Natural Features Inventory and Management …Natural Features Inventory and Management Recommendations for Kensington and Oakwoods Metroparks Prepared by: Michael A. Kost and Ryan

Natural Features Inventory and Management Recommendations for Kensington and Oakwoods Metroparks

Prepared by:Michael A. Kost and Ryan P. O’Connor

Michigan Natural Features InventoryP.O. Box 30444

Lansing, MI 48909-7944

For:Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority

March 31, 2003

Report Number 2003-10

Table of Contents

Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 1Landscape Context ....................................................................................................................................... 1Vegetation circa 1800 .................................................................................................................................. 1Present Land Cover ...................................................................................................................................... 2

Methods ............................................................................................................................................................ 10Results .............................................................................................................................................................. 13

Site Summaries and Management Recommendations ............................................................................... 16Kensington Metropark .......................................................................................................................... 16Oakwoods Metropark ........................................................................................................................... 21

Dissucussion ..................................................................................................................................................... 25Rare Plants ................................................................................................................................................. 25Fire as an Ecological Process .................................................................................................................... 27Implications for Forest Management ......................................................................................................... 28Invasive Species ......................................................................................................................................... 29Setting Stewardship Priorities ................................................................................................................... 29

High Priority Sites at Kensington ......................................................................................................... 30High Priority Sites at Oakwoods .......................................................................................................... 30

Deer Densities ............................................................................................................................................ 30Conclusion ........................................................................................................................................................ 31Acknowledgements .......................................................................................................................................... 32Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................................... 33

List of Figures

Figure 1. Ecoregions of Lower Michigan. ........................................................................................................... 3Figure 2. Surficial geology of Kensington Metropark. ....................................................................................... 4Figure 3. Surficial geology of Oakwoods Metropark. ......................................................................................... 5Figure 4. Kensington Metropark vegetation circa 1800. ..................................................................................... 6Figure 5. Oakwoods Metropark vegetation circa 1800. ...................................................................................... 7Figure 6. Kensington Metropark 1995 land cover. .............................................................................................. 8Figure 7. Oakwoods Metropark 1995 land cover. ............................................................................................... 9

List of Tables

Table 1. Survey site names and associated site codes for accompanying maps.. .............................................. 10Table 2. Rare plants sought by associated natural communities. ..................................................................... 11Table 3. Natural Community Occurrences. ....................................................................................................... 13Table 4. Rare Plant Occurrences. ...................................................................................................................... 14Table 5. Management recommendations for high-quality natural communities. .............................................. 15

List of Appendices

Appendix 1. Plant species observed at Kensington Metropark. .................................................................... A-35Appendix 2. Plant species observed at Oakwoods Metropark. ..................................................................... A-45Appendix 3. Rare Plant and Natural Community Abstracts for: .................................................................. A-52

Small white lady’s-slipper ...................................................................................................................... A-53Goldenseal .............................................................................................................................................. A-56Prairie fen................................................................................................................................................ A-59Relict conifer swamp .............................................................................................................................. A-63Southern wet meadow ............................................................................................................................. A-69Oak barrens ............................................................................................................................................. A-74Lakeplain oak opening ............................................................................................................................ A-82

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Introduction

During the summer of 2002 Michigan NaturalFeatures Inventory (MNFI) conducted surveys forexemplary natural communities and rare plants in twoHuron-Clinton Metroparks, Kensington andOakwoods. In addition, surveys were conducted toevaluate management needs on lands considered tohave good potential for supporting high-quality naturalcommunities with active land management andrestoration. This report summarizes the findings ofMNFI’s surveys and evaluations of Kensington andOakwoods Metroparks.

Landscape ContextRegional landscape ecosystems of Michigan have

been classified and mapped at three hierarchical levels(section, subsection, and sub-subsection) based on anintegration of climate, physiography (topographicform and geologic parent material), soil, and naturalvegetation (Albert 1995). The regional classificationprovides a framework for understanding broadpatterns of natural community and species occurrencesand natural disturbance regimes across the state,which is useful in integrated resource management andplanning, as well as for biological conservation. Theclassification is hierarchically structured with threelevels in a nested series, from broad landscape regionscalled sections, down to smaller subsections and sub-subsections.

All of the Huron-Clinton Metroparks occur withinthe Washtenaw Subsection (VI.1) of southern LowerMichigan (Figure 1) (Albert 1995). The WashtenawSubsection contains three sub-subsections that differfrom each other in their soils, glacial landforms,climate, and vegetation. Kensington Metropark occurswithin the Jackson Interlobate Sub-subsection(VI.1.3), and Oakwoods Metropark occurs on theMaumee Lake Plain Sub-subsection (VI.1.1) (Albert1995). The local landforms within the metroparksreflect those typical of their regional landscapeecosystems and respective sub-subsections.

The Jackson Interlobate Sub-subsection containsbroad expanses of glacial outwash sands that surroundsandy and gravelly end moraines and ground moraines(Albert 1995). The soils on the moraines are typicallywell drained or excessively well drained and in the1800s supported drought-tolerant, fire-dependentnatural communities such as oak barrens, oak savanna,oak forest, and hillside prairie. The outwash soils varyfrom excessively well drained sands, which oncesupported oak barrens, oak forests, woodland prairies,and dry sand prairies, to poorly drained organic

deposits that supported a variety of open and forestedwetland types.

Kensington Metropark is located within theJackson Sub-subsection, along the Huron River insouthwestern Oakland County. Coarse-textured endmoraine and ground moraine characterize the northernand central portions of the metropark (Figure 2). TheHuron River flows through a narrow, steep-sidedglacial outwash channel (too small to be mapped) thatdissects a coarse-textured end moraine in the northernportion of the park. Here, groundwater seepage at thebase of the end moraine supports a diverse wetlandcomplex along the narrow floodplain of the HuronRiver. In the southern portion of the metropark, theriver, which is now dammed to form Kent Lake, flowsthrough an expansive glacial outwash plain thatencompasses the entire southern portion of the park.

Like Kensington, Oakwoods also occurs along theHuron River, however, the glacial landforms at the twometroparks are very different (Figure 3). Oakwoodsoccurs within the Maumee Lake Plain Sub-subsection,which is comprised of a flat, clay lake plain, dissectedby broad glacial drainageways of sandy soil (Albert1995). Within the glacial drainageways, beach ridgesand small sand dunes are common. Clay soils of thelake plain are generally wet with low permeability andpoor drainage. In the past, these poorly drained soilssupported broad expanses of lowland hardwood forest.In contrast, the soils on the upland beach ridges anddunes of the sandy glacial drainageways areexcessively drained and once supported extensive buroak and white oak savannas. The sandy glacialdrainageways also supported vast wet prairies andmarshes, which commonly occurred in depressions onpoorly to very poorly drained soils (Comer et al. 1993).Oakwoods lies on a broad, flat expanse of lacustrineclay and silt, with intrusions of lacustrine sand andgravel occurring in the northwestern and centralportions of the metropark. Small beach ridges andother local topographical variations in landforms alsooccur within the park, but are too small to be mapped.The Huron River forms the northern border of much ofthe metropark as it flows through the flat lake plaintoward Lake Erie.

Vegetation circa 1800By interpreting the General Land Office survey

notes for Michigan recorded during the period of 1818-1856, MNFI ecologists were able to piece together arelatively accurate picture of the state’s vegetation inthe early 1800s (Comer et al. 1995). A digital map of

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vegetation encountered by the land surveyors duringthis period reveals that Kensington Metropark wasalmost entirely occupied by fire-dependent communitytypes such as black oak barrens, mixed oak savanna,oak-hickory forest, and wet prairie (Figure 4). Becausethe original land surveyors did not differentiate amongthe many different types of open, grass- and sedge-dominated wetlands, the areas designated as wetprairie on the circa 1800 vegetation map were likely tohave also supported other types of open, fire-dependentwetlands such as wet-mesic prairie, prairie fen, andwet meadow. These wetland types once occupied over856 acres (270 ha) along the Huron River and in theareas now occupied by Kent Lake and near the naturecenter. A large (137 acres or 56 ha) mixed coniferswamp (tamarack swamp) also occurred on theoutwash plain near the Huron River in the area nowflooded to form Kent Lake. A smaller pocket of mixedconifer swamp occurred in a narrow outwash channelof the Huron River in the northeastern portion of thepark.

The digital map of vegetation circa 1800 forOakwoods depicts the park as entirely forested,primarily by mesic southern forest, which is labeled asbeech-sugar maple forest on Figure 5. On the lakeplain, these mesic forests typically contained a diversemix of tree species and in some places, like OakwoodsMetropark, were dominated by species other thanAmerican beech (Fagus grandifolia) and sugar maple(Acer saccharum). A close look at the original notes ofGeneral Land Office surveyors reveals that the areanow occupied by Oakwoods was predominatelyforested with white oak (Quercus alba), white ash(Fraxinus americana), and American elm (Ulmusamericana). Additional canopy associates includedblack oak (Quercus velutina), hickory (Carya spp.),and basswood (Tilia americana). The presence ofblack oak and white oak, which are highly dependenton open conditions, indicate that in the past some areasof the metropark likely supported fire-dependent,lakeplain oak openings (e.g., oak savanna). Inaddition, many of the very large oaks within thepresent woodlands at Oakwoods show evidence ofhaving once grown in open conditions. Along theHuron River floodplain the surveyors noted severalspecies typical of forested wetlands including blackwalnut (Juglans nigra), spicebush (Lindera benzoin),and red mulberry (Morus rubra), a species now listedas threatened in Michigan. Mixed hardwood swamp,dominated by red maple (Acer rubrum), silver maple(Acer saccharinum), and black ash (Fraxinus nigra)also occurred occasionally in small depressions andalong a small tributary to the Huron River (WarnerDrain). A small area of prairie was noted by thesurveyors north of the river along the east-west

township line (between sections 25 and 36), just southof where Huron River Drive occurs today. In the1800s, the mesic southern forest at Oakwoods wasbordered by a vast (39,102 acres or 15,824 ha) mixedhardwood swamp and floodplain forest to the east andan immense (16,117 acres or 6,522 ha) lakeplainprairie to the north.

Present Land CoverThe 1995 Land Cover maps (Figures 6 and 7) were

produced by overlaying circa 1980 National WetlandsInventory data over the Southeast Michigan Council ofGovernments (SEMCOG) 1995 land cover data set.The accuracy of land cover types within eachmetropark was further enhanced through photointerpretation and ground truthing.

Comparisons between circa 1800s vegetation andpresent land cover reveal drastic changes across thelandscape (Figures 4 - 7). At Kensington, the HuronRiver was dammed to greatly enlarge Kent Lake in1947 and much of the riparian corridor andsurrounding wetlands in the southern portion of thepark are now underwater. Small fragments of aformerly vast wetland complex persist within theNature Study Area (Figure 6: A). Another wetlandcomplex of note remains in the Group Camp Areaalong floodplain of the Huron River (Figure 6: B). At alarger scale, the areas adjacent to Kensington havebeen transformed to a semi-urbanized landscape, withthe metropark and adjacent Island Lake RecreationArea providing some of the only remaining naturalhabitats. Nearly all of the black oak barrens and mixedoak savanna at Kensington (and in the remainder ofthe Midwest) have been converted to lawn and oldfield or have succeeded to closed-canopy oak forest inthe absence of natural, periodic fires. The conversionof oak barrens and oak savanna to closed-canopy oakforest was rapid, typically taking place within 30 yearsfollowing the onset of fire suppression (Curtis 1959).The mature oak forest that now occurs is highlyfragmented, with many small, isolated blocks of forestsurrounded by old fields and urbanized areas.

At Oakwoods, the pattern of forest fragmentationis also severe. Significant blocks of forest remain atOakwoods along the floodplain of the Huron River andin the Nature Study Area (Figure 7). Smaller, isolatedpatches of mature forest also persist in the westernportion of the park near the Horse Staging Area, alongthe railroad tracks north of the Huron River, and alongthe southern border of the park. Like Kensington, thearea surrounding Oakwoods is rapidly converting to anurbanized landscape, thus raising the importance ofremaining natural habitats within the metroparks toregional biodiversity.

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Methods

Natural CommunitiesNatural community surveys were conducted inconjunction with rare plant surveys. Prior to surveysaerial photos were interpreted to determine the types ofnatural communities likely to be present within each ofthe metroparks. Field surveys concentrated onidentifying high-quality natural areas and recordingmanagement concerns such as evidence of firesuppression, excessive deer herbivory, hydrologicmanipulation, farming, logging, and invasive species.Species lists were compiled for high-quality sites andthose deemed to have potential to significantlyimprove with restoration. Site names and site codesused in the accompanying metropark maps (Figures 6and 7) are listed in Table 1. Partial species lists wererecorded for most of the areas visited and are includedas appendices for each metropark (Appendices 1 and2). Site summaries were written for each site visitedand for all high-quality natural communities and sitesthought to have good potential for significant

improvement with restoration and management.Species lists for this report were tabulated with theFlorist Quality Assessment Program and speciesnomenclature follows Herman et al. (2001).

Rare Plant InventoriesRare plant species were targeted for survey based onthe natural communities determined to be present inthe park through aerial photo review and knownhistorical and current rare plant distribution patternswithin the region. Table 2 lists the rare species byassociated natural community that were focused onduring the surveys. Rare plant inventories wereperformed by meander survey of appropriate habitatduring periods when the plants are most recognizable(usually flowering or fruiting periods). When a rareplant was encountered, an MNFI special plant formwas filled out, selected photos were taken, and whennecessary a voucher specimen was collected for laterdetermination.

Table 1. Survey site names and associated site

codes for accompanying maps (Figure 6 and 7).

Site Name

Site Code

Kensington Metropark

Wildwing Fen A

Group Camp Fen B

Tamarack Trail Swamp C

Kingfisher Wet Meadow D

Chickadee Loop Woodland E

East Border Oak Barrens F

Spring Hill Woodland G

North Windfall Hill Woodland H

Hickory Ridge Woodland I

Oakwoods Metropark

Oxbow Floodplain Forest J

West Oxbow Floodplain Forest K

Railroad Floodplain Forest L

Nature Study Area Woodland M

Salamander Woods N

White Oak Woodland O

Brandes Road Woodland P

Borderline Woods Q

Seedbox Swale R

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Table 2. Rare plants sought by associated natural communities. State status

abbreviations are as follows: E, endangered; T, threatened; SC, special concern.

Community

Scientific Name

Common Name

State

Status

Mesic Southern Forest

Castanea dentata American chestnut E

Aristolochia serpentaria Virginia snakeroot T

Carex platyphylla broad-leaved sedge T

Galearis spectabilis showy orchis T

Hydrastis canadensis goldenseal T

Mertensia virginica Virginia bluebells T

Panax quinquefolius ginseng T

Polymnia uvedalia large-flowered leaf-cup T

Spiranthes ovalis lesser ladies'-tresses T

Tipularia discolor cranefly orchid T

Trillium recurvatum prairie trillium T

Triphora trianthophora three-birds orchid T

Adlumia fungosa climbing fumitory SC

Jeffersonia diphylla twinleaf SC

Liparis lilifolia purple twayblade SC

Southern Floodplain Forest

Chelone oblique red turtlehead E

Arabis perstellata rock-cress T

Camassia scilloides wild hyacinth T

Carex conjuncta sedge T

Carex lupuliformis false hop sedge T

Corydalis flavula yellow fumewort T

Diarrhena americana beak grass T

Fraxinus profunda pumpkin ash T

Justicia americana water-willow T

Lycopus virginicus Virginia water-horehound T

Morus rubra red mulberry T

Nelumbo lutea American lotus T

Polemonium reptans Jacob's ladder T

Silphium perfoliatum cup-plant T

Trillium recurvatum prairie trillium T

Valerianella chenopodifolia goosefoot corn-salad T

Wisteria frutescens wisteria T

Euonymus atropurpurea wahoo SC

Gymnocladus dioicus Kentucky coffee tree SC

Hybanthus concolor green violet SC

Viburnum prunifolium black haw SC

Lakeplain Wet-Mesic Prairie

Gentiana flavida white gentian E

Rhyncospora globularis globe beak-rush E

Scelaria pauciflora few-flowered nut-rush E

Aristida longespica three-awned grass T

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Asclepias sullivantii Sullivant’s milkweed T

Bartonia paniculata panicled screw-stem T

Carex typhina cat-tail sedge T

Silphium laciniatum compass plant T

Sisyinchium atlanticum Atlantic blue-eyed grass T

Carex squarrosa squarrose sedge SC

Hypericum gentianoides gentian-leaved St. John’s-wort SC

Ludwigia alternifolia seedbox SC

Scelaria triglomerata tall nut-rush SC

Prairie Fen

Berula erecta cut-leaved water-parsnip T

Cypripedium candidum small white lady’s slipper T

Muhlenbergia richardsonis mat muhly T

Phlox maculata spotted phlox T

Sangiusorba canadensis Canadian burnet T

Valeriana edulis var. ciliata edible valerian T

Sporobolus heterolepis prairie dropseed SC

Dry-Mesic Southern Forest

Eupatorium sessilifolium upland boneset T

Angelica venenosa hairy angelica SC

Celtis tenuifolia dwarf hackberry SC

Quercus shumardii Shumard's oak SC

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Results

The surveys identified five new elementoccurrences (EOs). (All state and federally listed rarespecies and high-quality natural communities arereferred to as elements and their occurrence at aspecific location is referred to as an elementoccurrence or EO.) In addition, the presence of fourpreviously identified elements was reconfirmed.Natural community surveys identified two new high-quality community occurrences and revisited onepreviously identified exemplary natural community(Table 3). Surveys for rare plants resulted in three newelement occurrences. Three existing plant records werealso reconfirmed (Table 4). It is possible thatadditional rare species may be found in the future,especially with active restoration and management. Allnew natural community and rare plant occurrenceshave been entered into the statewide database (Biotics)managed by MNFI and all previously existing recordshave been updated.

Natural Community InventoriesNatural community surveys resulted in the

identification of a prairie fen and relict conifer swampat Kensington (Figure 6: B and C). Kensington alsocontains another prairie fen that was identified prior to2002 (Figure 6: A). In addition to these exemplarynatural communities, both parks also contain areas thathave great potential of becoming high-quality naturalcommunities with ecological restoration. The high-quality natural communities and sites with goodpotential for restoration are listed below along withtheir associated stewardship needs (Table 5). Detailedsite descriptions and management recommendationsfor each area are included in the Site Summaries andManagement Recommendations section (page 16).

Rare Plant InventoriesRare plant surveys resulted in three new rare plant

occurrences at Oakwoods including beak grass(Diarrhena americana), squarrose sedge (Carexsquarrosa), and cup-plant (Silphium perfoliatum)(Table 4). In addition, three previously known rareplant records were reconfirmed including small whitelady’s slipper (Cypripedium candidum) fromKensington and seedbox (Ludwigia alternifolia) andwater-willow (Justicia americana) from Oakwoods(Table 4). Previously known records of goldenseal(Hydrastis canadensis) from Kensington andAmerican lotus (Nelumbo lutea) from Oakwoods weresought but could not be relocated.At Oakwoods rare plants were found in severalhabitats including southern floodplain forest, dry-mesic southern forest, and old field. Beak grass, cup-plant, and water-willow are all located within thefloodplain of the Huron River at Oakwoods. Beakgrass occurs throughout the southern floodplain forest.Cup-plant was found growing in partially openmeadows adjacent to the river. Water-willow wasfound thriving in emergent marshes within the river.Squarrose sedge occurs in shallow, wet depressionswithin dry-mesic southern forest at Oakwoods.Seedbox occurs in a sandy, wet depression of an oldfield near the southern border of the park.

At Kensington, small white lady’s slipper waslocated in a prairie fen near the nature center. Athorough search was conducted for a previouslydocumented population of goldenseal but failed toreconfirm its presence even though ample habitatexists within the metropark.

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Table 5. Management recommendations for high-quality natural communities and sites with good potential

for improvement through restoration and management.

Site Name Community Type Metropark Management Recommendations

Wildwing Fen prairie fen Kensington - invasive and woody species control

- prescribed fire

- deer control

Group Camp Fen

prairie fen Kensington - invasive and woody species control

- prescribed fire

- deer control

Tamarack Trail Swamp

relict conifer swamp Kensington - red maple control

- monitoring for glossy buckthorn

- deer control

Kingfisher Wet Meadow

southern wet meadow Kensington - invasive and woody species control

- prescribed fire

- deer control

Chickadee Loop Woodland

dry-mesic southern forest Kensington - invasive species control

- red maple control

- prescribed fire

- deer control

East Border Oak Barrens

oak barrens Kensington - invasive species control

- tree and shrub removal

- prescribed fire

- deer control

Spring Hill Woodland

dry-mesic southern forest Kensington - invasive species control

- prescribed fire

- deer control

Hickory Ridge Woodland

dry-mesic southern forest

and oak barrens

Kensington - invasive species control

- shrub removal (in oak barrens area)

- prescribed fire

- deer control

Oxbow Floodplain Forest

southern floodplain forest Oakwoods - invasive species control

West Oxbow Floodplain Forest

southern floodplain forest Oakwoods - invasive species control

Nature Study Area Woodland

dry-mesic southern forest Oakwoods - invasive species control

- prescribed fire

- deer control

Salamander Woods


- prescribed fire

- deer control

White Oak Woodland


- prescribed fire

- deer control

Borderline Woods


- prescribed fire

- deer control

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Site Summaries and Management Recommendations

Kensington Metropark

Wildwing Fen (Site Code: A)A small but highly diverse prairie fen occurs along

Aspen Trail just west of the nature center. This fen waspreviously identified by MNFI as an exemplary naturalcommunity (Figure 6). A prairie fen is a fire-dependentwetland community with highly alkaline soils, oftencomposed of peat and marl, supporting vegetationcharacteristic of both fens and prairies (see naturalcommunity abstract in Appendix 3 for moreinformation on prairie fens). The hydrology ofWildwing Fen is maintained by a steadyseepage of calcareous groundwater fromthe base of the coarse-textured morainesto the north. The site is dominated bygrasses such as big bluestem(Andropogon gerardii), Indian grass(Sorghastrum nutans), and sedges (Carexspp.). Occasional tamarack (Larixlaricina) and native shrubs are alsoscattered throughout the fen (Appendix1). A small but well-known population ofsmall white lady’s slipper has beenobserved at this site for many years (seerare plant abstract in Appendix 3 formore information on small white lady’sslipper). This site is part of a much largerfen and tamarack swamp complex thatonce stretched over a kilometer from thenortheast shore of Wildwing Lake to thenortheast portion of the Nature StudyArea. The wetland complex persists nowas a series of smaller prairie fens and tamarackswamps (e.g., relict conifer swamp) bisected bynumerous gravel trails. Fires were historically animportant natural disturbance to prairie fens, andprescribed burning is recommended to set back woodyshrub and tree encroachment, promote native prairiefen vegetation, and encourage regeneration of smallwhite lady’s slipper and other tiny-seeded species(Leach and Givnish 1996). The gravel paths thattraverse the prairie fen provide excellent fire breaksand will enable the community to be easily dividedinto separate management units. Several invasivespecies occur within the prairie fen and along itsmargins including giant reed (Phragmites australis),garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata), common buckthorn(Rhamnus cathartica), and autumn-olive (Elaeagnusumbellata). These species pose a direct threat tobiodiversity because of their ability to quickly spreadand out-compete surrounding vegetation. Garlicmustard was observed in the forested uplands along

the western portions of the Aspen Trail. All garlicmustard plants should be removed before they set seedin late spring and the area should be monitoredannually to detect recruitment from the seed bank.Giant reed was observed in several locations andshould be controlled using herbicide, followed byannual monitoring. Both common buckthorn andautumn-olive should be cut and their stumps treatedwith herbicide to prevent resprouting.

Group Camp Fen (Site Code: B)A large wetland complex occurs along the west

side of the Huron River within the Group Camp Area(Figure 6). The wetland complex is composed ofseveral different types of natural communitiesincluding a prairie fen, relict conifer swamp, southernwet meadow, emergent marsh, and southern shrub-carr(see natural community abstract in Appendix 3 formore information on prairie fen, relict conifer swamp,and southern wet meadow). The wetland occurs in anarrow glacial outwash channel at the base of a steepmoraine and its hydrology is maintained by a steadyflow of calcareous groundwater that seeps from thebase of the moraine. The site contains several springsthat support narrow headwater streams, which flowthrough the wetland and into the Huron River. Themoraine, which borders the wetland to the west,harbors many large white oak (Quercus alba) and buroak (Quercus macrocarpa), with one bur oakmeasuring 134 cm (53 inches) in diameter.

Big bluestem grass, goldenrods, and blazing star abound at the WildwingFen in Kensington.

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The prairie fen, which is dominated by sedges(Carex sterilis and Carex stricta), big bluestem,shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla fruticosa), poisonsumac (Toxicodendron vernix), and tamarack, hasbeen entered into the MNFI database as a naturalcommunity occurrence. At present, the prairie fensupports 107 native plant species including many thatare found in few other natural communities typesincluding star-grass (Hypoxis hirsuta), bog valerian(Valeriana uliginosa), hoary willow (Salix candida),slender wheat grass (Agropyron trachycaulum), bogbirch (Betula pumila), grass-of-Parnassus (Parnassiaglauca), large yellow lady’s slipper (Cypripediumcalceolus var. pubescens), golden alexanders (Ziziaaurea), Riddell’s goldenrod (Solidago riddellii), boggoldenrod (Solidago uliginosa), and alder-leavedbuckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia) (Appendix 1). Theprairie fen was likely much larger in the past but hasbeen reduced to only a small portion of the wetlandcomplex as a result of tree and shrub invasion. Inaddition, glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula), ahighly invasive exotic shrub, is common throughoutthe wetland and threatens to significantly degrade theentire complex by out-competing other species andforming an impenetrable monoculture. Other highlyinvasive species occurring within the wetland complexinclude common buckthorn, multiflora rose (Rosamultiflora), Morrow honeysuckle (Lonicera morrowii),autumn-olive, marsh thistle (Cirsium palustre),Oriental bittersweet (Celastrus orbiculata), andJapanese barberry (Berberis thunbergii). Managementof the prairie fen should include a significant reductionin shrub and tree cover with special emphasis onremoval of glossy buckthorn and other invasive shrubspecies listed above. Shrubs should be cut and their

stumps treated with herbicide to prevent resprouting(Reinartz 1997). Prescribed fire is also an importantform of natural disturbance that should beimplemented to help maintain species diversity andopen conditions. The Huron River to the east providesan excellent fire break.

Tamarack Trail Swamp (Site Code: C)The tamarack swamp near the nature center has beenentered into the MNFI database as an exemplarynatural community of relict conifer swamp (see naturalcommunity abstract in Appendix 3 for moreinformation on relict conifer swamps). Historically,most of the swamp was probably part of an extensiveprairie fen, which has since been colonized bytamarack as a result of fire suppression (Figure 6). Therelict conifer swamp borders prairie fen to the east anddry-mesic southern forest to the north, south and west.The hydrology of the wetland is maintained bycalcareous groundwater seepage from the bases ofadjacent coarse-textured moraines that border theswamp to the north and east. Gravel paths cut throughand border the swamp in numerous places. Theoverstory is dominated by tamarack, with black ash(Fraxinus nigra) and basswood (Tilia americana)locally common. Other trees species present includeyellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), red maple (Acerrubrum), American elm (Ulmus americana), swampwhite oak (Quercus bicolor), and quaking aspen(Populus tremuloides) (Appendix 1). Most relictconifer swamps are characterized by a thick shrublayer, however, this site has a very sparse shrub layer,suggesting that intense browsing pressure by white-tailed deer has significantly altered the community’sstructure and species composition. Common shrub

species include poison sumac, smoothhighbush blueberry (Vacciniumcorymbosum), blue-beech (Carpinuscaroliniana), tag alder (Alnus rugosa),Michigan holly (Ilex verticillata),common juniper (Juniperus communis),gray dogwood (Cornus foemina), andnannyberry (Viburnum lentago). Theground layer was diverse with someportions of the swamp supporting a densemat of sphagnum moss. Common groundlayer species include sedges (Carexstricta, C. leptalea, and C. lacustris),swamp goldenrod (Solidago patula),dwarf raspberry (Rubus pubescens),Canada mayflower (Maianthemumcanadense), tall flat-top white aster(Aster umbellatus), and fringed brome(Bromus ciliatus). The only invasiveAt the Group Camp Fen in Kensington, openings in tamarack are

interspersed with native grasses and sedges.

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species observed of significance was giant reed. Thisspecies should be removed using herbicide and thearea closely monitored to detect further recruitmentfrom the seed bank. As hardwoods, especially redmaple, become established within the swamp they willeventually create a closed canopy and cause significantreductions in the amount of light that reaches theunderstory and ground layer. Light-demanding speciessuch as tamarack and many of the shrub and groundlayer species will eventually be eliminated unlessmeasures are taken to reduce dominance of hardwoodssuch as red maple. Important basking sites for reptilespecies are also eliminated when relict conifer swampsare invaded by red maple. In order to maintainbiodiversity within the tamarack swamp, red mapleshould be cut and herbicide applied to the stumps toprevent resprouting.

Kingfisher Wet Meadow (Site Code: D)A small southern wet meadow borders the north

shore of Kingfisher Lagoon in the Nature Study Area(see natural community abstract in Appendix 3 formore information on southern wet meadows). It isbordered by dry-mesic southern forest and relictconifer swamp to the north and east. The wet meadowsupports 41 species and is dominated by sedges (Carexstricta, C. lasiocarpa, C. rostrata, C. pseudo-cyperusC. prairea C. hystericina, and C. comosa) (Appendix1). Other common species include broad-leaved cattail(Typha latifolia), softstem bulrush (Schoenoplectustabernaemontani), joe-pye-weed (Eupatoriummaculatum), common boneset (Eupatoriumperfoliatum), fen willow-herb (Epilobiumleptophyllum), spotted touch-me-not (Impatienscapensis), and marsh fern (Thelypteris palustris).Because the community is in an open condition (non-forested), it provides important basking sites for reptileand amphibian species. Management of the areashould strive to maintain the community in an opencondition through shrub and tree removal (e.g., cuttingfollowed by herbicide application to cut stumps),periodic flooding, and prescribed fire. A smallpopulation of giant reed occurs within the meadow andshould be controlled using herbicide. Annualmonitoring to detect the further spread of giant reedand presence of invasive species like purple loosestrife(Lythrum salicaria) and glossy buckthorn will be animportant part of any long-term protection strategy. Iffound, invasive species should be promptly removedbefore they detrimentally impact this small wetmeadow.

Chickadee Loop Woodland (Site Code: E)A dry-mesic southern forest, approximately 80

acres in size, occurs in the Nature Study Area north ofthe prairie fen and relict conifer swamp (Figure 6). Thewoodland occurs on rolling, coarse-textured morainesand borders prairie fen and relict conifer swamp to thesouth. In the past, this area supported more open, fire-dependent natural community types like oak barrensand mixed oak savanna that were comprised of widelyscattered black and white oaks with a prairie groundflora (see natural community abstract in Appendix 3for more information on oak barrens). Today the site isoccupied by closed-canopy forest, which is dominatedby white oak, black oak, and red oak (Quercus rubra).The woodland contains a diverse assemblage of treespecies, several of which include bur oak, pignuthickory (Carya glabra), shagbark hickory (Caryaovata), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis),American beech, basswood, white ash, black walnut(Juglans nigra), and sugar maple (Appendix 1). Whileno reproduction of white oak, bur oak, or black oakwas observed, red maple is thriving in the understory.Additional species occupying the understory includeironwood (Ostrya virginiana), sassafras (Sassafrasalbidum), flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), andblue-beech. The forest contains an intermittent streamthat runs through a swallow ravine towards the prairiefen and relict conifer swamp, and several areas ofgroundwater seepage (e.g., springs) occur along thewoodland’s southern edge where it abuts thesewetlands. Numerous plants normally associated withmesic southern forests or wetlands occur near this edgeand along the ravine including skunk-cabbage(Symplocarpus foetidus), false nettle (Boehmeriacylindrica), golden ragwort (Senecio aureus), bluecohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides), jack-in-the-pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum), cinnamon fern

At Kensington, a southern wet meadow onKingfisher Lagoon borders a dry-mesic oakforest.

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(Osmunda cinnamomea), maidenhair fern (Adiantumpedatum), and wood nettle (Laportea canadensis).Several invasive species occur within the forestincluding Oriental bittersweet, autumn-olive, andsweet cherry (Prunus avium). In order to prevent thesespecies from negatively impacting biodiversity theyshould be cut and their stumps treated with herbicideto prevent resprouting. A small amount of garlicmustard was also observed on the southern margins ofthe forest, just west of the trailside deer exclosure. Allgarlic mustard plants should be removed before theyset seed in late spring and the area should bemonitored annually to detect recruitment from the seedbank. With an absence of flowering common trillium(Trillium grandiflorum) and numerous signs of deerbrowsing, the forest appears heavily impacted by anoverabundance of white-tailed deer. In addition, deerherbivory may be responsible for the loss of a state-threatened plant, goldenseal, which had been observedhere in the past but could not be relocated.Management of the forest should include a concertedeffort to reduce the density of white-tailed deer.Because of the lack of oak regeneration, managementmethods that increase the amount of light reaching theunderstory and ground layer should be considered.These may include conducting prescribed burns to helpreduce the density of fire-sensitive tree species like redmaple, selective removal or girdling of individualshade-tolerant tree species (e.g., red maple), or activemanagement of light gaps to favor oak regeneration.

East Border Oak Barrens (Site Code: F)A small area of remnant oak barrens occurs near theShorefishing Parking area (Figure 6). The areastraddles both sides of Route 1, and stretches from theeast shore of Kent Lake to the metropark’s easternborder. Black oak and white pine (Pinus strobus)dominate the scattered overstory east of Route 1. Westof the road, the area is mostly open. While severalinvasive species occupy much of the ground layer, adiverse group of native prairie and oak barrens speciesalso occur here including lupine (Lupinus perennis),little bluestem grass (Andropogon scoparius),butterfly-weed (Asclepias tuberosa), clustered-leavedtick-trefoil (Desmodium glutinosum), woodlandsunflower (Helianthus divaricatus), round-headedbush-clover (Lespedeza capitata), showy goldenrod(Solidago speciosa), flowering spurge (Euphorbiacorollata), and Pennsylvania sedge (Carexpensylvanica) (Appendix 1). The area containsnumerous woody and invasive species. The woodyinvasive species, which includes autumn-olive,Oriental bittersweet, and multiflora rose, should be cutand their stumps treated with herbicide to prevent

resprouting. Prescribed fire should be used to controlthe invasive herbaceous species, which include spottedknapweed (Centaurea maculosa), smooth brome(Bromus inermis), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis),and red fescue (Festuca rubra). Because oak barrenswere maintained in an open condition by frequentground fires, the plants that were historicallyassociated with this ecosystem are well adapted to fireand typically respond with increased growth,flowering, and seed production (see natural communityabstract in Appendix 3 for more information on oakbarrens).

Spring Hill Woodland (Site Code: G)Spring Hill supports a dry-mesic southern forest

that is dominated by a mixture of black oak, white oak,red oak, shagbark hickory, pignut hickory, andAmerican beech. Most of the Spring Hill forestoccupies the south-facing slope of a steep end moraine,however, approximately 20 acres of the forest lies onlevel land atop the moraine and is surrounded on threesides by old field (Figure 6). The western portion of theforest sits atop a moraine that rises over 40 meters(140 feet) above Spring Hill Pond and provides anexcellent view of the surrounding landscape. A steep-sided ravine runs down the slope of the morainethrough the center of the forest and carries a smallstream that is fed by both groundwater seeps (e.g.,springs) and a drain-tile outlet pipe emanating fromthe edge of an old field above the slope. The seepageareas within the ravine support a variety of wetlandplants including skunk-cabbage, great water dock(Rumex orbiculatus), jack-in-the-pulpit, false nettle,spinulose woodfern (Dryopteris carthusiana), andgreat blue lobelia (Lobelia siphilitica) (Appendix 1). Inaddition to the spring-fed stream, the forest alsosupports a small vernal pool on the level terrain nearthe northern edge of the forest. This small, ephemeralpond provides important breeding habitat foramphibian species. The forest understory is dominatedby red maple, black cherry (Prunus serotina), andsassafras. No oak reproduction was observed withinthe forest. Common ground-layer species includePennsylvania sedge, bottlebrush grass (Hystrix patula),and wild geranium (Geranium maculatum). Numerousinvasive species were observed including Orientalbittersweet, Japanese barberry, autumn-olive, andAmur honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii). These speciesshould be controlled through cutting, accompanied byherbicide application to the cut stumps to preventresprouting. Prescribed fire should be used to helpreduce understory density and help control invasivespecies. Fire may also help create light gaps, whichwill facilitate oak reproduction. Removal or girdling of

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selective, shade-tolerant trees like red maple may alsohelp facilitate oak reproduction. The woodland shouldbe monitored annually during the spring for garlicmustard, and if detected, all plants should be removedbefore setting seed.

North Windfall Hill Woodland (Site Code: H)A small (20 acre, 8 ha) block of dry-mesic

southern forest occurs adjacent to North Windfall Hillpicnic area and is bordered by Kent Lake (Figure 6).The forest is located on a steep-sided end moraine andis dominated by white oak and black oak, withscattered shagbark hickory, black cherry, red maple,American beech, sugar maple, and white ash. Thesteep south-facing slope above Kent Lake supports awell developed shrub layer of sassafras, blueberry(Vaccinium angustifolium), and wild rose (Rosablanda or R. caroliniana), indicating that the forestcanopy was likely more open in the past. Othercommon native shrub species include witch-hazel(Hamamelis virginiana), hazelnut (Corylusamericana), downy arrow-wood (Viburnumrafinesquianum), huckleberry (Gaylussacia baccata),flowering dogwood, juneberry (Amelanchier arborea),nannyberry, gray dogwood, and hawthorn (Crataegussp.) (Appendix 1). The west edge of the forest adjacentto Kent Lake harbors a small wetland that supports adiverse set of hydrophilic species including marshbellflower (Campanula aparinoides), tall flat-top whiteaster, monkey flower (Mimulus ringens), royal fern(Osmunda regalis), spinulose woodfern, commonskullcap (Scutellaria galericulata), common boneset,sedges (Carex stricta and Carex stipata), ninebark(Physocarpus opulifolius), meadowsweet (Spiraeaalba) and swamp rose (Rosa palustris). The forestcontains several invasive species including Orientalbittersweet, autumn-olive, Morrow honeysuckle, andlily-of-the-valley (Convallaria majalis). To safeguardbiodiversity within the forest and surroundinglandscape these invasive species should be removed.Control measures should include the direct applicationof herbicide for herbaceous species (lily-of-the-valley)and cutting accompanied by herbicide application tothe cut stumps to control resprouting for woodyspecies. Prescribed fire should be implemented withinthe forest to help control invasive species, thin theunderstory, and create light gaps to stimulate oakreproduction, which is currently absent.

Hickory Ridge Woodland (Site Code: I)A dry-mesic southern forest occurs along the

northwest shore of Kent Lake near the Island Road,South Hickory Ridge, North Hickory Ridge, andBaywoods picnic areas (Figure 6). The forest contains

some very open areas that support many speciesnormally associated with prairie and oak barrens aswell as closed-canopy forest and numerous forestedwet depressions. The most open areas occur near theSouth Hickory Ridge picnic area where the south andwest facing slopes of a coarse-textured end morainemeet Kent Lake. The black oak and white oak canopyis relatively open here, which allows a diverse remnantprairie flora to persist. An additional factor that mayhave aided the persistence of native prairie plants is theoccasional addition of hot embers from the barbecuegrills located atop the hillside. It appears that these hotashes occasionally ignite the dried plant debris, whichbolsters nutrient cycling and creates the open soilconditions required by prairie plants such as annualfalse foxglove (Aureolaria pedicularia). Other nativeprairie and oak barren species observed here includebush-clover (Lespedeza intermedia), wild lupine,butterfly-weed, clustered-leaved tick-trefoil, shrubbySt. John’s-wort (Hypericum prolificum), round-headedbush-clover, panicled tick-trefoil (Desmodiumpaniculatum), black-eyed susan (Rudbeckia hirta), andwild bergamot (Monarda fistulosa) (Appendix 1).Many of the black oaks in this area have doubletrunks, an indication they most likely grew from fire-suppressed oak grubs that were maintained in a shrub-like condition for hundreds of years by frequent fireswhen this area supported black oak barrens (Curtis1959). Shrub species in this area include hazelnut,blueberry, gray dogwood, flowering dogwood,huckleberry, and common juniper. Several invasivespecies occur here including woody species such asOriental bittersweet, autumn-olive, and Amurhoneysuckle, and herbaceous species such as spottedknapweed, Canada bluegrass (Poa compressa),orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata), and bittersweetnightshade (Solanum dulcamara). Because the woodyinvasive species have the potential to rapidly spreadand negatively impact biodiversity they should be cutand their stumps treated with herbicide to preventresprouting. Of the herbaceous invasive species listedabove, spotted knapweed poses the greatest threat tobiodiversity. Management efforts should focus onremoving this plant using a combination of herbicideapplication and prescribed fire. The area should bemanaged with prescribed fire to control the spread ofwoody and herbaceous invasive species, thin theunderstory, create canopy gaps, increase nutrientcycling, reduce leaf litter, stimulate the soil seed bank,and bolster flowering and seed production.The remainder of the forest in this area is a mixture ofclosed-canopy, oak-dominated dry-mesic southernforest and wet depressions. The forest harborsnumerous large white oaks, some measuring as large

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Oxbow Floodplain Forest (Site Code: J)A southern floodplain forest of approximately 80

acres (32 ha) borders both sides of the Huron Riverjust west of the nature center at Oakwoods Metropark.A natural terrace (e.g., embankment) separates thesouthern edge of the floodplain from adjacent picnicareas to the south. From there, the relatively flat terrainslopes gradually toward the Huron River. On the northside of the river, the flat to gently sloping terrain isbroken by occasional drainage ditches cut through theforest long ago to drain adjacent upland agriculturalfields. Throughout the floodplain, a complexmicrotopography of small, shallow depressions andgentle rises provide a diversity of habitats that supporta wide variety of species.

The site is dominated by a closed-canopyforest of medium-sized silver maple, red ash(Fraxinus pennsylvanica), and cottonwood(Populus deltoides). The forest includes othertree species characteristic of floodplains such ashackberry (Celtis occidentalis), redbud (Cerciscanadensis), hawthorn, swamp white oak, blackwalnut, shagbark hickory, and American elm.Structural diversity is added by a diverse shrublayer comprised of species such as bladdernut(Staphylea trifolia), buttonbush (Cephalanthusoccidentalis), spicebush, hazelnut, hop-tree(Ptelea trifolia), nannyberry, elderberry(Sambucus canadensis), and silky dogwood(Cornus amomum) (Appendix 2). The groundflora is especially diverse with 58 native

as 97 cm, 78 cm, and 55 cm in diameter. Additionalcanopy trees include black oak, red oak, pignuthickory, sugar maple, basswood, red maple, Americanbeech, white ash, ironwood, black cherry, sassafras,and American elm. Common shrub species includenannyberry, blue-beech, and prickly gooseberry (Ribescynosbati). Common ground-layer species include wildgeranium, Pennsylvania sedge, and bottlebrush grass.The wet swales support a large number of wetlandplants including black ash, wood reedgrass (Cinnaarundinacea), maidenhair fern, skunk-cabbage, jack-in-the-pulpit, spinulose woodfern, cinnamon fern, NewYork fern (Thelypteris noveboracensis), lady fern(Athyrium filix-femina), and sedges (Carex rosea andC. stipata).

Portions of the forest appear heavily impacted bywhite-tailed deer and have a distinct browse line.Invasive species observed within the forest includegarlic mustard, Japanese barberry, and Dame’s rocket(Hesperis matronalis). A small patch of garlic mustard

and Dame’s rocket occurs near the intersection of ParkRoutes 2 and 5, across the road from the Island Roadpicnic area. This small patch should be removed now,while it is easily manageable and before the plants setseed in late spring. In addition, the area should bemonitored annually to detect further recruitment ofthese invasive species from the seed bank. Becauseseeds of garlic mustard and Dame’s rocket are veryeasily spread, monitoring to detect new populations ofthese species should be conducted annually and allplants should be removed in the spring before they setseed. The population of Japanese barberry near theNorth Hickory Ridge picnic area may also be relativelyeasily controlled at this time by using a combination ofcutting and herbicide application to the cut stump toprevent resprouting. Prescribed burning will facilitateinvasive species control and help thin the understory.No oak reproduction was observed within the forestinterior. Prescribed burning may also help create lightgaps, which will stimulate oak reproduction.

Oakwoods Metropark

herbaceous species recorded, including numerouscolonies of state-threatened beak grass. Other plantscharacteristic of floodplains present include greendragon (Arisaema dracontium), wood reedgrass, woodnettle, cut grass (Leersia oryzoides), cardinal flower(Lobelia cardinalis), sensitive fern (Onocleasensibilis), cut-leaved coneflower (Rudbeckialaciniata), lizard’s-tail (Saururus cernuus), and purplemeadow-rue (Thalictrum dasycarpum). State-threatened water-willow was also found on the easternportion of the site in slackwater areas of the river.

Stewardship priorities for this site should focus onremoval of invasive shrubs scattered occasionallythroughout the floodplain. These species include

A high water table and rich soil supports lush vegetation on theHuron River floodplain at Oakwoods.

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common and glossy buckthorn, Amur and Morrowhoneysuckle, and multiflora rose. Notably absent atthis site was garlic mustard and Dame’s rocket, twohighly invasive herbaceous species that often invadefloodplain habitats. Vigilant monitoring and quickeradication of any adventive colonies of these speciesis critical to the stewardship of this site. Becauseabundance of exotic species in this floodplain isrelatively low, it presents an excellent opportunity tomaintain a large, high-quality site by doing a minimalamount of stewardship activity.

West Oxbow Floodplain Forest (Site Code: K)Another large block of southern floodplain forest

is located west of the railroad, south of a wide bend inthe Huron River. While similar to the OxbowFloodplain Forest in its species composition, it differstopographically in that the riverbank rises much higherabove the river and the southern portion of the woodlotcontains large, seasonally wet depressions that remaininundated throughout spring and much of the summer.A dense canopy of silver maple, red ash, and blackwalnut dominates the floodplain, with swamp whiteoak and cottonwood abundant in the large, seasonallywet depressions. Native shrubs such as buttonbush,silky dogwood, spicebush, bladdernut, and nannyberryalso add diversity to the site. The floodplain supportscharacteristic, native ground flora including wild garlic(Allium canadense), jack-in-the-pulpit, green dragon,wild ginger (Asarum canadense), purple joe-pye-weed(Eupatorium purpureum), white snakeroot(Eupatorium rugosum), and cut-leaved coneflower(Appendix 2).

The most notable species on the floodplain is beakgrass, which occurs nearly continuously along a trail

used for walking and riding horses. It is one ofthe largest known colonies in Michigan of thisstate-threatened grass, but it is imperiled by alocally dominant layer of invasive shrubsincluding multiflora rose, Japanese barberry,and Morrow honeysuckle. If possible, theseshrubs should be aggressively controlled in away that limits impact to beak grass, such ascutting and treating stumps with herbicide inthe winter when beak grass is dormant(Reinartz 1997). Another rare species, cup-plant, is located in a meadow in a pipelinecorridor adjacent to the southeast portion ofthe floodplain forest. This meadow isfrequently mowed to keep it open, which isdetrimental to cup-plant and other nativespecies when conducted in the heart of thegrowing season. If possible, prescribed fireshould be used to maintain the corridor and

bolster native species or mowing should be conductedin late fall after fruiting and seed dispersal has beencompleted.

Railroad Floodplain Forest (Site Code: L)North of the river and immediately east of the

railroad trestle lies a small, degraded southernfloodplain forest. In comparison to the other floodplainforests at Oakwoods, this site has been more heavilyimpacted, with recent disturbances resulting fromconstruction of a railroad trestle and maintenance of apowerline corridor. Exotic shrubs are also prevalent inportions of the site. Despite its overall lower sitequality, the floodplain still supports small colonies ofbeak grass, and an additional colony of cup-plant wasfound along the river in a meadow beneath the powerline (Appendix 2). Stewardship needs at this siteinclude removing invasive shrubs and maintaining

Windthrow and flooding are important natural processes on theHuron River floodplain at Oakwoods.

At Oakwoods, beak grass, a rare plant, lines a trailthrough the West Oxbow Floodplain Forest.

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openings for cup-plant. Ideally, these activities wouldtake place before or after the growing season tominimize impacts to rare species. Long-termconservation planning and restoration should focus onallowing areas adjacent to the river to reforest in orderto connect fragmented blocks of floodplain forest andcreate a contiguous forested riparian corridor.

Nature Study Area Woodland (Site Code: M)A large, impressive forest of approximately 80

acres (32 ha) is located in the nature study areaimmediately east of the nature center. It is a mosaic offire-dependent, dry-mesic forest interspersed withshallow mesic ravines and seasonally wet depressionsthat support mesic and wet-mesic species. The forest isbordered to the north by a steep bank leading down tothe Huron River. To the south, it is bordered byyounger forests and open fields. The forest isdominated by bur oak, white oak, black oak, and pinoak (Quercus palustris), often of very large size (80 to130 cm in diameter) and old age (up to an estimated300 years old). Many of the large oaks are severelyshade-pruned with numerous, large lower branch scarsand barren lower limbs. These ancient trees likely oncegrew in more open conditions such as those associatedwith lakeplain oak openings (for more information onlakeplain oak openings see appendix 3). Red maple,basswood, American elm, shagbark hickory, andpignut hickory are also common in the forestsubcanopy. Sapling or understory oak regeneration iscompletely absent from the forest. Small shrubs arescattered throughout the forest; these include graydogwood, hazelnut, witch-hazel, maple-leaved arrow-wood (Viburnum acerifolium), smooth arrow-wood(Viburnum dentatum), and prickly-ash (Zanthoxylumamericanum) (Appendix 2). Ground flora in the forestis diverse, with the dry-mesic uplands supporting wildgeranium, may-apple (Podophyllum peltatum), falsespikenard (Smilacina racemosa) and numerous otherspecies. Shallow ravines with intermittent streamsrunning down to the river bisect the forest and providehabitat for mesic species like doll’s-eyes (Actaeapachypoda), jack-in-the-pulpit, and wild ginger. Thesteep embankment that rises up from the river is drierthan the forest interior and supports native speciessuch as prairie alum-root (Heuchera richardsonii),Pennsylvania sedge, blue-stemmed goldenrod(Solidago caesia) and broad-leaved goldenrod(Solidago flexicaulis). Below the embankment, largecolonies of state-threatened water-willow thrive inshallow water on the margins of the Huron River.

This forest, as with much of the forested uplandsof Oakwoods Metropark, is undergoing a slow butprofound change in species composition. The age and

growth form of many of the oaks in the forest suggestthe site was once much more open, and may have beenmaintained by periodic wildfires and the activity ofNative Americans known to inhabit the area in themid-eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. As aresult of fire suppression, red maple has succeeded incolonizing the understory and is now subdominantwithin the forest overstory. Currently, the shadedconditions of the ground layer created by thepredominance of red maple preclude oak regeneration,and over time, aging oaks will be lost from the canopy.Management to maintain oak dominance includesphysically removing a portion of the red maplesubcanopy, prescribed burning, and hand plantingacorns or small oak seedlings in areas with large lightgaps and on forest edges. Any management for oakregeneration must also include reducing densities ofwhite-tailed deer and protecting seedlings frombrowsing. Numerous invasive woody plants occurwithin the forest including Oriental bittersweet,Japanese barberry, Morrow honeysuckle, commonbuckthorn, glossy buckthorn, multiflora rose, wingedwahoo (Euonymus alata), common privet (Ligustrumvulgare), and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia).Stewardship activities should focus on first monitoringfor and removing invasive species from areas not yetheavily infested and still harboring a diverse groundflora. Following this containment strategy, largerepicenters of invasive species should be removed. Toprevent woody invasives from resprouting and creatingeven more serious stewardship and ecologicalproblems, it is critically important that herbicide beapplied to all stumps immediately after cutting.

Salamander Woods (Site Code: N)One of several seasonally wet, dry-mesic southern

forests occurs just west of the railroad tracks and northof the park drive (Figure 7). The site is dominated byvery large red oak, white oak, bur oak, swamp whiteoak, and shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa).Shagbark hickory, bitternut hickory, and red maplealso occupy a significant portion of the subcanopy.This woodland has numerous seasonally wet, shallowdepressions, a feature common to lake plain whereheavy clay soils and flat topography prevent drainage.The seasonally wet depressions provide critical habitatfor the rare squarrose sedge and amphibians. Othertree species common in this seasonally wet forestinclude blue-beech, ironwood (Ostrya virginiana),sassafras, and American elm. The ground flora is verysparse in mid summer, with the vast majority ofground covered only by decaying leaves or mineralsoil. The species that are present are often morecharacteristic of mesic to wet-mesic environments,

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such as round-lobed hepatica (Hepatica americana),downy solomon-seal (Polygonatum pubescens), ladyfern, spinulose woodfern, fowl manna grass (Glyceriastriata) and sedges (Carex grayi, C. lacustris, C.lupulina, and C. pensylvanica) (Appendix 2).

Despite being bisected by a natural gas corridor,the majority of this site is relatively high-quality withfew invasive species. Glossy buckthorn and Japanesebarberry occur occasionally throughout the groundlayer and at the margins of the forest and should beeradicated where found. If sufficient leaf litter ispresent, a prescribed burn may also be effective inreducing small glossy buckthorn stems, which arenumerous in places. As in most of the oak forestswithin the park, a dense layer of red maple in thesubcanopy is severely limiting oak regeneration.Measures such as prescribed burning, girdling redmaple, and managing natural light gaps may beemployed to foster oak regeneration and maintain oakdominance.

White Oak Woodland (Site Code: O)Another seasonally wet, dry-mesic southern forest

is located north of the Railroad Floodplain Forest andeast of the railroad tracks (Figure 7). Similar toSalamander Woods, small seasonally wet depressionsare scattered through this forest. The hydrologicregime along the woodland’s northern edge issomewhat disturbed by the channelization of a smallstream (Warner Drain), which likely had a stronginfluence on the ecology of this portion of the forest inthe past. White oak dominates the canopy of thiswoodlot. Other locally common overstory speciesinclude black oak, red oak, bur oak, pin oak, red ash,white ash, shagbark hickory, pignut hickory, redmaple, and American elm. The shrub layer is sparsebut includes species such as rough-leaved dogwood

(Cornus drummondii), gray dogwood, and prickly-ash.A series of long, narrow vernal pools surrounded bypin oak and sedge (Carex muskingumensis) occursalong the southern border of the site. A small colony ofthe state special concern species, squarrose sedge,grows within small, shallow, wet depressions along thewoodland’s western border. Other herbaceous plantsfound in this forest include clustered-leaved tick-trefoil, wild geranium, sneezeweed (Heleniumautumnale), southern blue flag (Iris virginica),Virginia wild-rye (Elymus virginica), white grass(Leersia virginicus), wood reedgrass, and sedges(Carex hirtifolia, C. pensylvanica, and C. radiata)(Appendix 2). Oaks were once again conspicuouslyabsent from the sapling and ground layers of thisforest.

Two invasive species, glossy buckthorn andmultiflora rose, were found at this site and should beremoved through cutting and herbiciding stumps. Thissite would benefit from prescribed fire, which can helpthin the understory and improve nutrient cycling. Therailroad tracks to the west and stream channel to thenorth provide excellent fire breaks. The woodlot mayalso support additional populations of amphibians andshould be surveyed in spring to document theirpresence prior to conducting other managementactivities.

Brandes Road Woodland (Site Code: P)South of Salamander Woods, adjacent to Brandes

Road and west of the railroad tracks lies a smallwoodlot dominated by red oak, basswood, andshellbark hickory (Figure 7). Other common speciesinclude black cherry, prickly-ash, prickly gooseberry,and jumpseed (Polygonum virginianum) (Appendix 2).Portions of the interior support significant amounts ofoak and hickory regeneration, which was likelyfacilitated by an event that opened the canopy in thepast. A similar management approach that encouragesoak regeneration can be applied on the northernmargins of the woodlot, which are currently dominatedby a dense stand of hawthorn and other shrubs.Invasive shrubs such as common buckthorn and glossybuckthorn also occur within the woodland and alongits edges and should be removed. Long-termmanagement at this and other similar upland sitesshould focus on allowing portions of adjacentmeadows to reforest with oaks and hickories, thusconnecting fragmented woodlots and creating largerblocks of mature forest.

Borderline Woods (Site Code: Q)Another small, oak-dominated woodlot with

shallow wet depressions occurs along the southern

Large white oak and bur oak are common at Sala-mander Woods.

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border of the metropark, just south of the park driveand west of the nature center (Figure 7). This site isdominated by very large red oak, bur oak, and pin oak(up to 114 cm in diameter), but like other forests in thepark, oak regeneration is limited by a dense layer ofred maple and black cherry in the subcanopy. Otherspecies commonly found at this site include tulip-tree(Liriodendron tulipifera), riverbank grape (Vitisriparia), hairy sweet cicely (Osmorhiza claytonia), andlopseed (Phryma leptostachya) (Appendix 2). Severalexotic shrubs (common buckthorn, Japanese barberry,and multiflora rose) were also found at this site.Although no rare species were found in the woodlot, ithas the potential to harbor populations of rareamphibians. Surveys for salamanders should beconducted before beginning the recommendedstewardship activities, which include invasive shrubremoval accompanied by herbicide application to cutstumps, and prescribed burning.

Seedbox Swale (Site Code: R)A shallow, wet, sandy swale containing several

species typically associated with lakeplain prairieoccurs in the southwest portion of the metropark(Figure 7). Positioned immediately north of the bikingtrail and gas line corridor, the swale was likelyinfluenced or possibly created by their construction.The site is highly degraded, with numerous exoticspecies, but contains a sizable, localized colony of therare plant, seedbox. Purple loosestrife threatens tooverwhelm the site along with glossy buckthorn andother native woody species such as red maple andrough-leaved dogwood (Appendix 2). Becauseseedbox is a light-demanding species, woody plantsand exotics will soon shade it out if they are leftunchecked. Although the site is quite degraded, it issufficiently small that a minimal amount of restorationwill significantly improve conditions for seedbox andother native remnant prairie species.

Dissucussion

Rare PlantsSmall white lady’s slipper is a state-threatened

plant and is known from 81 locations in Michigan (10in Livingston County), mostly in the southern threetiers of counties in Lower Michigan. This speciesinhabits high-quality prairie fens, and can be reliablyrecognized only while flowering in mid-May to earlyJune. It is threatened by habitat loss from developmentand encroachment of woody species into its grass- andsedge-dominated habitat. When first documented in1986, the colony of white lady’s slipper at Kensingtoncontained 30-40 plants. In 2001 and 2002, parknaturalists observed only two plants. The dramaticdeclines in the abundance of small white lady’s slipperobserved at Wildwing Fen at KensingtonMetropark are very likely the result ofoverbrowsing by deer. Declines may also be due toa lack of fire, which strongly stimulate lady’sslipper. Protection of the population of whitelady’s slipper should include reducing deerdensities, maintaining the fen’s hydrology, andusing prescribed fire to reduce competition fromlarger perennials and stimulate flowering and seedgermination.

Water-willow is a state-threatened plant andhas been recorded at 11 sites in Michigan. It isfound primarily in southeast Michigan along theHuron River where it inhabits muddy riverbanksand slackwater areas that support emergent marsh.It has also been found occasionally along theRaisin River and on shallow, muddy margins ofinland lakes and historically along Lake Erie. The

species usually grows in shallow water in emergentmarshes with common associates such as arrow-arum(Peltandra virginica) and bur-reed (Sparganium sp.).This perennial forms dense clones, which can reachmany square meters in size, and spreads by rhizomesand leafy stolons. It is best surveyed for whileflowering from mid-July to late August, but isrecognizable throughout the latter part of the growingseason. Alterations to river hydrology andimpoundments can be detrimental to this species.Protecting the hydrology and water quality of theHuron River as well as preventing the spread ofinvasive plant species such as purple loosestrife arecritical conservation strategies that must be employed

Slackwater area of the Huron River support colonies of water-willow, a state-threatened plant.

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to protect this species. In addition, a significant portionof its known populations in Michigan occurs atOakwoods and other metroparks, making it a highconservation priority. It is recommended that itsdistribution within the parks be closely mapped andmonitored to detect changes in the population overtime.

Beak grass is a state-threatened species foundprimarily in southern floodplain forests. Previous tothis study, it was known from only 13 locations inMichigan, including several sites in southeastMichigan along the Huron and Raisin rivers (2 inWayne County). Where it is found, beak grass isusually sparsely distributed, mostly occurring only inscattered clumps. The new occurrence discovered inthe floodplains of Oakwoods Metropark is unusuallylarge, and as one of the largest populations known inthe state, it is also a high conservation priority. Thisspecies can be recognized throughout the growingseason but is most easily identified in August andSeptember by its characteristic inflated spikelets.Longer-term conservation strategies to protect beakgrass include removing invasive species, protecting thehydrology of river systems and corresponding cyclicalflooding regimes, maintaining healthy, intact, maturefloodplain forests, and using conservation planningand restoration to connect previously fragmentedfloodplain forests to create contiguous ripariancorridors.

Cup-plant is listed as a state-threatened species.Prior to this study, it was known from 19 sites inMichigan, mostly in southern Michigan (11 in Wayneand Monroe Counties combined). Cup-plantcommonly occurs in openings of floodplain forests andin adjacent meadows, and is easily recognized during

the latter part of the growing season (July – October)by its characteristic yellow flower and perfoliateleaves. Threats to cup-plant include loss of itsfloodplain forest and meadow habitat, competitionfrom invasive species, and mowing of meadows duringthe growing season. These threats are especially severeat Oakwoods where the population is mowed duringthe summer and the surrounding floodplain forestsupports large numbers of invasive woody plants suchas Morrow honeysuckle and common and glossybuckthorn. Conservation strategies for this speciesinclude maintaining natural forest openings andmeadows, preventing mowing of its habitat during thegrowing season, protecting southern floodplain forests,controlling invasive species, and maintaining orrestoring historical flooding regimes of rivers.

Squarrose sedge is listed as a species of specialconcern. Plants are given the status of special concernwhen the status of the species in unknown. A speciesremains on the special concern list until it isdetermined whether the species should be elevated tothreatened or endangered status or is common enoughto be untracked. Prior to this study squarrose sedgewas known from only 10 locations in Michigan,mostly in southeast Michigan (4 in Wayne and MonroeCounties combined). This sedge inhabits wet meadowsand seasonally wet depressions within oak-hickoryforests. Threats to squarrose sedge include habitat loss,competition from invasive species, mowing during thegrowing season, and forest fragmentation. AtOakwoods Metropark, very small populations ofsquarrose sedge were observed near the edges of twoisolated blocks of forest. Long-term conservationstrategies to protect squarrose sedge includemaintaining healthy, intact, mature forests, controllinginvasive species, and using conservation planning andrestoration to connect previously fragmented blocks offorest.

Beak grass, a state-threatened plant, is abundantalong the Huron River floodplain at Oakwoods.

Squarrose sedge inhabits seasonallywet depressions in the woodlands atOakwoods.

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Seedbox is listed as a species of special concern.Seedbox is currently known from 29 locations inMichigan, mostly in the southern two tiers of counties(11 in Wayne and Monroe Counties combined). Itoccurs in disturbed sandy depressions and remnants oflakeplain prairie. Threats to the species include habitatloss, tree and shrub encroachment, and competitionfrom invasive species. The small population ofseedbox at Oakwoods Metropark is currently overrunwith purple loosestrife, reed, glossy buckthorn, rough-leaved dogwood, and red maple. Conservationstrategies to protect seedbox include woody plantremoval, invasive species control, and prescribedburning to enhance seed production and stimulate seedgermination.

Two known records for state-threatened plantswere not reconfirmed. Goldenseal was last observed inKensington Metropark in 1986, and a thorough surveyof potential habitat failed to locate this species. It islikely that the plants were either illegally poached fortheir medicinal roots or were excessively browsed bydeer. There is a chance that the species persists withinthe seed bank and may again be found when deerdensities have been significantly reduced. Americanlotus was last observed at Oakwoods Metropark in1979 in slackwater areas of the Huron River. Althoughsome of this habitat has been invaded by purpleloosestrife, large portions of suitable habitat remainintact. Future surveys for this species should beconducted by boat along the edges of islands and inbackwater areas as our foot surveys of the river banksfailed to relocate this species. If the species has beenextirpated, it is possible that it may reappear followingchanges in water levels.

Fire as an Ecological ProcessMany of the areas within the metroparks we

surveyed once supported fire-dependent ecosystemssuch as wet prairie, wet meadow, prairie fen, oakbarrens, and oak forest. In the past, lightning- andhuman-induced fires frequently spread over large areasof southern Michigan and other Midwestern states(Curtis 1959, Grimm 1984, Dorney 1981). In theabsence of frequent fires, open oak barrens convert toforested communities such as oak-hickory forest ormixed oak forest (see oak barrens abstract, Appendix3). The reduction of wildfires in Midwestern statesfollowing the loss of indigenous cultures in the early1800s is well documented and resulted in a loss of fire-dependent natural communities through both activeconversion for farming and succession from openbarrens and prairie to forest (Curtis 1959).

The conversion of open barrens and prairie toforested communities continues today and often results

in a loss of species and habitat diversity (Curtis 1959,McCune and Cottam 1985, McClain et al. 1993). Thiswas evident at many of the sites we surveyed in each ofthe metroparks. At Kensington Metropark the opencharacter of prairie fen, oak barrens, and openingswithin dry-mesic southern forest are being lost as thecommunities actively succeed to closed-canopy shrub-and tree-dominated communities. As shade-tolerantwoody species and canopy closure increases, lightlevels are reduced and light-demanding species such asprairie forbs and grasses are unable to remain viable.As a result, both species diversity and habitatheterogeneity are being reduced.

Some of the biggest changes as a result of canopyclosure may be taking place within the oak forests. Atpresent, oaks dominate the canopies of dry-mesicforests at both Kensington and Oakwoods. However,oak regeneration within these forests is absent andsuppression of the historic fire regime has allowedthin-barked, shade-tolerant species such as red mapledominate the subcanopy and forest understory(Abrams 1998). As aging oaks slowly reachsenescence and the dense shade created by thepredominance of red maple precludes further oakrecruitment, the structure and species composition ofthese forests will undergo significant changes. Becausethe historic fire regime that maintained oak forests isnow drastically disrupted, active forest management isnecessary to maintain oak dominance within themetroparks.

The proliferation of red maple within the oakforests also results in significant changes in adjacentwetland communities. For example, at Kensington firesuppression has enabled red maple to establish withina dry-mesic forest and the species is now beginning tocolonize an adjacent relict conifer swamp (ChickadeeLoop Woodland and Tamarack Trail Swamp, Figure 6:E and C). Species loss following invasion of relictconifer swamp by red maple can be significant. Theshift from conifer-dominance to hardwood-dominancealso results in a drastic reduction in shrub cover (Kost2001). The reduction of shrub cover that results fromred maple invasion can adversely impact a wide rangeof both animal and plant species. In particular, manybird species rely heavily on the fruit of these wetlandshrubs during fall migration and winter. While fire isnot a frequent form of natural disturbance for relictconifer swamp its absence in the broader landscape hassignificantly altered wetland successional pathways tothe detriment of light-demanding species liketamarack. Thus, actively cutting or girdling shade-tolerant hardwoods such as red maple from relictconifer swamps is needed if this important naturalcommunity type is to be maintained.

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Plant communities, whether upland or lowland,benefit from prescribed fire in several ways.Depending on the season and intensity of a burn,prescribed fire may be used to decrease the cover ofexotic, cool-season grasses and woody species, andincrease the cover of native warm-season grasses andforbs (White 1983, Abrams and Hulbert 1987, Tester1989, Anderson and Schwegman 1991, Collins andGibson 1990, Glenn-Lewin et al. 1990). Prescribed firehelps reduce litter levels, allowing sunlight to reach thesoil surface and stimulate seed germination andenhance seedling establishment (Daubenmire 1968,Hulbert 1969, Knapp 1984, Tester 1989, Anderson andSchwegman 1991, Warners 1997). Important plantnutrients (e.g., N, P, K, Ca, and Mg) are elevatedfollowing prescribed fire (Daubenmire 1968, Viro1974, Reich et al. 1990, Schmalzer and Hinkle 1992).Prescribed fire has been shown to result in increasedplant biomass, flowering, and seed production(Laubhan 1995, Abrams et al. 1986, Warners 1997,Kost and De Steven 2000). Prescribed fire can alsohelp express and rejuvenate seed banks, which may beespecially important for maintaining species diversity(Leach and Givnish 1996, Kost and De Steven 2000).

Impacts to faunal communities should also bestrongly considered when planning a prescribed burn.Dividing a large area into smaller burn units that canbe burned in alternate years or seasons can protectpopulations of many species. This allows unburnedunits to serve as refugia for immobile invertebrates andslow moving amphibian and reptile species. Whenburning larger areas it may be desirable to strive forpatchy burns by igniting during times of high relativehumidity. As mentioned above, the unburned patchesmay then serve as refugia, which facilitaterecolonization of burned patches by fire-sensitivespecies. Burning under overcast skies and when airtemperatures are cool (<55°F) can help protect reptiles,since they are less likely to be found basking above thesurface when conditions are cloudy and cool. Lastly,conducting burns during the dormant season (lateOctober through March) may also help minimizeimpacts to reptiles.

Implications for Forest ManagementIn the absence of natural fires, the oak-dominated,

upland forests at Kensington and Oakwoods are likelyto continue to undergo significant changes in structureand species composition as the oaks are replaced bymore shade-tolerant tree species. Management of theupland forests at Kensington and Oakwoods shouldfocus on creating conditions suitable for oakregeneration, that is, an open canopy with high lightlevels. In commercial forest management, these open

conditions are typically created through a seedtree cut,which significantly reduces tree cover but retainsscattered oaks to produce mast. While this approachcan be very effective when deer densities are low, itsapplication within the heavily visited portions of themetroparks may not be practical. Other less drasticoptions include cutting or girdling shade-tolerantspecies like red maple, prescription burning, andmanaging ecological succession within canopy gaps.By removing competitors and planting acorns or oakseedlings within large light gaps such as those createdby recent tree-falls, metropark staff can direct theecological succession of some portions of the forest.Prescription burning will help thin the understory andshrub layer and will favor retention and establishmentof fire-tolerant species such as bur oak, black oak, andwhite oak. Any management for oak recruitment mustalso include reducing densities of white-tailed deer andprotecting seedlings from browsing.

Another important forest management goal atKensington and Oakwoods will be to reduce forestfragmentation. At present, a hard edge is maintainedalong many of the forest stands within the metroparks.Allowing oaks and hickories to establish within the oldfields between blocks of forest and then directing thesuccession of these fields towards oak savanna or oakforest will enable isolated blocks of forest to beenlarged and connected. The formation of largerblocks of forest will help improve nesting success forraptors, neotropical migrant songbirds, and ground-nesting species because their nests are less likely to beparasitised and predated in larger blocks of forest(Wilcove et al. 1986). In addition, invasions by exoticspecies are reduced in larger blocks of contiguoushabitat, since the ratio of interior habitat to edgetypically increases with size.

At Kensington, where the upland soils are welldrained and oak barrens once occupied much of themetropark, large blocks of oak barrens can be restoredby allowing oaks to establish in old fields and reducingcanopy cover in adjacent oak-dominated foreststhrough burning and selective removal of shade-tolerant trees like red maple. Because young oaksresprout vigorously following burning, prescribed firecan be used along with mowing to direct succession ofold fields towards oak barrens and savanna. The oldfields and narrow peninsula of oak forest above SpringHill (G) may provide an ideal setting for this type ofrestoration (Figure 6). Ideally, the land between SpringHill Woodland (G) and Chickadee Loop Woodland (E)would also be managed for oak barrens, as would thearea between Hickory Ridge (I), Spring Hill and theOrchard Picnic Area (Figure 6).

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Conversely, at Oakwoods, where poorly drainedsoils once supported contiguous forest, directing theecological succession of old fields towards oak-dominated forests will help reduce fragmentation byconsolidating small, isolated woodlots into largerblocks of mature forest. The old fields that separateSalamander Woods (N) and West Oxbow FloodplainForest (K) provide an excellent opportunity to reducefragmentation by directing their succession towardsoak-dominated forest (Figure 7). Additionally, the oldfields that separate White Oak Woodland (O), OxbowFloodplain Forest (J), and Railroad Floodplain Forest(L) may also provide an opportunity to reduce forestfragmentation and restore upland forest (Figure 7).Other opportunities to reduce forest fragmentation maybe found by connecting the Borderline Woods (Q) withthe Nature Study Area Woodland (M) and allowing oldfields adjacent to these woodlands to succeed to oakforest (Figure 7).

Invasive SpeciesInvasive species also pose a major threat to species

and habitat diversity within the metroparks. Byoutcompeting and replacing native species, invasiveschange species composition, alter vegetation structure,and reduce native species diversity, often causing localor even complete extinction of native species (Harty1986). Invasive exotic species can also upset delicatelybalanced ecological processes such as trophicrelationships, interspecific competition, nutrientcycling, soil erosion, hydrologic balance, and solarinsolation (Bratton 1982). Lastly, exotic invasivespecies often have no natural predators and spreadaggressively through rapid sexual and asexualreproduction.

While numerous invasive species occur within themetroparks, garlic mustard, glossy buckthorn, andpurple loosestrife are likely to pose the greatest threatbecause of their ability to invade intact communitiesand quickly dominate an area. Garlic mustard, inparticular, is of serious concern even in very smallnumbers because it is self-fertile, thus a single plantcan establish an entire population and quickly result ina large infestation. While it invades all types offorested habitats, it is especially aggressive in mesicand wet-mesic sites (Meekins and McCarthy 2001).Garlic mustard should be removed prior to seedsetwherever it is encountered. Glossy buckthorn can alsoseverely reduce species diversity, especially in alkaline,wetland habitats like prairie fen and relict coniferswamp. Left untreated, it can form large, impenetrable,monotypic stands in place of open, species diversewetlands. Purple loosestrife is another perniciousinvader of wetland habitats, often completely replacing

native emergent marsh communities. Some success incontrolling purple loosestrife has recently occurredwith the application of biological control agents,Galerucella beetles, which are native to purpleloosestrife’s European habitat (Hight and Drea 1991,Blossey 1992). More information on detailed methodsof controlling specific invasive species can be obtainedat http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/.

Several invasive species also threaten upland dry-mesic forests. Among the most problematic of theseare Oriental bittersweet, common buckthorn, andAmur and Morrow honeysuckle. By invading the shrublayer of semi-open forest communities, these speciesseverely reduce the amount of light available to theground layer, causing the elimination of many ground-layer species and preventing the reproduction ofoverstory dominants. Oriental bittersweet is especiallyproblematic. A twining vine, it can literally stranglelarge trees by tightly wrapping around the trunk andpreventing new growth of cambium tissue, effectivelygirdling the stem. These woody species can beeffectively controlled by stem removal, but cuttingwithout immediate herbicide application should bestrictly avoided, since resprouting typically results inthe proliferation of multiple stems, thus making it evenmore difficult to eliminate these problematic species.Invasive species abstracts, which include detailedmanagement guidelines, can be obtained at http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/.

Setting Stewardship PrioritiesWhile invasive species occur in nearly all natural

communities surveyed in this study, managementpriority should be given to the highest quality sites. Byconcentrating effort on a few high-quality sites, limitedresources of time, personnel, volunteer effort, andmoney can be directed to make a significant impact onbiodiversity. How should metropark managers andnaturalists determine which sites to manage? Thatdecision is one best made by metropark resourceprofessionals, but evaluation criteria should include thefollowing:

1) A preference toward high-quality sites withminimal infestations of invasive species.Biodiversity is most easily and effectivelyprotected by preventing high-quality sites fromdegrading, and invasives are much easier toeradicate when they are not yet wellestablished.

2) A focus on sites that harbor high levels ofnative species diversity or unique elements ofbiodiversity (e.g., prairie fens, tamarackswamps, floodplain forests, springs, rarespecies, etc.). Wetlands in particular, harbor a

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disproportionate number of rare species andprovide critical habitat to many species.

3) Sites that enhance core areas of high-qualityhabitat or act as critical corridors for wildlife.Reducing forest fragmentation at Oakwoods orrestoring oak barrens at Kensington willenhance many of the existing high-qualitysites.

4) High profile sites that are viewed by manyvisitors such as well used trails or sites withscenic overlooks or picturesque views.Opportunities to educate the public onbiodiversity and stewardship are maximized byactively working to restore frequently visitedsites. Restoring sites that provide scenic vistaswill promote an appreciation of the park’snatural resources.

A brief summary of sites with high restorationpotential in each park follows below. Detailed sitedescriptions and management recommendations areincluded in the Site Summaries and Managementsection (page 16).

High Priority Sites at KensingtonAt Kensington, we identified several sites with

high restoration potential. Located near the NatureCenter, Wildwing Fen is of high quality with a smallrare plant population (Figure 6: A). It is highly visible,easily accessible, and would greatly benefit from shruband tree removal and prescribed burning. Portions ofthe Group Camp Fen, while less visible and difficultto access, are also high in quality and would benefitfrom similar restoration activities (Figure 6: B).Another wetland community, the Tamarack TrailSwamp, can be maintained in a high-quality state bythe periodic removal of successional hardwoods likered maple (Figure 6: C). The Chickadee LoopWoodland currently contains some of the fewestnumbers of invasive plants in the upland areas of themetropark, and is easily accessible by staff and visitors(Figure 6: E). A minimal amount of time spentpatrolling for and removing garlic mustard andinvasive shrubs would keep this site in good condition.Spring Hill Woodland, though heavily infested withexotics and requiring significantly more restorationeffort, could be transformed into a very scenic locationwith excellent vistas of the surrounding landscapethrough a semi-open forested canopy (Figure 6: G).The hillside spring also represents a unique element ofbiodiversity and is worthy of protection. The oakbarrens component of the Hickory Ridge Woodlandalso represents a unique feature, as many of the prairieand oak barrens species found here occur nowhere elsein the park (Figure 6: I). Shrub removal and prescribed

fire will benefit these species tremendously. Finally,managing adjacent old fields for oak barrens willfurther protect the core areas of many of these sites.Other sites at Kensington may also merit attention andshould be evaluated for work based on availableresources.

High Priority Sites at OakwoodsOakwoods also contains several high-quality,

prominent areas that can be easily maintained andimproved with minimal restoration efforts. The NatureStudy Area Woodland is in relatively good conditionand receives a great deal of visitor attention (Figure 7:M). Work here should focus on first removing single,isolated exotic shrubs from the higher quality portionsof the site and secondly, on tackling epicenters of largeinfestations. The Oxbow Floodplain Forest is alsorelatively high in quality, provides habitat for the rarebeak grass, and could be greatly improved by theremoval of scattered buckthorn, honeysuckle, andbarberry before they become more dominant (Figure 7:J). The West Oxbow Floodplain Forest also containsa large population of beak grass, and while it wouldgreatly benefit from restoration work, the infestationlevel of honeysuckle, barberry, and buckthorn is muchhigher, access is slightly more difficult, and visitorprominence is somewhat lower (Figure 7: K).Salamander Woods provides unique habitat forseveral rare species, and should be closely monitoredfor outbreaks of glossy buckthorn and barberry withinthe interior, followed by removal of buckthorn fromthe forested edges (Figure: N). While not easilyaccessed or often visited, White Oak Woodland is invery good condition and could be protected throughinvasive shrub removal within the interior and alongits edges and by prescribed fire to reduce understorydensity (Figure 7: O). Lastly, the core areas of the sitesmentioned above could be greatly enhanced bydirecting the ecological succession of their adjacent oldfields towards oak savanna or oak forest. Other sites atOakwoods may also merit attention, and should beevaluated for work based on available resources.

Deer DensitiesMany studies have shown that high deer densities

adversely impact local ecosystems and vegetation(Alverson et al. 1988, Balgooyen and Waller 1995,Waller and Alverson 1997, Horsely et al. 2003). Heavydeer browse was evident throughout both metroparks.At Kensington, excessive deer herbivory has likelycontributed to a sharp decline in abundance of smallwhite lady’s slipper and the extirpation of goldenseal.Deer herbivory may also be contributing to the lack ofoak regeneration within the oak forests (Strole and

Page-31

Anderson 1992). Through preferential grazing ofnative species, high deer densities are also thought tocontribute to the spread of invasive, exotic speciessuch as garlic mustard (Victoria Nuzzo pers. comm.1998). It is recommended that the Huron-ClintonMetropolitan Authority work cooperatively with the

Conclusion

The Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority has theconsiderable responsibility of stewarding numerouspopulations of rare species and ecologically significantnatural communities. As the region becomes moredeveloped, the prominence of natural features harboredby the metroparks is substantially heightened. Bothrare and common native species are threatened by therapid pace of development in southeast Michigan. Inaddition, changes taking place outside the metroparkboundaries are having significant repercussions withintheir borders. For example, as new roads, subdivisions,shopping centers, and industries are built outside thepark, invasive plants used in landscaping quickly findtheir way into the park and cause severe degradation tonatural communities and their associated complementof native species. Historic wildlife corridors aredisrupted, and cosmopolitan edge species such aswhite-tailed increasingly seek refuge within theconfines of the metroparks. The increased deer densitywithin the metroparks result in extirpation ofnumerous plant and animal species as their effects onecosystems reverberate at multiple trophic levels(McShea and Rappole 1992, Waller and Alverson1997). As rare plants and high-quality naturalcommunities are lost due to development, the regionalsignificance of safeguarding these natural featureswithin the metroparks becomes even more important.

Conservation scientists and practitioners are moreaware today than ever before that protecting rarespecies and ecologically significant naturalcommunities requires far more than simply buildingpreserves to prevent their outright destruction (Janzen1986). Because changes occurring outside themetropark boundaries result in significant impactswithin the park, protection of rare species and naturalcommunities today requires the active participation bymetropark staff in stewarding the land for ecologicalintegrity. This formidable task requires metropark staff

to identify significant natural features, developconservation strategies, and apply their considerableexpertise in resource management to the activestewardship of ecological integrity. Both Kensington and Oakwoods supportsignificant natural features that are threatened byevents taking place within the parks as well outsidetheir boundaries. The metroparks have lost aconsiderable amount of their biodiversity as a result offire suppression, infestation of pernicious invasivespecies, and extraordinarily high white-tail deerpopulations. Restoring the ecological process of fire tothe ecosystems at Kensington and Oakwoods willprofoundly enhance their ecological integrity. The lossof biodiversity caused by infestations of invasive plantscan be reversed by developing monitoring anderadication programs that are focused on protecting thecenters of biodiversity, namely the prairie fens,tamarack swamp, wet meadows, floodplain forests,oak woodlands, and oak barrens. Finally, activemanagement of the local deer herd is likely to result inthe recovery of many plants and ground- and shrub-nesting animal species over time. Tremendous ecological benefits can also begained by directing the ecological succession of oldfields towards oak barrens, lakeplain oak openings,oak woodlands, or floodplain forest. Connectingisolated forest patches, enlarging current woodlands,and creating a more natural transition between openfield and forest edge will help increase nesting successrates of ground-nesting birds and mammals, forestraptors, and neotropical migrant songbirds, many ofwhich are experiencing sharp declines in theirpopulations. The ecological benefits of reducingfragmentation will be especially great when thisapproach is applied to important wildlife corridors likethe Huron River floodplain in Oakwoods.

Michigan Department of Natural Resources to assessmetropark deer densities and reduce deer densities ifdetermined to be higher than recommended by theDNR.

Page-32

Acknowledgements

Funding for the project was provided by the Huron-Clinton Metropolitan Authority and the MichiganDepartment of Natural Resources. We are grateful toPaul Muelle and Dave Moilanen, HCMA, for the theirsupport and assistance throughout this multiyearproject. We thank the naturalists at Kensington andOakwoods for providing valuable natural historyinformation that both improved our success in the fieldand advanced the level of information contained in thisreport. In particular, we wish to extend our thanks toMichael Tucker, Bob Hotaling, Glenn Dent, and MaryBogush at Kensington Metropark, and Kevin Arnoldand Bob Wittersheim at Oakwoods Mertopark. Wesincerely appreciate the assistance of numerous MNFIstaff who supported the project in numerous ways. In

particular, we wish to acknowledge the followingMNFI staff for their contributions: Helen Enanderapplied her considerable skills with Arcview to theproduction of all maps contained in this report; JoshCohen lent his excellent field skills to our surveys offloodplain forests in Oakwoods and his editorialsuggestions greatly improved this report; Mike Penskarand Phyllis Higman supplied their invaluable expertisewith plant identification and consultation on rare plantsurvey methodologies; additionally, Mike Penskarprovided detailed editorial comments that greatlyimproved this report; Lyn Scrimger provided his adeptskills in project management; and Michael Fashowayleveraged his facile grasp of PageMaker in formattingthe report.

Page-33

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HR

W

AB

CD

EF

GH

I

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Car

ex h

irti

foli

ase

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

5-

--

-x

--

--

Car

ex h

itch

cock

iana

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

5x

--

-x

--

--

Car

ex h

yst

eric

ina

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

2x

x-

x-

--

--

Car

ex l

acust

ris

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

6x

-x

--

--

x-

Car

ex l

asio

carp

ase

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

8-

--

x-

--

--

Car

ex l

epta

lea

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

5x

xx

--

--

--

Car

ex p

ensy

lvan

ica

Pen

nsy

lvan

ia s

edge

Nt

P-S

edge

4-

--

-x

xx

xx

Car

ex p

lanta

gin

ease

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

8-

--

-x

--

--

Car

ex p

rair

ease

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

10

x-

-x

--

--

-

Car

ex p

seudo-c

yper

us

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

5-

--

x-

--

--

Car

ex r

adia

tast

raig

ht-

style

d w

ood s

edge

Nt

P-S

edge

2-

-x

--

--

--

Car

ex r

ose

acu

rly-s

tyle

d w

ood s

edge

Nt

P-S

edge

2-

--

--

--

-x

Car

ex r

ost

rata

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

10

x-

-x

--

--

-

Car

ex s

teri

lis

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

10

xx

--

--

--

-

Car

ex s

tipat

ase

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

1x

x-

--

-x

xx

Car

ex s

tric

tase

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

4x

xx

x-

--

x-

Car

ex t

etan

ica

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

9x

x-

--

--

--

Car

ex v

ulp

inoid

ease

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

1-

--

--

-x

--

Car

pin

us

caro

linia

na

blu

e-bee

chN

t T

ree

6x

-x

-x

--

-x

Car

ya

cord

iform

isbit

tern

ut

hic

kory

Nt

Tre

e5

--

--

x-

--

-

Car

ya

gla

bra

pig

nut

hic

kory

Nt

Tre

e5

--

--

xx

x-

x

Car

ya

ovat

ash

agbar

k h

ickory

Nt

Tre

e5

--

--

x-

xx

-

Cau

lophyll

um

thal

ictr

oid

esblu

e co

hosh

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

--

-x

--

--

CE

LA

ST

RU

S O

RB

ICU

LA

TA

OR

IEN

TA

L B

ITT

ER

SW

EE

TA

d W

-Vin

e0

-x

--

xx

xx

-

CE

NT

AU

RE

A M

AC

UL

OS

AS

PO

TT

ED

KN

AP

WE

ED

Ad B

-Forb

0-

--

--

x-

--

Chel

one

gla

bra

turt

lehea

dN

t P

-Forb

7-

x-

--

--

--

CIC

HO

RIU

M I

NT

YB

US

CH

ICO

RY

Ad P

-Forb

0-

--

--

-x

--

Cic

uta

bulb

ifer

aw

ater

-hem

lock

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

--

x-

--

--

Cic

uta

mac

ula

taw

ater

-hem

lock

Nt

B-F

orb

4x

x-

--

--

--

Cin

na

arundin

acea

wood r

eedgra

ssN

t P

-Gra

ss7

--

--

--

--

x

Cir

caea

lute

tian

aen

chan

ter'

s nig

hts

had

eN

t P

-Forb

2-

--

-x

-x

xx

CIR

SIU

M A

RV

EN

SE

CA

NA

DIA

N T

HIS

TL

EA

d P

-Forb

0x

--

--

-x

--

Cir

sium

muti

cum

swam

p t

his

tle

Nt

B-F

orb

6x

xx

--

--

--

CIR

SIU

M P

AL

US

TR

EM

AR

SH

TH

IST

LE

Ad B

-Forb

0-

x-

--

--

--

App

endi

x 1.

Pla

nt s

peci

es o

bser

ved

at K

ensi

ngto

n M

etro

park

con

tinue

d.

A-38

WW

FG

CF

TT

SK

WM

CL

WE

OB

SH

WN

WW

HR

W

AB

CD

EF

GH

I

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

CO

NV

AL

LA

RIA

MA

JAL

ISL

ILY

-OF

-TH

E-V

AL

LE

YA

d P

-Forb

0-

--

--

--

x-

Corn

us

amom

um

silk

y d

ogw

ood

Nt

Shru

b2

-x

--

--

--

-

Corn

us

flori

da

flow

erin

g d

ogw

ood

Nt

Tre

e8

--

--

xx

-x

-

Corn

us

foem

ina

gra

y d

ogw

ood

Nt

Shru

b1

xx

xx

xx

-x

-

Corn

us

stolo

nif

era

red-o

sier

dogw

ood

Nt

Shru

b2

-x

--

--

--

-

Cory

lus

amer

ican

ahaz

elnut

Nt

Shru

b5

-x

--

-x

-x

-

Cra

taeg

us

sp.

haw

thorn

Nt

Tre

e-

--

--

x-

x-

Cry

pto

taen

ia c

anad

ensi

shonew

ort

Nt

P-F

orb

2-

--

--

-x

--

Cypri

ped

ium

cal

ceolu

s var

.

pubes

cens

larg

e yel

low

lad

y's

sli

pper

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

x-

--

--

--

Cypri

ped

ium

can

did

um

smal

l w

hit

e la

dy's

sli

pper

Nt

P-F

orb

10

x-

--

--

--

-

DA

CT

YL

IS G

LO

ME

RA

TA

OR

CH

AR

D G

RA

SS

Ad P

-Gra

ss0

--

--

-x

--

-

DA

UC

US

CA

RO

TA

QU

EE

N-A

NN

E'S

-LA

CE

Ad B

-Forb

0x

--

--

-x

--

Des

modiu

m g

luti

nosu

mcl

ust

ered

-lea

ved

tic

k-t

refo

ilN

t P

-Forb

5-

--

--

x-

x-

Des

modiu

m p

anic

ula

tum

pan

icle

d t

ick-t

refo

ilN

t P

-Forb

4-

--

--

x-

--

Des

modiu

m s

p.

tick

-tre

foil

Nt

P-F

orb

--

--

--

-x

-

Dio

score

a vil

losa

wil

d y

amN

t P

-Forb

4-

--

--

--

-x

Dry

opte

ris

cart

husi

ana

spin

ulo

se w

oodfe

rnN

t F

ern

5-

--

--

-x

xx

Dry

opte

ris

cris

tata

cres

ted s

hie

ld f

ern

Nt

Fer

n6

-x

x-

--

--

-

Dry

opte

ris

inte

rmed

iaev

ergre

en w

oodfe

rnN

t F

ern

5-

--

-x

--

--

EL

AE

AG

NU

S U

MB

EL

LA

TA

AU

TU

MN

-OL

IVE

Ad S

hru

b0

xx

--

xx

xx

-

Ele

och

aris

ery

thro

poda

spik

e ru

shN

t P

-Sed

ge

4-

--

x-

--

--

Ely

mus

canad

ensi

sC

anad

a w

ild-r

ye

Nt

P-G

rass

7x

--

-x

--

--

Ely

mus

vir

gin

icus

Vir

gin

ia w

ild-r

ye

Nt

P-G

rass

4x

-x

--

--

--

Epil

obiu

m c

olo

ratu

mci

nnam

on w

illo

w-h

erb

Nt

P-F

orb

3-

--

x-

--

--

Epil

obiu

m l

epto

phyll

um

fen w

illo

w-h

erb

Nt

P-F

orb

6-

--

x-

--

--

Epil

obiu

m s

p.

wil

low

-her

bP

-Forb

--

x-

--

--

-

Equis

etum

arv

ense

com

mon h

ors

etai

lN

t F

ern A

lly

0-

--

--

--

x-

Equis

etum

flu

via

tile

wat

er h

ors

etai

lN

t F

ern A

lly

7x

xx

--

--

--

Equis

etum

hyem

ale

scouri

ng-r

ush

Nt

Fer

n A

lly

2-

x-

--

--

--

Era

gro

stis

hypnoid

escr

eepin

g l

ove

gra

ssN

t A

-Gra

ss8

--

--

-x

--

-

Eri

ger

on p

hil

adel

phic

us

mar

sh f

leab

ane

Nt

P-F

orb

2x

x-

--

--

--

Eri

ger

on s

trig

osu

sdai

sy f

leab

ane

Nt

P-F

orb

4-

--

--

xx

--

Ery

thro

niu

m a

mer

ican

um

yel

low

tro

ut

lily

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

--

-x

--

--

App

endi

x 1.

Pla

nt s

peci

es o

bser

ved

at K

ensi

ngto

n M

etro

park

con

tinue

d.

A-39

WW

FG

CF

TT

SK

WM

CL

WE

OB

SH

WN

WW

HR

W

AB

CD

EF

GH

I

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Eupat

ori

um

mac

ula

tum

joe-

pye-

wee

dN

t P

-Forb

4x

xx

x-

--

--

Eupat

ori

um

per

foli

atum

com

mon b

ones

etN

t P

-Forb

4x

x-

x-

-x

x-

Eupat

ori

um

rugosu

mw

hit

e sn

aker

oot

Nt

P-F

orb

4-

-x

--

--

--

Euphorb

ia c

oro

llat

afl

ow

erin

g s

purg

eN

t P

-Forb

4-

--

--

x-

xx

Euth

amia

gra

min

ifoli

agra

ss-l

eaved

gold

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

3-

x-

--

--

--

Fag

us

gra

ndif

oli

aA

mer

ican

bee

chN

t T

ree

6-

--

-x

--

xx

FE

ST

UC

A R

UB

RA

RE

D F

ES

CU

EA

d P

-Gra

ss0

--

--

-x

--

-

Fra

gar

ia v

irgin

iana

wil

d s

traw

ber

ryN

t P

-Forb

2x

xx

-x

x-

--

Fra

xin

us

amer

ican

aw

hit

e as

hN

t T

ree

5-

x-

-x

x-

xx

Fra

xin

us

nig

rabla

ck a

shN

t T

ree

6x

-x

x-

--

-x

Fra

xin

us

pen

nsy

lvan

ica

red a

shN

t T

ree

2x

x-

--

--

--

Gal

ium

apar

ine

annual

bed

stra

wN

t A

-Forb

0-

xx

-x

--

--

Gal

ium

bore

ale

nort

her

n b

edst

raw

Nt

P-F

orb

3x

x-

--

--

--

Gal

ium

cir

caez

ans

whit

e w

ild-l

icori

ceN

t P

-Forb

4-

--

--

xx

x-

Gay

luss

acia

bac

cata

huck

leber

ryN

t S

hru

b7

--

--

-x

-x

-

Ger

aniu

m m

acula

tum

wil

d g

eran

ium

Nt

P-F

orb

4x

--

-x

-x

xx

Geu

m c

anad

ense

whit

e av

ens

Nt

P-F

orb

1-

--

-x

x-

x-

Gly

ceri

a st

riat

afo

wl

man

na

gra

ssN

t P

-Gra

ss4

xx

x-

--

-x

-

Ham

amel

is v

irgin

iana

wit

ch-h

azel

Nt

Shru

b5

--

--

--

-x

-

Hel

ianth

us

div

aric

atus

woodla

nd s

unfl

ow

erN

t P

-Forb

5-

--

--

x-

--

Hel

ianth

us

gig

ante

us

tall

sunfl

ow

erN

t P

-Forb

5x

--

--

--

x-

Hep

atic

a ac

uti

loba

shar

p-l

obed

hep

atic

aN

t P

-Forb

8-

--

-x

--

--

Hep

atic

a am

eric

ana

round-l

obed

hep

atic

aN

t P

-Forb

6-

--

--

x-

--

HE

SP

ER

IS M

AT

RO

NA

LIS

DA

ME

'S R

OC

KE

TA

d P

-Forb

0-

--

--

--

-x

Hie

roch

loe

odora

tasw

eet

gra

ssN

t P

-Gra

ss9

-x

--

--

--

-

Hyper

icum

pro

lifi

cum

shru

bby S

t. J

ohn's

-wort

Nt

Shru

b5

--

--

-x

--

-

Hypoxis

hir

suta

star

-gra

ssN

t P

-Forb

10

xx

--

--

--

-

Hyst

rix p

atula

bott

lebru

sh g

rass

Nt

P-G

rass

5-

-x

-x

-x

-x

Ilex

ver

tici

llat

aM

ichig

an h

oll

yN

t S

hru

b5

--

x-

--

--

-

Impat

iens

capen

sis

spott

ed t

ouch

-me-

not

Nt

A-F

orb

2x

xx

x-

-x

x-

Iris

vir

gin

ica

south

ern b

lue

flag

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

x-

--

--

--

Jugla

ns

nig

rabla

ck w

alnut

Nt

Tre

e5

--

--

x-

--

-

Juncu

s bra

chyce

phal

us

rush

Nt

P-F

orb

7-

x-

--

--

--

Junip

erus

com

munis

com

mon o

r gro

und j

unip

erN

t S

hru

b4

xx

x-

-x

-x

-

App

endi

x 1.

Pla

nt s

peci

es o

bser

ved

at K

ensi

ngto

n M

etro

park

con

tinue

d.

A-40

WW

FG

CF

TT

SK

WM

CL

WE

OB

SH

WN

WW

HR

W

AB

CD

EF

GH

I

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Junip

erus

vir

gin

iana

red-c

edar

Nt

Tre

e3

xx

--

-x

--

-

Lap

ort

ea c

anad

ensi

sw

ood n

ettl

eN

t P

-Forb

4-

--

-x

--

--

Lar

ix l

aric

ina

tam

arac

kN

t T

ree

5x

xx

--

--

--

Lat

hyru

s pal

ust

ris

mar

sh p

eaN

t P

-Forb

7-

x-

--

--

--

Lee

rsia

ory

zoid

escu

t gra

ssN

t P

-Gra

ss3

--

x-

--

-x

-

Lee

rsia

vir

gin

ica

whit

e gra

ssN

t P

-Gra

ss5

--

--

--

x-

x

Lem

na

min

or

smal

l duck

wee

dN

t A

-Forb

5-

--

--

-x

--

LE

ON

UR

US

CA

RD

IAC

AM

OT

HE

RW

OR

TA

d P

-Forb

0-

--

--

-x

--

Les

ped

eza

capit

ata

round-h

eaded

bush

-clo

ver

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

--

--

x-

--

Les

ped

eza

inte

rmed

iabush

-clo

ver

Nt

P-F

orb

7-

--

--

x-

--

Lia

tris

spic

ata

mar

sh b

lazi

ng-s

tar

Nt

P-F

orb

8x

--

--

--

--

Lin

der

a ben

zoin

spic

ebush

Nt

Shru

b7

-x

x-

--

--

-

Lobel

ia s

iphil

itic

agre

at b

lue

lobel

iaN

t P

-Forb

4-

x-

--

-x

--

LO

NIC

ER

A M

AA

CK

IIA

MU

R H

ON

EY

SU

CK

LE

Ad S

hru

b0

--

--

-x

x-

-

LO

NIC

ER

A M

OR

RO

WII

MO

RR

OW

HO

NE

YS

UC

KL

EA

d S

hru

b0

-x

--

--

-x

-

Lupin

us

per

ennis

wil

d l

upin

eN

t P

-Forb

7-

--

--

x-

--

Lyco

pus

amer

ican

us

com

mon w

ater

-hore

hound

Nt

P-F

orb

2x

x-

--

--

--

Lyco

pus

unif

loru

snort

her

n b

ugle

wee

dN

t P

-Forb

2-

xx

x-

--

--

Lysi

mac

hia

quad

rifo

lia

four-

leav

ed l

oose

stri

feN

t P

-Forb

8-

x-

--

--

--

Lysi

mac

hia

thyrs

iflo

ratu

fted

loose

stri

feN

t P

-Forb

6-

--

x-

--

--

Mai

anth

emum

can

aden

seC

anad

a m

ayfl

ow

erN

t P

-Forb

4x

-x

--

--

x-

Mal

us

sp.

apple

Tre

e-

x-

--

--

--

Men

tha

arven

sis

wil

d m

int

Nt

P-F

orb

3x

x-

--

--

x-

Mim

ulu

s ri

ngen

sm

onkey

flo

wer

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

--

--

--

x-

Mit

ella

dip

hyll

abis

hop's

cap

Nt

P-F

orb

8-

-x

--

--

--

Monar

da

fist

ulo

saw

ild b

ergam

ot

Nt

P-F

orb

2x

x-

--

x-

--

Muhle

nber

gia

glo

mer

ata

mar

sh w

ild-t

imoth

yN

t P

-Gra

ss10

-x

--

--

--

-

Muhle

nber

gia

mex

ican

ale

afy s

atin

gra

ssN

t P

-Gra

ss3

--

x-

--

--

-

MY

OS

OT

IS S

CO

RP

IOID

ES

FO

RG

ET

-ME

-NO

TA

d P

-Forb

0-

x-

--

--

--

NA

ST

UR

TIU

M O

FF

ICIN

AL

EW

AT

ER

CR

ES

SA

d P

-Gra

ss0

xx

x-

--

x-

-

Nuphar

var

iegat

ayel

low

pond l

ily

Nt

P-F

orb

7-

--

x-

--

--

Onocl

ea s

ensi

bil

isse

nsi

tive

fern

Nt

Fer

n2

xx

xx

--

xx

x

Osm

unda

cinnam

om

eaci

nnam

on f

ern

Nt

Fer

n5

--

x-

x-

--

x

Osm

unda

regal

isro

yal

fer

nN

t F

ern

5-

--

--

--

x-

App

endi

x 1.

Pla

nt s

peci

es o

bser

ved

at K

ensi

ngto

n M

etro

park

con

tinue

d.

A-41

WW

FG

CF

TT

SK

WM

CL

WE

OB

SH

WN

WW

HR

W

AB

CD

EF

GH

I

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Ost

rya

vir

gin

iana

ironw

ood;

hop-h

orn

bea

mN

t T

ree

5-

--

-x

--

-x

Par

nas

sia

gla

uca

gra

ss-o

f-P

arnas

sus

Nt

P-F

orb

8-

x-

--

--

--

Par

then

oci

ssus

quin

quef

oli

aV

irgin

ia c

reep

erN

t W

-Vin

e5

xx

x-

xx

x-

-

Ped

icula

ris

lance

ola

tasw

amp b

etony

Nt

P-F

orb

8x

x-

--

--

--

Phal

aris

aru

ndin

acea

reed

can

ary g

rass

Nt

P-G

rass

0-

-x

--

--

--

Phlo

x p

ilosa

pra

irie

phlo

xN

t P

-Forb

7x

--

--

--

--

Phra

gm

ites

aust

rali

sre

edN

t P

-Gra

ss0

x-

xx

--

--

-

Physo

carp

us

opuli

foli

us

nin

ebar

kN

t S

hru

b4

-x

--

--

-x

-

Pil

ea p

um

ila

clea

rwee

dN

t A

-Forb

5-

-x

--

-x

xx

Pin

us

stro

bus

whit

e pin

eN

t T

ree

3-

--

--

x-

--

PO

A C

OM

PR

ES

SA

CA

NA

DA

BL

UE

GR

AS

SA

d P

-Gra

ss0

-x

--

xx

--

-

PO

A P

RA

TE

NS

ISK

EN

TU

CK

Y B

LU

EG

RA

SS

Ad P

-Gra

ss0

-x

--

-x

--

-

Podophyll

um

pel

tatu

mm

ay-a

pple

Nt

P-F

orb

3-

--

-x

--

--

Poly

gonat

um

pubes

cens

dow

ny s

olo

mon-s

eal

Nt

P-F

orb

5x

--

-x

xx

--

Poly

gonum

hydro

pip

erw

ater

-pep

per

Nt

A-F

orb

1-

--

x-

-x

x-

Poly

gonum

vir

gin

ianum

jum

pse

edN

t P

-Forb

4-

-x

-x

xx

--

Populu

s gra

ndid

enta

tabig

-tooth

ed a

spen

Nt

Tre

e4

--

--

x-

--

-

Populu

s tr

emulo

ides

quak

ing a

spen

Nt

Tre

e1

xx

x-

--

xx

-

Pote

nti

lla

fruti

cosa

shru

bby c

inquef

oil

Nt

Shru

b10

xx

--

--

--

-

Pote

nti

lla

sim

ple

xold

fie

ld c

inquef

oil

Nt

P-F

orb

2-

--

-x

x-

--

Pre

nan

thes

alb

aw

hit

e le

ttuce

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

--

-x

--

-x

PR

UN

EL

LA

VU

LG

AR

ISL

AW

N P

RU

NE

LL

AN

t P

-Forb

0-

xx

--

--

--

PR

UN

US

AV

IUM

SW

EE

T C

HE

RR

YA

d T

ree

0-

--

-x

--

--

Pru

nus

sero

tina

wil

d b

lack

cher

ryN

t T

ree

2-

--

-x

xx

xx

Pru

nus

vir

gin

iana

choke

cher

ryN

t S

hru

b2

-x

--

--

--

-

Pte

ridiu

m a

quil

inum

bra

cken

fer

nN

t F

ern

0-

--

--

x-

x-

Pycn

anth

emum

vir

gin

ianum

com

mon m

ounta

in m

int

Nt

P-F

orb

5x

xx

--

--

--

Quer

cus

alba

whit

e oak

Nt

Tre

e5

--

-x

xx

xx

x

Quer

cus

bic

olo

rsw

amp w

hit

e oak

Nt

Tre

e8

xx

x-

--

--

-

Quer

cus

mac

roca

rpa

bur

oak

Nt

Tre

e5

-x

--

x-

--

-

Quer

cus

rubra

red o

akN

t T

ree

5-

--

-x

-x

-x

Quer

cus

vel

uti

na

bla

ck o

akN

t T

ree

6-

--

-x

xx

--

Ran

uncu

lus

abort

ivus

smal

l-fl

ow

ered

butt

ercu

pN

t A

-Forb

0-

--

-x

-x

--

Ran

uncu

lus

recu

rvat

us

hooked

cro

wfo

ot

Nt

A-F

orb

5-

x-

--

--

--

App

endi

x 1.

Pla

nt s

peci

es o

bser

ved

at K

ensi

ngto

n M

etro

park

con

tinue

d.

A-42

WW

FG

CF

TT

SK

WM

CL

WE

OB

SH

WN

WW

HR

W

AB

CD

EF

GH

I

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Rham

nus

alnif

oli

aal

der

-lea

ved

buck

thorn

Nt

Shru

b8

xx

--

--

--

-

RH

AM

NU

S C

AT

HA

RT

ICA

CO

MM

ON

BU

CK

TH

OR

NA

d T

ree

0x

x-

--

--

--

RH

AM

NU

S F

RA

NG

UL

AG

LO

SS

Y B

UC

KT

HO

RN

Ad S

hru

b0

-x

--

--

--

-

Rhynch

osp

ora

alb

abea

k-r

ush

Nt

P-S

edge

6x

--

--

--

--

Rib

es a

mer

ican

um

wil

d b

lack

curr

ant

Nt

Shru

b6

--

-x

--

--

-

Rib

es c

ynosb

ati

pri

ckly

or

wil

d g

oose

ber

ryN

t S

hru

b4

--

--

x-

x-

x

Rib

es h

irte

llum

swam

p g

oose

ber

ryN

t S

hru

b6

-x

--

--

--

-

RO

SA

MU

LT

IFL

OR

AM

UL

TIF

LO

RA

RO

SE

Ad S

hru

b0

-x

--

-x

--

-

Rosa

pal

ust

ris

swam

p r

ose

Nt

Shru

b5

--

--

--

-x

-

Rosa

sp.

rose

Nt

Shru

b-

--

--

x-

x-

Rubus

alle

ghen

iensi

sco

mm

on b

lack

ber

ryN

t S

hru

b1

--

--

-x

--

-

Rubus

flag

ella

ris

nort

her

n d

ewber

ryN

t S

hru

b1

--

--

-x

--

-

Rubus

occ

iden

tali

sbla

ck r

aspber

ryN

t S

hru

b1

xx

--

xx

--

-

Rubus

pubes

cens

dw

arf

rasp

ber

ryN

t P

-Forb

4x

-x

--

--

x-

Rubus

stri

gosu

sw

ild r

ed r

aspber

ryN

t S

hru

b2

-x

x-

-x

xx

-

Rudbec

kia

hir

tabla

ck-e

yed

susa

nN

t P

-Forb

1x

x-

--

x-

--

Rudbec

kia

lac

inia

tacu

t-le

aved

conef

low

erN

t P

-Forb

6-

-x

--

--

--

Rum

ex o

rbic

ula

tus

gre

at w

ater

dock

Nt

P-F

orb

9-

x-

x-

-x

--

Sag

itta

ria

lati

foli

aco

mm

on a

rrow

hea

dN

t P

-Forb

1-

--

x-

--

x-

Sal

ix b

ebbia

na

beb

b's

wil

low

Nt

Shru

b1

-x

-x

--

--

-

Sal

ix c

andid

ahoar

y w

illo

wN

t S

hru

b9

-x

--

--

--

-

Sal

ix d

isco

lor

puss

y w

illo

wN

t S

hru

b1

xx

-x

--

--

-

Sal

ix s

eris

sim

aau

tum

n w

illo

wN

t S

hru

b8

x-

--

--

--

-

Sam

bucu

s ca

nad

ensi

sel

der

ber

ryN

t S

hru

b3

-x

--

--

--

-

San

guin

aria

can

aden

sis

blo

odro

ot

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

--

-x

--

--

Sas

safr

as a

lbid

um

sass

afra

sN

t T

ree

5-

--

-x

-x

xx

Sax

ifra

ga

vir

gin

iensi

sea

rly s

axif

rage

Nt

P-F

orb

10

--

x-

--

--

-

Sch

oen

ople

ctus

taber

nae

monta

ni

soft

stem

bulr

ush

Nt

P-S

edge

4-

--

x-

--

--

Sci

rpus

atro

vir

ens

bulr

ush

Nt

P-S

edge

3x

-x

--

--

--

Sci

rpus

cyper

inus

wool-

gra

ssN

t P

-Sed

ge

5-

--

--

--

x-

Scu

tell

aria

gal

eric

ula

taco

mm

on s

kull

cap

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

--

--

--

x-

Scu

tell

aria

lat

erif

lora

mad

dog s

kull

cap

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

-x

x-

-x

-x

Sen

ecio

aure

us

gold

en r

agw

ort

Nt

P-F

orb

5x

xx

-x

--

--

Sm

ilac

ina

race

mosa

fals

e sp

iken

ard

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

x-

--

--

--

App

endi

x 1.

Pla

nt s

peci

es o

bser

ved

at K

ensi

ngto

n M

etro

park

con

tinue

d.

A-43

WW

FG

CF

TT

SK

WM

CL

WE

OB

SH

WN

WW

HR

W

AB

CD

EF

GH

I

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Sm

ilac

ina

stel

lata

star

ry f

alse

solo

mon-s

eal

Nt

P-F

orb

5x

x-

--

--

--

Sm

ilax

tam

noid

esbri

stly

gre

enbri

erN

t W

-Vin

e5

--

--

x-

--

-

SO

LA

NU

M D

UL

CA

MA

RA

BIT

TE

RS

WE

ET

NIG

HT

SH

AD

EA

d P

-Forb

0-

x-

--

x-

--

Soli

dag

o a

ltis

sim

ata

ll g

old

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

1-

x-

--

--

--

Soli

dag

o c

aesi

ablu

e-st

emm

ed g

old

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

7-

--

--

x-

x-

Soli

dag

o c

anad

ensi

sC

anad

a gold

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

1-

x-

x-

--

--

Soli

dag

o g

igan

tea

late

gold

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

3x

-x

--

--

--

Soli

dag

o j

unce

aea

rly g

old

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

3-

--

--

x-

x-

Soli

dag

o o

hio

ensi

sO

hio

gold

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

8x

--

--

--

--

Soli

dag

o p

atula

swam

p g

old

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

6x

xx

--

--

--

Soli

dag

o r

iddel

lii

Rid

del

l's

gold

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

6-

x-

--

--

--

Soli

dag

o r

ugosa

rough g

old

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

3-

xx

--

--

--

Soli

dag

o s

pec

iosa

show

y g

old

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

5-

--

--

x-

--

Soli

dag

o u

ligin

osa

bog g

old

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

4-

x-

--

--

--

Sorg

has

trum

nuta

ns

India

n g

rass

Nt

P-G

rass

6x

--

--

--

--

Spir

aea

alba

mea

dow

swee

tN

t S

hru

b4

-x

--

--

-x

-

Sym

plo

carp

us

foet

idus

skunk-c

abbag

eN

t P

-Forb

6x

xx

-x

-x

-x

Thal

ictr

um

das

yca

rpum

purp

le m

eadow

-rue

Nt

P-F

orb

3x

x-

--

--

--

Thal

ictr

um

dio

icum

earl

y m

eadow

-rue

Nt

P-F

orb

6-

--

-x

--

-x

Thel

ypte

ris

noveb

ora

censi

sN

ew Y

ork

fer

nN

t F

ern

5-

--

--

--

-x

Thel

ypte

ris

pal

ust

ris

mar

sh f

ern

Nt

Fer

n2

xx

xx

--

-x

-

Til

ia a

mer

ican

abas

swood

Nt

Tre

e5

xx

x-

x-

--

x

Toxic

oden

dro

n r

adic

ans

pois

on i

vy

Nt

W-V

ine

2x

xx

-x

x-

x-

Toxic

oden

dro

n v

ernix

pois

on s

um

acN

t S

hru

b6

xx

xx

--

--

-

Tri

lliu

m g

randif

loru

mco

mm

on t

rill

ium

Nt

P-F

orb

5-

--

-x

--

--

TY

PH

A A

NG

US

TIF

OL

IAN

AR

RO

W-L

EA

VE

D C

AT

TA

ILA

d P

-Forb

0-

--

--

--

x-

Typha

lati

foli

abro

ad-l

eaved

cat

tail

Nt

P-F

orb

1x

xx

x-

--

--

Ulm

us

amer

ican

aA

mer

ican

elm

Nt

Tre

e1

xx

xx

x-

x-

x

Vac

ciniu

m a

ngust

ifoli

um

blu

eber

ryN

t S

hru

b4

--

--

xx

-x

-

Vac

ciniu

m c

ory

mbosu

msm

ooth

hig

hbush

blu

eber

ryN

t S

hru

b6

--

x-

--

--

-

Val

eria

na

uli

gin

osa

bog v

aler

ian

Nt

P-F

orb

10

xx

--

--

--

-

VE

RB

AS

CU

M T

HA

PS

US

CO

MM

ON

MU

LL

EIN

Ad B

-Forb

0-

--

--

-x

--

Ver

ben

a has

tata

blu

e ver

vai

nN

t P

-Forb

4-

--

x-

--

--

Ver

ben

a urt

icif

oli

aw

hit

e ver

vai

nN

t P

-Forb

4-

--

--

xx

--

App

endi

x 1.

Pla

nt s

peci

es o

bser

ved

at K

ensi

ngto

n M

etro

park

con

tinue

d.

A-44

WW

FG

CF

TT

SK

WM

CL

WE

OB

SH

WN

WW

HR

W

AB

CD

EF

GH

I

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Vib

urn

um

len

tago

nan

nyber

ryN

t S

hru

b4

xx

xx

x-

-x

x

Vib

urn

um

opulu

s var

.

amer

ican

um

hig

hbush

-cra

nber

ryN

t S

hru

b5

-x

--

--

--

-

Vib

urn

um

raf

ines

quia

num

dow

ny a

rrow

-wood

Nt

Shru

b5

--

--

--

-x

-

Vio

la n

ephro

phyll

anort

her

n b

og v

iole

tN

t P

-Forb

8x

x-

--

--

--

Vio

la s

p.

vio

let

Nt

P-F

orb

--

x-

-x

-x

x

Vit

is a

esti

val

issu

mm

er g

rape

Nt

W-V

ine

6-

--

--

x-

--

Vit

is r

ipar

iari

ver

ban

k g

rape

Nt

W-V

ine

3-

xx

-x

x-

--

Zan

thoxylu

m a

mer

ican

um

pri

ckly

-ash

Nt

Shru

b3

--

--

x-

--

-

Ziz

ia a

ure

agold

en a

lexan

der

sN

t P

-Forb

6x

x-

--

--

--

Tota

l n

um

ber

of

spec

ies

ob

serv

ed i

n s

urv

ey s

ite

90

127

75

41

74

69

52

71

42

Tota

l n

um

ber

of

spec

ies

ob

serv

ed i

n K

ensi

ngto

n M

etro

park

: 299

App

endi

x 1.

Pla

nt s

peci

es o

bser

ved

at K

ensi

ngto

n M

etro

park

con

tinue

d.

A-45

Sit

e N

am

eS

ite

Ab

bre

via

tion

Sit

e C

od

e

Oxbow

Flo

odpla

in F

ore

stO

FF

J

Wes

t O

xbow

Flo

odpla

in F

ore

stW

FF

K

Rai

lroad

Flo

odpla

in F

ore

stR

FF

L

Nat

ure

Stu

dy A

rea

Woodla

nd

NS

WM

Sal

aman

der

Woods

SM

WN

Whit

e O

ak W

oodla

nd

WO

WO

Bra

ndes

Road

Woodla

nd

BR

WP

Bord

erli

ne

Woods

BD

WQ

See

dbox S

wal

eS

BS

R

OF

FW

FF

RF

FN

SW

SM

WW

OW

BR

WB

DW

SB

S

JK

LM

NO

PQ

R

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Ace

r neg

undo

box e

lder

Nt

Tre

e0

xx

x-

--

-x

-

Ace

r nig

rum

bla

ck m

aple

Nt

Tre

e4

--

--

--

x-

-

Ace

r ru

bru

mre

d m

aple

Nt

Tre

e1

--

-x

xx

-x

x

Ace

r sa

cchar

inum

silv

er m

aple

Nt

Tre

e2

xx

xx

--

--

-

Act

aea

pac

hypoda

doll

's-e

yes

Nt

P-F

orb

7-

--

xx

--

x-

Agri

monia

gry

pose

pal

ata

ll a

gri

mony

Nt

P-F

orb

2x

--

xx

x-

x-

Agri

monia

pubes

cens

soft

agri

mony

Nt

P-F

orb

5x

--

xx

x-

--

Ali

sma

pla

nta

go-a

quat

ica

wat

er-p

lanta

inN

t P

-Forb

1-

--

--

--

-x

All

ium

can

aden

sew

ild g

arli

cN

t P

-Forb

4-

x-

--

--

--

Am

elan

chie

r ar

bore

aju

neb

erry

Nt

Tre

e4

--

-x

--

x-

-

Am

phic

arpae

a bra

ctea

tahog-p

eanut

Nt

A-F

orb

5-

--

-x

--

--

Andro

pogon v

irgin

icus

bro

om

sed

ge

Nt

P-G

rass

4-

--

--

--

-x

Anem

one

vir

gin

iana

thim

ble

wee

dN

t P

-Forb

3x

--

x-

--

--

Apocy

num

can

nab

inum

India

n-h

emp

Nt

P-F

orb

3-

x-

--

--

-x

AR

CT

IUM

MIN

US

CO

MM

ON

BU

RD

OC

KA

d B

-Forb

0x

--

--

--

--

Ari

saem

a dra

conti

um

gre

en d

ragon

Nt

P-F

orb

8x

x-

--

--

--

Ari

saem

a tr

iphyll

um

jack

-in-t

he-

pulp

itN

t P

-Forb

5-

x-

xx

--

x-

Asa

rum

can

aden

sew

ild g

inger

Nt

P-F

orb

5x

xx

x-

--

--

Asc

lepia

s in

carn

ata

swam

p m

ilkw

eed

Nt

P-F

orb

6x

--

--

--

--

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Ap

pen

dix

2.

Pla

nt

spec

ies

obse

rved

at

Oak

woods

Met

ropar

k. "X

" in

dic

ates

the

spec

ies

occ

urr

ed w

ithin

the

site

. "-

" in

dic

ates

spec

ies

was

not

obse

rved

at

the

site

.

Cap

ital

ized

sci

enti

fic

and c

om

mon n

ames

indic

ate

non-n

ativ

e sp

ecie

s. L

ife

form

acr

onym

s ar

e as

foll

ow

s: N

t, n

ativ

e; P

, per

ennia

l; A

d, ad

ven

tive;

B, bia

nnual

; A

, an

nual

.

"C"

is t

he

Coef

fici

ent

of

Conse

rvat

ion f

or

each

spec

ies

(Her

man

et

al. 2001).

A-46

OF

FW

FF

RF

FN

SW

SM

WW

OW

BR

WB

DW

SB

S

JK

LM

NO

PQ

R

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Ast

er l

ance

ola

tus

east

ern l

ined

ast

erN

t P

-Forb

2-

--

--

--

-x

Ast

er l

ater

iflo

rus

side-

flow

erin

g a

ster

Nt

P-F

orb

2x

x-

xx

x-

xx

Ast

er n

ovae

-angli

aeN

ew E

ngla

nd a

ster

Nt

P-F

orb

3-

--

--

--

-x

Ast

er s

agit

tifo

lius

arro

w l

eaved

ast

erN

t P

-Forb

2-

--

x-

--

--

Ath

yri

um

fil

ix-f

emin

ala

dy f

ern

Nt

Fer

n4

--

-x

x-

-x

-

BE

RB

ER

IS T

HU

NB

ER

GII

JAP

AN

ES

E B

AR

BE

RR

YA

d S

hru

b0

xx

xx

x-

-x

-

Bid

ens

coro

nat

us

tall

sw

amp m

arig

old

Nt

A-F

orb

7-

--

--

--

-x

Boeh

mer

ia c

yli

ndri

cafa

lse

net

tle

Nt

P-F

orb

5x

x-

-x

-x

--

Botr

ichiu

m s

p.

fern

Nt

Fer

n-

--

-x

--

--

Car

ex a

mphib

ola

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

8x

--

--

--

--

Car

ex b

ebbii

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

4x

--

--

--

--

Car

ex c

rinit

ase

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

4-

--

--

--

x-

Car

ex g

raci

llim

ase

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

4-

--

-x

--

x-

Car

ex g

rayi

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

6x

xx

-x

--

--

Car

ex h

irti

foli

ase

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

5-

--

--

x-

--

Car

ex i

ntu

mes

cens

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

3x

--

--

--

--

Car

ex l

acust

ris

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

6-

--

-x

--

--

Car

ex l

upuli

na

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

4x

x-

-x

--

--

Car

ex m

usk

ingum

ensi

sse

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

6-

--

--

x-

--

Car

ex p

ensy

lvan

ica

Pen

nsl

yvan

ia s

edge

Nt

P-S

edge

4-

--

xx

xx

x-

Car

ex p

seudo-c

yper

us

sedge

Nt

P-S

edge

5x

--

--

--

--

Car

ex r

adia

tast

raig

ht-

style

d w

ood s

edge

Nt

P-S

edge

2-

--

--

x-

--

Car

ex r

ose

acu

rly-s

tyle

d w

ood s

edge

Nt

P-S

edge

2x

--

--

--

--

Car

ex s

quar

rosa

squar

rose

sed

ge

Nt

P-S

edge

9-

--

-x

x-

--

Car

ex s

tipat

ase

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

1x

--

--

--

--

Car

ex v

ulp

inoid

ease

dge

Nt

P-S

edge

1-

--

--

--

-x

Car

pin

us

caro

linia

na

blu

e-bee

chN

t T

ree

6-

--

xx

--

x-

Car

ya

cord

iform

isbit

tern

ut

hic

kory

Nt

Tre

e5

-x

-x

x-

x-

-

Car

ya

gla

bra

pig

nut

hic

kory

Nt

Tre

e5

--

-x

-x

-x

-

Car

ya

laci

nio

sash

ellb

ark h

ickory

Nt

Tre

e9

--

--

--

x-

-

Car

ya

ovat

ash

agbar

k h

ickory

Nt

Tre

e5

x-

-x

xx

-x

-

CA

TA

LP

A S

PE

CIO

SA

NO

RT

HE

RN

CA

TA

LP

AA

d T

ree

0x

--

--

--

--

CE

LA

ST

RU

S O

RB

ICU

LA

TA

OR

IEN

TA

L B

ITT

ER

SW

EE

TA

d W

-Vin

e0

-x

-x

x-

--

-

Cel

astr

us

scan

den

sA

mer

ican

bit

ters

wee

tN

t W

-Vin

e3

x-

--

--

--

-

App

endi

x 2.

Pla

nt s

peci

es o

bser

ved

at O

akw

oods

Met

ropa

rk c

ontin

ued.

A-47

OF

FW

FF

RF

FN

SW

SM

WW

OW

BR

WB

DW

SB

S

JK

LM

NO

PQ

R

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Cel

tis

occ

iden

tali

shac

kber

ryN

t T

ree

5x

x-

--

--

--

Cep

hal

anth

us

occ

iden

tali

sbutt

onbush

Nt

Shru

b7

xx

--

--

--

-

Cer

cis

canad

ensi

sre

dbud

Nt

Tre

e8

xx

xx

--

--

-

Cic

uta

mac

ula

taw

ater

-hem

lock

Nt

B-F

orb

4x

--

--

--

--

Cin

na

arundin

acea

wood r

eedgra

ssN

t P

-Gra

ss7

xx

--

xx

-x

-

Cir

caea

lute

tian

aen

chan

ter'

s nig

hts

had

eN

t P

-Forb

2x

x-

xx

xx

x-

Conopholi

s am

eric

ana

squaw

root

Nt

P-F

orb

10

--

--

--

x-

-

Corn

us

amom

um

silk

y d

ogw

ood

Nt

Shru

b2

xx

--

--

--

-

Corn

us

dru

mm

ondii

rough-l

eaved

dogw

ood

Nt

Shru

b6

-x

x-

-x

--

x

Corn

us

flori

da

flow

erin

g d

ogw

ood

Nt

Tre

e8

--

-x

x-

-x

-

Corn

us

foem

ina

gra

y d

ogw

ood

Nt

Shru

b1

--

-x

-x

x-

-

Cory

lus

amer

ican

ahaz

elnut

Nt

Shru

b5

x-

-x

--

--

x

Cra

taeg

us

sp.

haw

thorn

Nt

Tre

ex

xx

xx

x-

-x

Cry

pto

taen

ia c

anad

ensi

shonew

ort

Nt

P-F

orb

2-

--

-x

--

--

Des

modiu

m g

luti

nosu

mcl

ust

ered

-lea

ved

tic

k-t

refo

ilN

t P

-Forb

5x

--

xx

x-

--

Des

modiu

m s

essi

lifo

lium

sess

ile-

leav

ed t

ick-t

refo

ilN

t P

-Forb

8-

--

--

--

-x

Dia

rrhen

a am

eric

ana

bea

k g

rass

Nt

P-G

rass

9x

xx

--

--

--

Dio

score

a vil

losa

wil

d y

amN

t P

-Forb

4-

--

--

x-

x-

Dry

opte

ris

cart

husi

ana

spin

ulo

se w

oodfe

rnN

t F

ern

5-

--

xx

--

x-

Ech

inocy

stis

lobat

aw

ild-c

ucu

mber

Nt

A-F

orb

2-

x-

--

--

--

EL

AE

AG

NU

S U

MB

EL

LA

TA

AU

TU

MN

-OL

IVE

Ad S

hru

b0

xx

x-

x-

x-

-

Ely

mus

vir

gin

icus

Vir

gin

ia w

ild-r

ye

Nt

P-G

rass

4-

--

--

x-

--

Equis

etum

hyem

ale

scouri

ng-r

ush

Nt

Fer

n A

lly

2-

x-

-x

--

xx

Eri

ger

on s

trig

osu

sdai

sy f

leab

ane

Nt

P-F

orb

4x

--

--

--

--

EU

ON

YM

US

AL

AT

AW

ING

ED

WA

HO

OA

d S

hru

b0

--

-x

--

--

-

Euonym

us

obovat

aru

nnin

g s

traw

ber

ry-b

ush

Nt

Shru

b5

--

-x

--

--

-

Eupat

ori

um

purp

ure

um

purp

le j

oe-

pye-

wee

dN

t P

-Forb

5-

x-

--

--

--

Eupat

ori

um

rugosu

mw

hit

e sn

aker

oot

Nt

P-F

orb

4-

xx

xx

x-

--

Euth

amia

gra

min

ifoli

agra

ss-l

eaved

gold

enro

dN

t P

-Forb

3-

--

--

--

-x

Fra

gar

ia v

irgin

iana

wil

d s

traw

ber

ryN

t P

-Forb

2-

--

x-

--

--

Fra

xin

us

amer

ican

aw

hit

e as

hN

t T

ree

5-

--

-x

x-

x-

Fra

xin

us

nig

rabla

ck a

shN

t T

ree

6-

x-

--

--

x-

Fra

xin

us

pen

nsy

lvan

ica

red a

shN

t T

ree

2-

xx

xx

xx

xx

Gal

ium

apar

ine

annual

bed

stra

wN

t A

-Forb

0-

--

-x

--

x-

App

endi

x 2.

Pla

nt s

peci

es o

bser

ved

at O

akw

oods

Met

ropa

rk c

ontin

ued.

A-48

OF

FW

FF

RF

FN

SW

SM

WW

OW

BR

WB

DW

SB

S

JK

LM

NO

PQ

R

Sci

enti

fic

Nam

eC

om

mon

nam

eL

ife

Form

C

Sit

e N

am

e

Sit

e C

od

e

Gal

ium

cir

caez

ans

whit

e w

ild l

icori

ceN

t P

-Forb

4-

--

-x

--

--

Gal

ium

sp.

bed

stra

wN

t P

-Forb

x-

-x

-x

--

-

Ger

aniu

m m

acula

tum

wil

d g

eran

ium

Nt

P-F

orb

4-

--

xx

x-

x-

Geu

m c

anad

ense

whit

e av

ens

Nt

P-F

orb

1-

xx

xx

xx

x-

Gly

ceri

a st

riat

afo

wl

man

na

gra

ssN

t P

-Gra

ss4

-x

-x

x-

-x

-

Hac

kel

ia v

irgin

iana

beg

gar

's-l

ice

Nt

P-F

orb

1-

xx

x-

--

x-

Ham

amel

is v

irgin

iana

wit

ch-h

azel

Nt

Shru

b5

--

-x

x-

--

-

Hel

eniu

m a

utu

mnal

esn

eeze

wee

dN

t P

-Forb

5-

xx

x-

x-

--

Hep

atic

a am

eric

ana

round-l

obed

hep

atic

aN

t P

-Forb

6-

--

-x

--

--

Heu

cher

a ri

char

dso

nii

pra

irie

alu

m-r

oot

Nt

P-F

orb

8-

--

x-

--

--

Impat

iens

capen

sis

spott

ed t

ouch

-me-

not

Nt

A-F

orb

2-

x-

-x

--

--

Iris

vir

gin

ica

south

ern b

lue

flag

Nt

P-F

orb

5x

x-

--

x-

--

Jugla

ns

nig

rabla

ck w

alnut

Nt

Tre

e5

xx

-x

-x

-x

-

Juncu

s te

nuis

pat

h r

ush

Nt

P-F

orb

1-

--

x-

--

--

Just

icia

am

eric

ana

wat

er w

illo

wN

t P

-Forb

9x

--

--

--

--

Lap

ort

ea c

anad

ensi

sw

ood n

ettl

eN

t P

-Forb

4x

xx

-x

--

x-

Lee

rsia

ory

zoid

escu

t gra

ssN

t P

-Gra

ss3

x-

--

--

--

-

Lee

rsia

vir

gin

ica

whit

e gra

ssN

t P

-Gra

ss5

xx

-x

xx

--

-

LE

ON

UR

US

CA

RD

IAC

AM

OT

HE

RW

OR

TA

d P

-Forb

0-

--

x-

--

--

LIG

US

TR

UM

VU

LG

AR

EC

OM

MO

N P

RIV

ET

Ad S

hru

b0

xx

xx

--

--

-

Lin

der

a ben

zoin

spic

ebush

Nt

Shru

b7

xx

-x

x-

-x

-

Lir

ioden

dro

n t

uli

pif

era

tuli

p-t

ree

Nt

Tre

e9

--

-x

--

-x

-

Lobel

ia c

ardin

alis

card

inal

flo

wer

Nt

P-F

orb

7x

--

--

--

--

LO

NIC

ER

A M

AA

CK

IIA

MU

R H

ON

EY

SU

CK

LE

Ad S

hru

b0

x-

--

--

--

-

LO

NIC

ER

A M

OR

RO

WII

MO

RR

OW

HO

NE

YS

UC

KL

EA

d S

hru

b0

xx

xx

x-

--

-

Ludw

igia

alt

ernif

oli

ase

edbox

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A-52

Appendix 3. Rare Plant and Natural Community Abstracts for:

• small white lady’s slipper• goldenseal• prairie fen• relict conifer swamp• southern wet meadow• oak barrens• lakeplain oak openings

For additional rare species and natural community abstracts go to:http://web4.msue.msu.edu/mnfi/pub/abstracts.cfm

A-53

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A-63

Michigan Natural Features InventoryP.O. Box 30444 - Lansing, MI 48909-7944Phone: 517-373-1552

Relict conifer swamp, Page 1

State Distribution

Relict conifer swamp Community Abstract

Photo by David Cuthrell

Overview: Relict conifer swamp is a groundwater-

influenced, or minerotrophic, forested wetland

community that is typically dominated by tamarack

(Larix laricina) and occurs on deep organic soils (e.g.,

peat and muck) in southern Michigan.

Global and State Rank: G2G3/S3

Range: Relict conifer swamp occurs in Minnesota,

Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan and Ontario. In

Michigan, relict conifer swamp is thought to be

restricted to the southern Lower Peninsula, although no

statewide survey for the community has been

conducted. Relict conifer swamp represents a type of

rich conifer swamp, a more widespread, minerotrophic,

forested wetland that is usually dominated by northern

white cedar (see abtract for rich conifer swamp).

Throughout northern Michigan and near the tension

zone in Mid Michigan, northern white cedar (Thuja

occidentalis) replaces tamarack as the dominant tree

species in groundwater-influenced, forested wetlands.

Acidic, rainwater-influenced (ombrotrophic) tamarack

and black spruce swamps also occur in southern

Michigan and are classified as poor conifer swamp

(Chapman 1986). Many large wetland complexes

contain zones of both minerotrophic tamarack swamp

(e.g. relict conifer swamp) near the upland edge where

groundwater seeps occur, as well as ombrotrophic

tamarack swamp (e.g., poor conifer swamp) near the

center of the complex. In the ombrotrophic zone, deep

peat separates the vegetation from the influence of

groundwater and sphagnum mosses acidify the surface

water and peat.

Rank Justification: Analysis of the General Land

Office (GLO) survey notes reveals that tamarack-

dominated wetlands were common throughout southern

Lower Michigan during the mid 1800s (Comer et al.

1995). In fact, tamarack swamps were the most

common type of conifer swamp in all sub-subsections

(Albert 1995) of southern Lower Michigan expect for

those occupying the thumb region (e.g., Huron Lapeer,

Sanilac and Tuscola Counties), where mixed conifer

swamps were more abundant (Comer et al. 1995).

While information is not readily available for

deciphering the type of tamarack swamp (e.g., relict

conifer swamp or poor conifer swamp) from the GLO

data, tamarack-dominated wetlands overall occupied

196,526 ha (485,624 acres) of southern Lower

Michigan. Comparisons between the GLO and 1978

MIRIS land cover data reveal that less than 1% or 1,149

ha (2,839 acres) of tamarack swamp remain in southern

Lower Michigan (Albert 2001). Tamarack swamps were

frequently drained and logged and subsequently used

for agriculture, mined for peat, or abandoned and

converted to wet meadow, shrub-carr or hardwood

A-64



swamp. Tamarack logs were commonly utilized for

fence posts, house and barn beams, and the early auto

industry used tamarack for wheel spokes.

Landscape and Abiotic Context: Relict conifer swamp

occurs in outwash channels, outwash plains, and kettle

depressions throughout southern Lower Michigan. The

community typically occurs in association with

headwater streams and/or adjacent to inland lakes. Relict

conifer swamps are often found where groundwater seeps

occur at the base of moraines. The organic soils

underlying relict conifer swamp are typically composed

of a thin layer of muck overlying 2 – 5 m of fibric and

woody peat (Kost 2001). Underlying the peat there is

usually a layer of marl, a calcium carbonate precipitate

that accumulates as sediment on lake bottoms.

Natural Processes: Relict conifer swamp is a

groundwater-dependent, tamarack-dominated, wetland

community. Its hydrology is maintained by calcareous

groundwater that permeates the muck and peat soils.

Because glacial till in southern Michigan is typically high

in calcium and magnesium, the groundwater that reaches

the surface has high levels of alkalinity and dissolved

nutrients. The pH values of the muck and peat soils

underlying relict conifer swamp are typically near 8.0,

with surface water alkalinity measuring near 300 mg

CaCO3/L and conductivity values near 600 uS (Kost

2001, Merkey 2001).

Because of the strong influence of groundwater on the

community, water levels in relict conifer swamps tend to

fluctuate less than in many other wetland types (Merkey

2001). However, seasonal water fluctuations are common

and may be related to the varied microtopography of

tamarack swamps. The tamarack roots form large

hummocks that stand elevated above adjacent mudflats.

During winter and spring, water typically fills the spaces

between tamarack root-hummocks, while in summer and

fall, exposed mud flats occupy these areas.

Windthrow, insect outbreak, beaver flooding, and fire are

all important forms of natural disturbance for relict

conifer swamp. Because tamarack is shade-intolerant

(Curtis 1959), disturbance events that result in increased

light to the understory and ground layer are especially

important for maintaining the tamarack component of the

community.

Trees growing in the anaerobic conditions associated

with a high water table and muck and peat soils tend to

be shallowly rooted and are thus, especially prone to

windthrow. The light gaps created by windthrow help to

regenerate tamarack and maintain the community’s dense

shrub layer. In addition, the coarse woody debris that

results from windthrow also adds to the community’s

complex structure and microtopography.

Periodic outbreaks of larch sawfly (Pristophora

erichsonii) and eastern larch beetle (Dendroctonus

simplex), both native insect species, and the introduced

tamarack casebarer (Coleophora laricella) can cause

significant tamarack mortality. The defoliation

associated with an insect outbreak results in increased

light reaching the understory and ground layer, and like

windthrow, may promote tamarack regeneration and

shrub-layer density. However, in relict conifer swamps

where red maple is widely distributed, these defoliation

events may alter community structure by promoting the

growth of red maple. Once red maple reaches the

overstory its broad canopy effectively reduces the

amount of light available to the understory and results in

a significant reduction in shrub-layer cover and species

richness as well as a loss of many shade-intolerant

ground flora species (Kost 2001).

Long-term flooding resulting from beaver dams or other

forms of blocked drainage such as road construction

through a wetland can cause mass tamarack mortality and

a conversion of relict conifer swamp or other forested

wetlands to wet meadow or marsh. However, beaver may

have also contributed to the establishment of relict

conifer swamp when sources of tamarack seeds were

accessible for colonization of abandoned beaver

floodings. Tamarack may have also colonized sites where

beaver flooding destroyed a hardwood-dominated swamp

forest community.

Like long-term flooding, fire may cause extensive

tamarack mortality (Curtis 1959) and create new

opportunities for seedling establishment on freshly

exposed organic soils. While fire is not a frequent form

of disturbance directly within relict conifer swamps, its

influence on the surrounding landscape is very important

to the long-term viability of the community.

The role of fire in maintaining relict conifer swamp is

especially important in the interlobate region of southern

Michigan where fire was responsible for maintaining the

open condition of many of the region’s natural

A-65



Poison sumac is one of several dominant shrub

species in relict conifer swamp that provide critical

food resources to wildlife during the fall migration

and winter.

Photo by Michael Kost

communities including oak barrens, prairies, wet

meadows, and prairie fens. With the widespread absence

of fire in southern Michigan, tamarack, a common prairie

fen species, has completely colonized many sites that

were previously occupied by prairie fen, thus forming

many of the relict conifer swamps we see today. The

photo on the first page shows relict conifer swamp

encroaching on prairie fen in the foreground. In addition

to maintaining many community types in an open

condition, fire also severely restricted the distribution of

thin-barked, fire-intolerant tree species such as red

maple. Aided by fire suppression, red maple has come to

assume a leading role in the understory of many southern

Michigan oak forests and frequently occurs in the canopy

as well. In the past, the lack of red maple in the

surrounding uplands meant disturbance events such as

windthrow and insect outbreaks, which create light gaps,

helped facilitate tamarack regeneration and the long-term

viability of relict conifer swamp. With red maple now

abundant in the surrounding uplands and widely

distributed in many relict conifer swamps, these

disturbance events may not be enough to maintain the

tamarack component of the ecosystem and many former

conifer swamps are now dominated by hardwoods. As

evidence of this conversion, it is common to find dead,

standing and downed tamarack in hardwood swamps that

occur on deep, organic soils in southern Michigan. The

conversion of these conifer swamps to hardwood swamps

also results in a severe reduction in shrub-layer cover and

the loss of many species (Kost 2001). Because many of

the dominant shrub species are prolific fall, fruit

producers, migrating and over-wintering songbirds as

well as small mammals that rely on the fruit may be

adversely impacted by the conversion to hardwood

swamp.

Vegetation Description: The structure of the community

is largely shaped by tamarack, the dominant tree species.

The roots of tamarack often form extensive mats that

stand elevated above pools of water or mudflats and

provide a substrate for a diverse wetland ground flora. In

addition, the tamarack root mats form a varied

microtopography, adding to the biocomplexity and high

species richness of the community. Tamarack windthrows

also add to the heterogeneous structure of the ground and

shrub layers. Because of the open branching and spire-

shape of tamarack, the shrub layer of relict conifer

swamp receives a high level of light and is typically both

very dense and diverse. In fact, the shrub layer may

contain as many as 28 species, with multiple species

intertwined and over topping one another so that total

shrub-layer cover may reach 90 – 130% (Kost 2001).

In addition to tamarack, other common tree species

include: black ash (Fraxinus nigra), yellow birch (Betula

alleghaniensis), American elm (Ulmus americana), red

maple, swamp white oak (Quercus bicolor), quaking

aspen (Populus tremuloides), red cedar (Juniperus

virginiana), and in some locations white pine (Pinus

strobus), and northern white cedar.

Common tall shrub species include: poison sumac

(Toxicodendron vernix), winterberry (Ilex verticillata),

smooth highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum),

grey dogwood (Cornus foemina), silky dogwood (Cornus

amomum), swamp rose (Rosa palustris), hazelnut

(Corylus americana), nannyberry (Viburnum lentago),

juneberry (Amelanchier arborea), black chokeberry

(Aronia prunifolia), and pussy willow (Salix discolor).

Other large shrubs that may occasionally occur in relict

conifer swamp include spice bush (Lindera benzoin),

A-66



mountain holly (Nemopanthus mucronata), hornbeam

(Carpinus caroliniana), alternate-leaved dogwood

(Cornus alternifolia), Bebb’s willow (Salix bebbiana),

and elderberry (Sambucus canadensis).

Low shrub species common to relict conifer swamp

include: swamp gooseberry (Ribes hirtellum), dwarf

raspberry (Rubus pubescens), bog birch (Betula pumila),

wild raspberry (Rubus spp.), sage willow (Salix candida),

swamp fly honeysuckle (Lonicera oblongifolia), alder-

leaved buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia), common juniper

(Juniper communis), shrubby cinquefoil (Potentilla

fruticosa), and bog willow (Salix pedicellaris).

Common woody vines include: poison ivy

(Toxicodendron radicans), Virginia creeper

(Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and riverbank grape (Vitis

riparia).

Because of the high frequency of canopy disturbance and

open structure of tamarack, the ground flora is composed

of a heterogeneous mixture of shade-tolerant and -

intolerant wetland plants. In addition, the stark difference

in moisture levels between the elevated root hummocks

and saturated mudflats also significantly increases the

diversity of wetland species found in the ground flora.

While mosses are prevalent throughout the ground layer,

sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum spp.) are usually only

locally distributed. The following list contains common

ground flora species occurring in relict conifer swamp:

SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME

Aster puniceus (A. firmus) smooth swamp aster

Aster lanceolatus eastern lined aster

Bidens cernuus nodding bur-marigold

Bidens coronatus tall swamp-marigold

Boehmeria cylindrica false nettle

Calamagrostis canadensis blue-joint grass

Caltha palustris marsh-marigold

Campanula aparinoides marsh bellflower

Cardamine pensylvanica Pennsylvania bitter cress

Carex alata winged sedge

Carex comosa sedge

Carex hystericina sedge

Carex lacustris sedge

Carex leptalea sedge

Carex stricta sedge

Cicuta bulbifera water hemlock

Dryopteris carthusiana spinulose woodfern

Equisetum fluviatile water horsetail

Galium asprellum rough bedstraw

Galium labradoricum bog bedstraw

Galium tinctorium stiff bedstraw

Glyceria striata fowl manna grass

Impatiens capensis spotted touch-me-not

Leersia oryzoides cut grass

Lemna minor small duckweed

Lycopus uniflorus northern bugle weed

Lysimachia thyrsiflora tufted loosestrife

Maianthemum canadense Canada mayflower

Onoclea sensibilis sensitive fern

Osmunda regalis royal fern

Pilea pumila clearweed

Rubus pubescens dwarf raspberry

Sagittaria latifolia common arrowhead

Scutellaria lateriflora mad-dog skullcap

Senecio aureus golden ragwort

Solidago patula swamp goldenrod

Solidago rugosa rough goldenrod

Symplocarpus foetidus skunk-cabbage

Thelypteris palustris marsh fern

Trientalis borealis starflower

Viola spp. violet

Michigan indicator species: Tamarack, poison sumac,

smooth highbush blueberry, winterberry, black

chokeberry, alder-leaved buckthorn, black ash, yellow

birch, and sedge (Carex leptalea).

Other noteworthy species: Many of the rare plants

associated with relict conifer swamp include species that

are more commonly found in open prairie fen. These

shade-intolerant species may occur on the edges of relict

conifer swamp or within light gaps that have remained in

an open condition. Species that fit this group include

water parsnip (Berula erecta), tuberous Indian plantain

(Cacalia plantaginea), narrow leaved reedgrass

(Calamagrostis stricta), white lady’s lipper (Cypripedium

candidum), English sundew (Drosera anglica), queen-of-

the-prairie (Filipendula rubra), mat muhly

(Muhlenbergia richardsonis), sweet william phlox

(Phlox maculata), Jacob’s ladder (Polemonium reptans),

prairie dropseed (Sporobolus heterolepis), and edible

valerian (Valeriana edulis var. ciliata). Bog bluegrass

(Poa paludigena), a rare species most commonly found

in hardwood-dominated swamps and floodplains, may

also occur in relict conifer swamp.

A-67



Rare animal species associated with relict conifer swamp

include: tamarack tree cricket (Oecanthus laricis),

Mitchell’s satyr butterfly (Neonympha mitchellii), eastern

massasauga (Sistrurus catenatus), Blanding’s turtle

(Emydoidea blandingii), and spotted turtle (Clemmys

guttata).

Conservation/management: The presence of conifer-

dominated wetlands in southern Michigan contributes

significantly to the region’s overall biodiversity. The

relict conifer swamps in southern Michigan represent the

southern range of the minerotrophic conifer swamps in

the Midwest. Because they are dominated by tamarack

and not by northern white cedar like their more

widespread, northern counterpart, the relict conifer

swamps in southern Michigan represent a unique type of

minerotrophic conifer swamp.

Protection of relict conifer swamp includes protecting the

site’s hydrology. This may include avoiding surface

water inputs to the community from drainage ditches and

agricultural fields, and protecting groundwater recharge

areas by maintaining native vegetation types in the

uplands around relict conifer swamps. Long-term

flooding from road construction through the center of a

relict conifer swamp or clogged road culverts can result

in mass tamarack mortality. Because relict conifer swamp

is a groundwater-dependent community, protecting the

quantity and quality of the groundwater is critical.

Invasion by red maple can cause a relict conifer swamp

to shift to hardwood domination. This shift begins to

occur as red maple reaches the overstory. The broad

canopy of red maple prevents direct sunlight from

reaching smaller tamaracks and results in a rapid loss of

tamarack and other shade-intolerant species. The dense

shrub layer, which is characteristic of relict conifer

swamp, is significantly reduced under a hardwood

canopy and thus, species that rely on fruit during the fall

migration and winter are adversely impacted.

Reducing red-maple cover in relict conifer swamps by

girdling red maple in conjunction with herbicide

application may be effective in preventing the loss of the

shrub layer and shade-intolerant species such as

tamarack. Ideally, this type of management would

accompany the use of prescribed fire in the upland

forests adjacent to the swamp and hydrologic restoration

where necessary. Significantly reducing red maple cover

in both the upland and lowland forests will help ensure

that characteristic natural disturbance events, such as

windthrow and insect outbreaks, result in tamarack

regeneration.

Invasive species that occur in relict conifer swamp

include: glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus frangula), purple

loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria), reed canary grass

(Phalaris arundinacea), reed (Phragmites australis), and

bittersweet nightshade (Solanum dulcamara). While

bittersweet nightshade is not typically a threat to a site’s

overall species richness, each of the other invasive

species listed above can negatively influence species

richness and alter community structure. Glossy

buckthorn, in particular, is probably the greatest threat to

species diversity and community structure in relict

conifer swamp. This species has colonized similar

habitats throughout the Midwest and can completely

dominate the shrub and ground layers. Treatment for

removing glossy buckthorn can be accomplished with

cutting, accompanied by herbicide application (Reinartz

1997) and by using spot-burning to eliminate seedlings

(Jack McGowan-Stinski 1999 pers. comm.).

Research needs: Because tamarack plays a critical role

in structuring relict conifer swamp, studies aimed at

better understanding the factors that influence its ability

to regenerate will help managers maintain the long-term

viability of this community type. The role of red maple

and other hardwoods in altering community structure is

also an important research topic. An historical study,

using GLO notes, of the distribution of red maple in

relation to tamarack-dominated swamps as well as other

types of conifer swamp would help managers to better

understand the differences between past successional

processes and those observed today. Gaining an

understanding of the effects of fire and other forms of

natural disturbance on relict conifer swamp will also help

managers better understand the ecosystem. Little

attention has been given to the importance of relict

conifer swamp for maintaining certain rare plant and

animal species. In addition, the role of relict conifer

swamp in providing both thermal cover and important

food reserves during fall migration and winter will be

useful for understanding the significance of this

community type in maintaining regional biodiversity.

Similar communities: Rich conifer swamp, conifer-

hardwood swamp, southern swamp, poor conifer swamp,

A-68



prairie fen, and southern wet meadow.

Other Classifications:

Michigan Natural Features Inventory Pre-

settlement Vegetation (MNFI):

Lowland Conifer – Tamarack

Michigan Department of Natural Resources

(MDNR): T-Tamarack.

Michigan Resource Information Systems

(MIRIS): 4233 (Tamarack).

The Nature Conservancy National Classification

(Faber-Langendoen 2001, Natureserve 2001):

CODE; ALLIANCE; ASSOCIATION;

COMMON NAME

I.B.2.N.g.3; Larix laricina Saturated Forest

Alliance; Larix laricina – Acer rubrum / (Rhamnus

alnifolia, Vaccinium corymbosum) Forest;

Tamarack – Red Maple / (Alderleaf Buckthorn,

Highbush Blueberry) Forest; Central Tamarack –

Red Maple Rich Swamp.

Related Abstracts: rich conifer swamp, prairie fen,

southern wet meadow, prairie-Indian-plantain, white

lady-slipper, English sundew, mat muhly, prairie

dropseed, tamarack tree cricket, eastern massasauga,

Mitchell’s satyr butterfly, Blanding’s turtle, spotted

turtle.

Selected References:Albert, D.A. 1995. Regional landscape ecosystems of MI,

MN and WI: A working map and classification. USFS –

North Central Forest Experiment Station, St. Paul, MN

55108. 250 pp.

Albert, D.A. 2001. Regional Characterization and

Quantification of Wetland Types. Michigan Natural

Features Inventory, Lansing, MI. 35 pp.

Faber-Langendoen, D. editor. 2001. Plant communities of

the Midwest: Classification in and ecological context.

Association for Biodiversity Information, Arlington, VA.

61 pp. + appendix (705 pp.).

Comer, P.J., D.A. Albert, H.A. Wells, B.L. Hart, J.B. Raab,

D.L. Price, D.M. Kashian, R.A. Corner and D.W. Schuen.

1995. Michigan’s presettlement vegetation, as interpreted

from the General Land Office Surveys 1816-1856.

Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Lansing MI. Digital

map.

Curtis, J.T. 1959. Vegetation of Wisconsin. The University

of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI.

Kost, M.A. 2001. Potential Indicators for assessing

biological integrity of forested, depressional wetlands in

southern Michigan. Michigan Natural Features Inventory,

Lansing, MI. 69 pp. Available: http://www.msue.msu.edu/

mnfi/pubs/ibi_final.pdf

Merkey, D.A. 2001. Dominant water sources of six conifer

swamps of southeastern Michigan. Report submitted to

Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Lansing, MI. 13 pp.

Chapman, K.A. 1986. Michigan natural community types.

Michigan Natural Features Inventory, Lansing, MI. 22 pp.

Available: http://ww.msue.msu.edu/ mnfi/lists/

natural_community_types.pdf

McGowan-Stinski, J. 1999. Land Steward. The Nature

Conservancy, Michigan Chapter, East Lansing, MI.

NatureServe: An online encyclopedia of life [web

application]. 2001. Version 1.4. Arlington (VA):

Association for Biodiversity Information. Available: http://

www.natureserve.org/. (Accessed: August 30, 2001).

Reinartz, J.A. 1997. Controlling glossy buckthorn (Rhamnus

frangula L.) with winter herbicide treatment of cut stumps.

Natural Areas Journal 17:38-41.

Abstract Citation:

Kost, M.A. 2001. Natural community abstract for

relict conifer swamp. Michigan Natural Features

Inventory, Lansing, MI. 6 pp.

Funding for abstract provided by Michigan Department of

Natural Resources-Forest Management Division and

Wildlife Division.

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