Shalihuddin Djalal TandjungSuwarno Hadisusanto

Laboratory of Ecology and ConservationFaculty of Biology UGM

2015

APPENDICES

31

Business The EcologyRECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP

* Environment Poll.:Air, Water, Land, Cross Media. * Non Point Pollution: Chemical substances

Natural Environment and Sustainable Development 32

(Ecosystems, Ecological System)

Entropy, Residue

Sustainable Development

Public demand for regu-lation

Intern’ trade agreement. Equal oppor tunity, Equal treatment

Competitive requirement for eco-labeling

Customer demand for clean pro cesses and products& 3 R

Public demand for environ’l protection.CSR and Com-dev

Indonesian Instru-ment for Environ’l Management & SNI; Int’l Environmental Management Syst.& ISO

Planning Utilization Control Maintenance Supervision Law Enforcement

Environmental Management system

Natural Resources Conservation

Business opportunity and threats

UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT (UNCED)

STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE, 1972

WORLD COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

BRUNDTLAND REPORT 1987. OUR COMMON FUTURE

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT33

CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES

MANAGEMENT OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENT

CONTROL, REGULATION, MAINTENANCE, RESTORATION, SUPERVISION, UTILIZATION,

AND DEVELOPMENT33

(

SUSTAINABILITY More efficient use of natural resources

and the introduction of new holistic environmental technologies

(Rosemarin, 1990)

(

SUSTAINABLE

ELEMENTS OF LONG TERM :❖ RENEWAL ~ REUSE❖ MAINTENANCE ~ RECOVERY ❖RECYCLING. ❖MINIMAL RAW MATERIAL - EXPLOITATION ~ REDUCE

❖MANAGEMENT OF PEOPLE

NEED ON COLLECTIVE BASIS ~ REPLENISH

DEVELOPMENT

INDUSTRIAL BASED CULTURE :❖ SHORT TERM PLANNING ❖ MINIMAL MAINTENANCE

❖ WASTE, POLLUTION❖ MAXIMAL EXPLOITATION OF RAW MATERIAL❖ EMPHASIZE ON THE INDIVIDUAL

VS

35

ECOLOGICAL CRISIS

1. Danora, USA, 1948: Toxic chemical from factories caused air pollution which killed 20 people, 6000 suffering

2. London, 1952: Smog (smoke + fog) in air killed 4000 people

35

3. USA, 1962: Insecticides pollute the air, land, and water exterminated all animals and other living form

4. Sidoarjo (East Java), Indonesia,

2006: Mud Vulcano Blow out.

Present: 11.000 buildings/constructions inundated unterwater; 25000 person evacuated.

Future: river and ocean pollution forever.

The cancellation of all uses of several insecticides in USA

Product Year Product Year

DDT 1968 Diazinon 1978Aldrin 1975 Parathion 1979Dieldrin 1975 Parathion 1979Toxsphene 1976 + 19 others 1979Endosulfan 1976Heptaclor 1978Endrin 1979

The Living Environment

The spatial entity with all objects, potentials, conditions and living organisms, including man and his behavior, which influence the continuence of the life and welfare of man and other living organisms

(Tandjung, 2012) 37

Resources

Elements of the living environment consisting of : human resources, organic natural resources, in-organic natural resources, and man-made resources.

38

ABC Environment, the components of natural environment

The inorganic natural resources ( Physical environment) is A-biotic Environment.

The organic natural environment is the Biotic Environment.

The human resources and their creation so called man–made resources is combined as the Cultural Environment.

In short, the ABC environment consists of A-biotic, Biotic and Cultural Environment.

A-biotic or physical/chemical environment consists of 3 elements : water, land, and air.

(eg.: Geology; Pedology; Hydrology; Climatology; Stratigraphy; etc.)

Biotic or ecological environment consists of plants (flora), animals (fauna) and microbes (bacteria, yeasts, fungi).

(eg.: Ecology; Genetics; Systematics; Biochemistry; etc.)

Omnivore - predators+grazers

Carnivore - predators

Herbivore - grazers

Producers - vegetations

decomposers (bacteria and fungi)

(deer, cow, rabbit, etc.)

(tiger, snake, crocodile, etc.)

(plant, phytoplankton, etc.)

(man, bear, monkey, etc.)

THE TROPHIC LEVELS(Food Chain)

Cultural environment consists of individual environmental – interests, individual well – being, social interactions and community well- being

(eg.: Economics; Sociology; Culture; etc.)

Each component of the environment, e.g. the biotic environment consists of living organisms, which interact with each other and are inseparably interrelated with their a-biotic and cultural environment.

43

A bioticEnvironment(A)

CulturalEnvironment

(C)

BioticEnvironment

(B)

Proposed Action

ABC

The effect of proposed actions on B will also affect A on A-B and C on B-C. Interaction of environmental components occur on A-B-C 44

BCAC

AB

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An ecosystem is an ordering of an element of the environment which costitutes a

whole and complete unit which interacts to produce environment balance, stability,

and productivity

(Riema, 1997)

Features of Indonesia ecosystem• THE LARGEST ISLAND COUNTRY IN THE WORLD

• The most number of Islands, 17,508

• The longest coastline, 81,000 KM

• The most number of volcanoes, more than 100

• The most stretch of altitude from -8,000 (Banda Sea)

to + 5,000 M (Cartenz)

INDONESIA’S LAND AREA = 2,027,870 KM2

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Abiotic Natural Environment of Indonesia

Indonesia is an archipelago of 17,508 islands stretching between two continents, Asia and Australia. Total coastline of Indonesia’s 80,791 km (FAO, 1991 cit. Anon., 1995), this is the longest in the world.

The abiotic or physical natural environment of Indonesia is composed of:

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A.Land 1.91 million sq km

B.Ocean Territorial waters Continental water EEZ

5.10 million sq km 3.00 million sq km 2.70 million sq km

Total 12.71 million sq km

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C. Coastal Area Coastal length Marshes Mangrove Brackish Fish Pond

81,000km10,000,000km

3,600,000km183,000km

(Haeruman, 1987)49

D. Inland Waters Open waters (lake, river, swamp, etc) Fish Pond Rice field waters E. Mountains and Hills Volcanoes, more than 100

13,700,000ha40,000ha61,000ha

(Haeruman, 1987)49

Biotic Natural Environment

On the million ha land of Indonesia there is 143,970 million ha tropical rain forest or 75.38% of land is covered by forest . This is the highest percentage among the tropical rain forest in the world. Among the 143,970 million ha forest is designed for the : 1. Production forest : 64,392,000 ha2. Conversion forest : 30,537,000 ha3. Conservation forest : 18,725,000 ha4. Protected forest : 30,316,000 ha

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Indonesia highest degree of :• Biological diversity• Endemism• 42 natural terrestrial &• 5 marine ecosystems,

52

Ranging from:

Ice fields & alpine meadows (Papua) to wide variety of humid lowland forest; Deep lakes to shallow swamps; Spectacular coral reefs to seagrass beds & mangrove swamps.

•

52

Indonesia Ranks

First in the world for species richness for:• Mammals (515 species, 36% endemic);• Shallowtail butterflies (121 species, 44%

endemic);Third for reptiles (600 species);Fourth for bird (1,519 species, 28% endemic);Fifth for amphibians (270 species);Seventh for flowering plants

(Tandjung, 2012) 53

A high number of Indonesia’s marine biodiversity are still

unknown & underutilized

A very large proportion of total biota comprises unknown invertebrates

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INDONESIA POSSESSES UP TO ABOUT 17% OF THE TOTAL NUMBER SPECIES IN THE WORLD

●10% of the world’s flowering plant species, ●12% of the world’s mammal species,●16% of the world’s reptile & amphibian

species,,●25% of the world’s fish species,●Chelinnus undulatus (Napoleon wrasse) ●Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Krapu macan)●Cromileptis altivelis (Krapu bebek)

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Main Taxa Prediction of Organisms

Taxa World Indonesia %Mammalia 4.000 300 7,5Aves 8.900 7.500 84,27Reptilia 8.000 2.000 25Amphibia 6.000 1.000 16,66Pisces 38.000 9.500 25Gastropods 150.000 20.000 13,33Insecta 1.250.000 250.000 20Gymnospermae 300.000 25.000 8,33Pteridophyt 13.000 1.250 9,62Moss 16.000 1.500 9,38Algae 21.000 1.800 8,57Fungi 100.000 12.000 12Bacteria & blue algae 2.700 300 11

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CONSERVATION OF RESOURCES

• The management of resources which ensures their wise utilization, and in the case of renewal natural resources, ensures their continued supply by constantly maintaining and improving their value and variety.

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ECODEVELOPMENT

58

The Management of Living Environment (for Sustainable development) is an integrated effort in the:

utilization

regulation

maintenance

supervisioncontrolrestoration

development of the environment

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(RIEMA, 1997)

Elevation > 4,000 m asl.Low species diversity

High Moisture Low temperature

Low temperature, high moistureDominantly moss ; low species diversity

Productivity relatively low; Low Species diversity

Dominantly: Pine

Depterocarp plant, species diversity and stratification, tropical, high productivity

High Productivity, stratification is complex High diversity (Plants and Animals)

High Tempertaure and moistureClimax Succession

Low diversity (vegetations), dominantly Eucalyptus. Animals dominantly birds & reptile.Low productivity and biomass.Low moistureStratification not clear.

High plants : very rare, dominantly grass, high temperature and low moisture

High temperature and low moistureSubsystems: exokarst and endokarstLow diversity both vegetations (dominantly: xerophyt) and animals.

High temperature and low moist.Low diversity (plants and animals)

Vegetations continuously:

Typha Nymphea

Potamogeton (lotus)

ScirpusSagitaria

CharaSpirogyra

vegetations continuous:Potamogeton Scirpus Polygonum Ruppia Chara

Echinochola Vallisneria

Najas

Physical: brackishwater, mud, high turbidity, Biotic: Uca, Sesarma,

Mudskipper as bio-indicators in mangrove

Physics: high slope; cavesBiotic: Nerita, Balanus, Aerodramus

(swallow)

Physics: high salinity, silica, high transparancyVegetations: Halophila, Thalassia, Enhalus (sea grass)Animals: Asterias, Deadema, Echinus, Ophiopolis, Pagurus (ghost crabs), sea turtles

Physics : brackishwater, high transparancyBiotics on sand: Ocypoda, Chiridotes, Emerita, PagurusBiotics on gravels: Littorina, Balanus, Ostrea, Mytilus, Leptogorgia

physics: temperature > 22 ºC, very high transparancy, total high intensity, salinity 33 – 35 ‰, far of estuary Biotics: sea horses, yellow tail fish, fat-fish, kerapu, beronang, etc. There are 32 species of high commodity fishes of 132 species.

Continuous ecosystems (vertical view)

coniferous decidous lake mix paddy-field village mangrove sea

Aerial view

coniferous decidous lake mix paddy village mangrove sea

watershedriver

river

Lake Ranjeng, Central JavaElevation 1600 m. asl., depth >100

m

Water hyacin is growing because of eutrophications (nutrient

enrichment)

POPULATION

NATURAL RESOUCES POLLUTION

Population in Indonesia (million)

218,9205,1194,8

179,4

147,4

119,2

Colaboration

INDOTAN INC.FACULTY OF BIOLOGYUNIVERSITAS GADJAH MADA

NO SAFETY APPARATUS

TILLING WASTE WATER

HEALHTY IMPACT

f. Kadar merkuri dalam lumpur quarry dan tanah di sekitarnya.

Kadar merkuri (ppm)Sampel PS II PS III PS IV Ambang batas Lumpur Quarry 15.60 129.82 24.97

21 // 0 78.95 200.71 18.591 // 0.2 85.08 2.06 8.262 // 0 16.99 5.96 9.032 // 0.2 10.97 1.67 3.08

Pelangan – Selindungan

Kadar merkuri di Tembowong dan Tawun

SampelKadar merkuri (ppm) di berbagai

Stasiun pengamatanAmbang batas

(ppm)

TGP II TGP III TGP IV TW IV

2

LPQ 19.04 150.79 252.94 5.381 // 0 59.61 93.27 2.01 2.681 // 0.2 26.97 72.68 30.16 3.602 // 0 18.48 197.81 4.59 38.182 // 0.2 30.64 4.81 1.26 39.17

Kadar merkuri di Selodong

SampelKadar merkuri (ppm)

MHN SLD II SLD III SLD IV SLD V SLD VI SLD VII

LPQ 27.61 92.16 17.74 67.11 46.89 11.55 -1 // 0 11.78 15.12 5.31 18.4 18.07 14.48 0.761 // 0.2 3.81 8.66 1.42 8.61 15.43 0.77 1.142 // 0 16.53 11.85 3.88 5.31 11.34 8.4 2.812 // 0.2 3.32 15.99 0.67 3.61 15.87 1.24 1.85

NAB: 2 ppm

Kadar merkuri di Blongas

SampelStasiun pengamatan

Ambang batasBLG I BLG II BLG III BLG IV BLG V BLG VI

LPQ 10.11 29.32 46.18 39.38 8.82 52.49

21 // 0 6.49 44.58 16.84 13.50 20.25 15.221 // 0.2 4.21 43.74 1.87 13.40 6.59 13.672 // 0 8.12 17.52 2.97 20.24 39.48 12.712 // 0.2 2.00 8.80 2.40 11.19 35.59 9.99

g. Kadar merkuri dalam tumbuhan di sekitar quarry

Spesies

Kadar merkuri (ppm)Ambang

batas (ppm)TGP I TGP III TW I TW III

Cyperus rotundus 0,00349 0,59112 0,12202 0,221860,5*)Eupatorium inulifolium 0,00274 - 0,99639 0,48976

Tectona grandis 0,07347 0,6199 0,94175 -

SpesiesKadar merkuri (ppm)

StasiunAmbang batas

I IVCyperus rotundus 0.00591 0.04165

0.5*)Eupatorium inulifolium 2.79813 0.08434Tectona grandis 0.02848 -

Kadar merkuri dalam daun (ppm) di Pelangan-Selindungan

Kadar merkuri dalam daun (ppm) di Tembowong dan Tawun

*) Dirjen POM : kadar merkuri dalam sayuran yang aman dikonsumsi

Kadar merkuri dalam daun di Selodong

SpesiesKadar merkuri (ppm)

Stasiun Ambang batasI III

0,5*)Cyperus rotundus 0.05253 1.99719Eupatorium inulifolium 0.01663 0.73499Tectona grandis 0.05875 2.63470

Kadar merkuri dalam daun di Blongas

Spesies

Kadar merkuri (ppm)Ambang batas

(ppm)Stasiun

I III

Cyperus rotundus 0.02662 0.181590.5*)Eupatorium inulifolium 0.00778 0.03193

Tectona grandis 0.00843 0.34219

*) Dirjen POM : kadar merkuri dalam sayuran yang aman dikonsumsi

PAPER

• SYSTEMATICS• 1. Background• 2. Emphirical Informations• 3. Analysis• 4. Discussion and Solutions • 5. References

(Tandjung, 2012) 61

• WRITTING

• 1. 5 pages • 2. Font: Arial 11; space 1,5• 3. Collect on April 6th, 2015• Reference in numbering or alphabetic

systems

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• Example • Marschner, P. and Z. Rengel. 2007. Nutrient Cycling in• Terrestrial Ecosystems. Springer, Heidelber.• Susintowati dan S. Hadisusanto. 2014. Bioakumulasi• Merkuri dan Struktur Hepatopankreas Tarebralia• sulcata dan Nerita argus (Gastropoda:Molusca) di • Muara Sungai Lampon, Banyuwangi, Jawa Timur.• Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan . PSLH UGM. Vol.• 21(1): 34-40.• Wilonoyudho, S. 2014. Migrasi dan Involusi di Kota• Semarang. Jurnal Manusia dan Lingkungan .

PSLH• Vol. 21(1): 114-120.

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