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Native Peoples of America to 1500 C.E. Chapter 1, Boyer. Hiawatha. member of Iroquois tribe Endless cycle of violence Family threatened, wanders through forest Has visions, meets holy man Introduces condolence of peace to Iroquois tribes Leads to creation of the League of the Iroquois - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Chapter 1, Boyer
Hiawathamember of Iroquois tribeEndless cycle of violenceFamily threatened, wanders
through forestHas visions, meets holy manIntroduces condolence of
peace to Iroquois tribesLeads to creation of the
League of the IroquoisRepresents a moment in
American History before ColumbusCultural diversity that
existed in Pre-Columbian America
Chapter Focus Questions
What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans?
How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures?
What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity
First Americans c. 13,000-2500 B.C.E.
Two TheoriesLand bridge
10,500 B.C.E. Last Ice Age Hunters From Siberia
Boat More recent
theory Dated 13,000
B.C.E. Evidence in Chile
10,500 B.C.E.
Paleo- Indians“earliest Americans”Foundation of Native
American lifeHunter/gathers Defined roles for men
and womenTrade/exchange of
ideasEnd of Ice Age =
change in way of lifeDramatic changes in
physical environment
Clovis Peoples
LocationNew Mexico to Nova
ScotiaCharacteristics
Sophisticated toolsMobile communities
Technology spread quickly
EndClimate differentiated
after ice ageFragmentation
occurred
Archaic SocietiesChanges in environment =
changes in lifestyleChanges in dietShift to year-round villages
More defined roles for men and women
5000 B.C.E. cultivation of AgricultureBegins in MesoamericaTehucan Indians 3000B.C.E.
Seed specialization Introduction of 1st maize crop
Spread by 2500 B.C.E.Still not significant part of daily
diet
Cultural DiversityMesoamerica and South
AmericaIncreased Crop ProductionMaize-based farming
spreadsSurplus leads to tradeDevelopment of
communities Olmec
Urban centers Hereditary rulers
(chiefdoms) Unequal society
Mesoamerica and South America Cont. Development of
Powerful StatesTeotihuacan (2nd-7th
cent.) Lead bloody wars Religious hierarchy Extensive trade
Dominated Modern-day Mexico
Strong political system Massive public works
projects Influences the Maya and
the Aztecs Declined 8th century
Mesoamerica and South America
Mayans Kingdom-states, 7th- 15th
centuries Developed:
Calendar Numerical system Hieroglyphic writing codices
Aztecs Overthrew rulers in 1428 Conquering campaign Religious rituals Massive public works projects Capital- Tenochtitlan Based writing and calendar on
Mayans Modified environment for food
production Large trading system
Mesoamerica and South AmericaIncas
AndesCapital- CuzcoDominate
around 1438 C.E.
Ability to grow crops in harsh environment key to expansion
Modified environment
Public works
Revisit: Chapter Focus Questions
What factors prompted the transition from Paleo-Indian to Archaic ways of life among the earliest Americans?
How did the varied environments of the Western Hemisphere shape the emergence of a wide diversity of Native American cultures?
What common values and practices did Native Americans share, despite their vast diversity
Rewind: 13,000- 10,500 B.C.E. = peopling of North
America Earliest Americans= Paleo-Indians Extinction of mammoths, mega bison = change in
lifestyle for Paleo-Indians Consequences:
Hunting smaller animals Focus more on forging local resources
Leads to more diversity among groups, had to adapt to unique environments
10,000 – 4000 B.C.E. transition to Archaic Indians Still migrated following food, few exceptions Difference:
Use of stone tools (food preparation) 4000 B.C.E. shift to agriculture
Major change to permanent settlements Southwest cultivating Maize by 3500 B.C.E.
Major Themes Chapter 1
Effects of Climate Shift Shift from Paleo-Indian ways to Archaic Experimentation with agriculture
Consequences of Farming Shift to year-round villages Major transformations in societies who people cultivated crops as
primary source of food Example: Plains Indians vs. Eastern Woodlands
Development of Native American culture See Chart / North America
Native American ties communal use and control of resources Reciprocity: give/take, balance among people Common use of bow/arrow, production of ceramic pottery, similar
rituals for burial of dead Preference for independent, kin-based communities Conformity and close cooperation, strong sense of order Customs: used to reinforce conformity Respect came from providing for people not by force Belief that nature was alive, spiritual sense Strong sense of interdependence
Mesoamerica/South America Breeding of crops lead to development of large urban centers Eventually formed chiefdoms with hereditary rulers C.E. 1 = states with centralized, hierarchical power rose
Mayans, Aztecs
Southwest Alaska California Eastern Woodlands
Farming- 400 B.C.E.-intro of drought resistant maize-increased population
No farming-fishing/ hunting/ gathering
No farming-salmon-acorns
Developed complex political organization before farming-on floodplains of Mississippi
Hohokam: 3rd c. B.C.E.Farmed ArizonaBuilt elaborate canals
Inuits and Aleuts:Adapted to environment and landscapes-bow/arrow-Ceramic pottery
Competition for acorns led to defining territorial boundaries more rigidly and more intricate political, economic, and religious organization
Adena: 1200 B.C.E.-Moundbuilders, Poverty Pt-Ohio Valley-1st c. B.C.E. developed into Hopewell-Wider area, more complex centers, trade-Abandoned 5th c. C.E.
Anasazi: 10th-12th c. C.E.-built towns, controlled rainwater, turquoise industry-drought= decline-25,000 sites-Irrigation-Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon
Mississippian: 7th c. C.E.-first full-time farmers-combined Hopewell culture and ideas from Mexico-massive trade-huge urban centers (Cahokia)13th c. C.E. = decline*end of political centralization
Anasazi
Cahokia
Iroqouis
Europe on the Eve of Exploration 12th-15th centuries C.E.
Massive trade Mediterranean trade Europe/Asia/Africa
Competition between Land route to Asia blocked
by Ottoman Turks 1453 Bubonic plague
Reduced population and food supply
New ideology/ taking risks Scientific/technological
advances Printing press Maritime advances
Religion Spread of Christianity Catholic “reconquista” Protestant revolution
Renaissance Ancient Greek/ Romans Mapping Prince Henry the
Navigatorincrease in scientific knowledge
Little Ice Age Monarchs/Imperialism
New nation-states France, England, Spain,
Portugal Crave resources/wealth Solidify power
Beginnings of North American Exploration
Native Americans in 1490Population stats vary
1/3 lived in Mississippi valleyLow population densityAbundant resources (enough for everyone)
Major Differences b/w Indians and EuropeansIndians lacked
Wheels, sailing ships, domesticated animals, use of metals other than copper
No sense of land ownership, not motivated by wealth/power
Belief in collective bargainingSelf- determinationRough equality (men/women, rich/poor)
No concept of gender issues, class hierarchies
Columbus