Nature of Diplomacy

7/29/2019 Nature of Diplomacy

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Nature of Diplomacy

Agung Nurwijoyo


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International Understanding

International Relations

International Politics

Foreign Policy

Negara A Negara B

Negara A Negara B

DMP DMP

DMP= Decision MakingProcess

Negara A Negara B

DMP DMP

DMP= Decision Making

Process


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INTEREST

VALUEKEBIJAKAN

LUAR

NEGERI

1. POLITIK

2. EKONOMI

3. MILITER

a. Diplomasi

b. Propaganda

a. Kartel

b. Perjanjian

c. Dumping

d. Sanksi

Ekonomi

a. Koersi

b. Perang

Kekuatan Formula Tindakan

General Concept


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Diplomasi #1

Making and Execution of Foreign Policy Business of Communicating between

Government

(J. Frankel, 1988)

As the Process of Representation and

Negotiation by which state customarilydeal with one another in term of peace

(Padleford and Lincoln, 1966)

It is an application of tact and intelligencein international policies throughnegotiation, persuasion and compromise*

(Prakash Chandra)

*) also by threats of force

Konferensi Asia Afrika 1955


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Diplomats is the eyes and ears of his government

Function of a Diplomats:

1. Representationsymbolic, legal, political2. Negotiationthe pursuit of a agreement by

compromise and direct personal contact

3. Reportingrequired to keep their governmentposted with development in the accreditedstates

4. Protection of the interests of the nation and its

citizens in foreign landslook after nat.interest as intepreted by policy makers andaccording to treaties and principle of intl. law


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The Origins of Modern Diplomacy

Art of Diplomacy awal lebih orientasi kepada intl.lawYunani Kuno dan Roman Empire

Abad pertengahanPeran Representasi di Italia.Mod.diplomacy as an organised profession.

Peran diplomat yang makin terstandar tapiperkembangan

New Diplomacy berkembang di era informasi dannegara bangsaconference

New Diplomacy refers to Open Diplomacy


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Nature of Diplomacy

The Speed of Communication

efek:policy maker becoming their own diplomats

Development of alliance system

Increasing importance of public opinion in foreignmatters

Application of the principle of liberal democracy toconduct of foreign relations

Minor factor: the growing sense of the community of

nations and the major role of super powers in the fieldof world diplomacy who are new comers without anydiplomatic tradition


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Various Form of New Diplomacy

Democratic and Open: Treaty, Covenant

Totalitarian: espionage/intelligence activity bydiplomats (World War and Cold War)

Conference Personal Diplomacy: exp. Yalta Conf, Postdam

Conf, KAA 1955, GNB 1961

New Dimensions:economic, cultural, military besides politicaldiplomacy


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Public Opinion Open Diplomacy, ciri:

1. No Secret Agreement

2. Negotiation should be in the open

Diplomacy by Conference UN

Diplomacy with Rival Bloc or Limit Common Interests(J. Frankel, 1988)

Old Diplomacy

New Diplomacy

1. Democratic and Open Diplomacy

2. Totalitarian Diplomacy3. Diplomacy by Conference

4. Summit or Personal Diplomacy

(Chandra, 1979)


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Negosiasi #1

Macam:

FORMAL

(an exchange of notes)

INFORMAL

(personal or unofficialcontacts)

Objective

Memperolehpersetujuan dari negara

lain tentang hal-hal yang

terdapat dalam

kepentingan nasional


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Negosiasi #2

Basic Technique:

1. Persuasi

2. Kompromis

Bila pihak yang bernegosiasi bersikap bermusuhan /saling sungkan, maka diperlukan pihak ke-3 sebagai:

1. Mediasi a. Menawarkan tempat;

b. Membawa kedua belah pihak bersama

c. Ybs ambil bagian1. Konsiliasi Ybs berpartisipasi dalam determinasi

term of settlement

2. Arbitrasi Menghasilkan keputusan hukum yangmengikat


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Propaganda #1

Berbagai usaha / percobaan sistematik untuk

mempengaruhi, pikiran, emosi, dan tindakan

dari suatu kelompok tertentu yang ditujukan

kepada publik tertentu tanpa kekerasan

(Frankel, 1988)


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Propaganda #2

!! PROPAGANDA DIPLOMASI

1. Propaganda ditujukan

kepada publik.

Diplomasi kepadapemerintah.

2. Propaganda

mementingkan diri

sendiri (suatu negara

tertentu)Kadang kala Garis pembatas antar 2

instrumen ini tidak jelas

Macam:

1. Radio Gelombang Pendek

2. Berita dan Keterangan (News & Information):A. Attractive attention

B. Positive Response

3. Big Lie Kebohongan diciptakan dan diulang-ulang secara

berulang kali


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Diplomasi dalam Islam

Didefinisikan dengan (Sistemhubungan antar negara)

Dua karakteristik diplomasi yang dipraktikkanumat Islam: (Jere L Bacharach, Medieval Islamic Civilization)

1. Pertama, pada masa awal Islam, tujuan religiusmenjadi fokus. Diplomasi adalah untukmengajak kaum di luar Islam untuk memelukIslam, beriman kepada Allah SWT dan Rasul-

Nya.2. Lebih bersifat politis. Pada masa pemerintahan

Islam banyak ekspedisi dan perluasan wilayah.


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Diplomasi dalam Islam

Islam perkenalkan konsep baru dalam Diplomasi:Transedental Diplomacy

Ad dien menjadi landasan dalam pola diplomasi

Islam Transformasi dari Materi menjadi Immateri

Ekspansi, mobilisasi, koordinasi yang dilakukanIslam dipengaruhi oleh value-addeddari ad dien

Bekerjasama dengan pihak yang mampu berikanmaslahatdan menjadi minzholah bagi dakwah

Documents

Nature of Diplomacy