Natural Resources/ Environmental Science

Understanding the Food Chain & Natural

Selection

How do people get their names?CultureFamily traditionFamily names use the last names of

people.Last names

Could be that of its father but could be of its mother or a combination of the two.

Given names are received at birth.Is your given name the same of a

parent or grandparent?

ObjectivesDescribe scientific classification and

naming of animal wildlife.Identify life-sustaining processes in

animal wildlife.Distinguish wildlife reproductive

processes.Explain the major nutrient needs of

animal wildlife.Describe the basic habitat

requirements for wildlife species.

Terms

Anatomy Asexual

reproduction Biotic pyramid Circulatory system Class Cover Digestive system Excretory system

Family Genus Integumentary

system Invertebrates Kingdom Muscular system Nervous system Nutrient

Terms

OrderPhylum PhysiologyRespiratory

systemScientific nameSexual

reproduction

Skeletal SystemSpaceSpecies Vertebrate

What is the scientific classification and naming of animal wildlife?

Scientific classification is based on carefully obtained information about animals.

A system of taxonomy is used consistently worldwide.

Modern classification uses seven divisions or stages.

7 Divisions of Classification

Kingdom – broadest classification.All living things are classified into five

divisions: animalia, plantae, fungi, monera, and protista.

7 Divisions of Classification

Phylum—second division is classification.The three most important phyla in

studying wildlife are: chordata phylum, arthropoda phylum, and mollusca phylum.

7 Divisions of Classification

Class—the third division in classification.Some important classes in the

chordate phylum of animals are: Mammalia, Reptilia, and Aves.

7 Divisions of Classification (cont.)

Order—consists of animals that are more alike than the class.Orders are based on feeding

characteristics.

7 Divisions of Classification (cont.)

Family—made up of animals that are more alike than the orders and are often based on anatomical features of animals.

Genus—made up of very similar groups, but do not naturally breed with each other.

7 Divisions of Classification (cont.)

Species—contains very similar individuals within the same genus. They are capable of breeding with

each other, and are sometimes divided into subspecies.

Scientific Name

Every animal species has a scientific name.

Scientists use these names worldwide based on information about a species.

The scientific name of an animal is a combination of the genus and species. The genus is the first capitalized work followed by the species name.

Scientific Name

The scientific name is always written in italics or underlined.

Scientific names will not change unless information results in a new name for the species.

What are life-sustaining processes in animal wildlife?

All animals have body systems that carry out life processes.

Anatomy and physiology influence how organisms live and go about life processes.

The way functions are carried out is influenced by the form of the organ systems.

Anatomy & PhysiologyAnatomy—the study of the form,

shape, and appearance of animals.The differences are obvious to our

eyes and make it possible for each species to sustain itself in its environment.

Physiology—the study of the functions of parts of the anatomy.

Organ SystemsSkeletal System—body framework that

gives the body shape and protects the organs.Wildlife animals have skeletal systems

make of bone, cartilage, or chitin.Animals with backbones are known as

vertebrates.Animals without backbones or internal

skeletons are called invertebrates.

What are the major nutrient needs of animal wildlife?

Animals need food to live a long life and grow into healthy organisms.

Nutritious food provides nutrients.Most animal food comes from two

sources: plants and animals

Food Sources: plants & animals

Plant food material is eaten by herbivores. Herbivores are at the bottom of the

food chain.Animal food sources are eaten by

carnivores and omnivores.These animals tend to be at the

middle to the top of the food chain.

What are the basic habitat requirements for wildlife species?

They must have life requirements that must be met by their habitat in order to insure their well-being.

Habitat is the physical area in which members of a wildlife species live.Habitat supports life processes.

Basic Requirements

All organisms require food.A key component of food is energy.

The source of energy for all living things is the sun.

The biotic pyramid is a series of transfers of food energy from one organism to another.

Basic Requirements

This is a graphical way of showing a food chain.

An animal’s habitat needs to provide food year round.

Basic Requirements

Water is a basic need of life.Water determines the species of plants

that will grow in an area, and therefore determines the wildlife species that live there.

Some examples of water sources for wildlife animals are lakes, streams, rivers, and creeks.

Basic Requirements

Cover is the vegetation or other material that provides safety in a habitat.Animals use cover for nesting,

resting, protection, and escaping danger from predators.

Basic Requirements

Space is the area or territory around an organism.Space provides air, food sources,

and cover.Space requirements vary from year

to year and the quality of habitat.

Review / SummaryWhat is the scientific classification and

naming of animal wildlife?What are life-sustaining processes in

animal wildlife?What are the major nutrient needs of

animal wildlife?What are the basic habitat

requirements for wildlife species?

Reptiles

Reptiles belong to the Kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, and class Reptilia.

Reptiles are have unique features in their circulatory, reproductive, respiratory, and excretory systems.

Circulatory

Most reptiles have a

three-chambered heart The degree of mixing of

oxygenated and deoxygenated blood varies depending on the species

Circulatory

This three-chambered system is useful for more effective thermoregulation as well as longer diving times for aquatic reptiles

Some hearts act like a four-chambered heart, but are anatomically a three-chambered

Reproductive

Most reptiles reproduce sexually and lay eggs

However, some species retain the eggs until they hatch internally, making it seem like a live birth.

Respiration

All reptiles breath via lungs.Due to muscle formation, many

reptiles cannot breath when in locomotion, with the exception of some turtles like the red-eared slider

Excretory

Reptiles typically produce uric acid from the kidneys

Turtles are able to produce urea like mammals

They are unable to produce urine and so they absorb water in the colon and eliminate waste through the cloaca

Avian

Birds and reptiles are thought to have originated very close to each other

They share kingdoms and phylums, but birds are in the class Aves

Circulatory

Birds have a four-chambered heart, which allows for efficient nutrient and oxygen transport.

A Ruby-throated Hummingbird's heart beats up to 1200 times per minute (about 20 beats per second).

Reproduction

Birds have no external sex organs.The male touches his cloaca with

the female’s during mating and the female can store sperm for weeks to a year before eggs are fertilized.

Birds lay eggs. Some offspring are born and live independently while others rely on their parents.

Respiratory

Because of the high energy demand that accompanies flying, birds have developed an advance respiratory system.

Birds have air sacs that store air.These sacs then release oxygen-

rich air that mixes in the lungs with carbon dioxide.

Respiratory

Avian lungs do not have alveoli, as mammalian lungs do, but instead contain millions of tiny passages known as parabronchi.

This system allows for better diffusion of gases in the blood.

Excretory

Birds eliminate waste through the cloaca like reptiles.

Birds excrete uric acid,

a more concentrated form

of waste to reduce the

loss of water in their

system.

Mammals

Also in the kingdom Animalia, Phylum Chordata, mammals contain similar structures.

Mammals are in the class Mammalia

Circulatory

Like birds, mammals are warm blooded.

They have a four-chambered heart like birds.

Mammals have developed a more complex circulatory system than other animals

Reproductive

Mammals are divided into three “infraclasses”, monotremes, marsupials, and placentals.

With exception of five monotremes, all mammals give birth to live young.

Respiratory

Mammals have lungs like reptiles and birds, but have alveoli and a larger diaphragm (unlike birds).

Reptiles also have a diaphragm, but it works in a different way.

Excretory

Mammals digestion is vastly different and more complex than reptiles or avian species.

Mammals typically have solid waste, or feces, and watered down urea from the kidneys called urine.

Venn Diagramming

Create a Venn diagram comparing and contrasting reptile and avian systems, then avian and mammal systems, and finally reptile and mammal systems.