick, the flame is dark.
6. The amount of decrease was about _____ centimeters per half hour.
7. This dark region is roughly conical in shape.
8. The candle is translucent.
9. It is white (or yellow, etc.).
10. The flame has sharply defined sides but a ragged top.
Scientific Method
Series of steps used to answer questions and solve problems
Traditional Steps of the Scientific Method
Identify the problem
Gather information
Make a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis by experimentation
Observe, Record Observations (Data)
Conclusion
Scientific Method
Series of steps used to answer questions and solve problems
Traditional Steps of the Scientific Method
Identify the problem
Gather information
Make a hypothesis
Test the hypothesis by experimentation
Observe, Record Observations (Data)
Conclusion
Scientific Investigation Scientific Investigation
Scientific InvestigationScientific Investigation
Scientific investigations do not always proceed from
one step of the scientific method to the next.
Sometimes steps are
skipped
and sometimes they are
repeated.
Scientific investigations do not always proceed from
one step of the scientific method to the next.
Sometimes steps are
skipped
and sometimes they are
repeated.
Experimental DesignExperimental Design
Variable• a factor; item in an experiment which when changed causes the results of the experiment to change
Independent variable
factor that is purposefully changed by the experimenter Dependent variable
factor that responds, therefore it is what is measured Controlled variable
constant; factor(s) that are kept the same
throughout the experiment
Variable• a factor; item in an experiment which when changed causes the results of the experiment to change
Independent variable
factor that is purposefully changed by the experimenter Dependent variable
factor that responds, therefore it is what is measured Controlled variable
constant; factor(s) that are kept the same
throughout the experiment
Experimental Design Experimental Design Testing Groups
Experimental Group
the test group where all conditions, except the independent variable,are kept the same
Control Group
the test group that is used as a standard for comparison; doesn’t include the independent variable
Sam wished to investigate how fertilizer run-off affects the growth of algae in freshwater lakes and streams. He set his experiment up in this way. He placed 900 mL of water into each of five 1000 mL glass beakers. To each beaker he added 5 mL of water from an aquarium which contained a large concentration of algae. The beakers were placed under a grow light which was timed to provide 12 hours of light each day. Liquid fertilizer was added to the beakers in the following amounts: beaker 1 – no fertilizer, beaker 2 – 2 mL of fertilizer, beaker 3 – 4 mL of fertilizer, beaker 4 – 6 mL of fertilizer, beaker 5 – 8 mL of fertilizer. Each week a random sample from each of the beakers was examined under a microscope to get a count of the number of algae cells present.
Sam wished to investigate how fertilizer run-off affects the growth of algae in freshwater lakes and streams. He set his experiment up in this way. He placed 900 mL of water into each of five 1000 mL glass beakers. To each beaker he added 5 mL of water from an aquarium which contained a large concentration of algae. The beakers were placed under a grow light which was timed to provide 12 hours of light each day. Liquid fertilizer was added to the beakers in the following amounts: beaker 1 – no fertilizer, beaker 2 – 2 mL of fertilizer, beaker 3 – 4 mL of fertilizer, beaker 4 – 6 mL of fertilizer, beaker 5 – 8 mL of fertilizer. Each week a random sample from each of the beakers was examined under a microscope to get a count of the number of algae cells present.
ExampleExample
Dependent Variable number of algae cells
Independent Variableamount of fertilizer
Experimental Groupbeakers with fertilizer
(beakers #2-5)
Control Groupbeaker without fertilizer
( beaker #1)
Controlled Variables 900 mL of water 5 mL of aquarium water grow light for 12 hours 1000 mL glass beakers
Dependent Variable number of algae cells
Independent Variableamount of fertilizer
Experimental Groupbeakers with fertilizer
(beakers #2-5)
Control Groupbeaker without fertilizer
( beaker #1)
Controlled Variables 900 mL of water 5 mL of aquarium water grow light for 12 hours 1000 mL glass beakers
Stephanie conducted an experiment to determine if the color of a maze would affect the time it took for a mouse to run through it. She constructed 5 identical mazes of plywood. She painted them white, yellow, red, blue and green. She purchased 10 young mice at a local pet store. She ran 2 mice through each maze until the mice could run it twice without making an error, she then compare the number of runs it took the mice in each color to learn it
Stephanie conducted an experiment to determine if the color of a maze would affect the time it took for a mouse to run through it. She constructed 5 identical mazes of plywood. She painted them white, yellow, red, blue and green. She purchased 10 young mice at a local pet store. She ran 2 mice through each maze until the mice could run it twice without making an error, she then compare the number of runs it took the mice in each color to learn it
ExampleExample
Dependent Variable
number of runs to learn maze
Independent Variablecolor of maze
Experimental Groupmice running in
colored maze
Control Groupmice running in
white maze
Controlled Variables age of mice maze design
Dependent Variable
number of runs to learn maze
Independent Variablecolor of maze
Experimental Groupmice running in
colored maze
Control Groupmice running in
white maze
Controlled Variables age of mice maze design
Researches want to determine the best temperature for storing batteries. Describe the following variables you need to consider when
performing the experiment.
Independent VariableStorage Temperature
Dependent Variablehours of use after storage
2 Controlled Variablessame type of batterysame expiration datesame moisture (environment)
Researches want to determine the best temperature for storing batteries. Describe the following variables you need to consider when
performing the experiment.
Independent VariableStorage Temperature
Dependent Variablehours of use after storage
2 Controlled Variablessame type of batterysame expiration datesame moisture (environment)
ExampleExample
ExampleExample
Your friend has to plan an experiment for a science fair. He asks for your help.His topic is “ The Strongest Cloth for Backpacks”.
Describe the following variables you need to consider when performing the
experiment.
Independent Variabletype of fabric
Dependent Variablehow long fabric can carry heavy load without
tearing
3 Controlled Variablessize of fabricinitial condition of the fabricload used
Your friend has to plan an experiment for a science fair. He asks for your help.His topic is “ The Strongest Cloth for Backpacks”.
Describe the following variables you need to consider when performing the
experiment.
Independent Variabletype of fabric
Dependent Variablehow long fabric can carry heavy load without
tearing
3 Controlled Variablessize of fabricinitial condition of the fabricload used
ExampleExample
Larry was told that a certain muscle cream was the newest thing onthe market and claims to double a person’s muscle power when used as part of a muscle-building workout. Interested in this product, he buys the special muscle cream and recruits Patrick andSpongeBob to help him with an experiment. Larry develops a specal marshmellow weight-lifting program forPatrick and SpongeBob. He meets with them once every day for a period of 2 weeks and keeps track of their results. Before each session Patrick’s arms and back are lathered in the muscle cream, while SpongeBob’s arms and back are lathered with the regular lotion.
Larry was told that a certain muscle cream was the newest thing onthe market and claims to double a person’s muscle power when used as part of a muscle-building workout. Interested in this product, he buys the special muscle cream and recruits Patrick andSpongeBob to help him with an experiment. Larry develops a specal marshmellow weight-lifting program forPatrick and SpongeBob. He meets with them once every day for a period of 2 weeks and keeps track of their results. Before each session Patrick’s arms and back are lathered in the muscle cream, while SpongeBob’s arms and back are lathered with the regular lotion.
Control Group
SpongeBob
Independent VariableMuscle Cream
Dependent VariableAmount of Marshmellows lifted ( Strength)
Controlled VariablesSame amount of creamCream applied to same area
ConclusionSince both improved their results, it doesn’t appear that the claims for the special cream are true. If cliams were correct, twe should have seen Particks a mont double, but not SpongeBob’s. Improvement were likely due to the workout itself and not the cream
Control Group
SpongeBob
Independent VariableMuscle Cream
Dependent VariableAmount of Marshmellows lifted ( Strength)
Controlled VariablesSame amount of creamCream applied to same area
ConclusionSince both improved their results, it doesn’t appear that the claims for the special cream are true. If cliams were correct, twe should have seen Particks a mont double, but not SpongeBob’s. Improvement were likely due to the workout itself and not the cream
TimePatrick
SpongeBob
Initial Amt.
18 5
After 1 Wk
24 9
After 2 Wks
33 17
Scientific ModelsScientific Models
representation of an object or system that make concepts easier to understand
can represent things to small to see or too large to observe directly
can be used to test hypothesis and illustrate theories
representation of an object or system that make concepts easier to understand
can represent things to small to see or too large to observe directly
can be used to test hypothesis and illustrate theories
Science Lab Reports Science Lab Reports
A formal lab report should be typed, have page numbers, and contain all of the following information in the following order. Every student is expected to write his or her own report. You are encouraged to discuss the experiment , analysis and interpretation with your classmates but you are expected to turn in original work. If any portion of your report is plagiarized from another student, book or website, you are guilty of academic misconduct.
Take pride in your work.
A formal lab report should be typed, have page numbers, and contain all of the following information in the following order. Every student is expected to write his or her own report. You are encouraged to discuss the experiment , analysis and interpretation with your classmates but you are expected to turn in original work. If any portion of your report is plagiarized from another student, book or website, you are guilty of academic misconduct.
Take pride in your work.
Title Page title should relate to the basic concept involved in the lab activity
be creative - don’t use your problem statement
graphic relating to lab is required
name, class period and date are required
Problem states very precisely what you want to know written as a question must include independent and dependent variable
Title Page title should relate to the basic concept involved in the lab activity
be creative - don’t use your problem statement
graphic relating to lab is required
name, class period and date are required
Problem states very precisely what you want to know written as a question must include independent and dependent variable
Science Lab Reports Science Lab Reports
Science Lab Reports Science Lab Reports
Hypothesis prediction of how your experiment will come out
educated guess based on knowledge & research you have done prior to experiment
expresses relationships between variables
only valid if testable and supported by evidence
written as an “ If……,then……. because…...” statement
Materials list, in columns, all equipment and quantities needed for experiment
Hypothesis prediction of how your experiment will come out
educated guess based on knowledge & research you have done prior to experiment
expresses relationships between variables
only valid if testable and supported by evidence
written as an “ If……,then……. because…...” statement
Materials list, in columns, all equipment and quantities needed for experiment
Procedure logical, numerical listing of each step needed to conduct experiment
needs to be clear and precise so anyone could repeat experiment without difficulty
should include illustrations with labels to help clarify set-up and/or a particular step
good grammar, spelling & communication skills are important
First step should read: Gather materials
Last step should read: Clean up and complete lab report
Data Organized presentation of what you have observed
Quantitative Observations - charts/tables with labels and title(s)
Qualitative Observations - paragraph format and/or photos with captions
Procedure logical, numerical listing of each step needed to conduct experiment
needs to be clear and precise so anyone could repeat experiment without difficulty
should include illustrations with labels to help clarify set-up and/or a particular step
good grammar, spelling & communication skills are important
First step should read: Gather materials
Last step should read: Clean up and complete lab report
Data Organized presentation of what you have observed
Quantitative Observations - charts/tables with labels and title(s)
Qualitative Observations - paragraph format and/or photos with captions
Science Lab Reports Science Lab Reports
Data Presentation Graphs
Independent Variable: placed on horizontal / “x” axis; given info; purposefully changed factor
Dependent Variable: placed on vertical / “y” axis; info obtained during the experiment; response to independent variable
should accommodate at least 75% of paper
title should include the independent & dependent variable and appear in the upper part of the graph
legends (keys) should be within the body of graph and displayed in a box
axes are labeled with variable and units as follows: variable(units)
consistent intervals used in numbering, or an appropriate sign is used to indicate a break
numbers are neatly written and spaced appropriately and logically
everything (text and numbers), but not actually graph, are done in pen
Data Presentation Graphs
Independent Variable: placed on horizontal / “x” axis; given info; purposefully changed factor
Dependent Variable: placed on vertical / “y” axis; info obtained during the experiment; response to independent variable
should accommodate at least 75% of paper
title should include the independent & dependent variable and appear in the upper part of the graph
legends (keys) should be within the body of graph and displayed in a box
axes are labeled with variable and units as follows: variable(units)
consistent intervals used in numbering, or an appropriate sign is used to indicate a break
numbers are neatly written and spaced appropriately and logically
everything (text and numbers), but not actually graph, are done in pen
Science Lab Reports Science Lab Reports
Conclusion
Well written, 3 paragraph minimum, which should incorporate any
teacher generated questions, summarizing findings
Paragraph 1: Analysis of Hypothesis restate problem and answer it based on experimental findings state whether hypothesis was supported or rejected present quantitative findings that either support or reject hypothesis
Paragraph 2: Limitations and Weakness of your Procedure evaluate the procedure that you used (equipment, materials, methods) describe possible sources of error and modifications for improvement
Paragraph 3: Interpretations of the Data, Conclusion & Ideas for Further Study
explain patterns and trends in the data
explain results using scientific reasoning & knowledge
describe other experiments or extensions of the lab that you feel would be useful to explore the concept further
Conclusion
Well written, 3 paragraph minimum, which should incorporate any
teacher generated questions, summarizing findings
Paragraph 1: Analysis of Hypothesis restate problem and answer it based on experimental findings state whether hypothesis was supported or rejected present quantitative findings that either support or reject hypothesis
Paragraph 2: Limitations and Weakness of your Procedure evaluate the procedure that you used (equipment, materials, methods) describe possible sources of error and modifications for improvement
Paragraph 3: Interpretations of the Data, Conclusion & Ideas for Further Study
explain patterns and trends in the data
explain results using scientific reasoning & knowledge
describe other experiments or extensions of the lab that you feel would be useful to explore the concept further
Science Lab Reports Science Lab Reports