Natural PRIMARY Science - · PDF fileNatural Science 3 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision

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Natural ScienceTEACHER’S RESOURCE BOOK


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Natural Science 3 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Antonio Brandi Fernández.

WRITER Carmen Gutiérrez

MANAGING EDITOR Sheila Tourle

PROJECT EDITOR Geona Edwards

EDITORS Beatriz García Hipólito M.ª Antonia Oliva Pérez-Andújar

PROOFREADING Sheila Klaiber Vassilia Katte

ILLUSTRATIONS Juan Carlos Carmona, Mar Ferrero, Carlos Gallego, Jose Luis Navarro, El Ojo del Huracán, Jorge Salas, José Santos, Carolina Temprado Battad


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Introduction ...................................................................................................... III

Worksheets

Your body ........................................................................................................... 6

Your senses ....................................................................................................... 14

Food and nutrients ............................................................................................. 22

Keeping healthy ................................................................................................. 30

Animals .............................................................................................................. 38

Invertebrates ...................................................................................................... 46

Animals and people ........................................................................................... 54

Plants ................................................................................................................ 62

Animals and plants ............................................................................................. 70

Matter ................................................................................................................ 78

Materials and machines ..................................................................................... 86

Energy and the environment .............................................................................. 94

Answer key ....................................................................................................... 102

Nombre Fecha Contents

Introduction

Natural Science 3 Teacher’s Resource Book provides a wide variety of photocopiable worksheets designed to complement Natural Science 3 Student’s Book and Natural Science 3 Teacher’s Book. It is divided into 12 topics in order to cover the main concepts of both the National Curriculum and the curriculum established by the Community of Madrid.

These worksheets facilitate a flexible approach in the classroom. Students in the same class can be given different worksheets. Stronger students can expand on the material learnt in class. Weaker students can use the worksheets to revise. Alternatively, students can work together with stronger peers to complete the tasks. These worksheets can also be assigned as homework.

There are four categories of worksheets: Reinforcement, Extension, Assessment and tests, and Investigate. Answer keys are provided at the back of this book.

Worksheets

Reinforcement worksheets

There are twelve double-page Reinforcement worksheets. These worksheets are designed to provide additional support for students in need of further practice. They can be used after the relevant section in the Student’s Book, before the Final activities sections, or as extra preparation for the Unit assessment. Depending on the students, they can complete the worksheets with or without consulting their Student’s Books, in the classroom or at home, individually or in pairs.

Name Date

Food and nutrientsINVESTIGATE

1 Which foods contain fat?

Instructions

1. In pairs, select five or six different foods, for example, an apple, chips, a banana, biscuits, a carrot, bread or cheese. Cut them into pieces.

2. Cut some brown wrapping paper into five 10 cm squares.

3. Rub a piece of each food on a square until it leaves a mark. Label the squares and allow them to dry.

4. When dry, hold the squares against the light. If there is a greasy spot, the food contains fat. Measure the diameter of each grease spot with a ruler. The size of the grease spot tells us how much fat there is in the food.

5. Complete the table.

fooddiameter

of grease spotfat no fat

6. Analyse your results and answer the questions.

a. Which food leaves the biggest grease spot?

b. Which is the food with the least fat?

c. Which is the food with the most fat?

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1 Complete the sentences about healthy habits.

clean – sleep – posture – diet – exercise

a. Get enough .

b. Keep your body .

c. Do regular .

d. Eat a healthy and balanced .

e. Have good to look after your back.

2 Circle the healthy habits.

3 Read these sentences about doing exercise. Write T (true) or F (false).

a. Exercise makes you more flexible.

b. Team sports are not as healthy as individual sports.

c. Exercise makes your muscles and bones stronger.

d. By practising a team sport you learn to work in a group.

e. Swimming is not very good for your lungs and heart.

4 Match the methods of preserving foods to the definitions.

a. cooling It helps to eliminate organisms that spoil food.

b. adding preservatives You preserve food in the fridge or freezer to make it last longer.

c. heating Some substances are added to foods so they do not go off.

5 Which of these foods are fresh and which are processed? Classify.

freshprocessed

6 Write two sentences in the correct order.

hygiene

Food

is

to

prevent

illness

essential

a.

ill

make

Dirty

food

can

you

b.

7 Use the code and find out a healthy habit.

• 5 A ≈ 5 C ∩ 5 D ∪ 5 E ∼ 5 F ♣ 5 G ◊ 5 H ⊃ 5 I ⊂ 5 L ★ 5 P

♦5 M ∧ 5 N ∨ 5 O ♠ 5 R ∅ 5 S ∗ 5 T ♥ 5 U ≅ 5 V ∴ 5 W ∆ 5 Y

≈◊⊃⊂∩♠∪∧ ∧∪∪∩ ∗∨ ∅⊂∪∪★ ∗∪∧ ◊∨♥♠∅ • ∩•∆

A B C

D E F

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Name Date

Keeping healthyREINFORCEMENT REINFORCEMENT

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Name Date Name Date

Your senses Your sensesEXTENSIONEXTENSION

Sign language

People with sight and hearing disabilities use different languages to communicate with other people. Sign language is a language that many deaf people use to communicate. Braille is a system of printing for blind people.

1 Use the sign alphabet. Learn to say your name with your hands. Take turns with a partner to spell out your name.

2 Use the Braille alphabet. Punch out your name on a piece of card with the tip of a ballpoint pen. Learn to read it with your fingers. Exchange names with a partner.

Guide dogs

Guide dogs act as eyes for people who are blind. They help blind people move from one place to another. They can help a blind person cross the road, avoid obstacles or go to the shops. Guide dogs stay with their owners at all times.

Most guide dogs are Labradors or Golden Retrievers. They receive special training starting when they are puppies. Then, they are assigned to a blind person. Guide dogs wear a harness to do their job.

Guide dogs work approximately six years before they retire.

1 Write T (true) or F (false).

a. Guide dogs help people who cannot see.

b. They sometimes leave their owners alone.

c. Their harness is just for decoration.

d. All breeds of dogs can be guide dogs.

e. They have a limited working life.

2 Complete the index card about guide dogs.

Job description:

Most common breeds:

Equipment:

Years of service:

Guide dogs

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Extension worksheets

There are twenty-four Extension worksheets. These worksheets can be used for fast finishers or to expand on the material covered in class.

Investigate worksheets

There are twelve Investigate worksheets, one for each topic. These worksheets provide opportunities for students to carry out simple investigative tasks, either in the classroom or at home.

IV

Tests

There are twelve multiple-choice tests, one for each topic. These tests are to be completed once the topic has been studied. The tests provide students the opportunity to revise the main concepts of each topic and to assess the knowledge they have acquired.

Answer key

An Answer key for all the worksheets is provided at the back of this Teacher’s Resource Book.

Assessment worksheets

There are twelve double-page Assessment worksheets, one for each topic. These worksheets can be given to students once the topic has been completed, as a revision test, or to check progress at any point during the year.

Name Date

Food and nutrientsTEST

1 Carbohydrates and fats are examples of…

a. proteins. b. nutrients. c. minerals.

2 Proteins are found in…

a. meat, fish and eggs.b. fruit and vegetables.c. bread, potatoes, rice and pasta.

3 Calcium…

a. is a very important protein.b. makes up your bones and helps you to grow.c. provides your body with energy.

4 A diet that gives you the right amount of nutrients is…

a. sufficient. b. active. c. balanced.

5 Your body obtains vitamins, minerals and fibre from…

a. fruit and vegetables.b. meat, fish and pulses.c. brown sugar, oil and butter.

6 Dairy products include…

a. bread and sugar. b. milk and yoghurt. c. bacon and eggs.

7 Wholegrain foods are healthier because they…

a. contain fibre.b. are grown on special farms.c. are made with healthy oils.

8 Your daily diet should include three…

a. pieces of fruit. b. snacks. c. processed foods.

9 You should eat…

a. three meals a day. b. four meals a day. c. five meals a day.

10 Experts think the Mediterranean diet is…

a. not traditional. b. very healthy. c. too oily.

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Natural Science 3 113

Answer key

Answer key

ANIMALS AND PLANTS

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 70

1. Look and match the pictures to the areas.

A. grassland; B. forest; C. desert; D. shrubland.

2. Read and complete.

a. Trees grow in fertile soil with high humidity. Many trees together form a forest.

b. Bushes grow in places with poor soil and low humidity. An area dominated by bushes is a shrubland.

c. Grasslands are areas with long periods of drought. Trees and bushes are scarce because they need water all year round.

d. Deserts do not have much water and the soil is arid.There is little vegetation. Only plants that need little water can live in deserts.

3. Where do these animals live? Explain.

MA

Seabirds spend most of their lives over the sea. They only go to land to reproduce.

Squirrels live most of the time in trees and swing from branch to branch.

PAGE 71

4. Find and circle eight animals. Then, write.

s e a b i r d f p

x s n a k e l i s

z f w t q x i s n

s t a r f i s h a

s q u i r r e l i

o o c t o p u s l

5. Classify these marine animals.

They breathe through lungs: whales, seals, turtles.

They breathe through gills: sharks, sardines, tuna.

6. Write T (true) or F (false).

a. T; b. T; c. F; d. F; e. T; f. F.

EXTENSION

PAGE 72

1. Read the text and circle the correct word.

a. Tundras are found in the Arctic.

b. In the summer, there are 24 hours a day of sunlight.

c. The top layer of the soil is the permafrost.

d. Winter in the Arctic tundra is extremely cold.

e. Global warming is harming the Arctic tundra.

2. Search the Internet for three animal species from the Arctic tundra. Write what they eat.

OA

PAGE 73

1. Read the text and the table. Then, answer the questions.

a. the sloth; b. the cheetah; c. on land; d. in the air.

2. Find your favourite animal on the Internet.

OA

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 74

1. Write the names of these areas.

A. desert; B. shrubland; C. forest; D grassland.

2. Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

a. T; b. F; c. T; d. F; e. T.

Pines, oaks and beeches are types of trees.

Deserts are areas with arid soil and low humidity.

3. What is vegetation? Explain.

Vegetation is all the plants in an area, region or country.

4. Read and complete the words.

a. vegetation; b. drought; c. savannah; d. shrubland.

PAGE 75

5. Read the text and complete.

Some aquatic animals live in the sea. They are marine animals. Others live in fresh water, in lakes or rivers. Aquatic animals spend most of their lives in water. Many of them breathe in oxygen from the water through gills. Others come to the surface of the water to breathe in air, through lungs.

6. Circle the correct animal.

a. bat; b. mussel; c. skater; d. snake; e. duck.

7. Read, then write the correct word.

a. trees; b. slither; c. underground.

TEST

PAGE 76

1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; 6. b; 7. a; 8. a; 9. b; 10. a.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 77

OA

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4 Read and complete the text about plant nutrition.

carbon dioxide – photosynthesis – roots – raw sap water – sunlight – elaborated sap – mineral salts

Plants make their own food through .

They absorb and from the soil through their

. This mixture is the . Plants also absorb

and from the air. They then transform

the raw sap into .

5 Find and circle five parts of the flower. Then, complete the sentences.

p c o r o l l a

e q y w q b p z

t l p i s t i l

a y s e p a l s

l x t e i g f a

s s t a m e n s

a. It is the female part of the flower. It contains the ovary. It is the .

b. The are the small green leaves that protect the flower.

c. The are the male parts of the flower. They produce pollen.

d. The are coloured leaves. They form the .

6 Match the sentences to the life processes that plants carry out.

a. Plants make elaborated sap.

b. The leaves and stems grow towards the light.

c. Pollen is produced in the stamens.

1 Label the plant. Then, answer the question.

• Is the stem of this plant woody or herbaceous? Explain.

2 Label the parts of the leaf. Then, read and tick (✓).

a. Classify the leaf according to the edge.

smooth lobed jagged

b. Classify the leaf according to the shape.

palmate heart-shaped needle-shaped

3 Read and complete.

ferns – gymnosperms – rhizoids – seeds – angiosperms – flowers – mosses

Flowering plants produce with . The two main

groups are , like apple trees, and , like pine trees.

and are non-flowering plants. The roots

of mosses are called .

sensitivity

nutrition

reproduction

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PlantsASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

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V

1 Label the body parts.

head

trunk

limbs

2 Look at the diagram and write examples.

a. an organ inside your head ▶

b. an organ inside your trunk ▶

c. a lower limb ▶

stomachleg

heart

lungbrain

intestines

arm

REINFORCEMENT

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Name Date

Your body

3 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

a. We need energy and nutrients to live, and we get them from food.

b. Nutrition provides your body with electricity and nutrients.

c. The process of nutrition allows us to detect and respond to changes in the environment.

d. Children look like their parents because they inherit their physical characteristics.

e. We use our senses to get information about the environment.

f. Melanin protects your body from water.

4 Match the stages of life to the pictures.

adolescence

old age

childhood

adulthood

• Now, write the stages of life in order.

1st 2nd

3rd 4th

A B C D

REINFORCEMENT

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1 Read the text and complete the sentences.

a. Skin colour is controlled by .

b. The Sun harmful rays.

c. Skin colour depends on the of melanin.

d. Melanin the skin from the harmful rays of sunlight.

e. People with lighter skin have melanin.

2 Search the Internet or magazines for photos of three famous people with different skin colour. Write their names and the continent they come from.

dark skin medium skin light skin

Why do people have different skin colour?

Human skin colour varies greatly around the world. It can range from a very dark brown to yellow. Skin colour is controlled by genes, like other human characteristics such as eye colour and hair type.

However, skin colour has also been influenced by the environment over thousands of years. There are many different skin colours today because people have adapted to different environments. The Sun gives us light and heat, but it also emits harmful rays. Some regions of the Earth receive more harmful sun rays than others. This difference directly affects skin colour.

Skin colour depends on how much melanin we have in our skin. Melanin is a brown pigment that works as a natural sun cream, and protects skin from the harmful rays of sunlight. Over time, people who moved to areas of less sunlight developed lighter coloured skin, and people who lived closer to the Equator had darker skin with more melanin.


Your body

Name Date

EXTENSION

Broken bones

Bones are hard, strong and rigid, but they can sometimes break or fracture. However, broken bones can repair themselves. There are many different types of fractures. The most common type is a simple fracture, which happens when a bone breaks cleanly. In order to help bones heal correctly, it is important that they are realigned. Broken bones can be put back into position by a doctor. The bones are then immobilized with a plaster cast, so they can start to heal. Simple fractures usually take about 6 to 8 weeks to heal, although large bones take longer.


a. Bones break because they are rigid.

b. Bones can repair themselves.

c. The most common fracture is when a bone breaks into fragments.

d. Broken bones need to be realigned before being immobilized.

e. All fractures take about 6 to 8 weeks to heal.

f. A fracture of the femur takes the same time to heal as a fracture of the radius.

2 Have you ever broken a bone or do you know someone who has? Complete the medical card.

medical card

Who broke a bone?

Which bone was it?

How did they break it?

How many weeks did it take to heal?


Name Date

Your bodyEXTENSION

1 Classify the words.

forehead – hand – leg – abdomen – foot – arm – thorax – back – face

a. head ▶

b. trunk ▶

c. limbs ▶

2 Label the diagram.

brain

kidney

lung

bone

stomach

muscle

3 Draw two people and say how they are similar or different.

a. sexual characteristics ▶

b. body constitution ▶

c. height ▶

d. personal traits ▶


Name Date

Your bodyASSESSMENT

4 Complete the sentences.

a. The life process of is the ability of living things to respond to changes in the environment.

b. During the life process of living things take in food and absorb essential nutrients.

c. The life process of is the ability of all living things to produce new living things of their own kind.

5 Number the stages of nutrition in the correct order.

a. The nutrients travel through our body and give us energy and the substances we need to grow.

b. We take in food.

c. Our body expels waste.

d. We absorb nutrients from the food that our body needs.

6 Read and circle the correct description.

• Milk teeth fall out, and permanent teeth grow.

• A boy’s voice gets deeper.

• The first stage of life.

• Your body prepares to become an adult.

• Many changes take place.

• We can have children.

• Our bones become fragile. Our muscles are weaker.

• We grow very rapidly.

7 Write the four systems involved in nutrition.

adolescence

adulthood

old age

childhood


ASSESSMENT

1 The main parts of the body are the head, the trunk and the…

a. thorax. b. limbs. c. thighs.

2 To move your body, your muscles work together with your…

a. bones. b. brain. c. lungs.

3 Melanin protects your body from…

a. cold air. b. sunlight. c. pain.

4 Personal traits include…

a. the colour of your eyes and hair.b. your body constitution.c. your height.

5 During the process of nutrition, we first take in food. Then, …

a. our body expels waste.b. the nutrients travel through our body.c. we absorb nutrients from the food.

6 Thanks to reproduction, …

a. we can have offspring.b. our body can obtain nutrients.c. our brain can respond to changes.

7 We respond to changes in the environment through…

a. nutrition. b. constitution. c. sensitivity.

8 Your milk teeth appear during…

a. adolescence. b. childhood. c. adulthood.

9 During adolescence, your…

a. body and mind change a lot.b. body is fully-developed.c. skin develops wrinkles.

10 Puberty is part of…

a. adulthood. b. old age. c. adolescence.


Name Date

Your bodyTEST

1 How much have you grown?

Instructions

1. Work in small groups.

2. Find out how long you were when you were born.

3. Take turns and measure your height today.

4. Make two bar charts.

• At birth: Write these measurements on the vertical axis: 10 cm, 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm and 70 cm. Write your names on the horizontal axis.

• Today: Use the same format. Increase the measurements to 170 cm.

5. Compare your bar charts with other groups.

a. Who was the longest baby?

b. Who is the tallest student?

c. Is it the same classmate?

d. Who has grown the most?

e. How do you explain the answer to d?


Name Date

Your bodyINVESTIGATE

REINFORCEMENT

Name Date

Your senses

1 Unscramble the words and label the diagram.

s i i r

t a n e r i

a n c e o r

u p l i p

c p o t i e r e v n

n e s l

2 Circle the five parts of the ear and complete the sentences.

a u d i t o r y n e r v e e a rc a n a l c o c h l e a s m a l l bo n e s e a rd r u m

a. Sound vibrations go into the outer ear and along the .

b. The vibrates.

c. The vibration of the eardrum moves the three .

d. The sound then goes to the .

e. The cochlea sends the sound through the to the brain.


REINFORCEMENT

3 Read and complete the table.

smell taste touch

The sense organ is…

It allows you to capture or identify…

4 Match the parts of the organs to their function.

a. taste buds captures light

b. epithelium capture flavours of food

c. touch receptors captures sound

d. retina distinguish hot or cold

e. cochlea captures smells

5 Label the diagram of the nose.

nostrils

olfactory nerve

olfactory bulb

nasal cavity

olfactory epithelium


Name Date

Your sensesEXTENSION

Guide dogs

Guide dogs act as eyes for people who are blind. They help blind people move from one place to another. They can help a blind person cross the road, avoid obstacles or go to the shops. Guide dogs stay with their owners at all times.

Most guide dogs are Labradors or Golden Retrievers. They receive special training starting when they are puppies. Then, they are assigned to a blind person. Guide dogs wear a harness to do their job.

Guide dogs work approximately six years before they retire.


a. Guide dogs help people who cannot see.

b. They sometimes leave their owners alone.

c. Their harness is just for decoration.

d. All breeds of dogs can be guide dogs.

e. They have a limited working life.

2 Complete the index card about guide dogs.

Job description:

Most common breeds:

Equipment:

Years of service:

Guide dogs


Name Date

Your sensesEXTENSION

Sign language

People with sight and hearing disabilities use different languages to communicate with other people. Sign language is a language that many deaf people use to communicate. Braille is a system of printing for blind people.

1 Use the sign alphabet. Learn to say your name with your hands. Take turns with a partner to spell out your name.

2 Use the Braille alphabet. Punch out your name on a piece of card with the tip of a ballpoint pen. Learn to read it with your fingers. Exchange names with a partner.


Name Date

Your sensesASSESSMENT

1 Write the five sense organs.

2 Label the parts of the eye.


eyelids – optic nerve – pupil – brain – sight

a. The eyes are the sense organs of .

b. The , eyelashes and eyebrows protect the eyes.

c. The is the hole in the centre of the iris though which

light passes.

d. When we see an object, the information is sent to the through

the .

4 Label the parts of the ear.


ASSESSMENT

5 Circle the correct word.

a. The pinna / cochlea captures the sound.

b. The cochlea sends the sound through the ear canal / auditory nerve to the brain.

c. The brain interprets / vibrates the information.

6 What part of your nose captures smells?


a. Touch is the which allows you to identify characteristics of the objects around you.

b. The sense organ of touch is the .

8 Label the diagram of the skin.

9 Write the corresponding sense organ.

a. cochlea ▶ d. iris ▶

b. nasal cavity ▶ e. pupil ▶

c. taste buds ▶ f. auditory nerve ▶

10 Give advice to look after your eyes and ears.


Name Date

Your sensesTEST

1 We can only see if there is…

a. light. b. sound. c. colour.

2 The eyes are…

a. connected to the brain by the auditory nerve.b. protected by the eyelids, the eyelashes and the eyebrows.c. made up of three parts.

3 The part of the ear that vibrates is the…

a. eardrum. b. cochlea. c. pinna.

4 The auditory nerve takes the information to the…

a. outer ear. b. inner ear. c. brain.

5 The sense organ of touch is…

a. the finger. b. the skin. c. hair.

6 The smell receptors are in the…

a. olfactory epithelium. b. olfactory bulb. c. nostrils.

7 Umami is…

a. the most important taste bud.b. the fourth basic flavour.c. a flavour found in strong cheeses.

8 You should not touch your eyes…

a. in strong sunlight.b. in the swimming pool.c. with dirty hands.

9 When using headphones, you should…

a. keep the volume low.b. keep the volume high.c. turn off the sound.

10 Doctors for children are called…

a. podiatrists. b. paediatricians. c. physicians.


Name Date

Your sensesINVESTIGATE

1 What happens when you can’t see what you are tasting? And when you can’t see or smell what you are tasting?

Instructions

1. Work with a partner.

2. Your partner wears a blindfold.

3. Dip a plastic spoon in one of the foods and let your partner taste it.

4. Ask your partner to identify the food.

5. Repeat the experiment in a different order. This time your partner holds their nose.

6. Can you identify the food? Complete the table with the results. Take turns and compare the results.

food blindfolded blindfolded and holding

your nose

mustard orange juice

pineapple juiceketchup

mayonnaise yoghurt

pineapple juice yes no


Name Date

Food and nutrientsREINFORCEMENT

1 Use the colour key and circle the words.

give us energy ▶ red

help us grow ▶ blue

keep us healthy ▶ green

sardines – yoghurt – grapes – eggs – rice – olive oil – pasta – bacon –

milk – carrots – bread – butter – strawberries – lettuce – cheese

2 Label the food wheel. Write carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins, water and exercise, and calcium.

3 Why are water and exercise in the centre of the food wheel?

4 Match and make correct sentences.

a. A sufficient diet gives you the right amount of nutrients.

b. A balanced diet gives you the right amount of energy.


REINFORCEMENT

5 Read and complete the sentences.

a. You need f and c for energy.

b. You need p to grow.

c. You need v and m to be healthy.

d. You need f for your digestive system to work well.

6 Look at the food. Circle the nutrients they give you.

7 Tick (✔ ) the correct sentence.

a. Calcium is a mineral that makes up our bones.

b. Carbohydrates make up our bones.

8 Circle the healthier food in each pair of words.

oil / butter

cheese / milk

grapes / biscuits

sausages / chicken

croissant / bread

tomato / pizza

proteins

minerals

fibre

carbohydrates

carbohydrates

proteins

fibre

fats

proteins

vitamins

fats

fibre


Name Date

Food and nutrients

Pizza, glorious pizza!

Pizza has been around for a long time! The Romans, for example, ate flatbread made of flour and water, and topped it with olive oil and herbs. When tomatoes were introduced from the New World, the people of Naples, in Italy, added them to their pizzas. One day in 1889, Queen Margherita of Italy went to Naples and ordered a special lunch. The restaurant owner made a pizza with the colours of the Italian flag to honour the queen. He used tomatoes for red, mozzarella cheese for white and basil for green. The queen loved it, so the dish was named Pizza Margherita.

Early in the 20th century, Italian immigrants to New York City started to make a new version of pizza which became very popular all over the United States. Today, pizza is an international dish that can have many different toppings, such as tuna, mushrooms and olives.

1 Read the text and answer the questions.

a. What ingredient did the people of Naples add to pizzas?

b. What are the ingredients of Pizza Margherita?

c. Why is it called Pizza Margherita?

d. Where is pizza eaten today?

e. What are some of the toppings pizza can have?

2 Draw and write about your favourite pizza.

Name:

Ingedients:

Main nutrients:

EXTENSION

My favourite pizza


Name Date

Food and nutrientsEXTENSION

Food around the world

All around the world, people enjoy food which varies according to culture, availability and even religion. Some foods can be quite unusual. For example, Eskimos eat whale blubber, Japanese people eat raw fish, Canadians eat reindeer meat, Indonesian people eat monkey toes, and people in Thailand eat insects!

Food is not only important for nutrition. It is also part of many social celebrations. On New Year’s Day, people in China eat long noodles for long life. In other countries, people eat green, leafy vegetables as a symbol of economic success because their green leaves look like folded money. In other countries, people eat pulses, which look like little coins, and are also considered a symbol of money.

At weddings, Italians and Greeks serve sugar-coated almonds which, being both sweet and bitter, represent the highs and lows of marriage. Traditional wedding cakes in England contain fruits and nuts, symbols of fertility and good fortune.

1 Circle the correct words.

a. Based on weather / culture, people eat different foods around the world.

b. Reindeer meat / Raw fish is an unusual food eaten in Canada.

c. An unusual food eaten in Thailand is insects / monkey toes.

d. Foods like reindeer meat and insects mainly provide carbohydrates / proteins.

e. In England, fruits and nuts are symbols of fertility / prosperity and good fortune.

2 Search the Internet for other foods for special celebrations. Then, complete the table.

country celebration food symbolic of


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Food and nutrientsASSESSMENT

1 Read the sentences and match.

a. This helps our digestive system work correctly. carbohydrates and fats

b. We need them to grow. fibre

c. We need them to stay healthy. proteins

d. They give us energy. vitamins and minerals

2 Is this a healthy breakfast? Explain.

3 Circle the foods you should eat every day.

4 What nutrients does each of these foods contain?

a. yoghurt ▶ d. green peppers ▶

b. olive oil ▶ e. lentils ▶

c. bread ▶ f. pasta ▶

5 Cross out the odd food in each food group.

A B C


ASSESSMENT

6 How much should you eat? Write more or less.

a. If you are overweight, you should eat .

b. If you are underweight, you should eat .

c. If you do a lot of exercise, you should eat .

d. If you are old, you should eat .

e. If you are young, you should eat .

7 Find and circle four nutrients. Then, write.

r x p v d s m z

s o g i l a i v

p r o t e i n s

g s w a e t e b

f k t m x y r p

y i p i a n a j

r t a n q d l w

f a t s l c s o

• Which main nutrient is missing from the word search?

8 Cross out the least healthy food for each meal. Write a healthier option.

a. Breakfast: orange juice, toast, cereal, a piece of cake.

b. Lunch: salad, chicken, chips, peas.

c. Dinner: a hamburger, carrot soup, an omelette, fish.


Name Date

Food and nutrientsTEST

1 Carbohydrates and fats are examples of…

a. proteins. b. nutrients. c. minerals.

2 Proteins are found in…

a. meat, fish and eggs.b. fruit and vegetables.c. bread, potatoes, rice and pasta.

3 Calcium…

a. is a very important protein.b. makes up your bones and helps you to grow.c. provides your body with energy.

4 A diet that gives you the right amount of nutrients is…

a. sufficient. b. active. c. balanced.

5 Your body obtains vitamins, minerals and fibre from…

a. fruit and vegetables.b. meat, fish and pulses.c. brown sugar, oil and butter.

6 Dairy products include…

a. bread and sugar. b. milk and yoghurt. c. bacon and eggs.

7 Wholegrain foods are healthier because they…

a. contain fibre.b. are grown on special farms.c. are made with healthy oils.

8 Your daily diet should include three…

a. pieces of fruit. b. snacks. c. processed foods.

9 You should eat…

a. three meals a day. b. four meals a day. c. five meals a day.

10 Experts think the Mediterranean diet is…

a. not traditional. b. very healthy. c. too oily.


Name Date

Food and nutrientsINVESTIGATE

1 Which foods contain fat?

Instructions

1. In pairs, select five or six different foods, for example, an apple, chips, a banana, biscuits, a carrot, bread or cheese. Cut them into pieces.

2. Cut some brown wrapping paper into five 10 cm squares.

3. Rub a piece of each food on a square until it leaves a mark. Label the squares and allow them to dry.

4. When dry, hold the squares against the light. If there is a greasy spot, the food contains fat. Measure the diameter of each grease spot with a ruler. The size of the grease spot tells us how much fat there is in the food.


fooddiameter

of grease spotfat no fat

6. Analyse your results and answer the questions.

a. Which food leaves the biggest grease spot?

b. Which is the food with the least fat?

c. Which is the food with the most fat?


1 Complete the sentences about healthy habits.

clean – sleep – posture – diet – exercise

a. Get enough .

b. Keep your body .

c. Do regular .

d. Eat a healthy and balanced .

e. Have good to look after your back.

2 Circle the healthy habits.

3 Read these sentences about doing exercise. Write T (true) or F (false).

a. Exercise makes you more flexible.

b. Team sports are not as healthy as individual sports.

c. Exercise makes your muscles and bones stronger.

d. By practising a team sport you learn to work in a group.

e. Swimming is not very good for your lungs and heart.

A B C

D E F


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Keeping healthyREINFORCEMENT

4 Match the methods of preserving foods to the definitions.

a. cooling It helps to eliminate organisms that spoil food.

b. adding preservatives You preserve food in the fridge or freezer to make it last longer.

c. heating Some substances are added to foods so they do not go off.

5 Which of these foods are fresh and which are processed? Classify.

freshprocessed

6 Write two sentences in the correct order.

hygiene

Food

is

to

prevent

illness

essential

a.

ill

make

Dirty

food

can

you

b.

7 Use the code and find out a healthy habit.

• 5 A ≈ 5 C ∩ 5 D ∪ 5 E ∼ 5 F ♣ 5 G ◊ 5 H ⊃ 5 I ⊂ 5 L ★ 5 P

♦5 M ∧ 5 N ∨ 5 O ♠ 5 R ∅ 5 S ∗ 5 T ♥ 5 U ≅ 5 V ∴ 5 W ∆ 5 Y

≈◊⊃⊂∩♠∪∧ ∧∪∪∩ ∗∨ ∅⊂∪∪★ ∗∪∧ ◊∨♥♠∅ • ∩•∆


REINFORCEMENT

1 Put the words in order to make sentences. Then, find and underline these sentences in the text.

a. hours / to sleep / need / a night / ten / Children.

b. dreams / In one night, / four to seven / have / can / we.

c. always / We / our / do / dreams / not / remember.

2 Koalas sleep 22 hours a day! Search the Internet and find how many hours your favourite animal sleeps.

3 Keep a dream journal for a week. Write your dreams and share them with your classmates.

Sleeping and dreaming

Sleep is very important for keeping healthy. When we sleep enough we can pay better attention at school, be in a good mood and solve problems more efficiently. Children need to sleep ten hours a night.

Everybody dreams every night. In one night, we can have four to seven dreams. The things we dream about can be related to our friends and family, our favourite TV shows, or something we are happy or worried about. We do not always remember our dreams. We forget most of our dreams when we wake up.

Animals dream, too. Have you ever watched a dog while it is sleeping? Dogs move their paws when they sleep like they are running.


Keeping healthy

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EXTENSION

Visiting an art museum

One great option for a leisure activity is visiting an art museum.

Art museums display paintings and sculptures.

Most famous art museums are located in big cities. The Prado Museum is in Madrid. The Louvre Museum is in Paris. The Tate Gallery is in London. The Museum of Modern Art is in New York.

Art museums look after their paintings carefully because they are of great historical and cultural interest. Many paintings are hundreds of years old.

Many people work in art museums. The director runs the art museum and is in charge of all the employees. Art restorers repair damaged paintings so that they are in perfect condition. Security guards protect the paintings which are displayed in the museums.


a. What is an art museum?

b. Why do art museums look after their paintings?

c. What does an art restorer do?

d. What does a security guard do in an art museum?

e. Think of an art museum you have visited. What type of paintings did you see?


Keeping healthy

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EXTENSION

1 Who is looking after their health? Write H (healthy) or N (not healthy).

2 Tick (✔ ) the good posture.

3 Match to make sentences about healthy habits.

a. We need to exercise our backs.

b. We must eat enough water.

c. We need to look after hours of sleep a night.

d. We need ten regularly.

e. We must drink a healthy and balanced diet.

4 Complete the sentences with the correct words.

energy – rest – healthy – tired – ill – recover – sleep

a. After a busy day, we feel .

b. Sleep keeps our body and gives it .

c. Sleep also helps us to .

d. Children need to ten hours a day.

e. People who sleep badly get .

f. We need to after a long day.


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Keeping healthyASSESSMENT

5 Give two examples of natural foods and two of processed foods.

a. natural foods ▶

b. processed foods ▶

6 What stages does the food go through? Complete the words and match.

f i

s

p

7 Read the sentences and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

a. Playing electronic games is a leisure activity.

b. Physical exercise is not good for your heart.

c. You must brush your teeth after every meal to avoid tooth decay.

d. You must wash your hands only once a day.

e. Pulses and cereals need preserving.

f. Heating, cooling and adding preservatives are methods to preserve food.

A B C


ASSESSMENT

1 Physical exercise is good for your…

a. body. b. mind. c. body and mind.

2 When you are sitting or walking, …

a. you should keep your back straight.b. do not carry weight.c. remember to keep quiet.

3 Hygiene means keeping your body…

a. rested. b. straight. c. clean.

4 You should brush your teeth for about…

a. thirty seconds. b. two minutes. c. five minutes.

5 For good food hygiene, it is important to…

a. wash your hands before every meal. b. eat natural foods at every meal. c. eat quickly at every meal.

6 Foods that do not need preserving include…

a. pulses. b. meat. c. frozen foods.

7 Heating…

a. is called refrigeration.b. means adding preservatives.c. helps to eliminate organisms that spoil food.

8 Leisure activities are things we do…

a. in our free time. b. at school. c. at work.

9 Electronic games can be educational…

a. so we should play them all the time.b. but we should do other activities as well.c. but we should never play them.

10 Children need to sleep…

a. six hours a day. b. eight hours a day. c. ten hours a day.


Name Date

Keeping healthyTEST

Food and teeth

Egg shell is very similar to tooth enamel. We can use it to see how different liquids can damage tooth enamel.

Instructions

1. Work in groups.

2. Each group has 3 pieces of clean egg shell, 3 jars, water, some lemon juice and some cola drink.

3. Put a piece of egg shell in a jar with water, another in a jar with lemon juice and another in a jar with the cola drink.

4. Label the three jars.

5. Leave them on a shelf for a week and observe how the pieces of shell change.


water lemon juice cola drink

Does the colour change?

Are there any stains?

Is the piece of shell weaker?

7. Compare the results and answer the questions.

a. Which shell changed colour the most?

b. Which shell was the most damaged?

c. Do you think these liquids would affect your teeth in the same way?


Name Date

Keeping healthyINVESTIGATE

1 Read the definitions and match.

a. These animals eat plants. scavengers

b. These animals eat meat. omnivores

c. These animals feed on dead animals. carnivores

d. These animals eat animals and plants. decomposers

e. These animals feed on decaying matter. herbivores

2 Classify the vertebrates.

3 Complete the table.

mammals birds fish reptiles amphibians

body covering

reproduction

breathing

mammals birds fish reptiles amphibians


Name Date

AnimalsREINFORCEMENT

4 Find five vertebrates. Then, complete.

d e j m q a k t o

c h a m e l e o n

e j m i o i h r n

h l x a s z c t l

i g u a n a u o o

r u e j m r b i p

u z b c v d u s e

i a i s n a k e e

These animals are all r .

5 Match the bird group to the examples.

a. flightless bird duck

b. waterfowl eagle

c. bird of prey canary

d. songbird penguin

6 Look at the pictures and answer the questions.

a. What process is this?

b. What animals undergo this process?

c. What are the babies called?

▶ ▶ ▶


REINFORCEMENT

Animal talk

Animals do not talk like people, but they still communicate with each other. For example, birds sing and chirp, dogs bark, cats meow and lions roar.

The blue whale is not only the largest animal on Earth, but also the loudest. Blue whales emit very loud and repetitive sounds that travel many kilometres underwater. The call of a blue whale can reach up to 188 decibels. This is much louder than a jet engine, which is about 140 decibels. Human shouting is 70 decibels.

Sounds over 120 decibels are painful to our ears.

1 Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

a. Blue whales are the largest and loudest animals on Earth.

b. Their sounds can be heard from very far away.

c. A decibel is a unit for measuring distance.

d. The sound of a jet engine is louder than the call of a blue whale.

e. Blue whale sounds can be painful to our ears.

2 Use the code to find out how animals communicate.

• 5 A ∪ 5 E ⊃ 5 I ∨ 5 O ♥ 5 U

tr♥mp∪t

ch•tt∪r

q♥•ck

ch⊃rp

h⊃ss


Animals

Name Date

EXTENSION

How animals protect themselves from the cold

During the winter, the days get shorter and the temperatures drop. So, animals need to protect themselves from the cold.

Some animals, such as rabbits, dogs, cats and polar bears, grow thicker fur to keep themselves warm. Some animals hibernate. This means they sleep during the coldest months of the year. For example, squirrels, bears, turtles, bats and frogs hibernate and sleep all winter.

Some animals migrate. This means they travel long distances to find warmer climates. For example, storks, antelopes, whales, swallows and ducks migrate.

1 Write a definition for these words.

Hibernate:

Migrate:

2 Use the colour key and circle the illustrations.

migrate ▶ blue

hibernate ▶ red


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Animals

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EXTENSION

1 Write the five groups of vertebrate animals.

2 What group do these animals belong to?

3 Tick (✔ ) the correct options.

All mammals:

a. have bones. b. drink their mother’s milk.

c. are born from their mother’s womb. d. can walk when they are born.

4 Write an example of each type of animal.

marine mammal flying mammal primate

5 Read and circle the mistakes. Then, write the correct words.

Reptiles are viviparous animals. They breathe through gills.

Their skin is covered with hair. Most of them live on land and slither.

A B C D E


Name Date

AnimalsASSESSMENT

6 Complete the sentences with Fish or Amphibians.

a. have bare skin.

b. breathe only through gills.

c. breathe through lungs and their skin.

7 Circle the word related to birds in each pair.

animals – plants vertebrate – invertebrate feathers – fur

wings – fins oviparous – viviparous

8 What animal is it?

This animal is different when it is young and when it is an adult. When it is born, it lives in water, breathes through gills and has a tail. When it is an adult, it can live on land, it breathes using lungs and has legs.

It is a .

9 Write the name of two animals which match the descriptions.

a. They breathe through lungs. ▶

b. They breathe through gills. ▶

c. They have scales. ▶

d. They move using fins. ▶

10 Complete the table.

mammals reptiles birds fish amphibians

They breathe through…

Their body is covered with…

They move using…

Their reproduction is…


ASSESSMENT

1 Through the process of nutrition, animals obtain…

a. energy. b. information. c. offspring.

2 Animals that feed on dead animals are…

a. herbivores. b. vertebrates. c. scavengers.

3 Carnivores…

a. feed on decaying plant and animal matter.b. eat other animals.c. eat food of plant and animal origin.

4 According to their type of reproduction, animals can be…

a. oviparous or viviparous. b. mammals or birds. c. aquatic or terrestrial.

5 All vertebrates have…

a. a spinal column. b. legs. c. an exoskeleton.

6 Mammals are viviparous because…

a. they like milk.b. they are born from their mother’s womb.c. they breathe air through their lungs.

7 Dolphins and whales are…

a. cetaceans. b. fish. c. oviparous.

8 All birds are oviparous. This means that they…

a. can sing to communicate. b. have got webbed feet.c. are born from eggs.

9 Lizards, snakes, crocodiles and tortoises are…

a. invertebrates. b. reptiles. c. carnivores.

10 Fish are…

a. aquatic vertebrates that breathe through lungs. b. aquatic vertebrates that breathe through gills.c. aquatic invertebrates with bare skin.


Name Date

AnimalsTEST

1 How can you classify animals? Make an index card.

Instructions

1. Work in groups of four.

2. Search the Internet for information about an exotic animal. Draw the animal or print out photographs and glue them onto separate pieces of card.

3. On the back of each card, write about your animal.

4. Play Guess the animal with a partner, using the information on the back of your cards.

Habitat:

Vertebrate / Invertebrate

Food:

Reproduction:

Body covering:

Movement:

Animal name:


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Animals

Name Date

INVESTIGATE

1 Write the groups of invertebrates. Then, match them to the correct pictures.

a. They are simple aquatic invertebrates. They live attached to rocks. Their bodies are full of pores and are sac-shaped.

They are .

b. They have got poisonous tentacles and jelly-like bodies. Jellyfish are in this group.

They are .

c. They have got long, soft bodies and no legs. Thy live in soil, in water or inside other bodies.

They are .

d. Mussels, octopuses, squids and snails are in this group of invertebrates.

They are .

e. They are marine animals. Their skeleton is made of hard plates. Starfish and sea urchins are in this group.

They are .

f. They have got an articulated exoskeleton made up of external plates. Insects, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods are in this group.

They are .

2 Circle the correct word.

Invertebrates haven’t got a skeleton / spinal column.

REINFORCEMENT


Name Date

Invertebrates

3 Circle the correct words.

a. Worms, insects and spiders are vertebrates / invertebrates.

b. Mussels have got shells / exoskeletons.

c. Crabs have got hard / soft exoskeletons.

d. Jellyfish and earthworms have got / haven’t got a hard covering.

4 Complete the crossword about insects.

DOWN ACROSS

1. These parts help insects feel and smell. 4. This part contains wings and legs.

2. These hatch from eggs. 5. This part is divided into segments.

3. Invertebrates with six legs. 6. Insects fly with these.

5 Complete the sentences about molluscs.

Molluscs have got bodies. Most of them have got one or two

to protect their bodies.

Most of them are , like clams, but some are ,

like snails and slugs.

6 Write one or two examples of each.

a. molluscs that have got two shells

b. molluscs that have got a single shell

c. molluscs that have got limbs with suction cups

1 2

3

4

5

6

REINFORCEMENT


1 Unscramble the words and find some examples of cephalopods.

d s u i s q

s h u c t i t l f e

o t c p u o s e s

a. b. c.

2 Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

a. The octopus is one of the most intelligent invertebrates in the sea.

b. Cephalopod means head-legs.

c. Octopuses move by jet propulsion.

d. Octopuses have an excellent sense of hearing.

e. Octopuses have five tentacles.

Head-foot

Cephalopods are animals such as squids, octopuses and cuttlefish.

These sea creatures are unusual because their feet, which are actually long tentacles, surround their mouth and are attached to their heads. Cephalopod means head-foot.

Did you know that the octopus is one of the most intelligent of all the invertebrates in the marine world? Octopuses also have excellent eyesight, although they cannot hear.

An octopus’s soft body looks like a large bag. It lives on the ocean floor, and its eight tentacles help it to move about and catch food. An octopus moves by jet propulsion: it sucks water in, then squirts it out of its head so fast that it moves through the water!

Octopuses protect themselves in two ways. They squirt dark ink which blinds their enemies so they have time to escape. They also change the colour of their skin so that they blend in with their surroundings. This helps them hide from their enemies.


Invertebrates

Name Date

EXTENSION

Honey bees

Honey bees are flying insects that form colonies and live in beehives. They work together for the good of the community, and each bee belongs to a specialized group according to its work.

In a beehive, there is one queen whose role is to lay eggs to produce new bees.

Drones are male bees that mate with the queen.

Worker bees are the most numerous group. When they are young, they stay in the beehive to look after it and defend it. When they are older, they fly outside to collect nectar and pollen from flowers to make honey for their food. They are able to indicate to other bees where to find pollen by performing a special dance.

Bees are necessary for plant reproduction because they transport pollen from one plant to another. They can visit over 2,000 flowers in a day!


a. What is a beehive?

b. How many queens are there in a beehive?

c. What are drones?

d. What bees are in charge of collecting pollen and nectar?

e. Why are bees important for plant reproduction?

foto abeja


Invertebrates

Name Date

EXTENSION

1 What do all invertebrates have in common?

2 Look at the illustrations and match.

mollusc

arthropod

cnidarian

worm

sponge

echinoderm

3 Circle the correct word. Then, write the sentences.

a. Jellyfish have tentacles / legs. Their bodies look like jelly / rocks.

b. Worms have soft / hard bodies. They are short / long.

c. Molluscs have hard / soft bodies. They usually have shells / scales.

d. Spiders have eight / six legs.

A

B

C

D

E

F


Name Date

InvertebratesASSESSMENT

4 Label the parts of the fly.

5 Number the illustrations in order.


a. Echinoderms live attached to rocks.

b. Sponges can live on land and in water.

c. Jellyfish have poisonous tentacles.

d. All worms are aquatic.

7 Write the group of arthropods these invertebrates belong to.

A B C D

A B C D


ASSESSMENT

1 Invertebrate animals…

a. always live in warm places with high humidity.b. haven’t got a spinal column.c. have got long, soft bodies with no legs.

2 Sponges are…

a. vertebrate animals that live in the sea.b. aquatic invertebrates that live attached to rocks.c. marine arthropods.

3 Jellyfish are…

a. sponges. b. vertebrates. c. cnidarians.

4 Earthworms live in…

a. the sea. b. the soil. c. trees.

5 Molluscs…

a. are oviparous invertebrates with soft bodies.b. can only live attached to rocks in the sea.c. have got very bright colours.

6 Starfish and sea urchins are…

a. arachnids. b. echinoderms. c. arthropods.

7 Insects, arachnids, crustaceans and myriapods are all…

a. arthropods. b. vertebrates. c. herbivores.

8 Arthropods have got…

a. many legs. b. an articulated exoskeleton. c. wings.

9 Insects’ bodies are divided into…

a. head, thorax and abdomen. b. antennae, legs and wings.c. head, trunk and limbs.

10 Spiders have got…

a. ten legs. b. eight legs. c. six legs.


Name Date

TESTInvertebrates

1 Where do live arthropods? Find them!

Instructions

1. Look for small invertebrate animals that live near your school. Identify them and write down their names in the table below.

2. Some of them can bite or sting you, so don’t touch them. Instead, search the Internet for pictures of them.

3. Complete the table with their characteristics.

name

legs

antennae

articulated body

wings

head, thorax and abdomen

exoskeleton

other body protection

4. Classify your arthropods according to their characteristics.

a. insects ▶

b. arachnids ▶

c. crustaceans ▶

d. myriapods ▶


Invertebrates

Name Date

INVESTIGATE

Name Date

Animals and peopleREINFORCEMENT

1 Circle the foods that come from animals.

2 What materials do we obtain from these animals? What things can we make with them?

a. Sheep give us . We can make .

b. Cows give us . We can make .

c. Silkworms give us . We can make .

3 Find seven animals that can be used for transport. Then, write.

o x q e t s d a

i p o t v d o g

e l e p h a n t

a l y m l d k e

n a h o r s e v

m m w d a o y b

c a m e l e g a

r e i n d e e r

4 Which things can you use for birdwatching? Colour the words.

radio

binoculars

motorbike

telescope

rope

field guide


REINFORCEMENT


extensive – raise – intensive – livestock

a. Farmers animals for their meat, milk, eggs or skins. This is

called farming.

b. In farming, animals live in the open and eat grass.

c. In farming, animals live fenced in and farmers feed them.

6 What kind of livestock farming is it?

7 Match the animals to the types of livestock.

poultry

cattle

sheep

pigs

goats


Name Date

Animals and people

The Chinese calendar

The Chinese calendar is based on the phases of the Moon. The Chinese New Year is not always on the same date: it begins between the end of January and the middle of February.

The Chinese calendar follows a 12-year pattern. Each year is named after an animal. According to legend, Buddha invited all of the animals to join him for a New Year’s celebration, but only 12 animals appeared. To reward these animals, Buddha named a year after each one. The first year was the Year of the Rat. The second year was the Year of the Ox. This was followed by the Year of the Tiger, and the years of the Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog and finally, the Pig. According to Chinese tradition, people have the characteristics of the animal of the year when they were born.

1 Search the Internet to find the animal of this year’s Chinese calendar. Find and write a list of this animal’s characteristics.

2 Look at the calendar. In which year were you born? Which animal represents that year? Find out and write the characteristics you share with this animal.

EXTENSION


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Animals and peopleEXTENSION

Groundhog Day

Groundhog Day is a holiday celebrated each year on the 2nd February, in the United States of America and Canada. In the States, thousands of people go to Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, to see this event. On this date, a special groundhog, called Phil, comes out of his burrow after hibernating all winter. Groundhog Phil predicts the weather for the rest of the winter. According to tradition, if it is sunny on the 2nd February and the groundhog sees its shadow, it returns to its burrow. This means that winter weather will continue for six more weeks. If it is cloudy and the groundhog doesn’t see its shadow, it means that spring weather will arrive soon.

1 Match these words from the text to their definitions.

a. groundhog forecast

b. burrow be in a dormant condition in the winter months

c. hibernate a dark shape produced when light is blocked

d. predict a small, brown, furry animal with short legs

e. shadow a hole or tunnel in the ground where a small animal lives


a. Groundhogs hibernate in winter.

b. On Groundhog Day, a groundhog predicts the weather for summer.

c. If the groundhog sees its shadow, it means the end of winter.


Name Date

Animals and peopleASSESSMENT

1 Write the benefits we obtain from these animals.

a. sheep

b. cows

c. bees

d. silkworms

e. pigs

f. chickens

2 Look and match.

intensive farming

extensive farming

3 Read and complete the sentences.

B is the farming of bees to obtain h and wax.

P is the farming of fish for food.


ASSESSMENT

4 Complete the sentences about sheep farming.

a. A male sheep is a: r .

b. A baby sheep is a: l .

c. A female sheep is a: e .

d. A person who takes care of sheep is a: s .

e. S means to cut off a sheep’s wool.

f. The place where sheep are kept at night is a: p .

5 Read and write T (true) or F (false).

a. Leather is made by tanning animal skins.

b. Livestock farming means animal farming.

c. There are only two types of livestock farming: cattle and sheep.

d. Birdwatching is a hobby.

6 Draw some farm animals. Write which things we obtain from them.


Name Date

Animals and peopleTEST

1 These days, a lot of food from animals is obtained…

a. by keeping bees in beehives.b. by hunting wild animals.c. by livestock farming and fishing.

2 The two types of animal farming are…

a. livestock and extensive farming.b. extensive and intensive farming. c. intensive and livestock farming.

3 From animals, people obtain materials for clothing such as…

a. wool, leather and silk.b. leather, plastic and iron.c. cotton, hemp and silk.

4 Leather is made…

a. with animal skins.b. with milk, eggs and honey.c. with animal hairs.

5 Common types of livestock are…

a. insects and myriapods.b. cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and poultry.c. cows, sheep, pigs, sharks and insects.

6 Beekeeping is the farming of bees in order to obtain…

a. meat and honey. b. honey and wax. c. wool and wax.

7 Most poultry is raised by…

a. extensive farming. b. intensive farming. c. zoologists.

8 People who vaccinate animals to prevent illnesses are…

a. shepherds. b. farmers. c. vets.

9 When wool is cut off a sheep, we call it…

a. shearing. b. herds. c. flock.

10 Books that help you to identify different types of animals are called…

a. dictionaries. b. binoculars. c. field guides.


Name Date

Animals and peopleINVESTIGATE

1 In your notebook, draw squares for each method of producing hens. Draw the hens inside. Add the outdoor space where it corresponds. Then, answer the questions.

a. Which hens live in the most crowded space?

b. Which hens can spend time outside?

2 Look at the prices of different eggs in a supermarket and write them.

Egg labels

Look closely at an egg box next time you buy some eggs. You can find a number which indicates the method of production:

0 = organic egg production. The indoor space is 1 m2 for 6 hens. The outdoor space is 4 m2 for each hen. Hens eat freely outside.

1 = free-range eggs. The indoor space is 1 m2 for 9 hens. The outdoor space is 4 m2 for each hen.

2 = indoor farming. The indoor space is 1 m2 for 9 hens. The hens are not kept in cages.

3 = cage farming. The indoor space is 1 m2 for 18 hens. The hens are kept in cages.

0:

1:

2:

3:

a. Which eggs are the most expensive?

b. Which eggs are the cheapest?


1 Read and write tree, bush or grass. Then, match.

a. A has a short, woody stem.

b. have a soft, flexible stem.

c. A has a thick, woody stem called a trunk.

2 Read and complete the words.

a. They grow from the stems and branches. a

b. They fix the plant to the ground. o

c. They can be woody or soft. e

3 Unscramble the words and label the diagram.

t a p l e

e p s a l

i s p t i l

m e s t a n

4 Complete the sentences. Write male or female.

The pistil is the part of the flower.

The stamens are the parts of the flower.

REINFORCEMENT


Name Date

Plants

5 Complete the sentences about the stages of reproduction of a plant. Then, write a, b, c or d next to the drawings.

germinates – seeds – pistil – stamens

a. Pollen is formed in the .

b. A grain of pollen reaches the of another flower.

c. The ovary matures and turns into fruit. The fruit contains the .

d. When a seed falls to the ground, it and a new plant grows.

6 What do plants need to grow? Label the drawing.

7 Read and match.

mosses and ferns flowering plants

angiosperms and gymnosperms non-flowering plants

c

d

m

s w

s

REINFORCEMENT



a. What are floral emblems?

b. What is the floral emblem of England?

c. Does your country have a floral emblem?

d. What flower would you like as the floral emblem of your region?

e. Describe your floral emblem.

Floral emblems

Many countries have a flower or a plant as a national symbol. In some countries, there are also floral emblems for each region. Floral emblems are usually plants that grow in abundance in the country. The four countries that make up Great Britain each have their own floral emblem.

The national flower of England is the rose.

The national flower of Northern Ireland is the shamrock.

The national flower of Scotland is the thistle.

The national flower of Wales is the daffodil.


Plants

Name Date

EXTENSION

The Venus flytrap

The Venus flytrap is a small, carnivorous plant. Its sweet-scented leaves attract insects.

These leaves open and close like jaws to capture insects. When the plant is touched, sensitive hairs on the inside of the leaves send signals to the plant. So, when an insect touches one of these hairs, the leaves snap shut. The plant then slowly digests the trapped insect. After about a week, all that is left of the insect is its hard exoskeleton.

The Venus flytrap can live in soils with a low mineral content because it obtains minerals from the insects it captures.


a. The Venus flytrap is a carnivorous plant.

b. The plant’s beautiful flowers attract insects.

c. Sensitive hairs send signals to the plant.

d. The Venus flytrap obtains minerals from insects.

e. A Venus flytrap takes about a month to digest an insect.

2 Search the Internet for carnivorous plants. Choose one and complete the index card.

Name:

Where does it grow?

What animals does it trap?

How does it get nutrients?


Name Date

PlantsEXTENSION

1 Label the plant. Then, answer the question.

• Is the stem of this plant woody or herbaceous? Explain.

2 Label the parts of the leaf. Then, read and tick (✓).

a. Classify the leaf according to the edge.

smooth lobed jagged

b. Classify the leaf according to the shape.

palmate heart-shaped needle-shaped


ferns – gymnosperms – rhizoids – seeds – angiosperms – flowers – mosses

Flowering plants produce with . The two main

groups are , like apple trees, and , like pine trees.

and are non-flowering plants. The roots

of mosses are called .


Name Date

PlantsASSESSMENT

4 Read and complete the text about plant nutrition.

carbon dioxide – photosynthesis – roots – raw sap water – sunlight – elaborated sap – mineral salts

Plants make their own food through .

They absorb and from the soil through their

. This mixture is the . Plants also absorb

and from the air. They then transform

the raw sap into .

5 Find and circle five parts of the flower. Then, complete the sentences.

p c o r o l l a

e q y w q b p z

t l p i s t i l

a y s e p a l s

l x t e i g f a

s s t a m e n s

a. It is the female part of the flower. It contains the ovary. It is the .

b. The are the small green leaves that protect the flower.

c. The are the male parts of the flower. They produce pollen.

d. The are coloured leaves. They form the .

6 Match the sentences to the life processes that plants carry out.

a. Plants make elaborated sap.

b. The leaves and stems grow towards the light.

c. Pollen is produced in the stamens.

sensitivity

nutrition

reproduction


ASSESSMENT

1 The main parts of a plant are…

a. the roots, the leaves and the pistil.b. the roots, the stems and the branches.c. the roots, the leaves and the stem.

2 Herbaceous stems are…

a. soft and flexible. b. hard and rigid. c. hard and flexible.

3 Leaves are classified according to their…

a. colour. b. shape and edge. c. size.

4 Gymnosperms…

a. are non-flowering plants. b. do not produce fruits.c. do not produce seeds.

5 The female part of a plant is…

a. the corolla. b. the calyx. c. the pistil.

6 Plants respond to changes in the environment because they have…

a. roots. b. sensitivity. c. stamens.

7 The process by which plants make their own food is called…

a. respiration. b. photosynthesis. c. transpiration.

8 There are two main groups of flowering plants…

a. angiosperms and gymnosperms.b. mosses and gymnosperms.c. angiosperms and ferns.

9 Angiosperms usually have beautiful flowers and…

a. produce fruit with seeds inside.b. seeds grouped together in cones.c. have leaves all year round.

10 Non-flowering plants have rhizoids which…

a. fix the plant to the soil.b. feed the plant.c. produce the seeds.


Name Date

PlantsTEST

1 What do plants need to grow?

Instructions

1. Work in groups of four. Each group has four small plants, a paper bag, a transparent plastic bag and water.

2. Label the plants as follows: 1. no water; 2. no light; 3. no air; 4. control plant.

3. Place the paper bag over plant number 2, so it doesn’t receive any light.

4. Place the plastic bag over plant number 3, so it doesn’t get any air.

5. Put the plants on a window sill and water them regularly, except for plant number 1. Make sure the control plant has air, light and water.

6. Observe the growth of the plants over the next four weeks and record your observations. Complete the table.

week plant 1 plant 2 plant 3 plant 4

1

2

3

4

7. Compare your results and answer the questions.

a. Did all the plants grow the same?

b. Which plant was the healthiest?

c. Which plant was the least healthy?


Name Date

PlantsINVESTIGATE

1 Look and match the pictures to the areas.

forest

shrubland

grassland

desert


high – shrubland – forest – vegetation – fertile – drought – scarce – arid – low – poor

a. Trees grow in soil with humidity.

Many trees together form a .

b. Bushes grow in places with soil and

humidity. An area dominated by bushes is a .

c. Grasslands are areas with long periods of . Trees and bushes

are because they need water all year round.

d. Deserts do not have much water and the soil is . There is little

. Only plants that need little water can live in deserts.

3 Where do these animals live? Explain.

A B

C D

REINFORCEMENT


Name Date

Animals and plants

4 Find and circle eight animals. Then, write.

s e a b i r d f p

x s n a k e l i s

z f w t q x i s n

s t a r f i s h a

s q u i r r e l i

o o c t o p u s l

5 Classify these marine animals.

whales – seals – sharks – sardines – turtles – tuna

They breathe through lungs They breathe through gills


a. Sponges are marine invertebrates.

b. Elephants are terrestrial mammals.

c. Seabirds live in small tunnels underground.

d. All fish live in fresh water.

e. Snakes haven’t got legs, so they slither.

f. Corals move about the seabed.

REINFORCEMENT


1 Read the text and circle the correct word.

a. Tundras are found in the Arctic / Antarctic.

b. In the summer, there are 12 / 24 hours a day of sunlight.

c. The top layer of the soil is the tundra / permafrost.

d. Winter in the Arctic tundra is extremely warm / cold.

e. Global warming / Acid rain is harming the Arctic tundra.

2 Search the Internet for three animal species from the Arctic tundra. Write what they eat.

animals food

A frozen land

Tundras are one of the coldest and harshest areas on Earth. They are found in the Arctic, where the weather is extremely cold, dry and windy. Trees cannot grow in tundras, but there are many low plants. The Arctic tundra has average temperatures of –12 ºC to –6 ºC. This means that the top layer of soil, called the permafrost, is almost always frozen.

In winter, the permafrost is covered with a thick layer of snow, and no plants are visible. In summer, there are 24 hours a day of sunlight, and the surface of the permafrost melts. Wildflowers appear everywhere.

Many animals live in the Arctic tundra, including Arctic foxes, polar bears, caribous and snow geese. Unfortunately, as a result of global warming, temperatures are rising. This is causing the permafrost to melt. The Arctic tundra is in danger.


Animals and plants

Name Date

EXTENSION

Fast and slow animals

Animals move at different speeds. Walking at a normal pace, people usually walk five or six kilometres per hour. Some very slow animals take a whole year to travel the same distance as a fast animal can travel in one hour!

animals

on land in the air in water

slow animals

Sloths move at 12 metres per hour.

Small flies move at 35 kilometres per hour.

Perches swim at 2.1 kilometres per hour.

fast animals

Cheetahs can run at 100 kilometres per hour.

Falcons can fly at 300 kilometres per hour.

Sailfish can swim at 110 kilometres per hour.

1 Read the text and the table. Then, answer the questions.

a. Which animal is the slowest on land?

b. Which animal is the fastest on land?

c. Does the slowest animal move on land, in the air or in water?

d. Does the fastest animal move on land, in the air or in water?

2 Find your favourite animal on the Internet. Draw it. Then, find out how fast it moves and complete the sentences.

My favourite animal is the .

It moves at .


Name Date

EXTENSIONAnimals and plants

1 Write the names of these areas.


a. Vegetation depends on soil, climate, relief and humidity.

b. Pines, oaks and beeches are types of bushes.

c. The African Savannah is a grassland area.

d. Deserts are areas with fertile soil and high humidity.

e. Grass in grasslands dies in drought periods.

3 What is vegetation? Explain.

4 Read and complete the words.

a. All the plants in an area, region or country. v g t

b. A long period of little or no rainfall. d o t

c. A grassland area in Africa. s v h

d. An area dominated by bushes. s u d

A B C D


Name Date

Animals and plantsASSESSMENT

5 Read the text and complete.

oxygen – lungs – surface – marine – rivers

Some aquatic animals live in the sea.

They are animals.

Others live in fresh water, in lakes or .

Aquatic animals spend most of their lives in water. Many of them

breathe in from the water through gills.

Others come to the of the water to breathe in air,

through .

6 Circle the correct animal.

a. A mammal that can fly. bat / bird

b. A mollusc that lives fixed to the rocks on the seabed. sea urchin / mussel

c. An insect that glides on the surface of the water. skater / butterfly

d. A reptile that slithers. snake / salamander

e. A water bird. eagle / duck

7 Read, then write the correct word.

a. Squirrels live most of the time in and swing from branch to branch.

trees – bushes – tunnels

b. Snakes haven’t got legs, so they .

fly – slither – jump

c. Many small animals live in tunnels .

in the sea – in small houses – underground


ASSESSMENT

1 Vegetation is…

a. all the plants that live in an area, region or country.b. all the plants and animals that live in an area.c. the flowers that grow on trees.

2 Many trees growing together make up a…

a. grass area. b. forest. c. desert.

3 We obtain honey and wax from…

a. bees. b. spiders. c. sheep.

4 Shrublands are areas…

a. with long periods of drought where forests cannot grow.b. dominated by bushes.c. dominated by cactuses.

5 African savannahs are…

a. deserts. b. forests. c. grasslands.

6 A desert is…

a. an area where there is a lot of sand.b. an area with arid soil and little water.c. a kind of vegetation.

7 Corals live in…

a. the sea. b. fresh water. c. either the sea or fresh water.

8 Marine mammals, like dolphins or whales, …

a. must come up to the surface to breathe.b. don’t need to breathe air from the surface.c. breathe through gills.

9 Terrestrial animals…

a. do not need water. b. live on land. c. have wings to walk about.

10 A bat is a…

a. flying mammal. b. seabird. c. slithering reptile.


Name Date

Animals and plantsTEST

1 Which animals and plants share the same area?

Instructions

1. Work in groups.

2. Choose one of these areas: shrubland, desert, grassland or forest.

3. Search the Internet for plants and animals that live in your habitat. Find out what they eat and how they reproduce. Print out or draw pictures.

4. Make a poster with your pictures. Write the names of the animals, what they eat (carnivore, herbivore or omnivore) and how they reproduce (oviparous or viviparous).

5. Show your poster to your classmates and tell them about your favourite animal or plant.


Name Date

INVESTIGATEAnimals and plants

REINFORCEMENT

Name Date

Matter


space – volume – matter – substances – mass

Everything around us that takes up is made up of .

All objects have two properties: , which is the amount of matter in an

object, and , which is the amount of space an object occupies. The

different types of matter are called .

2 How do you measure mass and volume? Look and match.

mass

volume

3 What are the three states of water? Write solid, liquid or gas.

4 Write yes or no and give an example.

fixed shape fixed volume example

solids

liquids

gases

A B C


REINFORCEMENT

5 Use the clues to complete the changes of state.

a. Ice changes into liquid water. t n

b. Liquid water changes into ice. l f a i

c. Liquid water changes into water vapour. v o t

d. Water vapour changes into liquid water. n e a o

6 Label the diagram.

water vapour water ice

7 Which photo shows a chemical change? Tick (✓).


Name Date

MatterEXTENSION

Lovely ice cream!

What happens to ice cream in very hot weather? You have to eat it quickly before it melts!

Ice cream is made with frozen milk, that’s why it is solid. When you take it out of the freezer, it begins to melt and turns into a liquid. The flavour, though, remains the same.

When frozen ice cream melts and becomes liquid, it goes through a physical change of state.

But the ice cream flavour does not change. It still tastes wonderful!


a. Ice cream is solid because it is made of frozen milk.

b. Ice cream melts when the temperature decreases.

c. When ice cream melts, there is a chemical change.

d. When ice cream melts, its flavour does not change.

2 Find and circle six ice cream flavours. Then, write.

l e m o n u c a m s

g h y u n m h n i l

k h v v p t o r n k

f g a a o y c d t c

e s s n l x o e n h

d l e i k a l a b e

a f r l j s a g v r

e m l l g f t o c r

s t r a w b e r r y


Name Date

MatterEXTENSION

The Wobbly Bridge

The Millennium Bridge in London is a very popular tourist destination. It is a pedestrian bridge, so cars cannot cross it. When you are standing on the bridge, you can see many of London’s historical buildings, such as St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Globe Theatre. The bridge also appears in films, such as Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and many Bollywood films.

The Millennium Bridge is made of concrete and steel, so it is very strong. It can hold up to 5,000 people at one time. But when it opened in 2000, people said the bridge moved under their feet! This problem was corrected, but even today, people still call it ‘The Wobbly Bridge’.


a. Where is the Millennium Bridge?

b. What can you see when you are standing on the bridge?

c. What is it made of?

d. How many people can it hold at one time?

e. When was the bridge opened for the first time?

f. Why do people call it ‘The Wobbly Bridge’?

g. Can you name a popular bridge in your country?


Name Date

MatterASSESSMENT

1 Answer the questions.

a. What is matter?

b. What is volume?

c. What are the three states of matter?

d. What is a substance?

2 Use the clues to complete the text.

All objects have two properties in common: m

and v . Objects also have other properties,

depending on what s they are made of.

These properties are: c , s , l

and h . These properties help us to distinguish

one substance from another.

3 Label the illustrations.

liquid

gas

solid

A B C


ASSESSMENT

4 Write T (true) and F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

a. Solids have a fixed shape and a fixed volume.

b. Liquids do not have a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.

c. Gases have a fixed volume, but the shape can vary because they adopt the shape of the container they are in.

5 Read and cross out the wrong words.

a. Chemical changes / Physical changes are when substances change into different substances.

b. Contraction / Combustion is a physical change.

c. Matter / A mixture is when two or more substances are mixed together.

6 What physical change takes place? Write mixture, change of shape, change of size or change of state.

a. You pour sugar in milk and stir it.

b. You fold a paper and make a paper boat.

c. You heat the air inside a balloon and it expands.

d. You heat water and it turns to vapour.

7 Complete the chart with solidification, condensation, melting and evaporation.

solid liquid gas


Name Date

MatterTEST

1 Everything around us that takes up space is made up of…

a. wood. b. matter. c. water.

2 Each type of matter is…

a. air. b. an object. c. a substance.

3 The amount of matter in objects is called…

a. mass. b. volume. c. density.

4 Volume is measured in…

a. kilogrammes. b. centimetres. c. litres.

5 Gases…

a. have a fixed shape and a fixed volume.b. have a fixed volume, but their shape can change.c. do not have a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.

6 There are two types of changes in matter…

a. condensation and solidification.b. physical and chemical changes.c. mixtures and evaporation.

7 Contraction is…

a. combustion. b. a physical change. c. a chemical change.

8 When the temperature of an object increases…

a. it gets bigger. This is called expansion. b. it gets smaller. This is called contraction.c. it gets bigger. This is called contraction.

9 Melting is…

a. when a gas is cooled and changes into a liquid.b. when a solid is heated and changes into a liquid.c. when a liquid is cooled and changes into a solid.

10 When a substance changes into another different substance it is called…

a. chemical change. b. expansion. c. physical change.


Name Date

MatterINVESTIGATE

1 Does air really take up space? Try two experiments.

Instructions

Work with a partner. Do the following easy experiments.

You need a tank or large bowl of water, a dry sponge and an empty plastic bottle.

Experiment A

Squeeze a dry sponge inside a tank or bowl of water. What do you see? Complete the table.

Experiment B

Put an empty plastic bottle sideways inside a tank or bowl of water. What do you see? Complete the table.

first minute after a few minutes

Experiment A

Experiment B


REINFORCEMENT

Name Date

Materials and machines

1 Classify the materials.

natural materials

man-made materials

2 Tick (✔ ) the materials that come from animals.

wool hemp leather wood silk cotton

3 Read and match.

a. Hemp

b. Wood is used to make furniture.

c. Cotton is used to make fabrics.

4 Complete the stages involved in making paper.

belt – pulp – impurities – wood – spools

a. is broken up into small pieces.

b. The pieces are mixed with other substances to make .

c. The pulp is filtered to get rid of .

d. The paper pulp is spread onto a moving .

e. The final product is wound onto .

potteryleatherwood

granitepaperglass


REINFORCEMENT

5 How do these machines work? Use the key and circle.

energy from electricity ▶ red

energy from people ▶ blue

6 Choose two machines from Activity 5. Explain what they are used for.

a. We use to .

b. to .

7 Classify these machines.

simple machines compound machines

8 Complete the crossword about simple machines.

ACross

1. A ramp (two words).

Down

2. A rigid bar.

3. A solid disk that turns on an axle.

4. A wheel with a rope around it.

pliers fan telephone pulley

3 4

2

1


Name Date

Materials and machinesEXTENSION

The wheel

The wheel is one of the most important inventions of all time. It changed our means of transport forever.

The wheel is a simple machine that was invented over 5,000 years ago. It consists of a disk that turns on an axle. The first wheels were simple disks made of solid wood. Wheels with spokes were invented over 1,000 years later.

Later, wheels were made of metal. This allowed heavy objects to be moved from one place to another.

After that, metal wheels were covered with rubber and cork. These wheels are still used today because they are so light and resilient.

1 Circle the illustration of the oldest wheel. Then, answer the question.

• Why do you think this is the oldest wheel?

2 Think about life before the invention of the wheel. How do you think people moved heavy objects?

A B C D


Name Date

EXTENSION

Where does paper come from?

Paper was invented in China over 2,000 years ago.

Originally, paper was made of pulp produced by boiling cloth and old fishing nets!

Nowadays, paper is made of pulp from wood. Large plantations of trees are grown. The trees are cut down, then chopped into small wood chips. These chips are soaked in water and chemicals to form wood pulp.

The pulp is bleached to remove tree bark and sap. Next, the pulp is drained and squeezed to remove all the excess water, then placed in huge drying machines. The pulp is then attached to spools and placed in cutting machines.

Today, lots of different paper products are made from recycled paper. Using recycled paper to make new paper has less impact on the environment, and is better for the planet.

Recycled paper is used for everything from paper plates to toilet paper!

1 Read and write True or False.

a. Paper was invented 2,000 years ago in India.

b. Originally, the pulp used to make paper came from boiled cloth.

c. These days the pulp is made of wood chips soaked in water and chemicals.

d. The pulp is cleaned with bleach to remove sap and bark.

e. Recycled paper is only used to make toilet paper.

2 Search the Internet. How is paper recycled? Write three or four sentences describing the process.



Name Date

Materials and machinesASSESSMENT

1 Name the materials used to make these objects. Then, write N (natural) or M (man-made) next to each material.

2 Write the raw materials.

a. paper ▶

b. iron ▶

c. plastic ▶


a. A pulley makes it difficult to lift heavy objects.

b. A ramp is an inclined plane.

c. A lever is a bar which rests on a pivot point.

d. A wheel rotates around a pivot point.

e. A pulley rotates around an axle.

4 Name one invention for each category. Then, write what energy it uses.

invention energy

transport

communication

cleaning the house


ASSESSMENT


energy – communicate – time – effort – people

a. Machines save us and .

b. A telephone is a machine that lets us .

c. All machines need to work.

d. Scissors need energy from to work.

6 Write what type of energy these machines use.

7 Complete the text.

operating – handle bar – complex – levers – people – gear

A bicycle is a machine because it is made up of many

parts. It has got two wheels, a

that helps steer the bicycle, and two pedals that act as .

The pedals turn a that moves a chain. The chain connects the

pedals to the back wheel. The bicycle needs energy from to work.

A B

C D


Name Date

Materials and machinesTEST

1 Natural materials…

a. come from animals, plants and minerals.b. are manufactured from other materials.c. are very hard and resistant.

2 Paper, glass and plastic are…

a. man-made materials. b. natural materials. c. chemical materials.

3 The raw material used to make paper is…

a. petroleum. b. wood. c. leather.

4 Wool, leather and silk are examples of materials that come from…

a. animals. b. plants. c. minerals.

5 Machines…

a. help us to save time and energy and make our work easier.b. are objects that we can see in museums.c. are only used for transport.

6 A car is a complex machine because…

a. it needs petrol to function.b. it is made up of many operating parts.c. it is used to travel.

7 A pulley is…

a. a complex machine. b. a simple machine. c. not a machine.

8 An inclined plane might be used to…

a. enter a building in a wheelchair.b. transport products over long distances.c. apply force when cracking a nut.

9 In order to work, all machines need…

a. electricity. b. energy. c. a motor.

10 The printing press, the plane or the watermill are examples of…

a. means of transport. b. gears. c. inventions.


Name Date

INVESTIGATE

1 What simple and complex machines do you use in everyday life?

Instructions

1. Work in groups of four to make a poster.

2. Use magazines and catalogues to find pictures of simple and complex machines used in everyday life. Cut the pictures out and sort them into two piles: simple and complex machines.

3. Divide a piece of card into two sections. Write two titles: Simple machines and Complex machines. Glue the pictures on the corresponding section and label them.

4. Next to each picture, write the energy source each machine needs to work.

5. Once the poster is finished, complete the table. You can also add other machines which do not appear on your poster.

machines I use in everyday life

simple machines complex machines

6. Analyse your table and draw conclusions.

• I mainly use simple / complex machines in everyday life.

• I mainly use machines that need human energy / electricity / petrol to work.

7. Compare your conclusions with your group.



REINFORCEMENT

Name Date

Energy and the environment

1 Complete the crossword about forms of energy.

5

1

6

2

3

4

2 Circle six energy sources and classify them.

s u n p e t r o l e u m w i n d n a t u r a l g a s c o a l w a t e r

renewable energy sources non-renewable energy sources


a. In a toaster, energy transforms into energy.

b. In a light bulb, energy transforms into energy.

c. In a torch, energy transforms into energy.

ACROSS

1. Energy that makes a computer work.

2. Energy produced by a radiator.

3. Energy in a pizza.

4. Energy inside uranium.

DOWN

5. Energy in a ball that is falling.

6. Energy from a lamp.


REINFORCEMENT

4 How do we know these things have got energy? Write an example for each.

a. the wind

b. a football player

5 Read and correct this sentence.

Wind, water and sunlight are energy sources. They will run out soon!

6 What fossil fuels are they? Read and answer.

a. We use it in cars and to make plastics.

b. It is a rock. We get it from mines.

c. It goes to houses and factories along pipes.

7 Read and match.

a. They use fossil fuels. thermal power plants

b. They use energy from the Sun. hydroelectric power plants

c. They use mechanical energy from the wind. solar power plants

d. They use mechanical energy from water. wind farms

8 Look at the photos and describe the environmental problem.


Name Date

Energy and the environmentEXTENSION


a. In what century was the steam engine invented?

b. Who invented the steam engine?

c. What was the steam engine used for?

2 Explain how the steam engine works. What kind of energy does water vapour have?

The steam engine

The 18th century was a crucial time in the search for more sources of energy.

In the 18th century, societies were very complex. People needed a lot of energy, but they did not have many machines that could make energy easier to use. At the end of the 18th century, James Watt, a Scottish inventor, invented the steam engine.

This machine used energy from water vapour that was produced by burning coal. Energy from water vapour could move a wheel at a steady rhythm. The steam engine was used in many different ways. For example, it was used in factories, in mines and for means of transport, especially trains.

Thanks to James Watt’s steam engine and other great inventions, large factories were built, and many people found jobs in these factories. This period of history is called the Industrial Revolution.


Name Date

Energy and the environmentEXTENSION


a. What energy do windmills use to work?

b. What were windmills used for?

c. What kind of energy does the wind have? Tick (✓).

mechanical chemical thermal

d. Think of modern wind farms. How are modern wind turbines similar to the old windmills?

e. Are modern wind farms used to grind grain? What are they used for?

Windmills in Don Quixote

Do you know Don Quixote de la Mancha? Then, you probably know the scene in which Don Quixote attacks windmills because he thinks they are terrifying, evil giants.

But what are the windmills that Don Quixote fights, in reality? They are huge machines that use the energy from wind to grind grains of wheat and make flour.

The wind turns the big sails that are on the outside of the building. These move a series of gears that turn a grinding stone that crushes the grains of wheat.

These windmills are not used anymore for grinding, but you can still see some of them if you go to La Mancha.


Name Date

Energy and the environmentASSESSMENT

1 What is energy? Define in your own words.

2 Complete the forms of energy.

a. m

b. c

c. t

d. e

e. n

f. l

3 What type of energy have they got?

a. fuel d. wind

b. uranium e. water

c. sunlight f. fire

4 Write the energy transformations in each object.

A B C

5 Write the names of the power plants.

A B C


ASSESSMENT

6 Classify the types of energy sources. Then, answer the questions.

coal – sunlight – wind – petroleum – uranium – water

renewable energy sources non-renewable energy sources

a. What is the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources?

b. Are fossil fuels renewable or non-renewable? Explain.

7 Match the type of power station to its source of energy.

thermal power station

wind

hydroelectric power station

water

wind farm

uranium

nuclear power station

fossil fuels

8 Write three different ways to save energy.


Name Date

Energy and the environmentTEST

1 Something has got energy when…

a. it can make something move or change position.b. it is very bright.c. It is very heavy and takes up a lot of space.

2 The wind has got…

a. mechanical energy. b. light energy. c. chemical energy.

3 Food contains…

a. light energy. b. chemical energy. c. electrical energy.

4 In a lamp, …

a. mechanical energy transforms into thermal energy.b. electrical energy transforms into light energy.c. electrical energy transforms into chemical energy.

5 Renewable energy sources…

a. will never run out.b. are found in underground mines.c. are running out very quickly.

6 Coal is…

a. renewable. b. non-renewable. c. a pure substance.

7 Energy from the Sun and the wind is…

a. renewable. b. non-renewable. c. impossible to store.

8 In hydroelectric power plants, …

a. they use energy from the wind to produce electricity.b. they use energy from water to produce electricity. c. they use energy from the Sun to produce electricity.

9 The accumulation of harmful substances and waste products is called…

a. the environment. b. global warming. c. pollution.

10 To reduce waste we should…

a. practise the three ‘Rs’. b. use a lot of water. c. use plastic bags.


Name Date

Energy and the environmentINVESTIGATE

1 What do you do at home to reduce, reuse and recycle? Write.

a. We reduce by using less .

b. We reuse .

c. We recycle .

2 How do you recycle?

To make recycling easier, we have to separate our rubbish into different containers. For example, plastic goes in one container and cardboard goes in another. How many different containers are there where you live? Draw and colour.

plastic bag

cardboard box

The three 'Rs'

The three ‘Rs’ are reduce, reuse and recycle. They help us take care of the Earth and its limited resources.

Reducing what we use means using fewer natural resources and less energy.

Reusing things twice or many times means less waste.

Recycling converts used items back into raw materials to make new products. This preserves our natural resources and reduces waste.


Natural Science 3102

Answer key

YOUR BODY

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 6

1. Label the body parts.

top to bottom: head, trunk, limbs.

2. Look at the diagram and write examples.

Model answer (MA)

a. brain; b. heart; c. leg.

PAGE 7

3. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

a. T; b. F; c. F; d. T; e. T; f. F.

Nutrition provides your body with energy and nutrients.

The process of sensitivity allows us to detect and respond to changes in the environment.

Melanin protects your body from the harmful rays of sunlight.

4. Match the stages of life to the pictures.

A. adolescence; B. childhood; C. old age; D. adulthood.

• 1st childhood; 2nd adolescence; 3rd adulthood; 4th old age.

EXTENSION

PAGE 8

1. Read the text and complete the sentences.

a. Skin colour is controlled by genes.

b. The Sun emits harmful rays.

c. Skin colour depends on the amount of melanin.

d. Melanin protects the skin from the harmful rays of sunlight.

e. People with lighter skin have less melanin.

2. Search the Internet or magazines for photos of three famous people with different skin colour.

Open answer (OA)

PAGE 9


a. T; b. T; c. F; d. T; e. F; f. F.

2. Have you ever broken a bone or do you know someone who has?

MA

My friend Ana.

Her humerus.

She fell.

It took two months.

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 10

1. Classify the words.

a. head: forehead, face.

b. trunk: abdomen, thorax, back.

c. limbs: hand, leg, foot, arm.

2. Label the diagram.

left column: brain, stomach, muscle.

right column: lung, kidney, bone.

3. Draw two people and say how they are similar or different.

OA

PAGE 11

4. Complete the sentences.

a. The life process of sensitivity is the ability of living things to respond to changes in the environment.

b. During the life process of nutrition living things take in food and absorb essential nutrients.

c. The life process of reproduction is the ability of all living things to produce new living things of their own kind.

5. Number the stages of nutrition in the correct order.

order: b, d, a, c.

6. Read and circle the correct description.

childhood: Milk teeth fall out, and permanent teeth grow.

adolescence: Your body prepares to become an adult.

adulthood: We can have children.

old age: Our bones become fragile. Our muscles are weaker.

7. Write the four systems involved in nutrition.

digestive system, respiratory system, circulatory system and excretory system.

TEST

PAGE 12

1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. c; 6. a; 7. c; 8. b; 9. a; 10. c.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 13

OA


Answer key

YOUR SENSES

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 14

1. Unscramble the words and label the diagram.

left column: iris, cornea, pupil.

right column: retina, optic nerve, lens.

2. Circle the five parts of the ear and complete the sentences.

auditory nerve, ear canal, cochlea, small bones, eardrum.

a. Sound vibrations go into the outer ear and along the ear canal.

b. The eardrum vibrates.

c. The vibration of the eardrum moves the three small bones.

d. The sound then goes to the cochlea.

e. The cochlea sends the sound through the auditory nerve to the brain.

PAGE 15

3. Read and complete the table.

smell: The sense organ is the nose. It allows you to capture or identify smells.

taste: The sense organ is the tongue. It allows you to capture or identify flavours.

touch: The sense organ is the skin. It allows you to capture or identify different characteristics of objects.

4. Match the parts of the organs to their function.

a. taste buds: capture flavours of food.

b. epithelium: captures smells.

c. touch receptors: distinguish hot or cold.

d. retina: captures light.

e. cochlea: captures sound.

5. Label the diagram of the nose.

clockwise, starting top left: olfactory bulb, nasal cavity, olfactory nerve, nostrils, olfactory epithelium.

EXTENSION

PAGE 16


a. T; b. F; c. F; d. F; e. T.

2. Complete the index card about guide dogs.

Job description: To help people move from place to place.

Most common breeds: Labradors and Golden Retrievers.

Equipment: Harness.

Years of service: Approximately six.

PAGE 17

1. Use the sign alphabet.

OA

2. Use the Braille alphabet.

OA

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 18

1. Write the five sense organs.

eyes, ears, skin, nose and tongue.

2. Label the parts of the eye.

left column: cornea, pupil.

right column: optic nerve, retina.


a. The eyes are the sense organs of sight.

b. The eyelids, eyelashes and eyebrows protect the eyes.

c. The pupil is the hole in the centre of the iris through which light passes.

d. When we see an object, the information is sent to the brain through the optic nerve.

4. Label the parts of the ear.

left column: pinna, eardrum.

right column: auditory nerve, cochlea.

PAGE 19

5. Circle the correct word.

a. The pinna captures the sound.

b. The cochlea sends the sound through the auditory nerve to the brain.

c. The brain interprets the information.

6. What part of your nose captures smells?

Smell receptors in the olfactory epithelium capture smells.


a. Touch is the sense which allows you to identify characteristics of the objects around you.

b. The sense organ of touch is the skin.

8. Label the diagram of the skin.

left column: hairs, touch receptors.

right: nerve.

9. Write the corresponding sense organ.

a. ear; b. nose; c. tongue; d. eye; e. eye; f. ear.

10. Give advice to look after your eyes and ears.

MA

Make sure there is enough light when you read or study and don’t look directly at the Sun.

Wash your ears daily, and don’t put objects in your ears.


Answer key

TEST

PAGE 20

1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. c; 5. b; 6. a; 7. b; 8. c; 9. a; 10. b.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 21

OA

FOOD AND NUTRIENTS

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 22

1. Use the colour key and circle the words.

red: rice, olive oil, pasta, bacon, bread, butter, cheese.

blue: sardines, yoghurt, eggs, milk.

green: grapes, carrots, strawberries, lettuce.

2. Label the food wheel. Write carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals and vitamins, water and exercise, and calcium.

left column: carbohydrates, water and exercise, minerals and vitamins.

right column: fats, proteins, calcium.

3. Why are water and exercise in the centre of the food wheel?

They are in the centre because they are essential for good health.

4. Match and make correct sentences.

a. A sufficient diet gives you the right amount of energy.

b. A balanced diet gives you the right amount of nutrients.

PAGE 23

5. Read and complete the sentences.

a. You need fats and carbohydrates for energy.

b. You need proteins to grow.

c. You need vitamins and minerals to be healthy.

d. You need fibre for your digestive system to work well.

6. Look at the food. Circle the nutrients they give you.

top row: proteins, proteins, carbohydrates.

bottom row: fats, vitamins, fibre.

7. Tick (✓) the correct sentence.

a. Calcium is a mineral that makes up our bones.

8. Circle the healthier food in each pair of words.

top row: oil, milk, grapes.

bottom row: chicken, bread, tomato.

EXTENSION

PAGE 24

1. Read the text and answer the questions.

a. The people of Naples added tomatoes to pizzas.

b. The ingredients of Pizza Margherita are tomatoes, mozzarella cheese and basil.

c. It is called Pizza Margherita because Queen Margherita of Italy loved it.

d. Today pizza is eaten all over the world.

e. Pizza can have many different toppings including tuna, mushrooms and olives.


Answer key

2. Draw and write about your favourite pizza.

OA

PAGE 25

1. Circle the correct words.

a. Based on culture, people eat different foods around the world.

b. Reindeer meat is an unusual food eaten in Canada.

c. An unusual food eaten in Thailand is insects.

d. Foods like reindeer meat and insects mainly provide proteins.

e. In England, fruits and nuts are symbols of fertility and good fortune.

2. Search the Internet for other foods for special celebrations.

OA

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 26

1. Read the sentences and match.

a. fibre; b. proteins; c. vitamins and minerals; d. carbohydrates and fats.

2. Is this a healthy breakfast? Explain.

MA

Yes, it is a healthy breakfast. There is protein in the milk, vitamins in the fruit, and carbohydrates in the cereal.

3. Circle the foods you should eat every day.

milk; fruit; meat; bread; vegetables.

4. What nutrients does each of these foods contain?

a. calcium and proteins; b. fats; c. carbohydrates; d. vitamins, minerals and fibre; e. proteins; f. carbohydrates.

5. Cross out the odd food in each food group.

A. milk; B. olive oil; C. carrot.

PAGE 27

6. How much should you eat? Write more or less.

a. If you are overweight, you should eat less.

b. If you are underweight, you should eat more.

c. If you do a lot of exercise, you should eat more.

d. If you are old, you should eat less.

e. If you are young, you should eat more.

7. Find and circle four nutrients. Then, write.

r x p v d s m z

s o g i l a i v

p r o t e i n s

g s w a e t e b

f k t m x y r p

y i p i a n a j

r t a n q d l w

f a t s l c s o

Carbohydrates is missing in the word search.

8. Cross out the least healthy food for each meal. Write a healthier option.

a. a piece of cake. MA. eggs.

b. chips. MA. bread.

c. a hamburguer. MA. an apple.

TEST

PAGE 28

1. b; 2. a; 3. b; 4. c; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. a; 9. c; 10. b.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 29

OA


Answer key

Keeping healthy

REINFORCEMENT

page 30

1. Complete the sentences about healthy habits.

a. Get enough sleep.

b. Keep your body clean.

c. Do regular exercise.

d. Eat a healthy and balanced diet.

e. Have good posture to look after your back.

2. Circle the healthy habits.

A. Brush your teeth; B. Have good posture; C. Do physical exercise; E. Keep your body clean.

3. Read these sentences about doing exercise. Write T (true) or F (false).

a. T; b. F; c. T; d. T; e. F.

page 31

4. Match the methods of preserving foods to the definitions.

a. cooling: You preserve food in the fridge or freezer to make it last longer.

b. adding preservatives: Some substances are added to foods so they don’t go off.

c. heating: It helps to eliminate organisms that spoil food.

5. Which of these foods are fresh and which are processed? Classify.

processed: cake, chocolate, ice cream.

fresh: orange, meat, apple.

6. Write two sentences in the correct order.

a. Food hygiene is essential to prevent illness.

b. Dirty food can make you ill.

7. Use the code and find out a healthy habit.

Children need to sleep ten hours a day.

EXTENSION

page 32

1. put the words in order to make sentences. then, find and underline these sentences in the text.

a. Children need to sleep ten hours a night.

b. In one night, we can have four to seven dreams.

c. We do not always remember our dreams.

2. Koalas sleep 22 hours a day!

OA

3. Keep a dream journal for a week.

OA

page 33


a. An art museum displays paintings and sculptures.

b. Art museums look after their paintings carefully because they are of great historical and cultural interest.

c. An art restorer repairs damaged paintings so that they are in perfect condition.

d. A security guard protects the paintings which are displayed in the museum.

e. OA

ASSESSMENT

page 34

1. Who is looking after their health? Write H (healthy) or N (not healthy).

H; H; N; N.

2. tick (✓) the good posture.

The picture on the left shows good posture.

3. Match to make sentences about healthy habits.

a. We need to exercise regularly.

b. We must eat a healthy and balanced diet.

c. We need to look after our backs.

d. We need ten hours of sleep a night.

e. We must drink enough water.

4. Complete the sentences with the correct words.

a. After a busy day, we feel tired.

b. Sleep keeps our body healthy and gives it energy.

c. Sleep also helps us to recover.

d. Children need to sleep ten hours a day.

e. People who sleep badly get ill.

f. We need to rest after a long day.

page 35

5. give two examples of natural foods and two of processed foods.

MA

a. natural foods: pear and fish.

b. processed foods: pizza and pasta.

6. What stages does the food go through? Complete the words and match.

A. production; B. food industry; C. sale.

7. Read the sentences and write T (true) or F (false). then, correct the false sentences.

a. T; b. F; c. T; d. F; e. F; f. T.

Physical exercise is good for your heart.

You must wash your hands regularly.

Pulses and cereals do not need preserving.


Answer key

TEST

PAGE 36

1. c; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. a; 6. a; 7. c; 8. a; 9. b; 10. c.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 37

OA

ANIMALS

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 38

1. Read the definitions and match.

a. herbivores; b. carnivores; c. scavengers; d. omnivores; e. decomposers.

2. Classify the vertebrates.

mammals: zebra, dolphin.birds: owl, eagle.fish: shark.reptiles: tortoise, crocodile.amphibians: frog, salamander.


mammals: hair, viviparous, lungs.birds: feathers, oviparous, lungs.fish: scales, oviparous, gills.reptiles: scales, oviparous, lungs.amphibians: bare skin, oviparous, lungs and skin.

PAGE 39

4. Find five vertebrates. Then, complete.

d e j m q a k t o

c h a m e l e o n

e j m i o i h r n

h l x a s z c t l

i g u a n a u o o

r u e j m r b i p

u z b c v d u s e

i a i s n a k e e

These animals are all reptiles.

5. Match the bird group to the examples.

a. penguin; b. duck; c. eagle; d. canary.

6. Look at the pictures and answer the questions.

a. It is the process of reproduction.b. Amphibians undergo this process.c. The babies are called tadpoles.

EXTENSION

PAGE 40


a. T; b. T; c. F; d. F; e. T.

A decibel is a unit for measuring sound.

The sound of a jet engine is quieter than the call of a blue whale.


Answer key

2. Use the code to find out how animals communicate.

trumpet; chatter; quack; chirp; hiss.

PAGE 41

1. Write a definition for these words.

MA

Hibernate: When an animal sleeps during the coldest months of the year.

Migrate: When animals travel long distances to find warmer climates.

2. Use the colour key and circle the illustrations.

blue: stork, whale.

red: frog, bear

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 42

1. Write the five groups of vertebrate animals.

mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.

2. What group do these animals belong to?

A. reptiles; B. birds; C. mammals; D. amphibians; E. fish.

3. Tick (✓) the correct options.

a; b; c.

4. Write an example of each type of animal.

MA

marine mammal: whale.

flying mammal: bat.

primate: monkey.

5. Read and circle the mistakes. Then, write the correct words.

Reptiles are viviparous oviparous animals. They breathe through gills lungs.

Their skin is covered with hair scales. Most of them live on land and slither.

PAGE 43

6. Complete the sentences with Fish or Amphibians.

a. Amphibians have bare skin.

b. Fish breathe only through gills.

c. Amphibians breathe through lungs and their skin.

7. Circle the word related to birds in each pair.

top row: animals, vertebrate, feathers.

bottom row: wings, oviparous.

8. What animal is it?

It is a frog.

9. Write the name of two animals which match the descriptions.

MA

a. dog, eagle; b. shark, tuna; c. lizard, crocodile; d. dolphin, whale.


mammals: lungs, hair, legs, viviparous.

reptiles: lungs, scales, legs, oviparous.

birds: lungs, feathers, wings and legs, oviparous.

fish: gills, scales, fins, oviparous.

amphibians: lungs and skin, bare skin, legs, oviparous.

TEST

PAGE 44

1. a; 2. c; 3. b; 4. a; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. c; 9. b; 10. b.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 45

OA


Answer key

INVERTEBRATES

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 46

1. Write the groups of invertebrates. Then, match them to the correct pictures.

top: e, d, a.

bottom: f, b, c.

a. They are sponges.

b. They are cnidarians.

c. They are worms.

d. They are molluscs.

e. They are echinoderms.

f. They are arthropods.

2. Circle the correct word.

Invertebrates haven’t got a spinal column.

PAGE 47

3. Circle the correct words.

a. Worms, insects and spiders are invertebrates.

b. Mussels have got shells.

c. Crabs have got hard exoskeletons.

d. Jellyfish and earthworms haven’t got a hard covering.

4. Complete the crossword about insects.

1. antennae; 2. larvae; 3. insects; 4. thorax; 5. abdomen; 6. wings.

5. Complete the sentences about molluscs.

Molluscs have got soft bodies. Most of them have got one or two shells to protect their bodies.

Most of them are aquatic, like clams, but some are terrestrial, like snails and slugs.

6. Write two examples of each.

MA

a. mussels and clams.

b. snails.

c. octopuses and squids.

EXTENSION

PAGE 48

1. Unscramble the words and find some examples of cephalopods.

a. squids; b. cuttlefish; c. octopuses.

2. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

a. T; b. F; c. T; d. F; e. F.

Cephalopod means head-foot.

Octopuses cannot hear.

Octopuses have eight tentacles.

PAGE 49


a. A beehive is where honey bees live.

b. There is one queen.

c. Drones are male bees.

d. When worker bees are old, they fly outside to collect nectar and pollen.

e. Because they transport pollen from one plant to another.

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 50

1. What do all invertebrates have in common?

Invertebrates haven’t got a spinal column.

2. Look at the illustrations and match.

A. cnidarian; B. arthropod; C. worm; D. echinoderm; E. sponge; F. mollusc.

3. Circle the correct word. Then, write the sentences.

a. Jellyfish have tentacles. Their bodies look like jelly.

b. Worms have soft bodies. They are long.

c. Molluscs have soft bodies. They usually have shells.

d. Spiders have eight legs.

PAGE 51

4. Label the parts of the fly.

left column: thorax, antennae, head.

right column: wings, abdomen, legs.

5. Number the illustrations in order.

A. 4; B. 2; C. 1; D. 3.


a. F; b. F; c. T; d. F.

7. Write the group of arthropods these invertebrates belong to.

A. insects; B. myriapods; C. arachnids; D. crustaceans.

TEST

PAGE 52

1. b; 2. b; 3. c; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. b; 9. a; 10. b.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 53

OA


Answer key

ANIMALS AND PEOPLE

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 54

1. Circle the foods that come from animals.

eggs, sausages, cheese, meat, honey, milk.

2. What materials do we obtain from these animals? What things can we make with them?

a. Sheep give us wool. MA. We can make clothes.

b. Cows give us leather. MA. We can make shoes.

c. Silkworms give us silk. MA. We can make scarves.

3. Find seven animals that can be used for transport. Then, write.

o x q e t s d a

i p o t v d o g

e l e p h a n t

a l y m l d k e

n a h o r s e v

m m w d a o y b

c a m e l e g a

r e i n d e e r

4. Which things can you use for birdwatching? Colour the words.

binoculars, telescope, field guide.

PAGE 55


a. Farmers raise animals for their meat, milk, eggs or skins. This is called livestock farming.

b. In extensive farming, animals live in the open and eat grass.

c. In intensive farming, animals lived fenced in and farmers feed them.

6. What kind of livestock farming is it?

extensive farming; intensive farming.

7. Match the animals to the types of livestock.

poultry: chicken; cattle: cow; sheep: sheep; pigs: pig; goats; goat.

EXTENSION

PAGE 56

1. Search the Internet to find the animal of this year’s Chinese calendar.

OA

2. Look at the calendar. In which year were you born?

OA

PAGE 57

1. Match these words from the text to their definitions.

a. groundhog: a small, brown, furry animal with short legs.

b. burrow: a hole or tunnel in the ground where a small animal lives.

c. hibernate: be in a dormant condition in the winter months.

d. predict: forecast.

e. shadow: a dark shape produced when light is blocked.


a. T; b. F; c. F.

On Groundhog Day, a groundhog predicts the weather for the rest of winter.

If the groundhog sees its shadow, it means the winter weather will continue.

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 58

1. Write the benefits we obtain from these animals.

a. sheep: wool, meat.

b. cows: leather, milk, meat, cheese.

c. bees: honey, wax.

d. silkworms: silk.

e. pigs: meat.

f. chickens: eggs, poultry.

2. Look and match.

extensive farming; intensive farming.

3. Read and complete the sentences.

a. Beekeeping is the farming of bees to obtain honey and wax.

b. Pisciculture is the farming of fish for food.

PAGE 59

4. Complete the sentences about sheep farming.

a. A male sheep is a: ram.

b. A baby sheep is a: lamb.

c. A female sheep is a: ewe.

d. A person who takes care of sheep is a: shepherd.

e. Shearing means to cut off a sheep’s wool.

f. The place where sheep are kept at night is a: pen.

5. Read and write T (true) or F (false).

a. T; b. T; c. F; d. T.

6. Draw some farm animals. Write things which we obtain from them.

OA


Answer key

TEST

PAGE 60

1. c; 2. b; 3. a; 4. a; 5. b; 6. b; 7. b; 8. c; 9. a; 10. c.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 61

1. Draw squares for each method of producing hens. Draw the hens inside. Add the outdoor space where it corresponds. Then, answer the questions.

a. The hens in group 3 live in the most crowded space.

b. The hens in groups 0 and 1 can spend time outside.

2. Look at the prices of the eggs in a supermarket and write them.

OA

PLANTS

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 62

1. Read and write tree, bush or grass. Then, match.

a. A bush has a short, woody stem.

b. Grasses have a soft, flexible stem.

c. A tree has a thick, woody stem called a trunk.

b; c; a.


a. leaves; b. roots; c. stems.

3. Unscramble the words and label the diagram.

left column: stamen, sepal.

right column: petal, pistil.

4. Complete the sentences. Write male or female.

The pistil is the female part of the flower.

The stamens are the male parts of the flower.

PAGE 63

5. Complete the sentences about the stages of reproduction of a plant. Then, write a, b, c and d next to the drawings.

a. Pollen is formed in the stamens.

b. A grain of pollen reaches the pistil of another flower.

c. The ovary matures and turns into fruit. The fruit contains the seeds.

d. When a seed falls to the ground, it germinates and a new plant grows.

left column: a, d.

right column: b, c.

6. What do plants need to grow? Label the drawing.

left column: sunlight, mineral salts.

right column: carbon dioxide, water.

7. Read and match.

mosses and ferns: non-flowering plants.

angiosperms and gymnosperms: flowering plants.

EXTENSION

PAGE 64


a. Floral emblems are usually plants that grow in abundance in the country.

b. The floral emblem of England is the rose.

c. OA

d. OA

e. OA


Answer key

PAGE 65


a. T; b. F; c. T; d. T; e. F.

The plant’s sweet-scented leaves attract insects.

A Venus flytrap takes about a week to digest an insect.

2. Search the Internet for carnivorous plants. Choose one and complete the index card.

OA

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 66

1. Label the plant. Then, answer the question.

left column: stem.

right column: leaves, roots.

• The stem is woody. Trees have a woody stem called a trunk.

2. Label the parts of the leaf. Then, read and tick (✓).

left: leaf blade.

right: petiole.

a. smooth; b. heart-shaped.


Flowering plants produce flowers with seeds. The two main groups are angiosperms, like apple trees, and gymnosperms, like pine trees. Mosses and ferns are not non-flowering plants. The roots of mosses are called rhizoids.

PAGE 67

4. Read and complete the text about plant nutrition.

Plants make their own food through photosynthesis. They absorb water and mineral salts from the soil through their roots. This mixture is the raw sap. Plants also absorb sunlight and carbon dioxide from the air. They then transform the raw sap into elaborated sap.

5. Find and circle five parts of a flower. Then, complete the sentences.

p c o r o l l a

e q y w q b p z

t l p i s t i l

a y s e p a l s

l x t e i g f a

s s t a m e n s

a. It is the female part of the flower. It contains the ovary. It is the pistil.

b. The sepals are the small green leaves that protect the flower.

c. The stamens are the male parts of the flower. They produce pollen.

d. The petals are coloured leaves. They form the corolla.

6. Match the sentences to the life processes that plants carry out.

a. nutrition; b. sensitivity; c. reproduction.

TEST

PAGE 68

1. c; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. c; 6. b; 7. b; 8. a; 9. a; 10. a.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 69

OA


Answer key

ANIMALS AND PLANTS

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 70

1. Look and match the pictures to the areas.

A. grassland; B. forest; C. desert; D. shrubland.


a. Trees grow in fertile soil with high humidity. Many trees together form a forest.

b. Bushes grow in places with poor soil and low humidity. An area dominated by bushes is a shrubland.

c. Grasslands are areas with long periods of drought. Trees and bushes are scarce because they need water all year round.

d. Deserts do not have much water and the soil is arid.There is little vegetation. Only plants that need little water can live in deserts.

3. Where do these animals live? Explain.

MA

Seabirds spend most of their lives over the sea. They only go to land to reproduce.

Squirrels live most of the time in trees and swing from branch to branch.

PAGE 71

4. Find and circle eight animals. Then, write.

s e a b i r d f p

x s n a k e l i s

z f w t q x i s n

s t a r f i s h a

s q u i r r e l i

o o c t o p u s l

5. Classify these marine animals.

They breathe through lungs: whales, seals, turtles.

They breathe through gills: sharks, sardines, tuna.


a. T; b. T; c. F; d. F; e. T; f. F.

EXTENSION

PAGE 72

1. Read the text and circle the correct word.

a. Tundras are found in the Arctic.

b. In the summer, there are 24 hours a day of sunlight.

c. The top layer of the soil is the permafrost.

d. Winter in the Arctic tundra is extremely cold.

e. Global warming is harming the Arctic tundra.

2. Search the Internet for three animal species from the Arctic tundra. Write what they eat.

OA

PAGE 73

1. Read the text and the table. Then, answer the questions.

a. the sloth; b. the cheetah; c. on land; d. in the air.

2. Find your favourite animal on the Internet.

OA

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 74

1. Write the names of these areas.

A. desert; B. shrubland; C. forest; D grassland.


a. T; b. F; c. T; d. F; e. T.

Pines, oaks and beeches are types of trees.

Deserts are areas with arid soil and low humidity.

3. What is vegetation? Explain.

Vegetation is all the plants in an area, region or country.


a. vegetation; b. drought; c. savannah; d. shrubland.

PAGE 75

5. Read the text and complete.

Some aquatic animals live in the sea. They are marine animals. Others live in fresh water, in lakes or rivers. Aquatic animals spend most of their lives in water. Many of them breathe in oxygen from the water through gills. Others come to the surface of the water to breathe in air, through lungs.

6. Circle the correct animal.

a. bat; b. mussel; c. skater; d. snake; e. duck.

7. Read, then write the correct word.

a. trees; b. slither; c. underground.

TEST

PAGE 76

1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c; 6. b; 7. a; 8. a; 9. b; 10. a.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 77

OA


Answer key

MATTER

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 78


Everything around us that takes up space is made up of matter. All objects have two properties: mass, which is the amount of matter in an object, and volume, which is the amount of space an object occupies. The different types of matter are called substances.

2. How do you measure mass and volume? Look and match.

milk: volume.

cheese: mass.

3. What are the three states of water? Write solid, liquid or gas.

A. solid.; B. gas; C. liquid.

4. Write yes or no and give an example.

solids: yes, yes. MA. ice.

liquids: no, yes. MA. juice.

gases: no, no. MA. oxygen.

PAGE 79

5. Use the clues to complete the changes of state.

a. melting; b. solidification; c. evaporation; d. condensation.

6. Label the diagram.

top: condensation, solidification.

bottom: evaporation, melting.

7. Which photo shows a chemical change? Tick (✓).

The photo of the candles shows a chemical change.

EXTENSION

PAGE 80


a. T; b. F; c. F; d. T.

Ice cream melts when the temperature increases.

When ice cream melts, there is a physical change.

2. Find and circle six ice cream flavours. Then, write.

l e m o n u c a m s

g h y u n m h n i l

k h v v p t o r n k

f g a a o y c d t c

e s s n l x o e n h

d l e i k a l a b e

a f r l j s a g v r

e m l l g f t o c r

s t r a w b e r r y

PAGE 81


a. The Millennium Bridge is in London.

b. You can see many of London’s historical buildings, such as St. Paul’s Cathedral and the Globe Theatre.

c. The Millennium Bridge is made of concrete and steel.

d. It can hold up to 5,000 people at one time.

e. It opened in 2000.

f. Because when it opened in 2000, people said the bridge moved under their feet.

g. OA

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 82

1. Answer the questions.

a. Matter is everything around us that takes up space.

b. Volume is the amount of space an object occupies.

c. Matter exists in three states: solid, liquid and gas.

d. A substance is each type of matter.

2. Use the clues to complete the text.

All objects have two properties in common: mass and volume. Objects also have other properties, depending on what substances they are made of. These properties are: colour, smell, lustre and hardness. These properties help us to distinguish one substance from another.

3. Label the illustrations.

A. solid; B. liquid; C. gas.


Answer key

PAGE 83

4. Write T (true) and F (false). Then, correct the false sentences.

a. T; b. F; c. F.

Liquids have a fixed volume, but their shape can change.

Gases do not have a fixed shape nor a fixed volume.

5. Read and cross out the wrong words.

a. Chemical changes / Physical changes are when substances change into different substances.

b. Contraction / Combustion is a physical change.

c. Matter / A mixture is when two or more substances are mixed together.

6. What physical change takes place? Write mixture, change of shape, change of size or change of state.

a. mixture; b. change of shape; c. change of size; d. change of state.

7. Complete the chart with solidification, condensation, melting and evaporation.

top: melting, evaporation.

bottom: solidification, condensation.

TEST

PAGE 84

1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. c; 5. c; 6. b; 7. b; 8. a; 9. b; 10. a.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 85

OA

MATERIALS AND MACHINES

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 86

1. Classify the materials.

natural materials: granite, wood, leather.

man-made materials: paper, glass, pottery.

2. Tick (✓) the materials that come from animals.

wool, leather, silk.

3. Read and match.

a. Hemp is used to make fabrics.

b. Wood is used to make furniture.

c. Cotton is used to make fabrics.

4. Complete the stages involved in making paper.

a. Wood is broken up into small pieces.

b. The pieces are mixed with other substances to make pulp.

c. The pulp is filtered to get rid of impurities.

d. The paper pulp is spread onto a moving belt.

e. The final product is wound onto spools.

PAGE 87

5. How do these machines work? Use the key and circle.

red: hi-fi, fan, computer.

blue: scissors, stapler, pencil sharpener.

6. Choose two machines from Activity 5. Explain what they are used for.

a. MA. We use scissors to cut things.

b. MA. We use a computer to communicate and to work.

7. Classify these machines.

simple machines: pliers, pulley.

compound machines: fan, telephone.

8. Complete the crossword about simple machines.

1. inclined plane; 2. lever; 3. wheel; 4. pulley.

EXTENSION

PAGE 88

1. Circle the illustration of the oldest wheel. Then, answer the question.

C.

• MA. I think it is the oldest wheel because wheels with spokes and wheels made of metal were invented later.

2. Think about life before the invention of the wheel. How do you think people moved heavy objects?

MA. People used animals to transport heavy objects.

PAGE 89

1. Read and write True or False.

a. False; b. True; c. True; d. True; e. False.


Answer key

2. Search the Internet. How is paper recycled? Write three or four sentences describing the process.

OA

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 90

1. Name the materials used to make these objects. Then, write N (natural) or M (man-made) next to each material.

top row: plastic (M), leather (N).

bottom row: wool (N), wood (N), rubber (M), glass (M).

2. Write the raw materials.

a. paper: wood; b. iron: minerals; c. plastic: petroleum.


a. F; b. T; c. T; d. F; e. T.

4. Name one invention for each category. Then, write what energy it uses.

MA

invention: bicycle, radio, vacuum cleaner.

energy: human, electrical, electrical.

PAGE 91


a. Machines save us time and effort.

b. A telephone is a machine that lets us communicate.

c. All machines need energy to work.

d. Scissors need energy from people to work.

6. Write what type of energy these machines use.

A. energy from people; B. electrical energy; C. energy from fuel; D. energy from wind.

7. Complete the text.

A bicycle is a complex machine because it is made up of many operating parts. It has got two wheels, a handle bar that helps steer the bicycle, and two pedals that act as levers. The pedals turn a gear that moves a chain. The chain connects the pedals to the back wheel. The bicycle needs energy from people to work.

TEST

PAGE 92

1. a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. a; 5. a; 6. b; 7. b; 8. a; 9. b; 10. c.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 93

OA

ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT

REINFORCEMENT

PAGE 94

1. Complete the crossword about forms of energy.

1. electrical; 2. thermal; 3. chemical; 4. nuclear; 5. mechanical; 6. light.

2. Circle six energy sources and classify them.

sun, petroleum, wind, natural gas, coal, water.

renewable energy sources: sun, wind, water.

non-renewable energy sources: petroleum, natural gas, coal.


a. In a toaster, electrical energy transforms into thermal energy.

b. In a light bulb, electrical energy transforms into light energy.

c. In a torch, chemical energy transforms into light energy.

PAGE 95

4. How do we know these things have got energy? Write an example for each.

MA

a. the wind: It can move the sails of a windsurf.

b. a football player: He/She can run around and kick a ball.

5. Read and correct this sentence.

Wind, water and sunlight are renewable energy sources. They will never run out!

6. What fossil fuels are they? Read and answer.

a. petroleum; b. coal; c. natural gas.

7. Read and match.

a. thermal power plants; b. solar power plants; c. wind farms; d. hydroelectric power plants.

8. Look at the photos and describe the environmental problem.

MA

Pollution is the accumulation of harmful substances and waste products in soil, water and air. These harmful substances cause many problems: harmful smoke from cars and factories, dirty soil and water, and global warming.

EXTENSION

PAGE 96


a. The steam engine was invented in the 18th century.

b. James Watt invented the steam engine.

c. The steam engine was used in many different ways. For example, it was used in factories, in mines and for means of transport, especially trains.


Answer key

2. Explain how the steam engine works. What kind of energy does water vapour have?

Water vapour is produced by burning coal to heat water to extremely high temperatures. The energy from the water vapour moves the wheel at a steady rhythm.

Water vapour has thermal energy.

PAGE 97


a. Windmills use energy from wind to work.

b. Windmills were used to grind grains of wheat and make flour.

c. mechanical.

d. Modern windmills still have big sails.

e. No, modern wind farms aren’t used to grind grain. They are used to generate electricity.

ASSESSMENT

PAGE 98

1. What is energy? Define in your own words.

MA

Energy is something that has the power to move or change the position of something else.

2. Complete the forms of energy.

a. mechanical; b. chemical; c. thermal; d. electrical; e. nuclear; f. light.

3. What type of energy have they got?

a. chemical; b. nuclear; c. light; d. mechanical; e. mechanical; f. thermal.

4. Write energy transformations in each object.

A. chemical into mechanical; B. electrical into light; C. electrical into mechanical.

5. Write the names of the power plants.

A. solar power plant; B. hydroelectric power plant; C. wind farm.

PAGE 99

6. Classify the types of energy sources. Then, answer the questions.

renewable energy sources: sunlight, wind, water.

non-renewable energy sources: coal, petroleum, uranium.

a. Renewable energy sources will never run out but non-renewable energy sources will.

b. Fossil fuels are non-renewable because they will run out one day.

7. Match the type of power station to its source of energy.

thermal power station: fossil fuels.

hydroelectric power station: water.

wind farm: wind.

nuclear power station: uranium.

8. Write three different ways to save energy.

MA

Switch the tap off while brushing your teeth.

Use public transport.

Control the temperature of the heating and the air conditioning.

TEST

PAGE 100

1. a; 2. a; 3. b; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. a; 8. b; 9. c; 10. a.

INVESTIGATE

PAGE 101

OA

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Natural PRIMARY Science - · PDF fileNatural Science 3 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision