Nature and Dimensions · An extensive road network (4.7 million kms) –the second largest in the world Roads carry about 65% of the freight and 85% of the passenger traffic Highways/Expressways

Road Safety ProblemNature and Dimensions

Dr. P. NANJUNDASWAMYProfessor of Civil Engineering

J S S Science and Technology UniversityS J College of Engineering

Mysuru – 570 006

Dr. P. Nanjundaswamy SJCE Mysuru January 9, 2018 2

Outline

Transportation - Introduction

Indian Highways – an overview

Problems Nature and Dimensions


Role of Transportation in Society

Transportation

is a non separable part of any society

is responsible for the development of civilizations

meets travel requirement of people and transport requirement of goods

is one of the key infrastructures of a country & considered a mark of its progress


Role of Transportation in Society . . . .

Summary

Advancement of community

Economic prosperity and general development of a country

Strategic movement in emergency

Safety, Pollution, Energy consumption

Other impacts


Modes of Transportation

Primary Modes

Roadways

Railways

Surface, Elevated, Underground (Tube), Light Rail Transit

Airways

Waterways

International Shipping, Inland water transport


Modes of Transportation . . . .

Secondary Modes

Pipe lines

Elevators

Belt conveyors

Cable cars

Ropeways

monorails


Characteristics of Transport modes

Airways

Fastest, more comfort

Waterways

Slowest

Minimum energy

Railways

Energy requirement (1/4 to 1/6 – by road)


Roadways or Highways

Maximum flexibility for travel

Route, Direction, Time and Speed

χ Safety decreases

Door to door service

Feeder system for other modes

Used by various types of vehicles

For short distance travel – saves time

Requires relatively small investment

Characteristics of Transport modes


Roadways or Highways

Indian Scenario


“…IT IS NOT WEALTH THAT BUILT THE ROADS BUT,

ROADS THAT BUILT OUR WEALTH”

- John F. Kennedy


Vehicle Population Projection


Large Highway Expansion

India is expanding its highway infrastructure by the factor 5.5 in about 7 – 10 years


Large Highway Expansion . . . .

NHDPBiggest initiative7 phases2,35,690 crores till 2015

SARDP-NE9760 km improvement

PMGSY Phase I & II


















KSHIP

KRDCL

In 2 phases

Target :

2414+ 3411 km



Road Length (km)

Expressways 2,000

National Highways 92,851

State Highways 1,63,898

Major and Other District Roads 17,05,706

Rural Roads and other Roads 27,49,805

Total 47,14,260

MORTH targets laying over 40 km of roads every day in 2016-17

Source NHAI 2016



An extensive road network (4.7 million kms) – the second largest in the world

Roads carry about 65% of the freight and 85% of the passenger traffic

Highways/Expressways constitute about 2% of all roads and carry 40% of the road traffic

The Government of India spends about Rs. 25,000 crores (US $ 4 billion) annually on road



Problems

Indian roads the most dangerous in the world


Problems . . . .

The irony is 1.46 Lakh persons are killed and 5.0 Lakh people are injured in road crashes during 2015-16

40% of the Deaths


Problems . . . .

Annual Social costs of road accidents is estimated at Rs.60,000 Crores

3% of the GDP


Problems . . . .

Pain, Sorrow & Grief is unaccountable


Problems . . . .

Heavily congested


Accidents : 2005 – 2015

Source MORTH 2016


Leading Causes of Death & Disability


Leading Causes of Death & Disability


Unabated Violations


Unabated Violations


Unabated Violations


Road Condition


Human vs Animals


Is this representing India?


Problems

Mixed Traffic conditions

No provision for segregation

About 85% of all deaths on the roads are pedestrians and cyclists not drivers

Insufficient road capacity

Most of the national highways are two lane or single lane; poorly surfaced; heavily congested; speeds in the range 30-40 kmph


The real issue is

Not Vehicle design

But Road and Road User


Some medical philosophy . . . .

Etiology Epidemiology Pathogenesis Complications Treatment Prevention

Motor Vehicle AccidentsShould be classified as a disease

Like Cancer or Stroke or . .

The term “ACCIDENT”

suggests it as an act of fate


Which is more preventable?

CANCER

OR

ROAD ACCIDENTS


It is crazy to think all crashes can be prevented …..

I know drivers who have never had an accident in

25 years…….

But …


An accident is like clapping



Road ConditionsWeather . . . .

Human Error




Human ErrorPoor judgmentLack of trainingCommon Sense

(STUPIDITY, mostly)


Can we really prevent accidents?


Human ErrorPoor judgmentLack of trainingCommon Sense

(STUPIDITY, mostly)


Can we really prevent accidents?



Who are “Vulnerable Road Users”?

>75%


How we think:

It is somebody else’s problem, not mine !!

ME


Crashes – What is the difference?


Crash with different speeds


…some high school physics

Ek = ½ m v2

High impact speed leads to greater kinetic energy transfer to human body and high severity of injury

(…the faster they go, the harder they crash)


Stopping distance


Importance of Sight Distance


Travel speed, Stopping distance and Crash impact speed


Fall from a height

6th Floor : 2nd Floor :

70 kmph35 kmph


Faster you go – Bigger the mess


Speed Kills


Lower Speed = Less chance of Killing

Vehicle Speed(Kmph)

Odds of Pedestrian Death

30 5 %

40 45 %

50 85 %


10 kmph Less will save Lives


Drop the egg

On Concrete floor

On your hand


FATALITIES IN INDIA

Pedestrian33%

Bicycle6%

MTW34%

Car7%

Bus4%

Truck11%

Unknown & other

5%

TOTAL ~ 150,000 / YEAR


FATALITIES IN INDIA

Fatalities due to accident MOTORCYCLE ~ 34% 0R

50,000 PER YEAR

HELMET EFFECTIVENESS ~ 40-50%

LIVES SAVED 20,000 – 25,000 PER YEAR

Pedestrian33%

Bicycle6%

MTW34%

Car7%

Bus4%

Truck11%

Unknown &

other5%


……Remeber

When Speed doubles

Energy quadruples


Tunnel Vision

Source: NRSPP, ARRB Group

• As speed increases, peripheral vision decreases

• Less likely to notice and react to risks (e.g. side road traffic)


Tunnel Vision . . . .








What this driver actually sees

Sensory InattentionLooking – but are you seeing

Multitasking : A Brain Drain


Multitasking Effect – Reaction Time


Distractions lead to Disaster


View through windshield

BLANK

BLANKBLANK

…….when I am really distracted

I may be seeing Stored Images from a few milliseconds ago


Facts About Alcohol and Driving


ALCOHOL’S EFFECT ON PSYCHOMOTOR SKILLS

Alcohol effects brain-hand coordination,and with cognitive skills e.g. informationprocessing (CRRI, 1971, 1979 )

BACs as low as 0.02% can impair a driver'sability to divide his or her attentionbetween two or more tasks (Moskowitz, H.et al, 1990;Mundt, J.C. et al, 1993)


ALCOHOL’S EFFECT . . . .Interfere with voluntary eye movements, impairing the eye's ability to rapidly track a moving target (Busloff, S.E., 1993 )

Significant impairment in steering ability may begin as low as approximately 0.035 percent BAC and rises as BAC increases (Linnoila, M. et al 1980)

BACs of more than 0.05 percent significantly diminish reaction time and information processing capacity.


Drink and Drive


It is possible to contain this menace

There is hope……

But..



Trends in Road Traffic Fatality Rates in Developed Countries


History of Road Safety in Japan

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Fata

litie

s (p

eo

ple

)

Road traffic acts

were legislatedBasic law on road safetywas legislated

5 years program for road safety

Rapid economic growth “Traffic war”

Fatalities


Example of Road safety measures


0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

Year

Ro

ad

De

ath

s (

19

70

=1

)

NZ

Norway

UK

NSW

Sweden

Victoria

1970

1987

2000

1990

1995

New Zealand started later than other countries but achieved a rapid decrease in road traffic death rates


Initiative by MORTH India


Our Road Safety evolution


The Safe System model

• Safe roads and roadsides

• Safe speeds

• Safe vehicles

• Safe road use

• Post crash

Solutions can be found across all pillars

Pillars


Road traffic fatality trends – successful countries

Decline starts around 1970s – true for other sectors also

Change in approach: safety a systems issue – much less focus on “human failure”


Why a Safe System?


Why a Safe System?


Why a Safe System?


Risk Mitigation and Incremental Road Safety

(A Basic Case Study)

ICT Pvt. Ltd.

1. Sharp curvature on high embankment2. Pond on outer edge3. No delineation and warning signage4. No edge protection

Mini-case study of mitigation(ack. Prof.P.Sikdar)

96

High Medium Low

Fatal

Major injury

Minor injury

Freq

Severity

ICT Pvt. Ltd. 97

1. Sharp curvature on high embankment2. Pond on outer edge3. Delineation (edge lines), warning sign,

and chevrons4. No edge protection

98

High Medium Low

Fatal

Major injury

Minor injury

Freq

Severity

1. Sharp curvature on high embankment2. Pond on outer edge3. Delineation (edge lines), warning sign,

and chevrons4. Crash barrier on the outer edge

99

High Medium Low

Fatal

Major injury

Minor injury

Freq

Severity


Safe systems approach

The road should

WARN road users of any possible hazards

INFORM road users of the type of unexpected conditions that are likely to be encountered

GUIDE road users through sections of a route with sometimes unexpected conditions

CONTROL road users through conflict points or areas of conflict

FORGIVE errant vehicles and behaviour of road users involved


Safe systems approach

A safe road environment provides

No surprises

Controlled release of relevant information

Repeated pertinent information


School Zones

Kind, Compassionate and Nice


How many people do you think are killed on our roads each year?


What do you think the goal for road fatalities should be?


How many members of your family would you be willing to lose in a

road crash?

N O N E


There’s no one someone won’t miss


Everyone is having a family



Every road usermust be safe……..

Our Aim…


Let the journey on safe road begin!

Thank [email protected]

+91 94492 64365

S J College of EngineeringJSS Science and Technology University

Documents

Nature and Dimensions · An extensive road network (4.7 million kms) –the second largest in the world Roads carry about 65% of the freight and 85% of the passenger traffic Highways/Expressways