Native and Colonial Native and Colonial AmericaAmerica

Unit IUnit I

AP U.S. HistoryAP U.S. History

Bering Sea Land Bridge Bering Sea Land Bridge MigrationMigration

NativesNatives

►NomadsNomads►Agriculturally-based (maize/corn)Agriculturally-based (maize/corn)►Hopewells/MississippianHopewells/Mississippian

MoundbuildersMoundbuilders

► IroquoisIroquois Iroquois ConfederacyIroquois Confederacy

Native Map of North AmericaNative Map of North America

EuropeEurope

►Renaissance (rebirth)Renaissance (rebirth)►Growth of Nation-States (England, Growth of Nation-States (England,

France, Spain, Portugal)France, Spain, Portugal)►Protestant Reformation and Religious Protestant Reformation and Religious

WarsWars LutheranismLutheranism Calvinism - predestinationCalvinism - predestination Church of England aka Anglican ChurchChurch of England aka Anglican Church Catholic Counter-ReformationCatholic Counter-Reformation

European ColonizationEuropean Colonization

►Columbus in 1492 spearheads Columbus in 1492 spearheads European intervention into AmericaEuropean intervention into America

►Relations with nativesRelations with natives SpainSpain

►Encomienda system and asiento systemEncomienda system and asiento system

EnglandEngland FranceFrance

SmallpoxSmallpox

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

Treaty of TordesillasTreaty of Tordesillas

European ColoniesEuropean Colonies

EnglandEngland

►Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 Defeat of Spanish Armada in 1588 makes England a superior naval powermakes England a superior naval power

►Population increasesPopulation increases► Joint-stock companies developJoint-stock companies develop►Religious conflicts divide the nationReligious conflicts divide the nation►Weak monarchs, civil wars, and Weak monarchs, civil wars, and

revolutionsrevolutions

English ColoniesEnglish Colonies►ChartersCharters►Corporate ColonyCorporate Colony

Granted a charter to stockholdersGranted a charter to stockholders Ex. VirginiaEx. Virginia

►Proprietary ColonyProprietary Colony Granted a charter to individual or groupGranted a charter to individual or group Ex. Maryland, PennsylvaniaEx. Maryland, Pennsylvania

►Royal ColonyRoyal Colony Under direct control of the monarchUnder direct control of the monarch Ex. New HampshireEx. New Hampshire Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal Eventually, 8 of the 13 colonies became royal

colonies, including Virginia and Massachusettscolonies, including Virginia and Massachusetts

The First English ColoniesThe First English Colonies►First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585First Attempt: Roanoke in 1585►First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607First Permanent: Jamestown, Virginia in 1607

John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat”John Smith – “he that will not work shall not eat” John Rolfe - tobaccoJohn Rolfe - tobacco

Who is this?Who is this?

Oh yeah…PocahontasOh yeah…Pocahontas

Disney’s John SmithDisney’s John Smith

Hollywood’s John SmithHollywood’s John Smith

This is John Smith.This is John Smith.

PilgrimsPilgrims

►Separatists to Holland then head for Separatists to Holland then head for VirginiaVirginia

►Mayflower takes Separatists and Mayflower takes Separatists and others to Jamestown but weather others to Jamestown but weather complicates matterscomplicates matters

►Settlers decide to remain and establish Settlers decide to remain and establish Plymouth - 1620Plymouth - 1620

Mayflower CompactMayflower Compact

The Mayflower (II)The Mayflower (II)

Look, a big rock.Look, a big rock.

Wampanoag DwellingWampanoag Dwelling

Plymouth ColonyPlymouth Colony

Pulpit/ReligionPulpit/Religion

Thirteen ColoniesThirteen Colonies

New EnglandNew England

►Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans Massachusetts Bay Colony and Puritans (1630)(1630) John Winthrop and “city upon a hill”John Winthrop and “city upon a hill”

► Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams Providence, Rhode Island, and Roger Williams (1636)(1636) ““Wall of separation”Wall of separation”

► Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638)Portsmouth and Anne Hutchinson (1638) AntinomianismAntinomianism

►Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Hartford, New Haven, Connecticut, and Thomas Hooker (1636-1637)Thomas Hooker (1636-1637)

►New Hampshire (1679)New Hampshire (1679)

New England CultureNew England Culture► Massachusetts under Massachusetts under

strict Puritanical lifestylestrict Puritanical lifestyle► Religious toleration and Religious toleration and

dissent lead to Rhode dissent lead to Rhode IslandIsland

► Halfway Covenant: Halfway Covenant: attempt to increase attempt to increase membersmembers

► Salem Witch Trials (1692-Salem Witch Trials (1692-1693)1693) Cotton MatherCotton Mather Spectral evidenceSpectral evidence

► Education by mothersEducation by mothers► Towns with over 50 Towns with over 50

families required primary families required primary schools; 100, grammar schools; 100, grammar schoolsschools

New England PoliticsNew England Politics

►Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639)Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) First written constitution in AmericaFirst written constitution in America

►New England Confederation (1643-1684)New England Confederation (1643-1684) Defense alliance among Plymouth, Defense alliance among Plymouth,

Massachusetts, Connecticut, New HavenMassachusetts, Connecticut, New Haven

►King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676)King Philip’s (Metacom) War (1675-1676) New England Confederation defeats New England Confederation defeats

Wampanoag allianceWampanoag alliance

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies

►New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of New Amsterdam transferred to Duke of York in 1664 to become New YorkYork in 1664 to become New York

►Lands taken from New York to establish Lands taken from New York to establish New Jersey by 1702New Jersey by 1702

►Develop wheat and corn farms and Develop wheat and corn farms and eventually into manufacturing and tradeeventually into manufacturing and trade

►Delaware created by Pennsylvania Delaware created by Pennsylvania (1702)(1702)

►Education by private or churchesEducation by private or churches

PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

►William Penn establishes Quaker-based William Penn establishes Quaker-based colony in Pennsylvania (1681)colony in Pennsylvania (1681)

►Religious Society of Friends aka QuakersReligious Society of Friends aka Quakers►Holy ExperimentHoly Experiment

Religious refugeReligious refuge Liberal political idealsLiberal political ideals Economic successEconomic success Frame of Government and Charter of LibertiesFrame of Government and Charter of Liberties

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies

►Maryland (1634)Maryland (1634)►Virginia (1607)Virginia (1607)►Carolinas (1663)Carolinas (1663)

North Carolina (1729)North Carolina (1729) South Carolina (1729)South Carolina (1729)

►Georgia (1732)Georgia (1732)►Limited education due to agricultural Limited education due to agricultural

basebase

VirginiaVirginia►House of Burgesses in 1619House of Burgesses in 1619

First legislative assembly in the coloniesFirst legislative assembly in the colonies

►Becomes royal colony in 1624Becomes royal colony in 1624►Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Inequities between large landowners and Inequities between large landowners and western farmerswestern farmers

Nathanial Bacon vs. William BerkeleyNathanial Bacon vs. William Berkeley

►Headright SystemHeadright System 50 acres to each paying immigrant or 50 acres to each paying immigrant or

plantation owner who paid for immigrantplantation owner who paid for immigrant

MarylandMaryland

►Lord Baltimore establishes colony for Lord Baltimore establishes colony for CatholicsCatholics

►Act of Toleration (1649)Act of Toleration (1649) Toleration of all Christian sectsToleration of all Christian sects Death to those who denied JesusDeath to those who denied Jesus

►Religious civil war brought control to Religious civil war brought control to ProtestantsProtestants

CarolinasCarolinas

►North CarolinaNorth Carolina Tobacco plantationsTobacco plantations Well-established autonomyWell-established autonomy

►South CarolinaSouth Carolina Rice plantationsRice plantations Became heavily dependent on slaveryBecame heavily dependent on slavery

GeorgiaGeorgia

► James Oglethorpe James Oglethorpe establishes in 1732establishes in 1732 Social experimentSocial experiment

►Defensive buffer to Defensive buffer to Spanish FloridaSpanish Florida

►Debtors colonyDebtors colony

Colonial ReligionColonial Religion► Diverse among colonies Diverse among colonies

regarding strict adherence regarding strict adherence and religious tolerationand religious toleration

► Domination by Protestants; Domination by Protestants; little influence of Anglican little influence of Anglican Church; other sects and Church; other sects and denominations viewed as denominations viewed as bizarrebizarre

► The Great Awakening The Great Awakening (1730s-1740s)(1730s-1740s) Over time, economics Over time, economics

became prominent over became prominent over religious convictionreligious conviction

Jonathan Edwards and Jonathan Edwards and “Sinners in the Hands of an “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”Angry God”

George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield Development of evangelism Development of evangelism

and individual faithand individual faith

Colonial Religion

Colonial Politics

►Limited Self-Government Elected legislative assemblies Governors

►Voting Limited to adult male educated and/or

property owners

Colonial Culture/SocietyColonial Culture/Society

Urban

Rural

Colonial Society►American Social Structure

Wealthy landowners Merchants Small farmers Craftspeople

►Opportunity Less dependent on heredity

►Gender Roles Men

►Patriarchal society, landowners, workers

Women►Submissive to men but respected, domestic

responsibilities, limited to no political rights

Colonial American Culture

►Becoming American Pragmatism

►Dominance of English culture►Folkways

Differed by coast/frontier, New England/Middle/Southern colonies

Colonial Culture - The Arts

►Architecture Early colonies centered around a church Urban structures typical of English structures Frontier log cabins

►Painting Portrait painters and landscapes

► Literature Religious sermons, political essays, non-fiction

books Poor Richard’s Almanac - Benjamin Franklin

Typical Colony LayoutTypical Colony Layout

Colonial Culture - Education and Information

►Learning Prominent in New England colonies Education limited to wealthy males;

females learned domestic chores

►Newspapers Limited content on weekly basis John Peter Zenger case (1735)

ImmigrationImmigration

► 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 250,000 in 1701 to 2.5 million in 1775million in 1775

► Europeans and Africans Europeans and Africans along with a high birth ratealong with a high birth rate

► Reasons: religion; Reasons: religion; economics; political turmoileconomics; political turmoil

► English, Germans English, Germans (Pennsylvania Dutch), (Pennsylvania Dutch), Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Scottish, Irish, Dutch, Swedish Swedish OLD OLD IMMIGRANTSIMMIGRANTS

► Africans forced to America; Africans forced to America; suffered discrimination and suffered discrimination and slave laborslave labor

SlaverySlavery

► Indentured servitudeIndentured servitude►Labor shortages lead to importing slavesLabor shortages lead to importing slaves►Cheap laborCheap labor►Dependable work forceDependable work force►Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion – 1739 in Stono Rebellion/Cato Rebellion – 1739 in

South CarolinaSouth Carolina►New York “Conspiracy” - 1741New York “Conspiracy” - 1741►Slave lawsSlave laws

Slave DemographicsSlave Demographics

Mercantilism and Triangle Mercantilism and Triangle TradeTrade

► Colonies for the Colonies for the Mother CountryMother Country

► Acts of NavigationActs of Navigation Trade on English Trade on English

shipsships Imports pass English Imports pass English

portsports Exports to EnglandExports to England

► Triangular TradeTriangular Trade Middle PassageMiddle Passage

Dominion of New England (1686-1689)

► Established by King James II to consolidate colonies

► Administrative union of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey

► Governor Edmund Andros

► Dissolution

Colonial EconomicsColonial Economics

► Land was “gold”Land was “gold”►No established monetary system (gold and No established monetary system (gold and

silver)silver)► TransportationTransportation

Rivers and coastsRivers and coasts Horse and carriage led to taverns and postal servicesHorse and carriage led to taverns and postal services

►New EnglandNew England Limited land led to shipbuilding, fishing, tradingLimited land led to shipbuilding, fishing, trading

►Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies Wheat and corn fields; manufacturing and tradeWheat and corn fields; manufacturing and trade

► Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced Tobacco, rice, indigo plantations based on forced

laborlabor

PUROPOSE DATE FOUNDER MAJOR EXPORT

VIRGINIA commercial 1607 Virginia CompanyJohn Smith

Tobacco

PLYMOUTH/MASSACHUSETTS

Religious refuge/commercial

1620/1628

William Bradford/Massachusetts Bay CompanyJohn Winthrop

Grain, timber

NEW YORK commercial 1613 (1664) Peter Stuveysant(Duke of York)

Furs, grain

NEW HAMPSHIRE commercial 1623 John Mason Timber, naval stores

RHODE ISLAND Religious refuge 1636 Roger Williams Grain

CONNECTICUT expansion 1635 Thomas Hooker Grain

PENNSYLVANIA Religious refuge 1681 William Penn - Quakers

Grain

DELAWARE commercial 1638 (1681) Peter Minuit/William Penn

Grain

MARYLAND Religious refuge 1634 Lord Baltimore - Catholics

Tobacco

NORTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Tobacco, timber, naval stores

SOUTH CAROLINA commercial 1663 Anthony Cooper Rice, indigo, naval stores

GEORGIA Buffer, experiment 1733 James Oglethorpe Rice, timber, naval stores

() - Becomes an English colony