Natural Gas >> From the Source to the Home

group 2

OUTLINE

INTRODUCTION

SOURCES

PROCESSING & TREATMENT

TRANSPORTATION

LNG

DISTRIBUTION

NATURAL GAS IN THE HOME

INTRODUCTION

Natural gas is an odourless, colourless, tasteless, nontoxic clean-burning fossil fuel

Natural gas consists primarily of methane (CH4)

Natural gas may also contain ethane, propane, butane, pentane and helium in smaller proportions

Natural gas may contain ethane, propane, butane, pentane and helium in some cases

SOURCESCONVENTIONAL SOURCES

UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES

ASSOCIATED GASNatural gas found in association with oil, either dissolved in the oil or as a cap of free gas above the oilC

NON-ASSOCIATED GASThis is natural gas obtained from reservoirs that are not connected with any known source of liquid petroleum. i.e. The reservoirs contain gas and no oil

UNCONVENTIONAL SOURCES [Cont’d]

SHALE GASShale gas is natural gas formed from being trapped within shale formations

COAL BED METHANECoalbed methane (CBM), coalbed gas, or coal mine methane (CMM) is a form of natural gas extracted from coal bedsTIGHT GASTight gas is unconventional natural gas which is difficult to access because of the nature of the rock and sand surrounding the depositMETHANE HYDRATEMethane clathrate (CH4xH2O), also called methane hydrate is a solid clathrate compound in which a large amount of methane is trapped within a crystal structure of water, forming a solid similar to ice

PROCESSING AND TREATMENTPROCESSING

PROCESSING AND TREATMENT

PRE TREATMENT

TRANSPORTATION

• PIPELINES

GAS GATHERING LOOP

• PIPELINES

PROCESSING PLANT • PIPELINES

• LNG• GTL, etc

MARKET

• PIPELINES

HOMES

TRANSPORTATION

PIPELINESLiquefied

Natural Gas (LNG)

Compressed Natural Gas

(CNG)

Gas To Solids (GTS)

(Hydrates)

Gas To Liquids (GTL)

TRANSPORTATIONPIPELINESSuitable for relatively short distancesTrans-National PipelinesInter-state pipelinesIntra-state pipelinesCompressor stations at strategic pointsMetering stationsCOMPRESSED NATURAL GASGas is dried, compressed to about 3000psi and chilledDedicated ships carrying long, large diameter pipes in insulated cargo packages are used.Cheaper than LNGTransportation distances shorter than LNG’s

GAS TO SOLIDS [GTS]In experimental stageGas converted to Hydrates(ice-like) by mixing with water at 80-100 bar and 2-10oCHydrate slurry is refrigerated to about -15oCTransported by ships carrying insulated containersRegasified at destinationTo be cheaper than LNG

GAS TO LIQUID [GTL]Gas is converted chemically to liquids such as syncrude, methanol, ammonia etcTransportation by thermally insulated seagoing vesselsLiquid is used as fuel at endpoints NOT regasified

LNG

LNG is predominantly methane (CH4) that has been converted to liquid form for ease of storage or transport. LNG takes 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state.

It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. LNG Hazard include flammability, freezing and asphyxia.

LNG – FACTS & PRODUCTION LNG is used for transporting natural gas to markets, where it is regasified and distributed as pipeline natural gas.

The energy density of LNG is 2.4 times greater than that of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG).

It is a major source of foreign exchange globally for oil and gas producing nations.

SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE FOR LNG PRODUCTION

LNG – PRODUCTION CONT’DThe cooling curves of Natural Gas and Refrigerant are matched as closely as possible

LNG – PROCESS PLANT - COMPONENTS Compressors: It is used to circulate the refrigerant. The Compressor Drivers Heat Exchangers

Plate Fin Heat ExchangersSpiral Worn Heat Exchangers

RefrigerantSingle Refrigerant e.g methane, ethane and PropaneMixed Refrigerant e.g propane, ethylene and methane used in Phillips Optimized Cascade Process

LNG – LIQUEFACTION TECHNOLOGY Most LNG Technology was developed and patented by major oil and gas companies. They Include:

Phillips Optimised Cascade process (3 MTPA)APCI Propane pre-cooled mixed refrigerant process (5 MTPA)Black and Veatch PRICO process (1.3 MTPA)Stat Oil/ Linde Mixed cascade process (4 MTPA)Axeus Liquefied Process (6 MTPA)Shell double mixed refrigerant process (4.8 MTPA)Mixed Fluid Cascade Process (8 MTPA)Mustang Engineering Smart Liquefaction Process

LNG – BASIC PROCESS PLANT

LNG – TRANSPORT & STORAGE

LNG can be transported viaSpecially designed ships with double hulls compartmentTanker TruckRailway TruckIt can also be transferred from a ship to another.

LNG is stored at a temperature of −162 °C and 1 atmosphere LNG Storage Tanks must have be;

Full Containment TypeHave a pre-stressed concrete outer wallA high nickel steel inner tankEfficient Insulation between tank walls

LNG – NIGERIA

Nigeria has 187tcf of gas reserve. Nigeria currently produces 10% of the world's LNG consumption at 22MTPA. NLNG currently produce and transport LNG in Nigeria. Nigeria LNG Limited operates 6 LNG trains with combined capacity of 22 MTPA.. Trains 1, 2 and 3 have production capacities of 3.2 MTPA, whilst trains 4, 5 and 6 have capacities of 4.1 MTPA each. Planned Train 7 would have a capacity of 8.4 MTPA, but final investment decision is yet to be concluded.

DISTRIBUTION

Domestic users receive natural gas from their local gas utility. The natural gas is periodically compressed to ensure pipeline flow, natural gas travelling through the distribution network requires as little as 3 psi of pressurization and is as low as ¼ psi at the customer’s meter.

Distribution is the final step in delivering natural gas to customers. It involves moving smaller volumes of gas at much lower pressures over shorter distances to a great number of individual users The natural gas to be distributed is typically depressurized at or near the citygate, as well as scrubbed and filtered to ensure low moisture and particulate content

mercaptan is added to the gas by the utility prior to distribution to enable easy detection of leaks.

DISTRIBUTION COMPRESSOR STATION

NATURAL GAS IN THE HOME

36%

19%6%3%

8%

12%

16%

Domestic uses of Natural Gas

Space Heating Lighting Cooking

Drying Water Heating Cooling

Other

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