NATURAL RESOURCES STD IX

Choose the right answer:-

1 A byproduct of the coal among the following is

a Nitrogen b coke

c graphite d Diamond

2 An extinct animal among the following is

a A tiger b Bison

C Woolly mammoth d Mongoose

3 In contour farming the field is ploughed __________ to the slope of the field

a Parallel b Right angle

c Diagonal d None of the above

4 Chipko movement was started by

a Salumarada thimmakka b Sunderlal bahuguna

c Medha patkar d Suresh Heblikar

II Answer the following questions

1 List out the main byproducts of coal and their uses.

A The main byproducts of coal and their uses are as follows:-

I) Coke .

Uses:- a) Used as fuel.

b)To produce carbondioxide and soda water.

II) Coaltar .

Uses:- a) Used to obtain insecticides and wood preservatives.

b)Used in insulation, storage batteries and form disinfectants.

III) Sulphur .

Uses:- a)Used to prepare sulphuric acid and paint pigments.

IV)Ammonia

Uses:- a) Uses to prepare fertilizers and food preservatives.

2 How do you conserve soil?

Ans) a) Maintenance of soil fertility: The fertility can be maintained by adding

manure and fertilizers regularly as well as by rotation of crops.

b) Reforestation: - Planting of trees and vegetation reduces soil erosion by

both , water and wind.

C) Terracing:- Flat fields with bunds are made on slopes by constructing steps

in order to prevent soil erosion.

d) Contour ploughing:- Ploughing at transverse direction to the slope allows

the furrows to trap water and check soil erosion by rain water.

3) How are the wild animals protected?

A) 1) Establishing biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries.

2) Afforestation, reforestation, social forestry, community forestry.

3) Special schemes for preservation of endangered species.

4) Improvement of natural habitats of wildlife.

4) Give suggestions to conserve fossil fuels.

Use public transport, try cycling or walking to your destination.

Use solar panels.

Try not to use much plastic.

Follow 3Rs’ (reduce, Recycle, Reuse)

Switch off lights when not in use.

Influence others to follow eco-friendly lifestyles.

5) What is ‘Vanamahotsava’?

A) The Government has made plans to grow more trees. Vanamahotsava is

celebrated every year to plant more trees.

6) Differentiate between Afforestation and Reforestation?

A) Afforestation:- Planting of more trees is called afforestation.

Reforestation:-

7) What will happen if,

a) We go on cutting trees:- If we go on cutting trees then it leads to global

warming as well as it leads to soil erosion.

b) The habitat of an animal is disturbed:- It leads to extinction of that particular

species.

c) The top layer of soil is exposed:- Then the soil will loses its fertility.

III) Match the following:-

Column A Column B

1) Rain water harvesting a) conservation of water

2) Contour ploughing b) Prevent soil erosion

3) Solar panels c) prevent fossil fuels

4) Vanamahotsava d) Plant more trees

IV) Fill up the blanks:-

1) Soil loses its fertility mainly due to soil erosion.

2) An organic material consisting of decayed vegetable or animal matter which

provides nutrients to plants is called vermicompost.

3) Expansion of WWF World wide fund.

4) Biodiversity is essential for maintenance of Wild life.

FOOD

I) Choose the correct answer:-

1) The sunshine vitamin is vitamin D.

2) The internal factor that spoils the food among the following is enzymatic

activity.

3) Destroying the microbes by heat treatment is pasteurization.

4) Nutritional marasmus is caused due to the deficiency of proteins.

II) Fill in the blanks:-

1) The explanation of AGMARK is agricultural marketing .

2) The adulterant present in honey is jaggery syrup and sugar syrup .

3) The major vitamin in citrus fruits is vitamin c.

4) The adulterant responsible for dropsy is argemone oil .

5) The deficiency of iodine in food leads to a disorder called simple goiter .

III) Match the following:-

A B

1) Turmeric powder a) Metanil yellow

2) Red chilli powder b) Coloured saw

dust

3) Pepper seeds C) Dried papaya

seeds

4) mustard d) Ragi seeds

IV) Answer the following questions:-

1) What is malnutrition?

A) Absence of nutrients in food is generally known as malnutrition.

2) An apple kept in a moist place gets spoiled in a few days. Why?

A) An apple kept in a moist place gets spoilt in a few days because moisture

encourages the growth of microorganisms which in turn spoil the food.

3) Explain the role of salt and vinegar in preserving food.

A) Salt and sugar minimize the moisture content of food.

4) What is food adulteration?

A) The process of lowering the nutritive value of food is called food

adulteration. It may be by removing a vital component or by adding substance

of inferior quality.

5) Explain a simple test to identify adulteration in

a) Turmeric powder:- Take a small quantity of turmeric powder in a test tube

and mix with water. Add a few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid. If the

solution turns purple then we can conclude that the turmeric powder is

adulterated with metanil yellow.

b) Salt:- Add a tea spoon of common salt into a glass tumbler containing water.

Salt dissolves and sand or grit if present settles at the bottom of the tumbler.

c) Coffee powder:- Sprinkle one or two pinches of coffee powder over water in

a container. Coffee powder floats. If it is adulterated with tamarind seed

powder, the adulterant will sink.

d) Ghee:- Take 5ml of molten ghee in a test tube. Add equal quantity of

concentrated hydrochloric acid and stir with a glass rod. After five minutes if

crimson red colour appears in the lower layer having ghee then it indicates the

presence of vanaspati.

6) Name the quality control agencies. Explain their role in preventing food

adulteration.

A) ISI, Indian Standard Institution:- It mainly deals with the development of

technical standards, product quality and management system certifications

and consumer affairs.

AGMARK , Agricultural Marketing:- It is used to certify the food products for

quality control. It is commonly deals with adulteration – prone commodities

such as butter, ghee, vegetable oils, honey.

FPO , Fruit products order:- This helps quality production, packaging,

inspection as well as monitoring of production and exports of processed fruits

and vegetables.

7) List the specific symptoms of the following deficiency disorders:-

a) Kwashiorkor:- i) Retarded growth

ii) Swelling of abdomen, legs and feet.

iii) Discolouration of skin and hair

iv)Mental retardation

v) May lead to death

b) Night blindness:-I) unable to see in dim light.

II) Dryness of eyes.

c) Rickets:- I) Poor growth

II) Bow legs and defective ribs, teeth and skull

d) Simple goiter:- I) Enlarged throat due swelling of thyroid glands

II) Affected metabolism.

CLASSIFICATION OF LIVING ORGANISMS

I) Choose the correct answer:-

1) Bacteria belong to monera .

2) Which of the following kingdoms exclusively included animals metazoa.

3) Name an animal phylum whose members are exclusively marine in habitat

echinodermata.

4) Chitinous cuticle is an exoskeleton in molluscs .

5) Which of the following worms does not live as a parasite earthworm .

6) In which animal group is the body diploblastic coelentrata.

II) Fill in the blanks with suitable words:-

1) The body cavity in roundworms is unsegmented .

2) The only group of invertebrates which fly is Arthropoda .

3) The exoskeleton in members of the phylum Mollusca is calcerous shell.

4) If the body of an animal can be cut into two equal parts in only one

plane passing through the centre, it is bilateral .

5) Mushroom belongs to the kingdom Mycota.

6) The nucleus is not bound by a membrane in the members of the

kingdom Monera.

7) Earthworms are called farmer’s friends because they turn the deep soil

and bring it to the surface.

8) The protozoan parasite plasmodium causes malaria .

9) The body wall of sponges contain needle like calcareous exoskeleton

called spicules .

10) The body cavity of arthropods is filled with blood and is known as

_haemocoel.

II) Match the following:-

Animal Locomotion structure

1) Parapodia a) Nereis

2) Tube feet b) Starfish

3) Flagellum c) Euglena

4) Pseudopodia d) Amoeba

Kingdom Example

1) Plantae a) Moss

2) Protista b) Paramecium

3) Mycota c) Yeast

4) Animalia d) Sponge

5) Monera e) Bacteria

III) Answer the following:-

1) Of the Five kingdoms , Which is the most primitive one ?

A) Of the five kingdoms , Monera is the most primitive one.

2) Name the three primary germ layers of a triploblastic animal ?

A) The primary germ layers of a triploblastic animal are outer ectoderm ,

inner endoderm, middle mesoderm.

3) What is radial symmetry?

A) Radial symmetry means that the body of an animal can be cut into two

equal parts in any plane passing through the centre.

4) What are gemmules?

A) In sponges reproduction takes place by both sexual and asexual

reproduction . asexual reproduction takes place by external buds or by

internal buds called gemmules.

5) What is metameric segmentation ?

A) The internal segments of the body in Annelids is known as metameric

segmentation.

6) Name the kingdom whose members cannot manufacture food by

photosynthesis?

A) Members of the kingdom Animalia cannot manufacture food by

photosynthesis.

7) Name two insects which are useful to us by their products.

A) Honey bee prepares honey and silk moth produces silk is useful to us by

their products.

8) Name two animal phyla which posses open type of circulatory system.

A) Arthropoda and Mollusca are the two phylum in which the open type of

circulatory system is seen.

9) Name the two animal phyla which exhibit radial symmetry.

A) Echinodermata and Coelentrata are the two animal phyla which exhibit

radial symmetry.

10) Name the two disease causing bacteria and the disease they cause.

A) Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes Tuberculosis and Salmonella typhi

causes typhoid .

THE WORLD OF MICROBES

I) Choose the correct answer:-

1) These are decomposers bacteria and fungi.

2) One of the statements is false all the above.

3) Mangoes as big as pumpkin can be obtained by genetic engineering.

4) Charcoal is used in purifying water as charcoal is porous.

5) Rearing of earthworms is known as vermiculture.

II) Answer the following Questions:-

1) Explain the role of microbes in maintaining ecological balance.

A) Microbes help in recycling of nutrients like carbon and nitrogen and other

elements in nature which maintains ecological balance.

2) Microbes are our friends too. Explain.

A) I) Microbes are our friend they help us in decomposing organic matter.

II) Maintains the fertility of the soil.

III) Helps in pharmaceutical industry.

IV) Helps in water treatment.

V) Helps in sewage treatment.

VI) Used in leather industry.

3) Explain genetic engineering.

A) The technique of effecting desirable changes in the genetic material (DNA)

of an organism is known as genetic engineering. By this technique, it is possible

to separate the desirable or useful gene from a cell and introduce it into

another cell where the gene can undergo further replication.

4) Environmentalists argue that genetic engineering is not only a boon but also

a bane. Explain.

A) Environmentalists argue that genetic engineering is not only a boon but also

a bane because as genetic engineering involves recombinant DNA technology

which means the changes occur in genes, the hereditary units which mean the

changes are permanent.

BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLES

I) The right answer:-

1 The of nutrients from the exchange pool to the reservoir pool in an

ecosystem is called fixation.

2Fixation of carbon dioxide occurs by photosynthesis.

3 The algae bringing about nitrogen fixation is nostoc .

4 The conversion of ammonia into nitrates is nitrification .

II) Fill in the blanks

1 Oxygen fixation in an ecosystem occurs by respiration .

2 A cyclic movement of nutrients in an ecosystem is biogeochemical cycle .

3 A bacterium that converts ammonium salts into nitrites is nitrosomonas .

4 A major component of smoke emitted from vehicle is carbon monoxide .

III) Answer the following question

1 What are biogeochemical cycles ? Menton the two types .

A The cyclic movement of nutrients in the ecosystem is termed as

biogeochemical cycle . Its two types are :-

a) Gaseous cycle

b) Sedimentary cycle

2 Explain the role of Rhizobium in nitrogen fixation .

A Rhizobium takes shelter in root nodules of leguminous plants . They absorb

atmospheric nitrogen and convert into nitrates , which is used by plants for

biosynthesis of plants .

3 Narrate two examples for interaction and interdependence of plants and

animals.

I Animals through respiration supply a part of carbon dioxide required for

photosynthesis.

Iii Pollination and dispersal of fruits and seeds are carried out by insects , birds

and animals.

Iii Herbivorous animals directly consume plants from which they obtain all

nutrients .

4 Explain the role of oxygen cycle in an ecosystem?

A Oxygen is an essential nutrient for all living beings . It is required for bringing

about oxidation of sugars to release energy . Oxygen is available in a free

molecular form as gaseous oxygen . It is present in the dissolved state in water

bodies and in combined form like carbon dioxide and water .

5 Schematically represent water cycle .

Referee page no 108 of science text book.

Iv ) Write differences between the following:-

1 Fixation and recycling

A Fixation :- The movement or entry of a nutrient from reservoir pool to the

exchange pool is called fixation .

Recycling:- The return of the nutrients from exchange pool to the reservoir

pool is called recycling .

2 Reservoir pool and exchange pool

A Reservoir pool:- i) It is that part of the cycle where the movement of

chemical is very slow .

Ii) It involves non living components like atmosphere , hydrosphere and the

lithosphere.

Exchange pool :- It is that part of cycle where the movement of material is

rapid.

Ii) It involves the living organisms of the biosphere like microbes plants and

animals.

3 Nitrification and Denitrification

A Nitrification :- The process of conversion of ammonia and its salts into

nitrates and nitrites is called nitrification .

Denitrification:- The process of conversion of nitrates in the soil into free

gaseous nitrogen is denitrification.

4 Natural fixation and artificial fixation in nitrogen

A Natural fixation :- Conversion of free gaseous nitrogen is the atmosphere

into useful compounds of nitrogen is nitrogen fixation.

Artificial fixation :- Artificial fixation is the combining of atmospheric nitrogen

with gaseous hydrogen to form ammonia.

5 Biological fixation and electrochemical fixation of nitrogen

A Biological fixation :- This is brought about by cyanobacteria like rhizobium.

II) These absorb atmospheric nitrogen and convert into nitrates which is used

by the plants.

Electrochemical fixation :- During lightning atmospheric nitrogen combines

with oxygen to form oxides of nitrogen which dissolve in rain to form dilute

nitric acid which comes down with rain water , reacts with metal ions forming

nitrates which are absorbed by plants

Excretion in animals

I) Choose the correct answer:-

1) Excretion means removal of nitrogenous wastes generated in the body.

2) The excretory organs of cockroach are called malpighian tubules .

3) The structural and functional units of excretion in humans are

nephrons.

II) Fill up the blanks

1) The excretory products of human beings are in the form of urea.

2) Uric acid is a nitrogenous waste product which is non- toxic and

insoluble in water.

3) Excretion in amoeba occurs by diffusion .

4) Patients whose kidneys have become non- functional undergo dialysis

treatment.

III) Match the following

Organ Elimination

1 Skin Sweat

2 Lungs Carbon dioxide

3 Kidneys Urine

4 Intestine Undigested food

IV) Answer the following

1) What is meant by gout?

A) It is the condition where blood builds up excessive amounts of uric acid

which the kidney is unable to process properly. It is insoluble in water

and it settles in the body particularly at the toe joints, resulting in joint

pain and kidney stones .

2) Name the organ where urine is temporarily stored in humans.

A) Urinary bladder is the organ where the urine is temporarily stored in

humans.

3) Mention the three steps of urine formation in human beings.

A) The three steps of urine formation in human beings are

I) Glomerular filtration

II) Selective reabsorption

III) Tubular secretion.

4) Name the duct which transports urine from the kidney to urinary bladder.

A) Ureters transports urine from the kidney to urinary bladder.

5) Why does cockroach excrete nitrogenous wastes in the form of uric acid?

A) Water is not easily available for cockroach. Hence the wastes are

eliminated in the form of uric acid which is non poisonous and insoluble in

water.

6) Draw a labeled Diagram of human excretory system.

A) Refer to the diagram of page no 119 of science text book.

LIFE PROCESSES

Choose the answer:-

1) Chamber of the human heart which receives oxygen rich blood is left

auricle .

2) Blood component which provides immunity is WBC .

3) Plant tissue which transports water is xylem .

4) Transport of materials in amoeba is by diffusion and osmosis .

II) Answer the following:-

1) What is the need for transport system?

A) Transport system is needed to transport materials to all the cells of the

body. so, that the cells can function properly.

2) Explain transport system of cockroach.

A) Transport system of cockroach:-

Cockroach is an invertebrate . cockroach has a chambered heart. Its

blood is colourless as it does not contain haemoglobin. There are no blood

vessels to circulate blood. Exchange of gases takes place through diffusion.

3) Differentiate between open and closed type of circulatory systems.

A) Open circulation:- In open type of circulation body does not have blood

vessels for the flow of blood .Blood flows in the body itself.

Closed circulation:- In closed circulation , the flow of the blood takes place

through the blood vessels.

4) Explain the circulation in human beings.

o In human, Oxygen rich blood enters into the left auricle from the

lungs through pulmonary vein.

o This oxygen rich blood enters the left ventricle through bicuspid

valve.

o Left ventricle constricts as a result oxygen rich blood is pumped

out of the heart.

o The oxygen rich blood reaches the cells through aorta and its

branches.

o On reaching the cells, blood exchanges oxygen with that auricle

through superior and inferior venacavas.

o Carbon dioxide rich blood reaches the right ventricle through

tricuspid valve.

o Right ventricle constricts as a result carbon dioxide rich blood is

pumped out of the heart.

o This carbon dioxide blood reaches the lungs where exchange of

gases takes place.

o Thus the circulatory cycle repeats itself.

5) Draw a well labeled diagram of VS of human heart .

A) Refer to the page no 158 of science text book .

CELL DIVISION

Choose the answer:-

1) The preparatory stage of cell division is_Interphase.

2) The stage of cell division in which centromere divides is Anaphase-II

3) Meiosis plays an important role in Reproduction.

4) The stage immediately after prophase-II is Metaphase-II.

5) A cell has 46 chromosomes in it. It undergoes meiosis division. The number

of chromosomes present in daughter cell is 46.

II) Answer the following:-

1) What is cell division?

A) The process in which a mother cell divides itself into two or more daughter

cell is called cell division.

2) Explain prophase of meiosis –I.

A) The changes that take place during prophase -I are

Centrioles have changed to star shaped structures called asters.

In between the asters spindle fibers are formed.

Chromatin network has changed to chromosomes.

Paternal and maternal chromosomes have paired with each other.

The inner chromatids have exchanged their segments with each other.

Nucleolus has disappeared.

Nuclear membrane has disappeared.

3) Explain the importance of metaphase in meiosis.

In meiosis the chromosomes are arranged at the centre of

the cell.

Asters have moved to both the poles of the cell.

Spindle fibers are attached to the centromere of the

chromosome.

4) Differentiate between mitosis and meiosis.

A) Mitosis :- I) It occurs in both somatic cells and reproductive cells.

II) It occurs almost through out life in some cells.

III) Nucleus divides once.

IV) Two daughter cells are formed from each parent cell.

V) Homologous chromosomes do not pair .

Meiosis:-I) It occurs only in reproductive cells.

II) It occurs only during formation of gametes.

III) Nucleus divides twice.

IV) Four daughter cells are formed from each parent cell.

V) Homologous chromosomes undego pairing and almost always there is

crossing over.

5) Differentiate between anaphase-I and anaphase-II.

Anaphase-I :- I) Homologous chromosomes are pulled to opposite

poles of the cell.

II) In between the two sets of chromosomes interzonal fibers are

formed.

Anaphase-II:- I) Centromere of the chromosomes divides.

II) Daughter chromosomes are pulled equally to all four corners of

the cell.

REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS

I) Choose the correct answer:-

1) Reproduction in amoeba takes place by binary fission .

2) The male sexual cell is sperm.

3) The young one of a cockroach is called nymph.

4) The process of the union of an egg and a sperm is known as Fertilization.

5) Test tube baby means Egg is fertilized in a petri dish but development

takes place in the uterus.

6) During the development of cockroach the young nymph sheds its body

skin several times to grow. This process is known as Moulting.

II) Fill in the blanks:-

1) India’s first test tube baby was created by Dr. Subhash Mukhyopadhyay.

2) If a couple are unable to deliver a baby even one year after normal married

life, this condition is known as infertility.

3) When an egg is fertilized outside the body of a woman, this technique is

known as In-vitro fertilization.

4) When twins are conjoined at the time of birth they are called Siamese twins.

5 )When an egg is fertilized in a woman, it develops into a child in the Uterus.

III) Match the following

Column A Column B

1) cyst Amoeba

2) Sperm sac Cockroach

3) Fallopian tube Woman

4) Scrotum Man

IV) Answer the following:-

1) Expand IVF.

A) In vitro fertilization.

2) When does amoeba reproduce by multiple fission?

A) During unfavourable or drought conditions amoeba reproduces by another

method known as multiple fission.

3) What is the function of sperm sac in cockroach?

Sperm sac is a part of female reproductive system. During sexual reproduction

the male cockroach transfers the sperm into the sperm sacs of the female

where it is stored and used in fertilization.

4) What is metamorphosis?

A) If the larva has to grow into an adult it has to undergo a series of changers

all over the body. All such changes that occur in the so as to resemble the adult

are collectively known as metamorphosis.

5) What is ovulation?

A) The release of an egg from the ovary is known as ovulation.

6) On which day of the menstrual cycle is the ovum released?

A) Ovum is released on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle.

7) How are monozygotic twins produced?

A) Monozygotic twins develop from one ovum. To begin with, an ovum is

released from one of the ovaries in the normal process it is fertilized by a

sperm. The zygote starts dividing. When the zygote is in the 2- cell stage, due

to some unknown reasons, the two cells separate and become independent.

Each cell develops into a separate baby. In this case both the babies have

identical genetic components and hence have common features including sex.

They are said to be identical or maternal twins.

8) What is implantation?

A) After in vitro fertilization the zygote is inserted into the uterus of the

woman for development which is implantation.

9) What is the function of follicle stimulating hormone?

A) Follicle stimulating hormone helps in the growth of ovarian follicles in the

ovary. It stimulates the ovary to secrete the hormone estrogen.

10) What is gestation?

A) Gestation is the duration of pregnancy or it is the period of growth of the

foetus from conception to birth.

EVOLUTION OF LIFE

I) Choose the correct answer:-

1) Organs which are structurally different but perform similar functions

analogous organs.

2) The remains of the hard parts of organisms found buried in the earth’s crust

Fossils.

3) A living fossil among the following is Peripatus.

4) A transitional fossil connecting reptiles and birds is Archaeopteryx.

5) An egg laying mammal among the following is platypus.

6) The era in which man originated coenozoic era.

II) Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:-

1) Organs with common origin but performing different functions are called

Homologous organs.

2) The absolute time of the fossil can be accurately determined by radioactive

dating.

3) The process by which fossils turn into a stone is petrifaction.

4) A fully mummified wolly mammoth was found in Russia.

5) A species of well –established organisms which disappeared are known as

Fossil fuels.

6) Era known as the golden age of reptiles is Mesozoic era.

III) Match the following:-

Column A Column B

1) Archaeopteryx a) connecting link between reptiles and birds.

2 Peripatus b) connecting link between annelids and arthropods.

3) Lung fish c) connecting link between fishes and amphibians.

4) platypus d) connecting link between reptiles and mammals.

IV) Answer the following:-

1) Write the differences between homologous and analogous organs with two

examples for each.

A) Homologous organs:- I) Organs with common origin but performing

different functions are called homologous organs.

II) Eg:- The flippers of a whale, the forelimb of a horse.

Analogous organs:- I) Organs which are structurally different but perform

similar functions are called analogous organs.

II) Eg:- The limbs of a cockroach and the limbs of a dog.

2) What are vestigial organs? Name any two vestigial organs in man.

A) A vestigial organ is a remnant part of an organism that historically was

useful but evolutionarily is no longer needed. Vermiform appendix and the

tonsils are the two vestigial organs in man.

3) What are fossils? How are they formed?

A) Fossil:- Fossils are the remains of plants and animals that existed millions of

years ago.

An entire organism or a part of its body may have become buried in the deeper

sediments of the earth resulting in the formation of fossils.

4) Mention the three basic types of fossils.

A) The three types of fossils are :-

I) Actual fossil

II) Petrified fossil and

III) moulds and casts.

5) Describe the structure of archaeopteryx.

A) The oldest fossil Archaeopteryx (Archaeo=primitive, pteryx=wings).It was as

big as a crow. It possessed characters of both reptiles and birds. It possessed

characters of lizards such as jaws with sharp teeth and a long bony tail and

characters of birds such as wings and feathers.

6) Give two examples for living fossils.

A) Peripatus and platypus are the two living fossils.

7) Name the animal that is the connecting link between annelids and

arthropods.

A) Peripatus is the connecting link between annelids and arthropods.

8) Name the four eras and list a few plant and animal species that existed in

that era.

A) Era –a) Coenozoic era (Age of mammals)

I) Plant species : - Flowering plants, forests.

II) Animal species :- Man like apes, elephants

b) Mesozoic era (golden age of reptiles)

I) Plant species :- Gymnosperms, first oak and maple forests.

II) Animal species:- Dinosours, toothed birds.

c) Paleozoic era(age of ancient life)

I) Plant life:- Lycopods, horsepods.

II) Animal species:- mammal like reptiles, modern insects, amphibians.

d) Proterozoic era

I)plant species:- primitive aquatic plants, algae.

II) Animal species:- Marine protozoa, molluscs.