Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater

Research and Development .

Project Record P2/134/01

ENVIRONMENT AGENCY

All pulps used in production of this paper is sourced from sustainable managed forests and are elemental chlorine free and wood free

Natural Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbonsand Chlorinated-, Solvents in Groundtiater

R&IYProject Record P2/134/0:1

B R Plirnmer, D H-Hall and A H Bkth

Research Contractor:.

Golder Associates (UK) Ltd.:

Further copies of this report are available from: Environment Agency R&D Dissemination Centre; c/o WRc; Frankland Road, Swindon, Wilts SN5 SYF ‘WC tel: 01793-865000 fax: 01793-514562 e-mail:~publications@wrcplc;co.uk

Publishing Organisation: Environment Agency Rio House Waterside Drive. Aztec West Almondsbury Bristol BS32 4UD

Tel: 01454 624400 Fax: 01454 624409

0 Environment Agency 1999

ISBN: 1 85705 197 1

All rights reserved. .No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior permission of the Environment Agency.

The views expressed in this. document are not necessarily those of the Environment Agency.. Its officers, servants or -agents. accept no liability whatsoever for any loss or damage arising from the interpretation.or use of the information, or.reliance upon views contained herein.

Dissemination status Internal: Released to Regions External: Released to Public Domain

Statement of-use This document provides background information and data sources 0n.a review of current knowledge on natural attenuation of two common organic pollutants in groundwater systems: petroleum hydrocarbonsand chlorinated solvents.

Research contractor This document-was produced under R&D Project P2-134 by:

Golder Associates (UK) Ltd Landmere Lane Edwalton Nottingham .-.. NG12 4DG

Environment Agency Project Manager The Environment,Agency’s Project Manager for.R&D Project P2:134 was: Jonathan Smith, National Groundwater & Contaminated Land Centre

R&D Project Record P2/134/01

1. INTRODUCTION 7 . . . . ..*...................................*.............................................................................................~

2. REFERENCES CONSULTED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3. REPORTS OF CASE STUDIES ................................................................................................................. 5

4. THIRD PARTIES CONSULTED ............................................................................................................ .12’1

4.1 4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

ul< RESE,?RCH CONTACTS ........................................................................................................................ 12

uI< INDClSTRY CONTACTS.. ....................................................................................................................... 12

uI< CONTRACTOR & CONSULTANT CONT.4CTS .......................................................................................... 12

us CONTACTS .......................................................................................................................................... 13

OTHER CONTACTS.. .................................................................................................................................. 13

Appendix 1. Copies of e-mails and .Records of Telephone Conversations

R&D Project Record P2/134/01 I

1. INTRODUCTION

The fomal Project Record of an R&D project is intended to. form an archive-of all significant

information obtained during the course of the project .and not included in the Technical.

Report. In this case, the majority -of data gathered was suitable for- use, and .therefore this

Prqject Record has been limited to a summary of the references consulted; the case study

reports which have bee11 examined and the contacts made.

R&D Project Record P2/134/0! I

2.3 REFERENCES CONSULTED.

.4 fkll list of references quoted within the Technical. Report is provided as part. of the report ...

itseif. The following list includes those references which have been consulted in this study,

but which have not been directly quoted in the Technical Report.

l Various papers,. Proceedings of the Symposium on.Natural Attenuation of Groundwater,

US EPA ORD.Publication EPA/600/R-94/162 September 1994.

Q Various papers, Proceedings of the Symposium on Natural.Attenuation of Chlorinated Organics in Ground Water, USEPA ORD Document EPA/540/R-97/504j May.1997.:

l Various papers, Monitored Naturcrl Attenuationfor Groundwater-, US EPA-Seminar Notes

EPA/625/i<-98/001. September 1998.

9 Various papers; Natural Attentlution Chlorinated and Reculcitr-ant Compounds, (proc., The First International Conference on Remediation of Chlorinated and. Recalcitrant Compounds, May -1998).

0 Various. papers, Proceedings of the 4th Annual Florida. Remediation Conference,

November 1 O-1 1 1998, produced by National- Technical Colllllluliicatiolls Co. Inc.,

Florida..

* Various papers, Environmental Impact, Aftercare and Remediution of Landfiills (proc. Sardinia 97, Sixth International Landfill Symposium: Cagliari, Italy, October 1997).

0 Various papers, Contaminated Soi/ ‘95. (proc Fifth International FZIUTNO Conference on Contaminated Soil, 3 1 October- 3 November, 1995, Maastricht, the Netherlands. Kluwer ‘. Academic-Publishers).

e Various papers, Contm7~imted Soil ‘98, (proc. Sixth International FZIUTNO-Conference on Contaminated Soil, 17-2 1 May,:.1 998, Edinburgh, UK. Thomas Telford, London).

l Various papers, Grotmdwuter. Quality: Remediation and Protection (proc. GQ98; Tubingen, Germany, September 1998: IAHS Publication 250).

Q Various papers,-Conkmlinated Land and Groundwater. A Review of Current Research

and CL PIJor-kshop on Research, Application and Regulation of Hutural Attenuation.

Convened by the Groundwater Protection and Restoration Group;&University of Sheffield.

March 1998..

R&D Project Record PII 34101 3

l Various papers, Intrinsic Biommdiution. Eds’ -R H Hinchee, J T Wilson and. D C

Downey. Columbus Ohio: Batelle Press.

l various papers in USEPA Seminars on Monitored Natural Attenuation for Groundwater; various places beginning in Philadelphiaon 2-3 September 1998. ‘EPA/625/K-98/001. USEPA Internet. 1

l Draft USEPA Region 4 Suggested Practices for Evaluation of a Site for Natural.Attenuation (Biological Degradation) of Chlorinated Solvents. Version 3.0, November. 1997.

l Rice, D’W: B-P Dooher; S J Cullen, L G Everett, Vv’ E Kastenberg; R D Grose and M A Marino (1995): cc Recommendations to Improve the Cleanup Process for California’s Leaking Underground Fuel Tanks (LUFTs)” . Environmentai.Protection Department, Environmental 7 Restoration.Division; Report UCRL-AR- 12 1762, October: 1995.

T Waters, R D, P V B - d la y and-D J Borns (1998). “Natural Attenuation of Metals and Radionuclides- An Overview of the Sandia/DdE Approach”. Presented.at Waste 12fanagqmnt ‘98, Tucson Arizona. Spring 1998.

0 Landmeyer, J E, D A Vroblesky and F H Chapelle (1996). “ Stable Carbon Isotope Evidence . of Biodegradation Zonation in a Shallow.Jet-Fuel Contaminated Aquifer” . Environmental Science & Technology, 1996. Vol.30 No.4,.pp1,120-1128.

l Robertson, B 1~ and M Alexander (1996). “Mitigating Toxicity to Permit Bioremediation of Constituents of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids’?,. Environmental Science & Technology: 1996. Vol.30 No.6, ~~2066-2070.

l Johnson, T L: M M Scherer and P G Tratnyek (1996). “Kinetics of Halogenated Organic Compound Degradation by Iron Metal”. Environmental Science.& Technology, 1996. Vol.30 No.8, ~~2634-2640.

l Nicoll, G and J S Francisco (1998). .“ Carbon Atom-Initiated-Degradation of Carbon Tetrachloride in the Presence of Molecular Oxygen: A Product and-Mechanistic Study”, Environmental Science & Technology, 1998. .Vo1.32 No 20, ~~3200-3206.

l Knauss: I( G: M J Dibley, RN Leif, D A Mew: R D Aines (1999): .“Aqueous Oxidation of Trichloroethene (TCE): a Kinetic Analysis”. Applied Geochemistry 14 (1999), pp53 1-541.

c Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries, 5th Edition G T Austin (pub..McGYaw-HillQ.

= Hetterschijt et. al., NEPROMA PCW Remediation Study, TNO.

l Various-Internet pages.

R&D Project Record PYl 3401 4

3. REPORTS OF CASE STUDIES

Table 3.1 lists references describing case studies in which the potential for the natural

attenuation of contaminants-has been assessed.-

A suniinary of the aquifer- 3 and contaminants studied is presented as Table 3.2. A similar ”

table is presented in

RTDF (1997) “Natwal Attemation of Chlorinated Solvents in Groundwater: Principles and Practices”.

Prepared by the Industrial Me&m-s of the Bioremediution qf Chlorinated Solvents Consortium qf the

Remediation Technology Development Form (RTDF). Version 3.0: August 1997.

R&D Project Record P2/134/0 1

Table 3.1. References describing case studies in which the potential . . for the natural :.

attenuation of contaminants has .been assessed.

1 Barker, J F (199s). “Fate of Organic Contaminants in Groundwater: Natural and Enhanced -4ttenuation”. III Grozindwuter Qua&: -Remediution and Protection (proc. GQ98; Tubingen, Germanyj.

2 Barker. J F (1998). “Fate of Organic Contaminants in Groundwater: Natural and Enhanced Attenuation”. In Grozzndwuter Qzzuli~~: Remediution and Protection (proc. GQ98; Tubingen, Germany).

3 Barker, J F (1998). “Fate of Organic Contaminants in Groundwater: Natural and Enhanced Attenuation”. III Groundwater Qzmlity: Remediation and Protection (proc. GQ98, Tubingen, Germany).

4 Libelo, L E et al (I 998). “Fate of Organic Contaminants in Groundwater: Natural and Enhanced Attenuation”. In Grozzrzdwater Quality: Remediution md Protection (proc. GQ98, Tubingen, Germany).

5 Rijnaarts, H H M (I 998). “Natural in situ Bioprocesses as a Basis for Cost Effective Remediation: Examples of 16 Contaminated Sites in the Netherlands”. 1 n Grozmdwuter Quality: Remediation and. Protection (proc. GQ98, Tubingen, Germany).

6 Reichert, B et al (1993). “Factors Controlling the Natural Attenuation of BTEX”. In Grour7dwuter

Quality: Remediation md Protectiol7 (proc. GQ98: Tubingen, Germany).

7 Weigand, M A et al (1998). “Natural Attenuation of PCE and TCE: A Case Study”. In Natural Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B Wickramanayake and R E Hinchee.

8 Sorenson, I< S et al (1998). “Potential for Yiatural Attenuation of Chloroethenes in Fractured Basalt”. In Natural Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B Wickramanayake and R E Hinchee.

9 Schilling, I< E et al (I 998). “Field Evidence for Intrinsic Bioremediation of TCE in a Carbonate Aquifer”. In Natural Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B- Wickramanayake and R E.Hinchee.

10’ * Zhang, A S et al (1998). “Remediation Life Cycle at an EDC Spill Si[e”. In Natural Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B Wickramanayake and R E Hinchee.

II Lucas, M et al (I 99s). “Nat Atten of Chlorinated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in an Unconfined Dolomite Aquifer Under Oxic Conditions”. In Natural Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B Wickramanayake and R E Hinchee.

12, McQuiIlan: D M et al (1998). “Intrinsic CoMetabolism of Carbon Tetrachloride with Gasoline: Regulatory Site Closure”. In Natural Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B Wickramanayake and R E Hinchee.

13. Mechaber; R A et al (1998); “Intrinsic Bioremediation of Chlorinated and Non-Chlorinated VOCs at a RCRA Landfill”. III Naturai-Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compoundsz Ed. by G B Wickramanayake and R E-Hinchee.

14. Bourquin, A W et al (1998). “Namral Attenuation of Chlorinated Solvent-Contaminated Groundwater”. In Natural Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B Wickramanayake.and R E Hinchee.

15 Coxl E E et al (199s). “Natural Attenuation of-l,2-Dichloroethane and Chloroform in Groundwater at a Superfund Site”. In Natural Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B Wickramanayake and R E Hinchee.

16 Kelley, M et al (1998). “Intrinsic Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Co-Contaminated Groundwater’Plumes at the NAS, Nevada”. In Natural Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds: Ed. by G B .Wickramanayake and R E Hinchee.

17.. Kelley, M et al (I 998). “Intrinsic Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Co-Cdntaminated Groundwater Plumes at the NAS; Nevada”. In Naturai Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B Wickramanayake and R E Hinchee.

18: Stephens, D B et al (1998). “PCE Degradation Near Petroleum Contaminated Sites”. In Natural Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B Wickramanayake and R E Hinchee:

19: Stephens, D B et al (1998). “PCE Degradation Near Perroleum Contaminated Sites”. In Natural,- Attenuation. Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds, Ed. by G B Wickramanayake and R E Hinchee.

R&D Project Record P2/134/0 1 6

20 Jackson, R E (199Sj. -“The Migration,,Dissolution and Fate of Chlorinated Solvents in the Urbanised Alluvial Valleys ofthe Sduthwestern USA”. Hydrogeology Journal 6: 144- 155:

21 Nyer, E et al (1998). “Beyond the AFCEE Protocoi for Natural Attenuation”. GWMR; Summer 1998 1

22

23

pp70-7.7. Underhill, S et al. (1998). “Natural .4ttenuarion of GO Perroleum Plumes at Pease AFB, New Hampshire, USA”. In Contuminutcd Soil ‘98, ~~203-2 12 Bosnia. T N P et al (1995). “Intrinsic Dechlorination of I .2-Dichloroethane at an Industrial.Site” In

1 iComun7inc~ted Soil ‘98, pp 1,97-202 !24 IStailffer, T B et ai. (19953. “A Natural Gradient Tracer Experiment In a Heterogeneous Aquifer Showing.

/Natural Attenuation” Ill Co~7mm7innted Soil ‘95, pp3 13-3 1s 25 Staps, J J M et al (1998). “Intrinsic Bioremediation in the Case of a Diesel Oil Contamination at a

Railway Yard: Investigation and Possible Implementation” In Contcminuted Soil ‘98, pp 8 I 1 -S 12

26 Rugge, I< et al (199s). “Comparison of Field and Laboratory Methods for Determination of Potential for /Natural Attenuation in a Landfill Leachate Plume (Grindsred, Denmark).” III Contaminated Soil ‘98: pp IlOl-10s.

27 IRijnaarts, H H M et al (1998). “Intrinsic and Enhanced Bioremediation in Aquifers Contaminated with IClllorinated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Netherlands” In Contcminat~d Soil ‘98, pp 109-l 12. ’

2% Rijnaarts, H H M et al (1998). “Intrinsic and Enhanced Bioremediation.in Aquifers Contaminated with. Chlorinated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Netherlands” In Contami~~atedSoil ‘98, pp 109-I 12.

29 Rijnaarts, H H M et al (199Sj. “Intrinsic and Enhanced Bioremediation in Aquifers Contaminated with Chlorinated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Netherlands” III Contaminated Soil ‘98, pp 109-l 12.

30 !Rijnaarts, H H M et a1 (1998). “Intrinsic and Enhanced Bioremediation in Aquifers Contaminated with IChlorinated and Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Netherlands” In Contaminated Soil ‘98, pp 109-I 12.

31 Holmes, M W et al (1998). “The Natural:Attenuation of Chlorinated Ethenes at Dover Air Force Base, ‘Delaware, USA!’ In ContaminutedSoil ‘98, pp l43- 152.

32 McCarty, P L (1994). “An Overview of Anaerobic Transformation of Chlorinated. Solvents”. 111 Proc. Symposizuu on Natzlrul Attenzlution of Grozmd~vater, US EPA ORD Publication EPA/600/R-941162. September 1994, ppIO4-108.

33 McCarty, P L (1994); “An Overview of Anaerobic Transformation of Chlorinated Solvents”. In Proc. S’mposizu77 017 /Vc~/zrr.c// Attenuation qf Groundwuter, US EPA ORD Publication EPAIGOOiR-941162. September 1994, pp 104- I OS.

34 McCarty. P L (1994). !‘An Overview of Anaerobic Transformation of Chlorinated Solvents”. In Proc. Symposizm7 017 Natzrral Attenuation of Grozindwuter, US EPA ORD. Publication EPA!GOO/R-941162.. September 1994, pplO4-105.

35 Martin, M and T E Imbrigiotta (1994). “Contamination of Groundwater with Trichloroethylene at the Building 34 Site...“. In .Proc. Symposiz/m 017 Natural Attenuation of Grozrndwater, US EPA ORD

IPublication EPA/GOO/R-94,062.. September 1994, ~~109-1 i5.

R&D Project Record P2!134/01 ” 7

-.- ___.. Rrfercncc Name “ISilc __ Cwn~lry Mnln Cunlnminnnl

I mJrdcn CO”dl MTBE 2 fhrdcn Cannd;~-, DTEX

3. BWIC” cansdn CO”lTN Ciwsok ‘.

t

..- -_-.._. 4 Columbur AF!J us ilesidwl jet fuel (sy”thclic “dx “f dccaae, flclcrogc”c”us (mrclenccd elscwhcK!?)

“;~~f”fudc”c. BTEfwylcnc)

_.._..- 5 VXiWS f-l”lf”“d

- --_ ---

6 Ncckv Vtilcy GUlllilnY BTEX 25 mgn on gmvorkr site wwitll two ctxircs :

Fluuinf ~ravcl whh ssnd and sill Iwscs, ovcrfni” by about 4 m 1411 of clny ““d silt

--+- lJnfmnvn US PCE and TCE

- TCE Shallow j;roundwater

TAN, INEBL us “lhcr cnutamhlilnls pcscnl include --._ .--...

2740~ colllplcn layeriug “l’ Irxlured bwll Ilows and PCS, DCE, unspecilicd organics, scdinienlnry intcrbeds

6111, I” 9fm ($oping base).

Unconhcd (lrmlly confined). dcpd, inurgariics n”d rndinnuclidcstl 1” ~rnulldwnlcr approx. Gllrl.

9 Ccd;lr Rapids La”dfill IJS TCE landfill Inkfsg solid B liquid wslcs --------( appmx 3011~ vcnlcalfy 6m Alluvial scdimem “vcr 301” ‘dp.nsc al Horimu~nl flow unh (Sihlriau) >I 101 hlcludhlg s”lvcnls, p”i”l sftdgc at111 bclorc horinmtaf lid~ogmld~ic c.vb”n;l~cs’ wcr Silurhm d”lou~fle Lhick .. fqcral iudustrinf refuse spreading raging irwi %xtrcmefy ~“ssJlifcrous and porous m

unfalown dense’.

IO Canadn’! BDC (I ,P-DCA) up to 4050 “@I (DNAPL s”u,urcc) -4OO”l 3-6111 silly .xwl “ud wood wwc overlying sill s-9111 overlying sad “ad grave, “quifcr

II SE Pcnnsylvani;~ K TCE. l,I-WA and PCE CAH mtnl 10Ompn -._-

14-321” sn”ds and sibs overlying rcclys!;dliscd fine gained dolomite (highly irregularco”lnc~)

sandy layer nbuur 31” thick nt shout IO”1 deJll!l showing rcfcrcndnl flow

up 1” 22 lllfin 1,2-DCA Possibly mclhanol, methyl fonna~c. about 32Om iuterbc[fdcd alluvial silly ~r”vclly sand 12.14m. unconfined dimethyl clhcr, is”prop;mnl, l”rm:he, ncclonr. nnd “cclic “cid

PCS 0.26 mgil, TCE 0.3~& up ID PJlO & DRCJ 28Om SzuIdy UJUifCl - ._..._.

6m uncw~fincd, wmr rebfc ~1 about 3.4 n&/l cis-DCE mc”.wrcd mw hut 2.5m prcwmably includes dcgradnlion

products I7 She 14. NP~ Air Sladon,

-.---- US 1.2.DCA I .4 “lgn PRO & DR0 95m S”“dy af”ifcr 61” unconfiacd, waler table “1 abnut

Fall”“. NA 2.5m I8 SE New Mexico us PCE 0.037 mgn UTHX sand and f:ruvcl aquilcr ovcrlai” hy 2-3111 clay wilb - wntcrtnblc at ab”ut3m

sumc ssnd and ~gwcl layers

Arizon”

vaIio”s. SW

Murdock machinf L Eeginectinl: Co., Tcxns

Pclsc AFf3. N1.f

US PCf::

US PCE. TCB

US TCEB IQ-TCA

us BTEX and Nald”halcac

lSflmg/J PCKwflh wry fitrlc TCE BTEX 60~1 sand, silly s”“d and clay overIyyi”~ 60m pxvcl wnlcr mfrlc at 30m. 6Om thick “<fuilcj f0”“d near s,,urcc -_._.- GO-I20m “nd s”“dy gwuifcr

sev~ml km alluvi”l and lecuslrfne basin 811

36 ngil ‘SCE, I13 me/l TCA 4OOm Alluvium _ wnds and gmvcls “vcrlnin by dnycy lolal lbickncss of Alluvium 15.42 uu~crfal and cor~lni”i”g cl”yey lenses feel. sands and gmvcls “hsent or lhi”

~_-_ in some xc8.s wtious (60 plumes)

L-A-.A I 1 --.-l-....- I I I

3

G avmge K IO” m/s. but bigbly 2.5 m/d -- --

wuiablc

--it- MDdcl predictions more VC dcgr&d lbnn formal after IS yiy TCE nnnerobic bslflife of4Ecis.1.2.DCE of9

,+

IS. cvidcncc for aliwobic rcductivc dccblorinadon of TCE, nad aerobic nuenkultion of TCE and DCE. Aerobic mechxmism notdctc&incd. ‘,’ y . . ‘. _”

9 Varinblc. lncludcs a mods,o,,e 0.05 A/day to 1.0 II/day approx rccogniscd lines 01 cvidcncc slrongly dcn~mwxc TCE dcgratliltinn Check interprmalinn. padiculnrly WI? TCE nod DCE ~~ELIITCIICC bsnd bweath lbe ]~lumc’r vcdical (not clear whclbcr

nIovcrIIcn, duwnj:mdicnt. Knlc canatnnlr detcm~incd asWE 0.35-0.X3 lyr, DCE

rc~~rdctl/unrct;~rdcd/cnlibr;llion (1.62-0.96 lyr and VC 0.46-l .27 lyr.

--IO CWilplC)

-- I .h x ICP rnk 2wO-3400 “I hydr. grad. ofO.0003 cvidcw for DCA dcgndxion, but VC sccu~~~ulillion ..--

otbcr tcmcdial mc~luds: soil wpwr cxlmction. direct pumping, gw

rumov~l with nir slripping. snd air i+wion cunain. scq~~cmi;dly tumctl on:

II fractllrc Ilow. I.5 m/d 0.09 m/d. gndient uf 0.008 -

nxic envirnnmcnl. Needs x~nlbcr look - is it wbal it says? (probably cnbsnccd by quarry ..

--iT-‘ 1201!1 - dcwalctin~) bydradic gndienl of O.CO2 non dclcclion within 6 years of inilial monilurinp. Cl’ plume stahlc until pcm~l le;k provided carbon source for CT half life of 12 ycan, decay cocflicicnt of 0.05d /yr. Fonuitous

dcgradnlion. Away fmm pclrol plume, ~dlril!c plume allowed mincr;llisaGon of CT to C02. combiiwlion of cvcn!s msuhcd in NA as only (and succcssf~~l) cleanup n1curod. -. --.. ---

13 e~:us~ dcporils ‘2x10“ m/s. sands Complck degrndndon of PCB lbrougb to CO2 bccuuse of sequentinl rcdox zones and cwuct:lbulitcs. A-. .---

Dcgmdnlion of Mcd~ylcnc cbloridc .,. .,

14 0.13 Ii/d (47 iUyr) Hydraulic Plume shown to bc at mc.aiy stntc wilb gcocbcmical cvidcncc for biodcgraulation VC dccrcaing rapidly nt ---: Muhiplc possihlc smwxs dcnh wtb and m~lxlcllcd

gradicnlo.0094 1111gn 0, brJLmd;lly.

r IS

--ii -- 5 I .5 n/d

-.- I7 25-37 Wd

I8

I IO mlyr 100 fold dccrcase in cblomfoml conccnlmliun in 125m compnrcd to n 3 fold decrease of chloride ‘as a ~nclbn~~ogc!~s npmcd scnsilive 10 chloroiorm (rcfcrcncc), so DCA consuvativc trnccr(nlso produced’!) and DCA. Microcosm studies show DCA aerobic dcgr;&ios 97% oi 10 dc.csn’~ complcwly dcgradc snncmbically, some dcgradcs aerobically

: ., ,, lug/l in 6 days. . ..---

hydraulic grxdicul of 0.001 PCE and WE plume cxlending bcyrwd DCB and VC BWB suggests rcducliw dcchlorinedon not sufficiem to background DO < 2mgn. hut big11 nilrafc (up to 4Omg/l) and sulphate (10 conlnirl conlnminedon lO.OOUm~/l). NA plG6 - bigb nitrate and sulphnk mny inhibit rcductivc

dchxlogcnalion at bigb COIICCII~~~UI~ lbrougb compctilion.

bydnelic gradient of O.OOI -7

WA plume stable or sbm~kin~. nnd cthxnc & clbcnc non-toxic depmdalion products -- ,.-._. -.I__

backgtound DO < 2mgIl. but bigb nitriw (up to 40ngll) and selpl~k (IO l0.lJOOmjg) __ PCE. TCE and some cis-DEC dctccled wifbin a BTEX plume with no saurce idcntificd. PCE dclcclcd upgradient, wifb no ‘WE. rbcrcforc PCF degndnliun ;wurruti wilb BTEX IZT comclnbolilc (no WE dcgndadon

_---- 19

20 varies -

21 varies (point of pnpcr)

--~__

unsuccessful, bccwsc nquifcr h:ls oxic grouodw.-

plume slsbiliscd with mt;d VW !nass reduced 66% in 3 years (some build up oidegndntioa products?)

I

29 Maassluis

30 Three sites ;’

PCE & TCE Ifollond Hnlland BTEX

--%----Dover AFB. Dclawxc US PCS, TCE

Canada PCE‘

33 tfawkcabury, Ontario

34 Stloseph. Micbigsn

35 Piualinny Ancnal, NJ

Canada

us

US

PCS. TCE, TCA and DCM

TCE

TCE

wide

-

-- olatilc frilly acids and mcdxmal

,, :

lilslc Icncldng Cram adisposal Ingoon, :orl400 mgn -- _-___

130,ouO 01: uJt;i1 “l‘as Of TCE around 970 kg. Extends SWm before dischnr# 11, reccl,,or nt

wldcb oninl it is about

4. T-HIRD’.PARTIES CONSULTED

A n&ber of consultants, contractors, researchers and problem holders,. both within the UK

and abroad have been consulted as part of this project; The folIoWing list includes all contacts

made, regardless of whether or not they were able to supply relevant ,information for inclusion . .

within the Technical Report. Copies of e-mails and records of telephone conversations. have

been included as Appendix 1. The numerous informal discussions held with parties interested

in the application ofMN4 have not been listed below.

4.1 UK.research.contacts :

Willie Burgess: UCL

Geoff Williams7 BGS

Bob Kahn, Queens,University Belfast

David Lerner, Sheffield University

Mike Rivett;Birmingham University

Kevin Jones, Lancaster University

4.2. UK:industry contacts

Gordon Lethbridge: Shell Research Ltd. I

Phil Morgan, ICI Technology. _

Steve Rumford, Zeneca Limited

Bill Hafker, Esso

Martyn Lambson; BP

4.3 UK.contractor & consultant contacts

Chris Dainton..Celtic Technologies

Nick McSuigan. Landclean .I

Peter Taylor, Oil Spill Response Limited

R&D Project Record P2/134/0 1 12

4.4 US contacts

Chris Neville, Shell

Mark Harkness, GE Corporate research & Development

Dave Ellis, DuPdnt (and RTDF)-

Numerous contacts through Todd Rees, Golder Associates USA.

4.5 Other contacts ’

Huub Rijnaarts,TNO, The Netherlands.

Greg Davis, CSIRO: Australia

R&D Project Record P2/134/01 13

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1’ COPIES OF E-MAILS AND RECORDS OF TELEPHONE CONVERSATIONS

Author: Bridget Plimmer at GAUK-NOTTINGHAM Date: 19/11/98 13:34 Priority: Normal TO: w.burgess@ucl.ac.uk at Internet Subject: Natural Attenuation ______-__---___-------------------- Message (-ontents ---~_------__-----_________________.

Dear Dr Burgess,

Golder Associates are working on a research contract for.the-. Environment Agency for which we will be examining natural attenuation as a remediation option for groundwater.contaminated with BTEX and/or. chlorinated solvents.

The project is to.focus on where/when natural attenuation may be applicab1.e in the-UK (hydrogeological-conditions, source. concentrations etc.), so we're looking for case studies in which natural attenuation has been used as a remediation technique, or, perhaps more importantly, where it has been tried and failed.

Have you (or any of your colleagues) worked on any such projects, and would-you be -prepared to share any.data with us.

If you would like to phone for.a chat, I can be reached-on 0115 9456544, or you can e:mail me (bplimmer@golder.com).

Thanks for your time

Bridget Plimmer. Golder Associates (UK) Ltd Landmere Lane Edwalton.. Nottingham NG12.4DG.

Untitled

Bridget,

We've worked-on a Creosote site (overlying karst limestone. and thus-focused on,the soil zone) this was mostly microbiology and some chemistry. We've worked on the microbiology .(pH, 02, nutrients, etc for growth) of extreme. halophiles from contaminated sites (mostly chlorinated: solvents). Last summer We starting.work on a- gas works .site (done some chemistry and microbiology). However, to take things as far as NA used in the USA and Canada, we're having troubleconvincing site owners-to spend much more than spare change on site.investigation at this point (to prove and validate NA) . There is a good chance of two large-project starting at the.beginning.of 1999 (one in collaboration with Golders; I'd be willing to toss in my: 2-cents .worth, however I'd have to get permission to release any.information.

Bob

_______--------------------~-------~~~~~~~~~~~~---- Dr-. Robert-M. Kalin Director, Environmental Engineering Research Centre School of Civil Engineering The Queen'-s University of Belfast Belfast BT7 1NN. N. Ireland UK r.kalin@qub.ac.uk http:/lwurv\r.qub.ac.uk Fax +44 1232-663754 Phone +44 1232 274018 / 274363

Page 1

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Dear Bridget

Thanks for the email.

Sorry, but..1 am afraid that.1 will not be very much help. I have not worked on:any sites where-there has been enough gw monitoring to say whether NA is, or is not occuring. I am only reallyaware of David Lerner's..(Sheffield.Univ) work where they have attempted to look in some detail at the process. I assume that you are aware of the NAGGS website they have set up. Most contam land sites I .dealt with in the EA did not have the sensitivity to justify loads of GW monitoring. hence could not say anything.very positive on NA - many sites it was speculated too occur, but not really.thought about / investigated in any detail.

I think that you best route would be via Industry, eg EG, ICI, Shell, Zeneca (via SAGTA?) etc. - they are all-.great fans of I&X for obvious. reasons!

My gut reaction is that NA certainly OK for most H/C, doubt it would be of much use for.t:he chlorinated, although we certainly have seen some part- way degradation products at some sites/aquifers (ie DCE's vinyl chloride, a-worse problem than what you start with). Ldoubt if there are any sites in the UK where monitoring has been.carried.out- to show complete solvent' degradation to benign products.

of I .can think of anything.else more,helpful, I willlet you know.

Mike

Dr Michael Rivett Tel: +44 (0)121 414 3957 Lecturer in Hydrogeology Fax: +44.(0).121 414 4942 School of,-Earth Sciences University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15.,2TT, UK

Page 1

Author: Bridget Plimmer at,GAUK-NOTTINGHAM Date: 28/10/98 12:36 Priority: Normal. TO: k.c.jones@lancaster.ac.uk at Internet Subject: Natural Attenuation ______-----_-___------------------- Message Contents -----_____-_____----_______________

Dear Kevin,

Golder.Associates are working,on a research contract for the Environment Agency for which we will be..examining.natural attenuation as a remediation option for groundwater contaminated with BTEX and/or-chlorinated solvents.

The project-is to focus.on where/when natural attenuation may be applicable in the UK (hydrogeological conditions, source concentrations etc.), so-we're looking for case studies in which natural attenuation has been used as a remediation technique, or, perhaps more importantly, where it has-been tried and,-failed.

Have you (or any of your colleagues) worked on any such projects, and would you be prepared to share.any data with us.

if you-would like to telephone for a chat, I can-be-,reached on 0115 9456544, or you can e:mail me (bplimmer@golder.com);

Thanks for your time.

Bridget Plimmer Golder Associates (UK) Ltd: Landmere Lane. Edwalton Nottingham NG12 4DG

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Author: "Rumford Steve -SP" [SMTP:Steve.Rumford@BRIXHAM.zeneca.com] at-US-SEATTLE-WA Date: 20/11/98 00:30 Priority: Normal TO: Bridget Plimmer at GAUK-NOTTINGHAM Subject: RE: _____------------------------------ Message contents -------__---___-----_______________ Dear Bridget

I am aware of one site where there is strong evidence that natural attenuation of chlorinated solvents is occurring. However the site did'. not need to investigate :the natural attenuation in order to demonstrate to the NRA (now EA) that significant-harm was not occurring. Therefore the evidence is strong but has not been investigated fully. The situation is -complicated by the-site.no longer belonging to Zeneca. However, we do still provide-advice and monitoring.

Otherwise, we have-increasing evidence on one of.our sites (and:this is being investigated) of natural.attenuation of.a large plume of nitrobenzene and nitrotoluene. The evidence is showing that aerobically the nitroaromatics degrade very fast.(half lifes in days), -but, not unsurprisingly, .that .there is-little DO in the plume. Anaerobic. degradation.is probably occuring (evidence,is presently contradictory) but rates are slow. But-this presumably falls outside the,.scope of.your research contract.

Aegards: Steve Rumford Zeneca Limited Brixham Environmental Laboratory

e-mail:' .steve..rumford@brixham.zeneca.com

>---------- >From: Bridget -Piimmer[SMTP:BPlirer@GOLDER.com]. rSent: 19 November 1998 20:45 >To : Rumford Steve SP > > > > > > > > > ,

> > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

Dear Steve,

Golder Associates are working-on a research contract for the Environment Agency for which we will..be examining natural attenuation as a remediation option for groundwater contaminated with BTEX and/or. chlorinated solvents.

The project is to focus on where/when natural attenuation may be applicable in the.UK-.(hydrogeological conditions, source concentrations etc.), so we're looking for case studies in which natural attenuation has been used as .a-remediation-technique, or, perhaps-more importantly, where-it has been tried and failed.

Have you dealt with any such projects, and-would you be prepared to share any data with us;

If you WOUid like to phone for a-chat, I can be reached on 0115 9456544, or you can e:mail me (bplimmer@golder.com).

Thanks for your time

Bridget Plimmer Golder Associates .(UK): Ltd Landmere Lane Edwalton Nottingham. NG12 4DG.

Golder Associates (UK) Ltd Landmere Lane Edwalton Nottingham NG12 4DG England Tel: 0115 945 6544 Fax: 0115 945 6540 E-mail: nottingham@golder.com http: //www.golder.com

Mr C Dainton, Celtic Technologies CDT Centre Senghenydd Road cardif,-, CM. 4AY

Dear Chris

2.5 Years of PrOfeSSiOnal COnSUIting in the UK

Ref: 98525316.100

11 November 1998

Re:. Natural Attenuation Research Project

Following our telephone conversation yesterday, I write to confin-m our involvement in the study of natural attenuation as a remedial technique for-groundwater contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons and/or BTEX, on behalf of the EnvironmentAgency.

As we discussed, you will,aIready be aware of the aims of the research. We are currently looking for.details of sites where natural attenuation has been used as a remediation option.. (including those sites where-it has been used alongside other technologies), or perhaps more importantly where natural attenuation has been tried and failed (or.has-not been proven).

Have,you been involved with any.such sites for.which you wouldbe prepared-to share details with us? Obviously, site anonymity could be preserved if you or your clients wished.

Since part of the project is to highlight those aspects requiring- further research so that the Environment Agency may target future funding, perhaps you might also like to suggest areas in which your work on natural attenuation projects would benefit from additional information.

If you can assist in any way, please feel free to phone me for a, chat, or perhaps it would be more beneficial for me todrop in to your offices.

Thank you for your time..

Yours sincerely Golder.Associates (UK) Ltd

Bridget Plimmer Hydrogeologist

COMPANY REGISTERED IN ENGWD NUMBER 1125149, AT 54-70 MoORBRIDGE ROAD, MAIDENHEAD, BERKS.

OFFICES IN UK. FINLAND.. GERMANY a HUNGARY - ITALY - SWEDEN - CANADA. USA PERU.. CHILE . ARGENTINA. FIJI . AUsTRALlA . INDONESii + HONG KONG . THAILAND

Author: "pmtaylor@osrl.co.uk" [SMTP:pmtaylor@osrl.co.uk] at US-SEATTLEiWA Date: 16/12/98 03:04 Priority: Normal TO: Bridget Plimmer at GAUK-NOTTINGHAM Subject: NA -----------------------------------Message Contents.-----------------------------------

Bridget:

I don't think'we can-be of any help. Our experience in primarily in the field of marine oil .spills, though we have had occasional involvement with- oil spills to land and freshwaters. Our input to these latter types spills has been limited to the removal of gross.pollution;.either pooled on the surface of the land or recovered from the surface of water courses. On rare instances'we have dug shallow interception trenches.

The specific problems of dealing,with contaminated soil or groundwaters is generallyoutside of our expertise. For your interest, we are looking at ways of including-basic advice on this subject .in our various training.courses. This will probably involve assistance.from some.outside organisation (can you help-us here!). By coincidence, I have a colleague meeting with a gentleman from Shell Research today to discuss this very subject.

Sorry I cannot.give you, anything-very useful.

sgards,

Peter

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Author: "Greg Davis" [SMTP:Greg.Davis@per.clw.csiro.au] at US-SEATTLE-WA Date: 18/12/98 04:57. Priority: Normal TO: Bridget Plimmer at GAUK,NOTTINGHAM Subject: Re: Natural Attenuation ----------------------------------- Message Contents ------------_______________________

Bridget, You are 'no doubt aware of the.two documents from the-US on NA of BTEX and

Chlorinated,solvents in groundwater by Wiedemeier et al (can probably be sourced through,US EPA or DOD). Also, locally in the UK Sheffield University and,others (David Lerner) have set up'the NNAGS (Network on Natural Attenuation in Groundwater and Soil) web site and newsletter at: http://www/shef.ac.uk/-nnags

In Australia, NA is used to varying-degrees, mostly without detailed. assessment, but certainly not always. For the shallow sand aquifer in Perth, WA, we have run two research projects which have shown .limited NA, ie (i) benzene to persist in sulphate-reducing groundwater conditions where

gasoline leaked from a UST, generating plumes over 400 m long. At this. site toluene and.-other gasoline components degrade preferentially while benzene is most persistent - I realise -this is a little at odds with some lab/field research which shows some degradation of benzene-under sulphate-reducing conditions.: (ii) TCE to'not degrade or sorb in anaerobic groundwater, with a plume over.

10 m long. Other. organic carbon is.low, so little degradation may be expected. so0

Regulators and industry are,starting to converge.on some strategies. for NA, I guess. We.are running a conference here in March 1999, where we.hope to address this issue a little more amongst .other issues - you may.be interested - see the web site: http://www.clw.csiro.au/CGS/conferences/

Also, we have.a number of publications in this area, most are listed at our web page at: Group Web page: http://www.clw.csiro.au/research/groundw~ter/remediation/

I hope some of this helps. Greg Davis

At > > > > > >

> > > > > > > > > > z > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > >

lo:07 16/12/98 -0800; you wrote:

Dear Greg,

Golder Associates -in the UK are working on a research contract.for the- UK Environment Agency for which we will be examining natural attenuation as a remediation option for groundwater.contaminated with. BTEX and/or chlorinated solvents.

The project is to focus on where/when natural attenuation may be applicable in the UK (hydrogeological conditions, source- concentrations etc.), and will.compare current knowledge-and use of 1 natural attenuation abroad .with that over here.

I know it's a large subject, but we would be interested in any. comments you can make regarding research.and practice in Australia. Is natural attenuation commonly applied, and if not, why not? What conditions are you finding to be most favourable. Have.you any information on sites where natural attenuation has been found not to work etc.

If you or any of your colleagues can help, or suggest others that'1 may be able to contact, we would be most grateful.

Regards

Bridget Plimmer

Hydrogeologist Golder Associates (UK) Ltd. Landmere Lane Edwalton Nottingham NG12 4DG England

- -.