Natural History Notes and New County Records for Ozarkian ......other kinds, it was assumed they were their time in the soil. They were white, 1.2 long, had counting the epiproct

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science

Volume 68 Article 34

2014

Natural History Notes and New County Recordsfor Ozarkian Millipeds (Arthropoda: Diplododa)from Arkansas, Kansas and MissouriN. W. Youngsteadt

C. T. McAllisterEastern Oklahoma State College, [email protected]

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Recommended CitationYoungsteadt, N. W. and McAllister, C. T. (2014) "Natural History Notes and New County Records for Ozarkian Millipeds(Arthropoda: Diplododa) from Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 68 , Article 34.Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol68/iss1/34

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mailto:[email protected],%[email protected]

Natural History Notes and New County Records for Ozarkian Millipeds (Arthropoda:

*Correspondence:

Running Title: Natural History Notes on Millipeds

new geographic records documented for millipeddistributions in Arkansas (see McAllister et al. 2013and refs.Missouri (Gunthorp 1913, 1921, Chamberlin 1928,Shelley and Snyder 2012), buttheir natural history in these states (Youngsteadt 2008,2009). Here weOzark millipeds withinthat the senior author made over the lastand add several new

under logs or rocks in woodland habitat. Specimenswere maintained in 11 or 16 cm diameter cleardeli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soilas a substrate tMillipeds were kept in a general purpose room that hadwindows, but was also artificially lighted when toodark for other purposes. The temperature varied withtime of day and season from about 13 to 29°C (55 to85°Fbaker’s yeast and compost in the blackened stage thatwas derived largely from oak/sweet gum leaves andscrap fruits and vegetables. Tetramin® tropical fishfood was sometimes provided and, occasionally, carrotor potato peels, raw ground beef, or freshly killedinsects. Photographs/photomicrographs were takenwith a Canon Power Shot SXdigital camera, either directly or through an ocular of astereomicroscope. Some were takeplasticbegins with the taxon studied along with the longesttime one of the individuals livedand datesspecimens (photovouchers) of millipeds reprenew county records are on deposit in the Sam NobleOklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman,Oklahoma.


Correspondence:


Over the past decade,new geographic records documented for millipeddistributions in Arkansas (see McAllister et al. 2013and refs.Missouri (Gunthorp 1913, 1921, Chamberlin 1928,Shelley and Snyder 2012), buttheir natural history in these states (Youngsteadt 2008,2009). Here weOzark millipeds withinthat the senior author made over the lastand add several new

Unless noted, specimens were collected fromunder logs or rocks in woodland habitat. Specimenswere maintained in 11 or 16 cm diameter cleardeli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soilas a substrate tMillipeds were kept in a general purpose room that hadwindows, but was also artificially lighted when toodark for other purposes. The temperature varied withtime of day and season from about 13 to 29°C (55 to85°F). The most common food items provided werebaker’s yeast and compost in the blackened stage thatwas derived largely from oak/sweet gum leaves andscrap fruits and vegetables. Tetramin® tropical fishfood was sometimes provided and, occasionally, carrot

r potato peels, raw ground beef, or freshly killedinsects. Photographs/photomicrographs were takenwith a Canon Power Shot SXdigital camera, either directly or through an ocular of astereomicroscope. Some were takeplasticbegins with the taxon studied along with the longesttime one of the individuals livedand datesspecimens (photovouchers) of millipeds reprenew county records are on deposit in the Sam NobleOklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman,Oklahoma.


Correspondence:


Over the past decade,new geographic records documented for millipeddistributions in Arkansas (see McAllister et al. 2013and refs.) and, to a lesser degree, for Kansas andMissouri (Gunthorp 1913, 1921, Chamberlin 1928,Shelley and Snyder 2012), buttheir natural history in these states (Youngsteadt 2008,2009). Here weOzark millipeds withinthat the senior author made over the lastand add several new

Unless noted, specimens were collected fromunder logs or rocks in woodland habitat. Specimenswere maintained in 11 or 16 cm diameter cleardeli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soilas a substrate tMillipeds were kept in a general purpose room that hadwindows, but was also artificially lighted when toodark for other purposes. The temperature varied withtime of day and season from about 13 to 29°C (55 to

). The most common food items provided werebaker’s yeast and compost in the blackened stage thatwas derived largely from oak/sweet gum leaves andscrap fruits and vegetables. Tetramin® tropical fishfood was sometimes provided and, occasionally, carrot

r potato peels, raw ground beef, or freshly killedinsects. Photographs/photomicrographs were takenwith a Canon Power Shot SXdigital camera, either directly or through an ocular of astereomicroscope. Some were takeplastic ofbegins with the taxon studied along with the longesttime one of the individuals livedand datesspecimens (photovouchers) of millipeds reprenew county records are on deposit in the Sam NobleOklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman,Oklahoma.


Correspondence:


Over the past decade,new geographic records documented for millipeddistributions in Arkansas (see McAllister et al. 2013

) and, to a lesser degree, for Kansas andMissouri (Gunthorp 1913, 1921, Chamberlin 1928,Shelley and Snyder 2012), buttheir natural history in these states (Youngsteadt 2008,2009). Here weOzark millipeds withinthat the senior author made over the lastand add several new

Unless noted, specimens were collected fromunder logs or rocks in woodland habitat. Specimenswere maintained in 11 or 16 cm diameter cleardeli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soilas a substrate tMillipeds were kept in a general purpose room that hadwindows, but was also artificially lighted when toodark for other purposes. The temperature varied withtime of day and season from about 13 to 29°C (55 to

). The most common food items provided werebaker’s yeast and compost in the blackened stage thatwas derived largely from oak/sweet gum leaves andscrap fruits and vegetables. Tetramin® tropical fishfood was sometimes provided and, occasionally, carrotr potato peels, raw ground beef, or freshly killed

insects. Photographs/photomicrographs were takenwith a Canon Power Shot SXdigital camera, either directly or through an ocular of astereomicroscope. Some were take

of thebegins with the taxon studied along with the longesttime one of the individuals livedand dates the millipeds were collected, Voucherspecimens (photovouchers) of millipeds reprenew county records are on deposit in the Sam NobleOklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman,Oklahoma.


Correspondence:



) and, to a lesser degree, for Kansas andMissouri (Gunthorp 1913, 1921, Chamberlin 1928,Shelley and Snyder 2012), buttheir natural history in these states (Youngsteadt 2008,2009). Here weOzark millipeds withinthat the senior author made over the lastand add several new

Unless noted, specimens were collected fromunder logs or rocks in woodland habitat. Specimenswere maintained in 11 or 16 cm diameter cleardeli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soilas a substrate to approximate the natural microhabitat.Millipeds were kept in a general purpose room that hadwindows, but was also artificially lighted when toodark for other purposes. The temperature varied withtime of day and season from about 13 to 29°C (55 to


r potato peels, raw ground beef, or freshly killedinsects. Photographs/photomicrographs were takenwith a Canon Power Shot SXdigital camera, either directly or through an ocular of astereomicroscope. Some were take

the deli dish. Each annotated account belowbegins with the taxon studied along with the longesttime one of the individuals lived

the millipeds were collected, Voucherspecimens (photovouchers) of millipeds reprenew county records are on deposit in the Sam NobleOklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman,


2

Correspondence: [email protected]



) and, to a lesser degree, for Kansas andMissouri (Gunthorp 1913, 1921, Chamberlin 1928,Shelley and Snyder 2012), buttheir natural history in these states (Youngsteadt 2008,2009). Here we summarize observations on severalOzark millipeds withinthat the senior author made over the lastand add several new

Unless noted, specimens were collected fromunder logs or rocks in woodland habitat. Specimenswere maintained in 11 or 16 cm diameter cleardeli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soil

o approximate the natural microhabitat.Millipeds were kept in a general purpose room that hadwindows, but was also artificially lighted when toodark for other purposes. The temperature varied withtime of day and season from about 13 to 29°C (55 to



deli dish. Each annotated account belowbegins with the taxon studied along with the longesttime one of the individuals lived



2Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 74745

[email protected]



) and, to a lesser degree, for Kansas andMissouri (Gunthorp 1913, 1921, Chamberlin 1928,Shelley and Snyder 2012), buttheir natural history in these states (Youngsteadt 2008,

summarize observations on severalOzark millipeds withinthat the senior author made over the lastand add several new geographic distribution records.








Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 74745

[email protected]




summarize observations on severalOzark millipeds within six orders and ninethat the senior author made over the last

geographic distribution records.Unless noted, specimens were collected from

under logs or rocks in woodland habitat. Specimenswere maintained in 11 or 16 cm diameter cleardeli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soil






Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014

Natural History Notes and New County Records for Ozarkian Millipeds (Arthropoda:Diplododa) from Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri


[email protected]


Over the past decade, there have been numerousnew geographic records documented for millipeddistributions in Arkansas (see McAllister et al. 2013


summarize observations on severalsix orders and nine

that the senior author made over the lastgeographic distribution records.




insects. Photographs/photomicrographs were takenwith a Canon Power Shot SXdigital camera, either directly or through an ocular of astereomicroscope. Some were take






[email protected]


there have been numerousnew geographic records documented for millipeddistributions in Arkansas (see McAllister et al. 2013












1


[email protected]



) and, to a lesser degree, for Kansas andMissouri (Gunthorp 1913, 1921, Chamberlin 1928,Shelley and Snyder 2012), but little is known abouttheir natural history in these states (Youngsteadt 2008,






r potato peels, raw ground beef, or freshly killedinsects. Photographs/photomicrographs were takenwith a Canon Power Shot SX-100digital camera, either directly or through an ocular of astereomicroscope. Some were take

deli dish. Each annotated account belowbegins with the taxon studied along with the longesttime one of the individuals lived, the




N.W. Youngsteadt

12031 S. Meadowview Avenue, Springfield, MO 65804Science and Mathematics Division, Eastern Oklahoma State College, Idabel, OK 74745



) and, to a lesser degree, for Kansas andMissouri (Gunthorp 1913, 1921, Chamberlin 1928,

little is known abouttheir natural history in these states (Youngsteadt 2008,






r potato peels, raw ground beef, or freshly killedinsects. Photographs/photomicrographs were taken

100, 110 or 16digital camera, either directly or through an ocular of astereomicroscope. Some were taken through the clear

deli dish. Each annotated account belowbegins with the taxon studied along with the longest

, thethe millipeds were collected, Voucher

specimens (photovouchers) of millipeds reprenew county records are on deposit in the Sam NobleOklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman,



N.W. Youngsteadt












, 110 or 16digital camera, either directly or through an ocular of a

n through the cleardeli dish. Each annotated account below

begins with the taxon studied along with the longest, the collection sites




N.W. Youngsteadt







that the senior author made over the last eightgeographic distribution records.




insects. Photographs/photomicrographs were taken, 110 or 16

digital camera, either directly or through an ocular of an through the clear

deli dish. Each annotated account belowbegins with the taxon studied along with the longest

collection sitesthe millipeds were collected, Voucher

specimens (photovouchers) of millipeds reprenew county records are on deposit in the Sam NobleOklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman,



N.W. Youngsteadt






summarize observations on severalsix orders and nine families

eightgeographic distribution records.

Unless noted, specimens were collected fromunder logs or rocks in woodland habitat. Specimenswere maintained in 11 or 16 cm diameter clear-deli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soil




, 110 or 16digital camera, either directly or through an ocular of a


begins with the taxon studied along with the longestcollection sites

the millipeds were collected, Voucherspecimens (photovouchers) of millipeds representingnew county records are on deposit in the Sam NobleOklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman,



N.W. Youngsteadt





summarize observations on severalfamilies

eight years,geographic distribution records.

Unless noted, specimens were collected fromunder logs or rocks in woodland habitat. Specimens

-plasticdeli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soil




, 110 or 160 ISdigital camera, either directly or through an ocular of a



the millipeds were collected, Vouchersenting

new county records are on deposit in the Sam NobleOklahoma Museum of Natural History, Norman,



N.W. Youngsteadt






years,geographic distribution records.


plasticdeli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soil




0 ISdigital camera, either directly or through an ocular of a







N.W. Youngsteadt1






years,


plasticdeli dishes provided with clay, wood, rock, and/or soil




0 ISdigital camera, either directly or through an ocular of a







and C.




and C.


Platydesmida: Andrognathidae

Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, CarroCounty, ArkansSSEMaycm longapparently ferotting wooprotected place and shed theirdays.eggappeared that were being tended by an adult that hadits aadult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs hasbeen documented in several1999, Kudo et al. 2010).during which time the adultwith them. The eggsswelled a bit before hatching. The(Figs. 1B2.0 to1D

Figure 1.hatched young. C. Six days old. D. New hatchling.



and C.T. Mc


Platydesmida: AndrognathidaeBrachycybe lecontii

Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, CarroCounty, ArkansSSEMaycm longapparently ferotting wooprotected place and shed theirdays.egg-appeared that were being tended by an adult that hadits aadult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs hasbeen documented in several1999, Kudo et al. 2010).during which time the adultwith them. The eggsswelled a bit before hatching. The(Figs. 1B2.0 to1D. None survived more than several da




T. Mc



Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, CarroCounty, ArkansSSE of Ozark, ChriMay 2013.cm longapparently ferotting wooprotected place and shed theirdays. They did not eat the

-laying wappeared that were being tended by an adult that hadits anterior half wrapped around them (Fig. 1A)adult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs hasbeen documented in several1999, Kudo et al. 2010).during which time the adultwith them. The eggsswelled a bit before hatching. The(Figs. 1B2.0 to 2.5 mm long

. None survived more than several da




T. McAllister



Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, CarroCounty, Arkans

of Ozark, Chri2013.

cm long andapparently ferotting wooprotected place and shed their

They did not eat thelaying w

appeared that were being tended by an adult that hadnterior half wrapped around them (Fig. 1A)

adult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs hasbeen documented in several1999, Kudo et al. 2010).during which time the adultwith them. The eggsswelled a bit before hatching. The(Figs. 1B-C)

2.5 mm long. None survived more than several da

Figure 1. Brachycybe lecontihatched young. C. Six days old. D. New hatchling.



Allister



Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, CarroCounty, Arkans

of Ozark, Chri2013. These

andapparently feerotting wood.protected place and shed their

They did not eat thelaying w


adult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs hasbeen documented in several1999, Kudo et al. 2010).during which time the adultwith them. The eggsswelled a bit before hatching. The

C) had five pairs of legs2.5 mm long


Brachycybe lecontihatched young. C. Six days old. D. New hatchling.



Allister2*



Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, CarroCounty, Arkansas (27 Nov., 29 Dec.

of Ozark, ChriThese

and found in colonies under logsed on the microorganisms that live on the

To molt, these millipeds curled up in aprotected place and shed their

They did not eat thelaying were not


adult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs hasbeen documented in several1999, Kudo et al. 2010).during which time the adultwith them. The eggsswelled a bit before hatching. The

had five pairs of legs2.5 mm long





2*



Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroas (27 Nov., 29 Dec.

of Ozark, Christian County, Missouri (22 Apr.These pink to red milliped

found in colonies under logsd on the microorganisms that live on theTo molt, these millipeds curled up in a

protected place and shed theirThey did not eat the

ere notappeared that were being tended by an adult that had

nterior half wrapped around them (Fig. 1A)adult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs hasbeen documented in several1999, Kudo et al. 2010).during which time the adultwith them. The eggsswelled a bit before hatching. The

had five pairs of legs2.5 mm long; an older hatchling is shown in Fig.








stian County, Missouri (22 Apr.pink to red milliped



ere not observed, butappeared that were being tended by an adult that had

nterior half wrapped around them (Fig. 1A)adult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs hasbeen documented in several1999, Kudo et al. 2010).during which time the adultwith them. The eggs were 0.6swelled a bit before hatching. The

had five pairs of legs; an older hatchling is shown in Fig.






Platydesmida: AndrognathidaeBrachycybe lecontii Wood





observed, butappeared that were being tended by an adult that had

nterior half wrapped around them (Fig. 1A)adult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs hasbeen documented in several1999, Kudo et al. 2010). The eggs hatched in 21 days,during which time the adult

were 0.6swelled a bit before hatching. The



Brachycybe lecontii. A. Adult broodinghatched young. C. Six days old. D. New hatchling.




Platydesmida: AndrognathidaeWood




protected place and shed theirThey did not eat their exoskeletons


nterior half wrapped around them (Fig. 1A)adult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs hasbeen documented in several Brachycybe

The eggs hatched in 21 days,during which time the adult remained

were 0.6swelled a bit before hatching. The



. A. Adult broodinghatched young. C. Six days old. D. New hatchling.



Platydesmida: AndrognathidaeWood –




protected place and shed theirir exoskeletons


nterior half wrapped around them (Fig. 1A)adult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs has

BrachycybeThe eggs hatched in 21 days,

remainedwere 0.6

swelled a bit before hatching. Thehad five pairs of legs

; an older hatchling is shown in Fig.. None survived more than several da




lived at least 1.3 yrs.Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro

as (27 Nov., 29 Dec.stian County, Missouri (22 Apr.pink to red milliped


protected place and shed their skinir exoskeletons




remainedmm

swelled a bit before hatching. Thehad five pairs of legs (Fig. 1C)





as (27 Nov., 29 Dec. 2011);stian County, Missouri (22 Apr.pink to red milliped


skinsir exoskeletons

observed, but about 24 eggsappeared that were being tended by an adult that had



remained in the samemm in diameter,

swelled a bit before hatching. The hatchlings young(Fig. 1C)





2011);stian County, Missouri (22 Apr.pink to red millipeds were about


after about 10ir exoskeletons.

about 24 eggsappeared that were being tended by an adult that had


Brachycybe species (ShearThe eggs hatched in 21 days,

in the samein diameter,

hatchlings young(Fig. 1C)

; an older hatchling is shown in Fig.. None survived more than several days.

. A. Adult brooding eggs. B. Newlyhatched young. C. Six days old. D. New hatchling.



2011); ca. 16 kmstian County, Missouri (22 Apr.

were aboutfound in colonies under logs

d on the microorganisms that live on theTo molt, these millipeds curled up in a

after about 10Mating



species (ShearThe eggs hatched in 21 days,


hatchlings young(Fig. 1C) and were

; an older hatchling is shown in Fig.ys.

eggs. B. Newly



ca. 16 kmstian County, Missouri (22 Apr.

were aboutfound in colonies under logs. They


after about 10ating


nterior half wrapped around them (Fig. 1A).adult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs has



hatchlings youngand were

; an older hatchling is shown in Fig.

eggs. B. Newly



ca. 16 kmstian County, Missouri (22 Apr., 11

were about. They


after about 10ating and


. Thisadult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs has


in the same placein diameter, but



eggs. B. Newly


lived at least 1.3 yrs.Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll

ca. 16 km, 11

were about 2. They


after about 10and


Thisadult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs has


placebut



eggs. B. Newly-

lived at least 1.3 yrs.ll

ca. 16 km, 11

2


after about 10


Thisadult was not sexed, but male brooding of eggs has


placebut


177

Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 68 [2014], Art. 34

Published by Arkansas Academy of Science, 2014

lecontiiOzark, Christian County2005

Chordeumatida: Cleidogonidae

Taney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.Apr., Oct.local genus, but some of the specimens may havebelonged to other genera (i.e.,longest mating (Fig. 2A) lasted at least 18 hrswhich thethemiddle legsobserved, hatchlings (Fig. 2B) that appeared in Marchwere 1.0and curved setae

Figure 2. A. Cleidogonid mating pair. B. Hatchling; scale bar = 500µm.

Trichopetalidae

Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, CarrollCountywas 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the basesof its long segmental setae.touched with a needle, they would stretch into strandsas the needle was withdrawn as they did inrelateddiscussed milliped spinnerets and a possible homologybetween the segmental setae (with their sticky droplets)and the spinnerets.

Callipodida:

TurnersJun. 2007);Greene County, Missouri (15 Apr.Wakefield,Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, CarroArkansascollected in Kansas produced silken molting cocoons(Fig.both died in the cocoons before molting.Akkari (2011) described a dense callipodidan cocoon

We also documented a new county record forlecontiiOzark, Christian County2005b).

Chordeumatida: CleidogonidaeVarious species.

ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.Apr., Oct.local genus, but some of the specimens may havebelonged to other genera (i.e.,longest mating (Fig. 2A) lasted at least 18 hrswhich thethe male twisting his body andmiddle legsobserved, hatchlings (Fig. 2B) that appeared in Marchwere 1.0and curved setae

Figure 2. A. Cleidogonid mating pair. B. Hatchling; scale bar = 500µm.

TrichopetalidaeTrigenotyla parca

Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carrollunty

was 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the basesof its long segmental setae.touched with a needle, they would stretch into strandsas the needle was withdrawn as they did inrelateddiscussed milliped spinnerets and a possible homologybetween the segmental setae (with their sticky droplets)and the spinnerets.

Callipodida:Abacion

TurnersJun. 2007);

reene County, Missouri (15 Apr.Wakefield,Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, CarroArkansascollected in Kansas produced silken molting cocoons(Fig. 3both died in the cocoons before molting.Akkari (2011) described a dense callipodidan cocoon

We also documented a new county record forlecontii collected on 22 Apr. 2013, ca. 16 km SSE ofOzark, Christian County

).


ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.Apr., Oct.local genus, but some of the specimens may havebelonged to other genera (i.e.,longest mating (Fig. 2A) lasted at least 18 hrswhich the

male twisting his body andmiddle legsobserved, hatchlings (Fig. 2B) that appeared in Marchwere 1.0-1.2 mm long,and curved setae

Figure 2. A. Cleidogonid mating pair. B. Hatchling; scale bar = 500


Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carrollunty, Arkansas

was 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the basesof its long segmental setae.touched with a needle, they would stretch into strandsas the needle was withdrawn as they did inrelated Causeyelladiscussed milliped spinnerets and a possible homologybetween the segmental setae (with their sticky droplets)and the spinnerets.

Callipodida:Abacion

Turners, Greene CountyJun. 2007);

reene County, Missouri (15 Apr.Wakefield,Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, CarroArkansascollected in Kansas produced silken molting cocoons

3), but their construction was not observed andboth died in the cocoons before molting.Akkari (2011) described a dense callipodidan cocoon

We also documented a new county record forcollected on 22 Apr. 2013, ca. 16 km SSE of

Ozark, Christian County


ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.Apr., Oct.-Dec., 2007local genus, but some of the specimens may havebelonged to other genera (i.e.,longest mating (Fig. 2A) lasted at least 18 hrswhich the female

male twisting his body andmiddle legsobserved, hatchlings (Fig. 2B) that appeared in March

1.2 mm long,and curved setae



Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll, Arkansas

was 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the basesof its long segmental setae.touched with a needle, they would stretch into strandsas the needle was withdrawn as they did in

Causeyelladiscussed milliped spinnerets and a possible homologybetween the segmental setae (with their sticky droplets)and the spinnerets.

Callipodida:Abacion

, Greene CountyJun. 2007); N side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,

reene County, Missouri (15 Apr.Wakefield, Clay County, KansasLeatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro

(28 Oct.collected in Kansas produced silken molting cocoons

), but their construction was not observed andboth died in the cocoons before molting.Akkari (2011) described a dense callipodidan cocoon




ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.Dec., 2007

local genus, but some of the specimens may havebelonged to other genera (i.e.,longest mating (Fig. 2A) lasted at least 18 hrs

femalemale twisting his body and

to keep upobserved, hatchlings (Fig. 2B) that appeared in March

1.2 mm long,and curved setae






Callipodida: AbacionidaeAbacion spp.

, Greene CountyN side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,

reene County, Missouri (15 Apr.Clay County, Kansas

Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro(28 Oct.

collected in Kansas produced silken molting cocoons), but their construction was not observed and

both died in the cocoons before molting.Akkari (2011) described a dense callipodidan cocoon




ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.Dec., 2007


female wouldmale twisting his body and


1.2 mm long,and curved setae. N






Abacionidaespp. –



Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro(28 Oct. 2011).






ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.Dec., 2007-


wouldmale twisting his body and


1.2 mm long,None lived long enough to molt.


Trigenotyla parcaLake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll

(27 Nov. 2011)was 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the basesof its long segmental setae.touched with a needle, they would stretch into strandsas the needle was withdrawn as they did in

Causeyella (Youngsteadt 2008). Shear (2008)discussed milliped spinnerets and a possible homologybetween the segmental setae (with their sticky droplets)

Abacionidae– lived



Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro2011).




Ozark, Christian County, Missouri (see Shelley et al.

Chordeumatida: CleidogonidaeVarious species. – lived 1

ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.-2013).


wouldmale twisting his body and


1.2 mm long, had five pairs of legs, eyeone lived long enough to molt.


Trigenotyla parca Causey.Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll

(27 Nov. 2011)was 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the basesof its long segmental setae.touched with a needle, they would stretch into strandsas the needle was withdrawn as they did in

(Youngsteadt 2008). Shear (2008)discussed milliped spinnerets and a possible homologybetween the segmental setae (with their sticky droplets)

Abacionidaelived

, Greene County, Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12N side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,


Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro2011).



Journal of the Arkansas


, Missouri (see Shelley et al.

Chordeumatida: Cleidogonidaelived 1

ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.2013).


sometimesmale twisting his body and

to keep up.observed, hatchlings (Fig. 2B) that appeared in March

had five pairs of legs, eyeone lived long enough to molt.


Causey.Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll

(27 Nov. 2011)was 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the basesof its long segmental setae. If the sticky droplets weretouched with a needle, they would stretch into strandsas the needle was withdrawn as they did in


Abacionidaelived one y

, Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12N side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,


Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro2011). Two of five






Chordeumatida: Cleidogonidaelived 1

ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.2013). Tiganogona


sometimesmale twisting his body and

. Although no eggs wereobserved, hatchlings (Fig. 2B) that appeared in March



Causey. –Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll

(27 Nov. 2011)was 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the bases

If the sticky droplets weretouched with a needle, they would stretch into strandsas the needle was withdrawn as they did in


one yr., Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12

N side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,reene County, Missouri (15 Apr.

Clay County, KansasLeatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro

Two of fivecollected in Kansas produced silken molting cocoons





Chordeumatida: Cleidogonidaelived 1-2 mos.

ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.Tiganogona


sometimesmale twisting his body and using

Although no eggs wereobserved, hatchlings (Fig. 2B) that appeared in March



– Nov.Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll

(27 Nov. 2011)was 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the bases



r. E of S, Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12


Clay County, Kansas (28 MayLeatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro






2 mos.ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.

Tiganogonalocal genus, but some of the specimens may havebelonged to other genera (i.e., Cleidogonalongest mating (Fig. 2A) lasted at least 18 hrs

sometimes walk aroundusing his posterior and




Nov.; livedLake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll

(27 Nov. 2011). This single malewas 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the bases



E of S, Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12


(28 MayLeatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro



N.W. Youngsteadt




2 mos.ney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.

Tiganogonalocal genus, but some of the specimens may have

Cleidogonalongest mating (Fig. 2A) lasted at least 18 hrs

walk aroundhis posterior and




; livedLake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll

. This single malewas 0.8 cm long and it had sticky droplets at the bases



E of Springfield, Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12

N side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,reene County, Missouri (15 Apr. 2009);

(28 MayLeatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carro

Two of five Abacion texensecollected in Kansas produced silken molting cocoons


N.W. Youngsteadt




Greene andney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan.

is a commonlocal genus, but some of the specimens may have

Cleidogonalongest mating (Fig. 2A) lasted at least 18 hrs





; livedLake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll


If the sticky droplets weretouched with a needle, they would stretch into strandsas the needle was withdrawn as they did in the closely


pringfield, Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12

N side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,2009);

(28 May 2011Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll County,

Abacion texensecollected in Kansas produced silken molting cocoons

), but their construction was not observed andboth died in the cocoons before molting. Enghoff andAkkari (2011) described a dense callipodidan cocoon

N.W. Youngsteadt






Cleidogona).longest mating (Fig. 2A) lasted at least 18 hrs





; lived 5 moLake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll


If the sticky droplets weretouched with a needle, they would stretch into strands

the closely(Youngsteadt 2008). Shear (2008)

discussed milliped spinnerets and a possible homologybetween the segmental setae (with their sticky droplets)

pringfield, Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12

N side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,2009);

2011);ll County,


), but their construction was not observed andEnghoff and

Akkari (2011) described a dense callipodidan cocoon

N.W. Youngsteadt






). Theduring

walk around withhis posterior and


had five pairs of legs, eye spots,one lived long enough to molt.


monthsLake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll





pringfield near, Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12

N side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,2009); N

); Lakell County,




N.W. Youngsteadt


We also documented a new county record for B.collected on 22 Apr. 2013, ca. 16 km SSE of


Greene andney cos., Missouri and Carroll Co., Arkansas (Jan. -


Theduring

withhis posterior and


spots,


nths.Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll





near, Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12

N side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,of

Lakell County,




N.W. Youngsteadt

Academy of Science, Vol. 68, 2014178

B.collected on 22 Apr. 2013, ca. 16 km SSE of


Greene and-


Theduring

withhis posterior and


spots,


.Lake Leatherwood Park, Eureka Springs, Carroll





near, Missouri (17, 20 Apr., 12

N side of McDaniel Lake, N of Springfield,of

Lakell County,




N.W. Youngsteadt and C.T. McAllister


and C.T. McAllister


in more detail and noted that it was the first such reportsince 1874. That gap between publications tends tocharacterize the present state of milliped biology.Enghoff and Akkarisimilar cocoons and add more detail.

a new county recordand Shelley 2010).rocks in

Figure 3

Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae

four mos.Missouri (23 May 2007Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark,MissouriThese four cm long millipeds were black with brightyellow markingsadults were collected in the springMay and June, youngmos), adults died in late spring or summer, andadu

attempted to avoid them. If the male didto belly mating positionanterior segments around the front of the female’s headandtriedresulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.general, mlasting about

in a dish that also contained other kinds of millipeds.

and C.T. McAllister



Thea new county recordand Shelley 2010).rocks in

Figure 3

Polydesmida: XystodesmidaeApheloria virginiensis reducta

four mos.Missouri (23 May 2007Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark,MissouriThese four cm long millipeds were black with brightyellow markingsadults were collected in the springMay and June, youngmos), adults died in late spring or summer, andadults were collected in October

When males attempted to mate, the femalesattempted to avoid them. If the male didto belly mating positionanterior segments around the front of the female’s headandtriedresulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.general, mlasting about

Although eggs were never seen, young did appearin a dish that also contained other kinds of millipeds.

and C.T. McAllister



Thea new county recordand Shelley 2010).rocks in

Figure 3.


four mos.Missouri (23 May 2007Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark,MissouriThese four cm long millipeds were black with brightyellow markingsadults were collected in the springMay and June, youngmos), adults died in late spring or summer, and

lts were collected in OctoberWhen males attempted to mate, the females

attempted to avoid them. If the male didto belly mating positionanterior segments around the front of the female’s headand apparentlytried to keepresulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.general, mlasting about


and C.T. McAllister



The A.a new county recordand Shelley 2010).rocks in prairie

. Aba


four mos. Ca. 16 km SMissouri (23 May 2007Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark,Missouri (2 Apr., 26 Oct.These four cm long millipeds were black with brightyellow markingsadults were collected in the springMay and June, youngmos), adults died in late spring or summer, and


attempted to avoid them. If the male didto belly mating positionanterior segments around the front of the female’s head

apparentlyto keep

resulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.general, mlasting about


and C.T. McAllister



A. texensea new county recordand Shelley 2010).

prairie

Abacion texense


Ca. 16 km SMissouri (23 May 2007Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark,

(2 Apr., 26 Oct.These four cm long millipeds were black with brightyellow markingsadults were collected in the springMay and June, youngmos), adults died in late spring or summer, and



apparentlyto keep

resulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.general, matings were relativellasting about 30 min.


and C.T. McAllister



texensea new county recordand Shelley 2010).

prairie habitat

cion texense



(2 Apr., 26 Oct.These four cm long millipeds were black with brightyellow markings.adults were collected in the springMay and June, youngmos), adults died in late spring or summer, and



apparently tried to push it backto keep her

resulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.atings were relativel

30 min.Although eggs were never seen, young did appear




texense from northcentral Kansasa new county recordand Shelley 2010).

habitat

cion texense



(2 Apr., 26 Oct.These four cm long millipeds were black with bright

. Data suggestadults were collected in the springMay and June, youngmos), adults died in late spring or summer, and



tried to push it backher head tucked.





in more detail and noted that it was the first such reportsince 1874. That gap between publications tends tocharacterize the present state of milliped biology.Enghoff and Akkari hadsimilar cocoons and add more detail.

from northcentral Kansasa new county record for Clay County (see McAllisterand Shelley 2010). They were collected from under

habitat.

cion texense showing silky cocoon.



(2 Apr., 26 Oct.These four cm long millipeds were black with bright

Data suggestadults were collected in the springMay and June, young appeared in Jmos), adults died in late spring or summer, and



tried to push it backhead tucked.





in more detail and noted that it was the first such reportsince 1874. That gap between publications tends tocharacterize the present state of milliped biology.

had hoped osimilar cocoons and add more detail.

from northcentral Kansasfor Clay County (see McAllister

They were collected from under

showing silky cocoon.


Ca. 16 km SSE of Ozark Christian County,Missouri (23 May 2007, 18 May 2011Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark,

(2 Apr., 26 Oct. 2010These four cm long millipeds were black with bright

Data suggestadults were collected in the spring

appeared in Jmos), adults died in late spring or summer, and


attempted to avoid them. If the male didto belly mating position, heanterior segments around the front of the female’s head

tried to push it backhead tucked.





hoped osimilar cocoons and add more detail.





SE of Ozark Christian County,, 18 May 2011

Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark,2010

These four cm long millipeds were black with brightData suggest

adults were collected in the springappeared in J

mos), adults died in late spring or summer, andlts were collected in OctoberWhen males attempted to mate, the females

attempted to avoid them. If the male did, he

anterior segments around the front of the female’s headtried to push it back

head tucked.resulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.

atings were relativel



hoped osimilar cocoons and add more detail.





SE of Ozark Christian County,, 18 May 2011

Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark,2010, 3 Mar., 6 May 2011).

These four cm long millipeds were black with brightData suggested a one y

adults were collected in the springappeared in J

mos), adults died in late spring or summer, andlts were collected in October.When males attempted to mate, the females

attempted to avoid them. If the male did, he curled

anterior segments around the front of the female’s headtried to push it back

head tucked. Suchresulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.

atings were relativel



hoped others would look forsimilar cocoons and add more detail.




Apheloria virginiensis reducta Chamberlin.SE of Ozark Christian County,

, 18 May 2011Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark,

, 3 Mar., 6 May 2011).These four cm long millipeds were black with bright

ed a one yadults were collected in the spring, m

appeared in Julymos), adults died in late spring or summer, and

When males attempted to mate, the femalesattempted to avoid them. If the male did

curledanterior segments around the front of the female’s head

tried to push it backSuch

resulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.atings were relatively short



thers would look forsimilar cocoons and add more detail.




Chamberlin.SE of Ozark Christian County,

, 18 May 2011Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian


ed a one ymating occurred inuly (and lived three

mos), adults died in late spring or summer, and

When males attempted to mate, the femalesattempted to avoid them. If the male did

curledanterior segments around the front of the female’s head

tried to push it back, while theSuch female

resulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.y short



thers would look for





, 18 May 2011Christian


ed a one yating occurred in

(and lived threemos), adults died in late spring or summer, and

When males attempted to mate, the femalesattempted to avoid them. If the male did attain the belly

curled hisanterior segments around the front of the female’s head

, while thefemale

resulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.y short,







, 18 May 2011); BeachlerChristian


ed a one yr life cycle:ating occurred in


When males attempted to mate, the femalesattain the bellyhis head and

anterior segments around the front of the female’s head, while thefemale resistance

resulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts.the longest




from northcentral Kansas representfor Clay County (see McAllister


Chamberlin. –SE of Ozark Christian County,

); BeachlerChristian County,


r life cycle:ating occurred in


When males attempted to mate, the femalesattain the belly

head andanterior segments around the front of the female’s head

, while the femaleresistance





representfor Clay County (see McAllister


– livedSE of Ozark Christian County,

); BeachlerCounty,



(and lived threemos), adults died in late spring or summer, and sub



femaleresistance





representfor Clay County (see McAllister


livedSE of Ozark Christian County,

); BeachlerCounty,



(and lived threesub-



femaleresistance

resulted in many unsuccessful mating attempts. Inthe longest




for Clay County (see McAllisterThey were collected from under

livedSE of Ozark Christian County,

County,, 3 Mar., 6 May 2011).

These four cm long millipeds were black with brightr life cycle:

ating occurred in(and lived three



femaleresistance

Inthe longest


178


http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol68/iss1/34

Since the young did not resemble the hatchlings of theother kinds, it was assumed they were

their time in the soil. They were white, 1.2long, hadcounting the epiproct.first instars of thebody setaebody. There were threesegment including dorsolaterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only aslight curve.10 segments andabout 3.2 mm longfourth instar was 3.6 mm longaboprogressed as follows:Aug.instar was seen onwas seen

document a new county record; previous reports fromthe stateOregon, Pulaski, Shannon St. Louis, Stone and Taneycounties (see Shelley and McAllister 2007).

Euryuridae

Hatchlingsyrs.Missouri (30 Mar., 18 MayMay 2008, inadvertently introduced with wood);side of Fellows Lak2012from Marchpolydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the malecurled over the head of the femaleenclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for theposteriorground. Mat

clusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mmin diameter. They swelled someand became more grayiswas not synchronousweewere slow and lethargic compared to those ofPseudopolydesmus pinetorumform a flock.

constructed of fecal pellets


Thetheir time in the soil. They were white, 1.2long, hadcounting the epiproct.first instars of thebody setaebody. There were threesegment including dorsolaterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only aslight curve.10 segments andabout 3.2 mm longfourth instar was 3.6 mm longabout oneprogressed as follows:Aug.; a second instar was seen oninstar was seen onwas seen

All specimens from Christian County, Missouridocument a new county record; previous reports fromthe stateOregon, Pulaski, Shannon St. Louis, Stone and Taneycounties (see Shelley and McAllister 2007).

EuryuridaeAuturus evides

Hatchlingsyrs. E of SMissouri (30 Mar., 18 MayMay 2008, inadvertently introduced with wood);side of Fellows Lak2012).from Marchpolydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the malecurled over the head of the femaleenclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for theposteriorground. Mat

Eggs were laid in hollows beneathclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mmin diameter. They swelled someand became more grayiswas not synchronousweeks from a given clutch.were slow and lethargic compared to those ofPseudopolydesmus pinetorumform a flock.

Moltingconstructed of fecal pellets


The firsttheir time in the soil. They were white, 1.2long, hadcounting the epiproct.first instars of thebody setaebody. There were threesegment including dorsolaterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only aslight curve.10 segments andabout 3.2 mm longfourth instar was 3.6 mm long

ut oneprogressed as follows:

; a second instar was seen oninstar was seen onwas seen on 19 Oct

All specimens from Christian County, Missouridocument a new county record; previous reports fromthe stateOregon, Pulaski, Shannon St. Louis, Stone and Taneycounties (see Shelley and McAllister 2007).


HatchlingsE of S

Missouri (30 Mar., 18 MayMay 2008, inadvertently introduced with wood);side of Fellows Lak

. Thesefrom Marchpolydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the malecurled over the head of the femaleenclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for theposteriorground. Mat

Eggs were laid in hollows beneathclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mmin diameter. They swelled someand became more grayiswas not synchronous

ks from a given clutch.were slow and lethargic compared to those ofPseudopolydesmus pinetorumform a flock.



firsttheir time in the soil. They were white, 1.2long, had three pairs of legscounting the epiproct.first instars of thebody setae were about twobody. There were threesegment including dorsolaterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only aslight curve.10 segments andabout 3.2 mm longfourth instar was 3.6 mm long

ut one-fourthprogressed as follows:

; a second instar was seen oninstar was seen on

on 19 OctAll specimens from Christian County, Missouri

document a new county record; previous reports fromthe state include Barry, Cole, Franklin, Howell,Oregon, Pulaski, Shannon St. Louis, Stone and Taneycounties (see Shelley and McAllister 2007).


Hatchlings (Fig. 4E of Springfield near Turners,


Thesefrom Marchpolydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the malecurled over the head of the femaleenclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for theposterior part to be twisted so the legs were on theground. Mating lasted for over an hour


ks from a given clutch.were slow and lethargic compared to those ofPseudopolydesmus pinetorumform a flock.



first instarstheir time in the soil. They were white, 1.2

three pairs of legscounting the epiproct.first instars of the

were about twobody. There were threesegment including dorsolaterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only aslight curve. Second instars were 2.110 segments andabout 3.2 mm longfourth instar was 3.6 mm long

fourthprogressed as follows:



document a new county record; previous reports frominclude Barry, Cole, Franklin, Howell,

Oregon, Pulaski, Shannon St. Louis, Stone and Taneycounties (see Shelley and McAllister 2007).

Auturus evides(Fig. 4pringfield near Turners,


These 3.5 cm long millipeds matedfrom March topolydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the malecurled over the head of the femaleenclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for the

part to be twisted so the legs were on theing lasted for over an hour


ks from a given clutch.were slow and lethargic compared to those ofPseudopolydesmus pinetorumform a flock. A few survived to

Molting took placeconstructed of fecal pellets


instarstheir time in the soil. They were white, 1.2

three pairs of legscounting the epiproct.first instars of the other polydesmidans

were about twobody. There were threesegment including dorsolaterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only a

Second instars were 2.110 segments and sixabout 3.2 mm longfourth instar was 3.6 mm long

fourthprogressed as follows:





Auturus evides(Fig. 4A) appeared in June and lived twopringfield near Turners,


3.5 cm long millipeds matedto

polydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the malecurled over the head of the femaleenclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for the



ks from a given clutch.were slow and lethargic compared to those ofPseudopolydesmus pinetorum

A few survived totook place



instars moved slowly and spent most oftheir time in the soil. They were white, 1.2

three pairs of legscounting the epiproct.

other polydesmidanswere about two

body. There were threesegment including dorsolaterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only a

Second instars were 2.1six pairs of legs. Third instars were

about 3.2 mm long withfourth instar was 3.6 mm long

the width of the body.progressed as follows:

; a second instar was seen oninstar was seen on 14 Sept.

on 19 Oct.All specimens from Christian County, Missouri



Auturus evides (Bollman).A) appeared in June and lived two

pringfield near Turners,Missouri (30 Mar., 18 MayMay 2008, inadvertently introduced with wood);side of Fellows Lake, Gr

3.5 cm long millipeds matedto May



Eggs were laid in hollows beneathclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mmin diameter. They swelled someand became more grayiswas not synchronous,

ks from a given clutch.were slow and lethargic compared to those ofPseudopolydesmus pinetorum




moved slowly and spent most oftheir time in the soil. They were white, 1.2

three pairs of legsThey had


body. There were threesegment including dorso-laterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only a

Second instars were 2.1pairs of legs. Third instars were

withfourth instar was 3.6 mm long

the width of the body.progressed as follows: a first insta

; a second instar was seen on14 Sept.

All specimens from Christian County, Missouridocument a new county record; previous reports from

include Barry, Cole, Franklin, Howell,Oregon, Pulaski, Shannon St. Louis, Stone and Taneycounties (see Shelley and McAllister 2007).

(Bollman).A) appeared in June and lived two

pringfield near Turners,Missouri (30 Mar., 18 MayMay 2008, inadvertently introduced with wood);

Greene County, Missouri (1 Jan.3.5 cm long millipeds mated

Maypolydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the malecurled over the head of the femaleenclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for the


Eggs were laid in hollows beneathclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mmin diameter. They swelled someand became more grayis

but proceeded for two or moreks from a given clutch.

were slow and lethargic compared to those ofPseudopolydesmus pinetorum








body. There were three of these setae per side per-laterals, laterals, and ventro

laterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only aSecond instars were 2.1

pairs of legs. Third instars were11 pairs of legs.

fourth instar was 3.6 mm longthe width of the body.

a first insta; a second instar was seen on

14 Sept.;




pringfield near Turners,Missouri (30 Mar., 18 MayMay 2008, inadvertently introduced with wood);

eene County, Missouri (1 Jan.3.5 cm long millipeds mated

in a mannerpolydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the malecurled over the head of the femaleenclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for the


Eggs were laid in hollows beneathclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mmin diameter. They swelled someand became more grayish and translucent

ut proceeded for two or moreks from a given clutch.

were slow and lethargic compared to those ofPseudopolydesmus pinetorum

A few survived toin an igloo






other polydesmidanswere about two-thirds

of these setae per side perlaterals, laterals, and ventro



fourth instar was 3.6 mm longthe width of the body.

a first insta; a second instar was seen on

; the possible




pringfield near Turners,2007

May 2008, inadvertently introduced with wood);eene County, Missouri (1 Jan.

3.5 cm long millipeds matedin a manner



Eggs were laid in hollows beneathclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mmin diameter. They swelled some

h and translucentut proceeded for two or more

The hatchlingswere slow and lethargic compared to those ofPseudopolydesmus pinetorum

A few survived to adulthood.in an igloo

constructed of fecal pellets shaped by the everted




three pairs of legs and seven segmentsThey had longer seta

other polydesmidansthirds




fourth instar was 3.6 mm long withthe width of the body.

a first instar was molting o; a second instar was seen on

the possible



(Bollman). –A) appeared in June and lived two

pringfield near Turners,2007, sometime before 9





Eggs were laid in hollows beneathclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mmin diameter. They swelled somewhat before hatching

h and translucentut proceeded for two or more

The hatchlingswere slow and lethargic compared to those of

(herein)adulthood.

in an iglooshaped by the everted


Since the young did not resemble the hatchlings of theother kinds, it was assumed they were Apheloria


and seven segmentslonger seta

other polydesmidansthirds the width of the


laterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only aSecond instars were 2.1-2.2 mm long, had


withthe width of the body.

r was molting o; a second instar was seen on 20 Aug.

the possible



– lived five mos.A) appeared in June and lived two

pringfield near Turners,, sometime before 9



polydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the malecurled over the head of the female andenclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for the

part to be twisted so the legs were on theing lasted for over an hour.

Eggs were laid in hollows beneathclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mm

what before hatchingh and translucent

ut proceeded for two or moreThe hatchlings

were slow and lethargic compared to those of(herein)adulthood.

in an iglooshaped by the everted

Natural History Notes on Millipeds


Since the young did not resemble the hatchlings of theApheloria


and seven segmentslonger seta

other polydesmidans; thethe width of the


laterals. The laterals stuck straight out with only a2.2 mm long, had


with midthe width of the body.

r was molting o20 Aug.

the possible



lived five mos.A) appeared in June and lived two

pringfield near Turners, Greene County,, sometime before 9



polydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the maleand his legs firmly

enclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for the

part to be twisted so the legs were on the.

Eggs were laid in hollows beneathclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mm

what before hatchingh and translucent


were slow and lethargic compared to those of(herein), and did notadulthood.

in an igloo-like chambershaped by the everted





and seven segmentslonger setae than the

; the lateral mithe width of the



pairs of legs. Third instars were11 pairs of legs. A

mid-body setaethe width of the body.

r was molting o20 Aug.

the possible fou




reene County,, sometime before 9


3.5 cm long millipeds matedin a manner typical of

polydesmidans: belly to belly with the front of the malehis legs firmly

enclosing her, particularly toward the frontanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for the

part to be twisted so the legs were on the

Eggs were laid in hollows beneath the soil inclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mm

what before hatchingh and translucent.


were slow and lethargic compared to those of, and did not

adulthood.like chamber

shaped by the everted




moved slowly and spent most oftheir time in the soil. They were white, 1.2-1.5 mm

and seven segmentse than the

lateral mithe width of the



pairs of legs. Third instars wereA possiblebody setae

the width of the body.r was molting o

20 Aug.; a thirdurth instar


include Barry, Cole, Franklin, Howell,Oregon, Pulaski, Shannon St. Louis, Stone and Taney




3.5 cm long millipeds mated frequentlytypical of


enclosing her, particularly toward the front.animal was upside down, it was not unusual for the


the soil inclusters of 12 to 30. They were tan and about 0.45 mm

what before hatchingHatching

ut proceeded for two or more(Fig. 4A)


like chambershaped by the everted



Since the young did not resemble the hatchlings of theApheloria.

moved slowly and spent most of1.5 mm


lateral mithe width of the



pairs of legs. Third instars werepossible

body setaethe width of the body. Stages

r was molting on 16; a thirdrth instar






frequentlytypical of


If theanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for the









Since the young did not resemble the hatchlings of the



lateral mid-the width of the

of these setae per side perlaterals, laterals, and ventro-



body setaeStages

n 16; a thirdrth instar





May 2008, inadvertently introduced with wood); Neene County, Missouri (1 Jan.



f theanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for the









Since the young did not resemble the hatchlings of the



-the width of the

of these setae per side per-



body setaeStages

n 16; a thirdrth instar





Neene County, Missouri (1 Jan.



f theanimal was upside down, it was not unusual for the











rectum; the chambers sometimes had a chimneystructure on the side (Fig. 4B).the size of the builder, but one with an outof 14 mm had walls 2 mm thick.about a day and tbefore the skin was shed. It might spend another threedays in the chamber before exiting, usually withouteating the skin.

County) in Missouri forpreviously reported this milliped from 25 othercounties of the state.

Figure 4Molting chamber; scale bar = 5 mm.

Polydesmidae

Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forwardthenaround her head. His legs completelyincluding her3.5 h

igloo(construction was not observed) in which she laid 12eggsdiameter of 0.4spherical,and more translucent, and embryonicapparentcrescent shaped and about 0.8




We document aCounty) in Missouri forpreviously reported this milliped from 25 othercounties of the state.

Figure 4Molting chamber; scale bar = 5 mm.

PolydesmidaeScytonotus granulatus

Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forwardthenaround her head. His legs completelyincluding her3.5 h

On 22 Apr., aigloo(construction was not observed) in which she laid 12eggsdiameter of 0.4spherical,and more translucent, and embryonicapparentcrescent shaped and about 0.8





Figure 4.Molting chamber; scale bar = 5 mm.


Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forwardthen turned belly to belly with his anterior end curledaround her head. His legs completelyincluding her3.5 hrs.

On 22 Apr., aigloo-like egg chamber(construction was not observed) in which she laid 12eggs. Thediameter of 0.4spherical,and more translucent, and embryonicapparentcrescent shaped and about 0.8





. Auturus evidesMolting chamber; scale bar = 5 mm.


Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forward

turned belly to belly with his anterior end curledaround her head. His legs completelyincluding her

On 22 Apr., alike egg chamber

(construction was not observed) in which she laid 12. The eggs

diameter of 0.4spherical, enlargedand more translucent, and embryonicapparent in some. Bycrescent shaped and about 0.8





Auturus evidesMolting chamber; scale bar = 5 mm.



turned belly to belly with his anterior end curledaround her head. His legs completelyincluding her


(construction was not observed) in which she laid 12eggs

diameter of 0.4enlarged

and more translucent, and embryonicin some. By

crescent shaped and about 0.8








turned belly to belly with his anterior end curledaround her head. His legs completely

legs. The longest mating lasted at least


(construction was not observed) in which she laid 12eggs were white to tan, s

diameter of 0.4enlarged




rectum; the chambers sometimes had a chimneystructure on the side (Fig. 4B).the size of the builder, but one with an outof 14 mm had walls 2 mm thick.about a day and thebefore the skin was shed. It might spend another threedays in the chamber before exiting, usually without



Scytonotus granulatusYoung appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forward




(construction was not observed) in which she laid 12were white to tan, s

mm. Byenlarged to




rectum; the chambers sometimes had a chimneystructure on the side (Fig. 4B).the size of the builder, but one with an outof 14 mm had walls 2 mm thick.

he milliped spent about 10before the skin was shed. It might spend another threedays in the chamber before exiting, usually without


Auturus evides. A. Hatchling; scale bar = 1Molting chamber; scale bar = 5 mm.




On 22 Apr., a femalelike egg chamber


mm. Byto about 0.5 mm in diameter

and more translucent, and embryonicin some. By 5 May,




milliped spent about 10before the skin was shed. It might spend another threedays in the chamber before exiting, usually without

We document a new county record (GreeneCounty) in Missouri forpreviously reported this milliped from 25 other

. A. Hatchling; scale bar = 1Molting chamber; scale bar = 5 mm.




femalelike egg chamber, apparently of fec


mm. Byabout 0.5 mm in diameter

and more translucent, and embryonic5 May,





new county record (GreeneCounty) in Missouri for A. evidespreviously reported this milliped from 25 other

. A. Hatchling; scale bar = 1Molting chamber; scale bar = 5 mm.

Scytonotus granulatus (Say).Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forward



female had, apparently of fec


mm. Byabout 0.5 mm in diameter

and more translucent, and embryonic5 May,


rectum; the chambers sometimes had a chimneystructure on the side (Fig. 4B). Chamberthe size of the builder, but one with an outof 14 mm had walls 2 mm thick.


new county record (GreeneA. evides

previously reported this milliped from 25 other

. A. Hatchling; scale bar = 1

(Say).Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forward



had, apparently of fec


mm. By 3 Mayabout 0.5 mm in diameter

and more translucent, and embryonic5 May, one egg was somewha


rectum; the chambers sometimes had a chimneyChamber

the size of the builder, but one with an outof 14 mm had walls 2 mm thick.


new county record (GreeneA. evides



(Say). –Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forward



had built an open, apparently of fec

(construction was not observed) in which she laid 12were white to tan, spherical, and had a

3 Mayabout 0.5 mm in diameter

and more translucent, and embryonicone egg was somewha

mm long.

rectum; the chambers sometimes had a chimneyChamber

the size of the builder, but one with an outof 14 mm had walls 2 mm thick. Construction took


new county record (GreeneA. evides. Shelley (1982)



– lived three mos.Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forward

turned belly to belly with his anterior end curledaround her head. His legs completely surrounded


built an open, apparently of fec

(construction was not observed) in which she laid 12pherical, and had a

3 May theyabout 0.5 mm in diameter

and more translucent, and embryonicone egg was somewha

mm long.

rectum; the chambers sometimes had a chimneyChambers

the size of the builder, but one with an outside diameterConstruction took


new county record (Greene. Shelley (1982)



lived three mos.Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forward

turned belly to belly with his anterior end curledsurrounded


built an open, apparently of fec


theyabout 0.5 mm in diameter

and more translucent, and embryonic structure wasone egg was somewha

mm long.

rectum; the chambers sometimes had a chimneyvaried with

side diameterConstruction took

milliped spent about 10 daysbefore the skin was shed. It might spend another threedays in the chamber before exiting, usually without




lived three mos.Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpymillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forward



built an open, apparently of fecal material


they were lessabout 0.5 mm in diameter

structure wasone egg was somewha

mm long.

rectum; the chambers sometimes had a chimneyvaried with


daysbefore the skin was shed. It might spend another threedays in the chamber before exiting, usually without



. A. Hatchling; scale bar = 1 mm. B.

lived three mos.Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeaRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,Missouri (2 Apr. 2010). These bumpy-backedmillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forward



built an open-toppedal material


were lessabout 0.5 mm in diameter, grayer


mm long. They a

rectum; the chambers sometimes had a chimney-likevaried with


days in itbefore the skin was shed. It might spend another threedays in the chamber before exiting, usually without



mm. B.

lived three mos.Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,Greene County, Missouri (20 Feb. 2009); BeachlerRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,

backedmillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the malemounted the female from behind, crawled forward, and

turned belly to belly with his anterior end curledsurrounded her


toppedal material


were lessgrayer


They a

likevaried with


in itbefore the skin was shed. It might spend another threedays in the chamber before exiting, usually without



mm. B.

lived three mos.Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,

chlerRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,

backedmillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the male

, andturned belly to belly with his anterior end curled

her,legs. The longest mating lasted at least

toppedal material


were lessgrayer

structure wasone egg was somewhat

They all

likevaried with


in itbefore the skin was shed. It might spend another threedays in the chamber before exiting, usually without



lived three mos.Young appeared in April and May. E of Springfieldnear Turners, Greene County, Missouri (30 Mar. 2007,4 Feb., 13 Nov. 2008); N side of McDaniel Lake,

chlerRidge, ca. 19 km SSE of Ozark, Christian County,

backedmillipeds were about 1.2 cm long. Mating occurredaround spring, and in one observed case the male

, andturned belly to belly with his anterior end curled

,legs. The longest mating lasted at least

toppedal material


were lessgrayer

structure wast

ll

179



hatchedinfertile)

had seven segments counting the epiproct, andpairsbacks butSuccessive instars were increasingly coordinated, butremained white with hooked setae through the fifthinstar, at which the last one diedold.

County) for(2005a) previously reported this milliped from Boone,Calloway, Chariton, Christian, Cole, Dent and Phelpscounties.

Polydesmidae

Springfield, Gr13 Mar.Ozark, ChristofThis account summarizes some observations made byYoungsteadt (2009) and addsmillipeds were abcycle.constructed of fecal materialof eggsthe males died in the summer. Thefor crectumconstruction proceededsynchronoustemperature,two days in the chamber before one of them made ahole in the chamber wall through which they alldeparted,instars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reachedafter seven molts.in the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth orseventh stadiaRegardless, eggMating

produced a clear secretion from a pair of stalked lateralpores on the fifth segment; the secretion was assumedto be repellant. Morean object wasfront of a first instar,laid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed

hatchedinfertile)

The first instarshad seven segments counting the epiproct, andpairs of legs. Like the adults, tbacks butSuccessive instars were increasingly coordinated, butremained white with hooked setae through the fifthinstar, at which the last one diedold.

We document a new county record (GreeneCounty) for(2005a) previously reported this milliped from Boone,Calloway, Chariton, Christian, Cole, Dent and Phelpscounties.

PolydesmidaePseudopolydesmus pinetorum

Springfield, Gr13 Mar.Ozark, Christof Wakefield, Clay CoThis account summarizes some observations made byYoungsteadt (2009) and addsmillipeds were abcycle.constructed of fecal material

eggsthe males died in the summer. Thefor chamber construction was shapedrectumconstruction proceededsynchronoustemperature,two days in the chamber before one of them made ahole in the chamber wall through which they alldeparted,instars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reachedafter seven molts.in the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth orseventh stadiaRegardless, eggMating

If prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instarsproduced a clear secretion from a pair of stalked lateralpores on the fifth segment; the secretion was assumedto be repellant. Morean object wasfront of a first instar,laid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed

hatched later that day (except one that was apparentlyinfertile) and the hatchlings dispersed.

The first instarshad seven segments counting the epiproct, and

of legs. Like the adults, tbacks butSuccessive instars were increasingly coordinated, butremained white with hooked setae through the fifthinstar, at which the last one died

We document a new county record (GreeneCounty) for(2005a) previously reported this milliped from Boone,Calloway, Chariton, Christian, Cole, Dent and Phelpscounties.


Springfield, Gr13 Mar.Ozark, Christ

Wakefield, Clay CoThis account summarizes some observations made byYoungsteadt (2009) and addsmillipeds were ab

The femalesconstructed of fecal material

eggs in the spring (Figs. 5A and 5B) before they andthe males died in the summer. The

hamber construction was shapedrectum and theconstruction proceededsynchronoustemperature,two days in the chamber before one of them made ahole in the chamber wall through which they alldeparted,instars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reachedafter seven molts.in the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth orseventh stadiaRegardless, eggMating in

If prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instarsproduced a clear secretion from a pair of stalked lateralpores on the fifth segment; the secretion was assumedto be repellant. Morean object wasfront of a first instar,laid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed

later that day (except one that was apparentlyand the hatchlings dispersed.


of legs. Like the adults, tbacks but were covered with shortSuccessive instars were increasingly coordinated, butremained white with hooked setae through the fifthinstar, at which the last one died

We document a new county record (GreeneCounty) for(2005a) previously reported this milliped from Boone,Calloway, Chariton, Christian, Cole, Dent and Phelps


Springfield, Gr201

Ozark, ChristWakefield, Clay Co

This account summarizes some observations made byYoungsteadt (2009) and addsmillipeds were ab


in the spring (Figs. 5A and 5B) before they andthe males died in the summer. The

hamber construction was shapedand the

construction proceededsynchronously after about 8 to 18 daystemperature,two days in the chamber before one of them made ahole in the chamber wall through which they alldeparted, one after anotherinstars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reachedafter seven molts.in the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth orseventh stadiaRegardless, egg

in this speciesIf prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instars

produced a clear secretion from a pair of stalked lateralpores on the fifth segment; the secretion was assumedto be repellant. Morean object wasfront of a first instar,laid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed



of legs. Like the adults, twere covered with short

Successive instars were increasingly coordinated, butremained white with hooked setae through the fifthinstar, at which the last one died

We document a new county record (GreeneCounty) for S. granulatus(2005a) previously reported this milliped from Boone,Calloway, Chariton, Christian, Cole, Dent and Phelps


Springfield, Greene County, Missouri (20 Aug.2011); Beachler Ridge, ca. 19 km S

Ozark, Christian County, Missouri (13 Oct.Wakefield, Clay Co

This account summarizes some observations made byYoungsteadt (2009) and addsmillipeds were ab



hamber construction was shapedand the

construction proceededly after about 8 to 18 days

temperature, after whichtwo days in the chamber before one of them made ahole in the chamber wall through which they all

one after anotherinstars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reachedafter seven molts.in the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth orseventh stadia to become adultRegardless, egg

this speciesIf prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instars

produced a clear secretion from a pair of stalked lateralpores on the fifth segment; the secretion was assumedto be repellant. Morean object was inoculated with thfront of a first instar,laid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed





We document a new county record (GreeneS. granulatus

(2005a) previously reported this milliped from Boone,Calloway, Chariton, Christian, Cole, Dent and Phelps

Pseudopolydesmus pinetorumeene County, Missouri (20 Aug.

); Beachler Ridge, ca. 19 km Sian County, Missouri (13 Oct.

Wakefield, Clay CoThis account summarizes some observations made byYoungsteadt (2009) and addsmillipeds were about 2 cm long and had a one yr



hamber construction was shapedand the eggs

construction proceededly after about 8 to 18 daysafter which

two days in the chamber before one of them made ahole in the chamber wall through which they all

one after anotherinstars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reachedafter seven molts. Some reachedin the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth or

to become adultRegardless, egg laying was centered n

this speciesIf prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instars

produced a clear secretion from a pair of stalked lateralpores on the fifth segment; the secretion was assumedto be repellant. More

inoculated with thfront of a first instar,laid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed


The first instars were white, 1.1 to 1.had seven segments counting the epiproct, and







Wakefield, Clay CoThis account summarizes some observations made byYoungsteadt (2009) and adds

out 2 cm long and had a one yrThe females

constructed of fecal materialin the spring (Figs. 5A and 5B) before they and

the males died in the summer. Thehamber construction was shaped

eggsconstruction proceeded

ly after about 8 to 18 daysafter which


one after anotherinstars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reached

Some reachedin the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth or

to become adultlaying was centered n

this species lIf prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instars

produced a clear secretion from a pair of stalked lateralpores on the fifth segment; the secretion was assumedto be repellant. More recent testing demonstrated that if

inoculated with thfront of a first instar,laid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed


were white, 1.1 to 1.had seven segments counting the epiproct, and







Wakefield, Clay CountyThis account summarizes some observations made byYoungsteadt (2009) and adds

out 2 cm long and had a one yrThe females buil



eggs wereconstruction proceeded

ly after about 8 to 18 daysafter which





lastIf prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instars

produced a clear secretion from a pair of stalked lateralpores on the fifth segment; the secretion was assumed

recent testing demonstrated that ifinoculated with th

front of a first instar, the first instarlaid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed






We document a new county record (GreeneS. granulatus in Misso




unty, Kansas (28 May 2011This account summarizes some observations made byYoungsteadt (2009) and adds

out 2 cm long and had a one yrbuilt



wereconstruction proceeded.

ly after about 8 to 18 daysafter which the hatchlings





asted up toIf prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instars



the first instarlaid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed




of legs. Like the adults, theywere covered with short


We document a new county record (Greenein Misso




, Kansas (28 May 2011This account summarizes some observations made byYoungsteadt (2009) and adds new information

out 2 cm long and had a one yrigloo

constructed of fecal material and lain the spring (Figs. 5A and 5B) before they and


were laidThe eggs hatched

ly after about 8 to 18 daysthe hatchlings


one after another (Figinstars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reached


to become adult and matelaying was centered n

up toIf prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instars







heywere covered with short

Successive instars were increasingly coordinated, butremained white with hooked setae through the fifthinstar, at which the last one died at about three month

We document a new county record (Greenein Misso




, Kansas (28 May 2011This account summarizes some observations made by

new informationout 2 cm long and had a one yr

igloo-likeand la


hamber construction was shapedlaid in the chamberThe eggs hatched

ly after about 8 to 18 daysthe hatchlings


(Fig.instars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reached

Some reached this stagein the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth or

and matelaying was centered n

up to two days.If prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instars


recent testing demonstrated that ifinoculated with the secretion





hey had bumps on theirwere covered with short

Successive instars were increasingly coordinated, butremained white with hooked setae through the fifth

at about three month

We document a new county record (Greenein Missouri.






likeand laid

in the spring (Figs. 5A and 5B) before they andthe males died in the summer. The fecal material

hamber construction was shapedin the chamber

The eggs hatchedly after about 8 to 18 days

the hatchlingstwo days in the chamber before one of them made ahole in the chamber wall through which they all

(Fig. 5D). These firstinstars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reached

this stagein the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth or

and matelaying was centered n

two days.If prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instars


recent testing demonstrated that ifsecretion

the first instar stoplaid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed

N.W. Youngsteadt




had bumps on theirwere covered with short, hooked setae.



We document a new county record (Greeneuri. Shelley et al.


(Bollman).eene County, Missouri (20 Aug.




like egg chambersseveral clutches

in the spring (Figs. 5A and 5B) before they andfecal material

hamber construction was shaped by the evertedin the chamber

The eggs hatchedly after about 8 to 18 days, depending on

the hatchlings spent anothertwo days in the chamber before one of them made ahole in the chamber wall through which they all

5D). These firstinstars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamcomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reached

this stagein the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth or

and matedlaying was centered near



recent testing demonstrated that ifsecretion

stoplaid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed

N.W. Youngsteadt


later that day (except one that was apparently

were white, 1.1 to 1.4 mm long,had seven segments counting the epiproct, and

had bumps on theirhooked setae.



We document a new county record (GreeneShelley et al.






egg chambersseveral clutches


by the evertedin the chamber

The eggs hatched, depending on

spent anothertwo days in the chamber before one of them made ahole in the chamber wall through which they all


this stage and matedin the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth or

in the spring.ear spr



recent testing demonstrated that ifsecretion and

stoppedlaid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed

N.W. Youngsteadt



4 mm long,had seven segments counting the epiproct, and







); Beachler Ridge, ca. 19 km S2008


new information.out 2 cm long and had a one yr







and matedin the fall, but others overwintered in their sixth or

in the spring.springtime.

If prodded with a paintbrush bristle, the first instarsproduced a clear secretion from a pair of stalked lateralpores on the fifth segment; the secretion was assumed

recent testing demonstrated that ifand

ped moving,laid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed

N.W. Youngsteadt



4 mm long,had seven segments counting the epiproct, and three






(Bollman).eene County, Missouri (20 Aug. 2007,

); Beachler Ridge, ca. 19 km SSE of2008)


. Theseout 2 cm long and had a one yr


in the spring (Figs. 5A and 5B) before they andfecal material used




5D). These firstinstars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Moltingtook about 10 days and occurred in chamberscomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reached


in the spring.ingtime.


recent testing demonstrated that ifand held in

moving,laid its antennae back, and either retreated or changed

N.W. Youngsteadt



4 mm long,three



at about three months



(Bollman). –2007,

SE of); N

, Kansas (28 May 2011).This account summarizes some observations made by

Theselife


in the spring (Figs. 5A and 5B) before they andused

by the evertedin the chamber as



5D). These firstinstars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Molting

berscomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reached




recent testing demonstrated that ifheld in


N.W. Youngsteadt



4 mm long,three



s



–2007,

SE ofN.

This account summarizes some observations made byThese

lifeegg chambers

several clutchesin the spring (Figs. 5A and 5B) before they and

usedby the everted

asThe eggs hatched

, depending onspent another


5D). These firstinstars stayed together as a flock (Fig. 5C). Molting

berscomparable to egg chambers. Adulthood was reached




recent testing demonstrated that ifheld in




and C.T. McAllister


direction. Second and third instars and adults alresponded, but first and second instars of(herein) did not obviously do so.

Figure 5(arrow). B. Egg chamber with hatchlings. C.D. Hatchlings exiting egg

produced what looked like a clear droplet of fluid fromits rectum, and this was reported as a droplet byYoungsteadt (2009). However, further observationsuggested that the “droplet” was more likely an evertedrectum. In addition to being everted when individualswere prodded, they were also commonly everted asindividuals moved about in a flock; every once in awhile an individual would lift its abdomen a bit andrather quickly evert and retract its rectum. Sinmillipeds are blind, the idea emerges that the evertedrectum might emit a signaling substance that helpsorganize the flock. However, noor movement of the flock as a whole seemed to beinfluenced by the eversions

females from different locations were placed togetherto see if they would mate; all did. The most distantlocations were separated by about 422 km (264 mi),and included a male from Springfield, Missouri(Greene CounKansas (Clay County).but since

and C.T. McAllister



Figure 5(arrow). B. Egg chamber with hatchlings. C.D. Hatchlings exiting egg

With continued prodding, a first instar alsoproduced what looked like a clear droplet of fluid fromits rectum, and this was reported as a droplet byYoungsteadt (2009). However, further observationsuggested that the “droplet” was more likely an evertedrectum. In addition to being everted when individualswere prodded, they were also commonly everted asindividuals moved about in a flock; every once in awhile an individual would lift its abdomen a bit andrather quickly evert and retract its rectum. Sinmillipeds are blind, the idea emerges that the evertedrectum might emit a signaling substance that helpsorganize the flock. However, noor movement of the flock as a whole seemed to beinfluenced by the eversions

As a test ffemales from different locations were placed togetherto see if they would mate; all did. The most distantlocations were separated by about 422 km (264 mi),and included a male from Springfield, Missouri(Greene CounKansas (Clay County).but since

and C.T. McAllister



Figure 5.(arrow). B. Egg chamber with hatchlings. C.D. Hatchlings exiting egg



and C.T. McAllister



. Pseudopolydesmus pinetorum(arrow). B. Egg chamber with hatchlings. C.D. Hatchlings exiting egg



and C.T. McAllister



Pseudopolydesmus pinetorum(arrow). B. Egg chamber with hatchlings. C.D. Hatchlings exiting egg


As a test ffemales from different locations were placed togetherto see if they would mate; all did. The most distantlocations were separated by about 422 km (264 mi),and included a male from Springfield, Missouri(Greene CounKansas (Clay County).but since one

and C.T. McAllister





As a test for possible cryptic species, males andfemales from different locations were placed togetherto see if they would mate; all did. The most distantlocations were separated by about 422 km (264 mi),and included a male from Springfield, Missouri(Greene County) and two females from Wakefield,Kansas (Clay County).

one of the females





or possible cryptic species, males andfemales from different locations were placed togetherto see if they would mate; all did. The most distantlocations were separated by about 422 km (264 mi),and included a male from Springfield, Missouri

ty) and two females from Wakefield,Kansas (Clay County).

of the females



Pseudopolydesmus pinetorum(arrow). B. Egg chamber with hatchlings. C.D. Hatchlings exiting egg chamber.



ty) and two females from Wakefield,Kansas (Clay County).

of the females



Pseudopolydesmus pinetorum(arrow). B. Egg chamber with hatchlings. C.

chamber.



ty) and two females from Wakefield,Offspring

of the females




chamber.

With continued prodding, a first instar alsoproduced what looked like a clear droplet of fluid fromits rectum, and this was reported as a droplet byYoungsteadt (2009). However, further observationsuggested that the “droplet” was more likely an evertedrectum. In addition to being everted when individualswere prodded, they were also commonly everted asindividuals moved about in a flock; every once in awhile an individual would lift its abdomen a bit andrather quickly evert and retract its rectum. Sinmillipeds are blind, the idea emerges that the evertedrectum might emit a signaling substance that helpsorganize the flock. However, noor movement of the flock as a whole seemed to beinfluenced by the eversions.


ty) and two females from Wakefield,ffspring

of the females



With continued prodding, a first instar alsoproduced what looked like a clear droplet of fluid fromits rectum, and this was reported as a droplet byYoungsteadt (2009). However, further observationsuggested that the “droplet” was more likely an evertedrectum. In addition to being everted when individualswere prodded, they were also commonly everted asindividuals moved about in a flock; every once in awhile an individual would lift its abdomen a bit andrather quickly evert and retract its rectum. Sinmillipeds are blind, the idea emerges that the evertedrectum might emit a signaling substance that helpsorganize the flock. However, noor movement of the flock as a whole seemed to be


ty) and two females from Wakefield,ffspring

of the females laid eggs

direction. Second and third instars and adults alresponded, but first and second instars of

Pseudopolydesmus pinetorum. A. Female(arrow). B. Egg chamber with hatchlings. C.

With continued prodding, a first instar alsoproduced what looked like a clear droplet of fluid fromits rectum, and this was reported as a droplet byYoungsteadt (2009). However, further observationsuggested that the “droplet” was more likely an evertedrectum. In addition to being everted when individualswere prodded, they were also commonly everted asindividuals moved about in a flock; every once in awhile an individual would lift its abdomen a bit andrather quickly evert and retract its rectum. Sinmillipeds are blind, the idea emerges that the evertedrectum might emit a signaling substance that helpsorganize the flock. However, no individualor movement of the flock as a whole seemed to be


ty) and two females from Wakefield,ffspring were also produced,

laid eggs


. A. Female(arrow). B. Egg chamber with hatchlings. C. Flock of first instars.

With continued prodding, a first instar alsoproduced what looked like a clear droplet of fluid fromits rectum, and this was reported as a droplet byYoungsteadt (2009). However, further observationsuggested that the “droplet” was more likely an evertedrectum. In addition to being everted when individualswere prodded, they were also commonly everted asindividuals moved about in a flock; every once in awhile an individual would lift its abdomen a bit andrather quickly evert and retract its rectum. Sinmillipeds are blind, the idea emerges that the evertedrectum might emit a signaling substance that helps

individualor movement of the flock as a whole seemed to be


ty) and two females from Wakefield,were also produced,

laid eggs


. A. FemaleFlock of first instars.


individualor movement of the flock as a whole seemed to be



laid eggs

direction. Second and third instars and adults alresponded, but first and second instars of A. evides

. A. Female layingFlock of first instars.


individual movementor movement of the flock as a whole seemed to be



laid eggs prior to the

direction. Second and third instars and adults alA. evides

layingFlock of first instars.

With continued prodding, a first instar alsoproduced what looked like a clear droplet of fluid fromits rectum, and this was reported as a droplet byYoungsteadt (2009). However, further observationsuggested that the “droplet” was more likely an evertedrectum. In addition to being everted when individualswere prodded, they were also commonly everted asindividuals moved about in a flock; every once in awhile an individual would lift its abdomen a bit andrather quickly evert and retract its rectum. Since thesemillipeds are blind, the idea emerges that the evertedrectum might emit a signaling substance that helps

movementor movement of the flock as a whole seemed to be



prior to the

direction. Second and third instars and adults alA. evides

laying eggsFlock of first instars.

With continued prodding, a first instar alsoproduced what looked like a clear droplet of fluid fromits rectum, and this was reported as a droplet byYoungsteadt (2009). However, further observationsuggested that the “droplet” was more likely an evertedrectum. In addition to being everted when individualswere prodded, they were also commonly everted asindividuals moved about in a flock; every once in awhile an individual would lift its abdomen a bit and

ce thesemillipeds are blind, the idea emerges that the evertedrectum might emit a signaling substance that helps




prior to the

direction. Second and third instars and adults alsoA. evides

eggsFlock of first instars.






prior to the

so






prior to the

180



mating, neither was likelysurviving colony of this species died out in its thirdgener

Withrowwe take this opportunity to document new countyrecords forcounties, Missouri, and Clay County, Kansas.

Julida:

side of McDaniel Lake25 Feb.resembled snakes in the way they twisted and curled,particularly during mating, whihou

Figure 6. Parajulids mating.

prairie plots ca. 0.8 kmSpringfield, Greene2011).similarmatings were observed in November but none lastedmore than a few minutes. In one casea femalethen quickly separaquick when they met. Ltouch, but one quickly retreated.

Spirobolida: Spirobolidae

original adults lived six mos, but one juvenile wasreleased

mating, neither was likelysurviving colony of this species died out in its thirdgeneration

As previous records ofWithrowwe take this opportunity to document new countyrecords forcounties, Missouri, and Clay County, Kansas.

Julida:Species 1

side of McDaniel Lake25 Feb.resembled snakes in the way they twisted and curled,particularly during mating, whi

our for the longest record.


Species 2prairie plots ca. 0.8 kmSpringfield, Greene2011).similarmatings were observed in November but none lastedmore than a few minutes. In one casea femalethen quickly separaquick when they met. Ltouch, but one quickly retreated.

Spirobolida: SpirobolidaeNarceus americanus


mating, neither was likelysurviving colony of this species died out in its third

ationAs previous records of

Withrowwe take this opportunity to document new countyrecords forcounties, Missouri, and Clay County, Kansas.

Julida: ParajulidaeSpecies 1

side of McDaniel Lake25 Feb. 2009). These 4 cm long millipedsresembled snakes in the way they twisted and curled,particularly during mating, whi

r for the longest record.


Species 2prairie plots ca. 0.8 kmSpringfield, Greene2011). These 4.5 cm longsimilar to species 1 abovematings were observed in November but none lastedmore than a few minutes. In one casea female,then quickly separaquick when they met. Ltouch, but one quickly retreated.




ation.As previous records of

Withrow (1988)we take this opportunity to document new countyrecords for P. pinetorumcounties, Missouri, and Clay County, Kansas.

ParajulidaeSpecies 1

side of McDaniel Lake2009). These 4 cm long millipeds

resembled snakes in the way they twisted and curled,particularly during mating, whi



Species 2prairie plots ca. 0.8 kmSpringfield, Greene

These 4.5 cm longto species 1 above

matings were observed in November but none lastedmore than a few minutes. In one case

they quickly coiled into a mating knot, butthen quickly separaquick when they met. Ltouch, but one quickly retreated.


original adults lived six mos, but one juvenile waswhen nearing three y


As previous records of(1988)

we take this opportunity to document new countyP. pinetorum

counties, Missouri, and Clay County, Kansas.

ParajulidaeSpecies 1 –





Species 2 –prairie plots ca. 0.8 kmSpringfield, Greene







As previous records of(1988) are from an unpublished dissertation,



Parajulidaelived two months and was released. N





– livedprairie plots ca. 0.8 kmSpringfield, Greene







As previous records ofare from an unpublished dissertation,



Parajulidaelived two months and was released. N





livedprairie plots ca. 0.8 kmSpringfield, Greene County, Missouri (8, 12 Nov.



they quickly coiled into a mating knot, butthen quickly separated. The knotting was almost squick when they met. Ltouch, but one quickly retreated.




As previous records ofare from an unpublished dissertation,



lived two months and was released. Nside of McDaniel Lake, Greene C

2009). These 4 cm long millipedsresembled snakes in the way they twisted and curled,particularly during mating, whi



lived two moprairie plots ca. 0.8 km

County, Missouri (8, 12 Nov.These 4.5 cm longto species 1 above


they quickly coiled into a mating knot, butted. The knotting was almost s

quick when they met. Ltouch, but one quickly retreated.




mating, neither was likely virgin.surviving colony of this species died out in its third

As previous records of P. pinetorumare from an unpublished dissertation,

we take this opportunity to document new countyP. pinetorum from Christian and Greene


lived two months and was released. NGreene C



two moprairie plots ca. 0.8 km

County, Missouri (8, 12 Nov.These 4.5 cm longto species 1 above. Four matings or attempted



quick when they met. Later, two were observed totouch, but one quickly retreated.

Spirobolida: Spirobolidae(Palisot de Beauvois).



virgin.surviving colony of this species died out in its third

As previous records of P. pinetorumare from an unpublished dissertation,

we take this opportunity to document new countyfrom Christian and Greene


lived two months and was released. NGreene C


two moprairie plots ca. 0.8 km S of Pershing School,

County, Missouri (8, 12 Nov.millipeds

. Four matings or attemptedmatings were observed in November but none lastedmore than a few minutes. In one case


ater, two were observed totouch, but one quickly retreated.

(Palisot de Beauvois).original adults lived six mos, but one juvenile was

when nearing three y


virgin. Overall,surviving colony of this species died out in its third

P. pinetorumare from an unpublished dissertation,



lived two months and was released. NGreene County, Missouri (20,

2009). These 4 cm long millipedsresembled snakes in the way they twisted and curled,particularly during mating, which lasted

two mos. Greenway trail byS of Pershing School,


. Four matings or attemptedmatings were observed in November but none lastedmore than a few minutes. In one case


ater, two were observed totouch, but one quickly retreated.


when nearing three y


Overall,surviving colony of this species died out in its third




lived two months and was released. Nounty, Missouri (20,

2009). These 4 cm long millipedsresembled snakes in the way they twisted and curled,

ch lasted

s. Greenway trail byS of Pershing School,


. Four matings or attemptedmatings were observed in November but none lastedmore than a few minutes. In one case when


ater, two were observed to


when nearing three years old.



Overall,surviving colony of this species died out in its third






ch lasted


County, Missouri (8, 12 Nov.millipeds were generally

. Four matings or attemptedmatings were observed in November but none lasted

whenthey quickly coiled into a mating knot, but

ted. The knotting was almost sater, two were observed to


rs old.



Overall, the longestsurviving colony of this species died out in its third

P. pinetorum reported byare from an unpublished dissertation,





ch lasted just over an


County, Missouri (8, 12 Nov.were generally


when a male metthey quickly coiled into a mating knot, but



rs old.



he longestsurviving colony of this species died out in its third

reported byare from an unpublished dissertation,




2009). These 4 cm long millipeds (Fig. 6)resembled snakes in the way they twisted and curled,

just over an




a male metthey quickly coiled into a mating knot, but



rs old.



he longestsurviving colony of this species died out in its third




(Fig. 6)resembled snakes in the way they twisted and curled,

just over an






(Palisot de Beauvois). –original adults lived six mos, but one juvenile was

E of



he longest-surviving colony of this species died out in its third





just over an





ted. The knotting was almost snapater, two were observed to

theoriginal adults lived six mos, but one juvenile was

E of



-surviving colony of this species died out in its third





just over an





napater, two were observed to

theoriginal adults lived six mos, but one juvenile was

E of





SpringfieldApr., 10 Aug.lived about 11released when nearinglongfecal pellets, the color and texture of wood, suggestedthatdead oak leaves to veins but left most other kindsuneaten.

least five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth overthe female

white, slightly ovoid,aboutthe dish under a mud capsule.observed were 1

to molt, which took about 10 days for juveniles and 20forindividual was observed, itsthe head and collum and ththrough thethecollum and epiproct from an exoskeleton36.

Figure 7

3.5long grew to about 5.5 cm in almost three years.

americanus(2006) previously reported this



SpringfieldApr., 10 Aug.lived about 11released when nearinglongfecal pellets, the color and texture of wood, suggestedthatdead oak leaves to veins but left most other kindsuneaten.

Matingleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth overthe female

A singlewhite, slightly ovoid,aboutthe dish under a mud capsule.observed were 1

These millipedsto molt, which took about 10 days for juveniles and 20forindividual was observed, itsthe head and collum and ththrough thethe molt:collum and epiproct from an exoskeleton36.

Figure 7

Regarding growth, a3.5 –long grew to about 5.5 cm in almost three years.

We document a new county record foramericanus(2006) previously reported this



SpringfieldApr., 10 Aug.lived about 11released when nearinglong millipedsfecal pellets, the color and texture of wood, suggestedthat wood was the major component. Juveniles reduceddead oak leaves to veins but left most other kindsuneaten.

Matingleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth overthe female

A singlewhite, slightly ovoid,about 1.5the dish under a mud capsule.observed were 1

These millipedsto molt, which took about 10 days for juveniles and 20

adults. Inindividual was observed, itsthe head and collum and ththrough the

molt:collum and epiproct from an exoskeleton

Figure 7.

Regarding growth, a– 4 cm in about 11 months

long grew to about 5.5 cm in almost three years.We document a new county record for




SpringfieldApr., 10 Aug.lived about 11released when nearing

millipedsfecal pellets, the color and texture of wood, suggested

wood was the major component. Juveniles reduceddead oak leaves to veins but left most other kindsuneaten.

Matingleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth overthe female’s head in a

A singlewhite, slightly ovoid,

1.5-1.6 mm. It was deposited on the bottom ofthe dish under a mud capsule.observed were 1


adults. Inindividual was observed, itsthe head and collum and ththrough the

molt: itcollum and epiproct from an exoskeleton

. Narceus americanus

Regarding growth, a4 cm in about 11 months





Springfield near TurnersApr., 10 Aug.lived about 11released when nearing

millipedsfecal pellets, the color and texture of wood, suggested

wood was the major component. Juveniles reduceddead oak leaves to veins but left most other kinds

Mating was observed in Sept.;least five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth over

’s head in aA single

white, slightly ovoid,1.6 mm. It was deposited on the bottom of

the dish under a mud capsule.observed were 1


adults. Inindividual was observed, itsthe head and collum and ththrough the slit.

it emergedcollum and epiproct from an exoskeleton

Narceus americanus



americanus in Greene County. Missouri. Shelley et al.(2006) previously reported this



near TurnersApr., 10 Aug. 2007lived about 11 mos; one that appeared in Aug.released when nearing

millipeds ate rotting wood and compost and theirfecal pellets, the color and texture of wood, suggested


was observed in Sept.;least five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth over

’s head in aA single egg appeared in May. It was


the dish under a mud capsule.observed were 1 to 1.5 cm long.


adults. In one case in which a 1.5individual was observed, itsthe head and collum and th

slit. Aemerged

collum and epiproct from an exoskeleton

Narceus americanus



in Greene County. Missouri. Shelley et al.(2006) previously reported this


near Turners2007)

mos; one that appeared in Aug.released when nearing

ate rotting wood and compost and theirfecal pellets, the color and texture of wood, suggested



’s head in aegg appeared in May. It was


the dish under a mud capsule.to 1.5 cm long.


one case in which a 1.5individual was observed, itsthe head and collum and th

Aboutemerged


Narceus americanus





near Turners). One young that appeared in Apr.

mos; one that appeared in Aug.released when nearing




’s head in approximately twoegg appeared in May. It was



These millipeds (Fig. 7)to molt, which took about 10 days for juveniles and 20


boutemerged with


Narceus americanus





near Turners, GOne young that appeared in Apr.

mos; one that appeared in Aug.released when nearing 3 y




pproximately twoegg appeared in May. It was

white, slightly ovoid, and the long dimension was1.6 mm. It was deposited on the bottom of


(Fig. 7)to molt, which took about 10 days for juveniles and 20


bout 5 segments were added duringwith 40


Narceus americanus.

Regarding growth, a 1.5 cm long4 cm in about 11 months




, Greene County, Missouri (17One young that appeared in Apr.

mos; one that appeared in Aug.year





and the long dimension was1.6 mm. It was deposited on the bottom of


(Fig. 7) coiled in a protected spotto molt, which took about 10 days for juveniles and 20

one case in which a 1.5individual was observed, its skin finally split betweenthe head and collum and th

segments were added during40-42 segments co


1.5 cm long4 cm in about 11 months



reene County, Missouri (17One young that appeared in Apr.

mos; one that appeared in Aug.rs old.






the dish under a mud capsule. The smallest juvenilesto 1.5 cm long.

coiled in a protected spotto molt, which took about 10 days for juveniles and 20

one case in which a 1.5skin finally split between

the head and collum and the milliped crawled outsegments were added during

42 segments cocollum and epiproct from an exoskeleton

1.5 cm long4 cm in about 11 months; another that was 1+ cm




mos; one that appeared in Aug.old.



was observed in Sept.; the lonleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth over



The smallest juveniles



e milliped crawled outsegments were added during


1.5 cm longanother that was 1+ cm


in Greene County. Missouri. Shelley et al.(2006) previously reported this milliped from 22


mos; one that appeared in Aug.old. These 5



the lonleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth over

pproximately two-egg appeared in May. It was







1.5 cm long juvenileanother that was 1+ cm


in Greene County. Missouri. Shelley et al.milliped from 22


mos; one that appeared in Aug.These 5



the longestleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth over

-second cycles.egg appeared in May. It was






42 segments cocollum and epiproct from an exoskeleton that had

juvenileanother that was 1+ cm




mos; one that appeared in Aug.These 5



gestleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth over

second cycles.egg appeared in May. It was




one case in which a 1.5-2 cm longskin finally split between


42 segments counting thethat had

juvenileanother that was 1+ cm




mos; one that appeared in Aug.or



gest lastleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth over

second cycles.egg appeared in May. It was grayish




2 cm longskin finally split between


unting thethat had

juvenile grew toanother that was 1+ cm




mos; one that appeared in Aug. wasor 6 cm



lastedleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth over

second cycles.grayish






unting thethat had 35

grew toanother that was 1+ cm

We document a new county record forin Greene County. Missouri. Shelley et al.

milliped from 22


was6 cm



ed atleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth over

second cycles.grayish-






unting the35-


We document a new county record for N.in Greene County. Missouri. Shelley et al.

milliped from 22

reene County, Missouri (17

was6 cm



atleast five hours. Coupling was typical for millipedswith the head and anterior part of the male curved overthe head of the female, but as mating progressed, themale moved its anterior part slowly back and forth over






unting the


N.in Greene County. Missouri. Shelley et al.

milliped from 22

181





Missouri counties.In summary, we have provided some new natural

history information for several millipeds collectedfrom three states that help augment previouslypublished accounts. In addition, we report nine newgeographic distribution records for some of thesemillipeds. We still need more information on millipedecology and natural history and undoubtedly, withadditional study, that should become available todiplopodologists in the near future.

Acknowledgments

We thank Dr. Henrik Enghoff (Natural HistoryMuseum of Denmark, Copenhagen) for catching anerror in the leg number for hatchling Brachycybe in asummary report.

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Gunthorp H. 1913. Annotated list of the Diplopodaand Chilopoda, with a key to the Myriapoda ofKansas. Kansas University Science Bulletin 7:161-182.

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Shear WA. 1999. Millipeds. American Scientist 87:232-239.

Shear WA. 2008. Spinnerets in the milliped orderPolydesmida, and the phylogenetic significance ofspinnerets in millipeds (Diplopoda). InternationalJournal of Myriapodology 2:123-146.

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Shelley RM and CT McAllister. 2007. Distribution ofthe milliped genus Apheloria Chamberlin, 1921,summaries of peripheral localities and ones of A.virginiensis (Drury, 1770) west of the MississippiRiver (Polydesmida: Xystodesmidae). WesternNorth American Naturalist 67:258-269.

Shelley RM, CT McAllister and MF Medrano. 2006.Distribution of the milliped genus NarceusRafinesque, 1820 (Spirobolida: Spirobolidae):Occurrences in New England and west of theMississippi River; A summary of peripherallocalities, and first records from Connecticut,Delaware, Maine, and Minnesota. Western NorthAmerican Naturalist 66:374-389.

Shelley RM, CT McAllister and ZD Ramsey. 2005a.Discovery of the milliped Scytonotus granulatus(Say, 1821) in Oklahoma and Alabama, with areview of its distribution (Polydesmida:Polydesmidae). Western North AmericanNaturalist 65:112-117.

Shelley RM, CT McAllister and T Tanabe. 2005b. Asynopsis of the milliped genus Brachycybe Wood,1864 (Platydesmida: Andrognathidae). FragmentaFaunistica 48:137-166.

Shelley RM and BA Snyder. 2012. Millipeds of theeastern Dakotas and western Minnesota, USA,with an account of Pseudopolydesmus serratus(Say, 1821) (Polydesmida: Polydesmidae); firstpublished records from six states and the Districtof Columbia. Insecta Mundi 239:1-17.

Youngsteadt NW. 2008. Laboratory observations onthe behavior of two troglobitic millipede species inthe genus Causeyella (Chordeumatida:Trichopetalidae) from the southern Ozarks.Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science111:136–140.

Youngsteadt NW. 2009. Laboratory observations onthe natural history of Pseudopolydesmus pinetorum(Diplopoda, Polydesmida, Polydesmidae) withemphasis on reproduction and growth.Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science112:67-76.

Withrow CP. 1988. Revision of the genusPseudopolydesmus Attems, 1898, and itsrelationships to the North American genera of thefamily Polydesmidae Leach. Unpublished Ph.D.thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus. 297 p.

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Documents

Natural History Notes and New County Records for Ozarkian ......other kinds, it was assumed they were their time in the soil. They were white, 1.2 long, had counting the epiproct