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Native Americans
European Exploration
Africans and Slavery
Mrs. Dean
Social Studies
Arrival of Native Americans
Who discovered America?
28,000 nomadic hunters traveled BC over
Bering Strait
◦ Some continue to hunt large game
◦ Others settle and become farmers
Native Americans reside throughout the
Americas for thousands of years
◦ 50-100 million natives
◦ More than 2000 groups (or tribes)
Native Americans Thrive
Hundreds of tribes succeeded in North
America
◦ Had their own distinct languages
◦ Estimates of NA in North America = 7-12
million (25 million in Mexico alone)
Harvested corn, beans, squash, sunflowers,
cotton and took advantage of the
numerous animal resources
Savage?
If this could be yours…would you take it?
Causes for European Exploration
3 G’s
◦Gold
◦God
◦Glory
Gold
In Europe – land is no longer the way to be rich…they looked to gold
Marco Polo – travels to China, wrote about the culture – sparks exploration ◦ More and more people are interested in the
exotic goods
◦ Merchants realize they can make $ by selling goods from the East Spices (cinnamon, pepper, cloves), perfumes, and
precious stones in high demand
Most of the trading is done on land through middle men
Merchants begin looking for routes to trade directly with the East
Glory
What is the U.S. known for TODAY?
Large nation-states begin to form (equivalent of countries) ◦ Look to establish wealth and power specifically through
power and trade
◦ Establish laws, courts, taxes and armies
Improvements in technology encourage this growth ◦ Moveable type/printing press = new info
◦ Better maps = more accurate
◦ Better navigation instruments = know direction/location
◦ Better ships = longer voyages, faster, larger cargo areas
Look to make a better name for their nation-state!
God
Church is constantly looking to acquire
land, wealth and believers
◦ Protestant Reformation (early 1500’s) – led to
decline in Catholic Church
◦ Look for areas and people to convert
Christopher Columbus
How have you celebrated Columbus in the past?
Given money buy king to sail West towards Asia (for more efficient trading) ◦ Return for gold and spices, Columbus would receive 10%
of profits, governor of new lands, and the title Admiral of the Ocean Sea
◦ October 1492 – landed in Bahamas
◦ Kidnapped natives so he could find gold in Cuba
On return trips, Columbus focused on finding gold and slaves ◦ Never found the “pot of gold” he was looking for
◦ Many thousands of slaves died in route back to Europe
◦ 1515 – 50,000 Indians left; 1550 – only 500 (originally millions)
Spanish Settlement
Spanish settled primarily in the Caribbean
and Central America
Ponce de Leon – first to arrive on North
American mainland
◦ Looking for gold (exhausted supply in
Caribbean) and fountain of youth
Spanish primarily stay in South (such as
Florida, New Orleans)
Explorers vs. Indians
Examples of what is to come
◦ Columbus = Arawaks of the Bahamas
◦ Cortes = Aztecs of Mexico
◦ Pizarro = Incas of Peru
◦ English settlers of VA and MA = Powhatans
and Pequots
Spanish vs. English Colonies
Spanish Armada
◦ Failed attempt by
Spain to restore
English monarchy to a
Catholic one
◦ Spain no longer the
ruler of the seas –
opens the way for
English exploration
English Take Over Exploration
1585 – Roanoke (off of North Carolina)
◦ Difficult winter – colonists returned to England
◦ 1587 (2nd attempt)
100 men; 17 women
Wrote of Native Americans
Virginia Dare – first English colonist born on American soil
John White sailed back for more supplies – returned 3 years later, Roanoke deserted
Only clue – CROATOAN carved in a tree
English Exploration (cont’d)
Jamestown
◦ Group of merchants from the Virginia Company of London
◦ April 1607
◦ In the Chesapeake Bay (Virginia) – named the river “James” and the town Jamestown” after who???
◦ Left with 144 men – only 38 left a year later
Jamestown
When residents were
starving, some ran off
to join the Indians
Gov. of Jamestown
ordered return of men
but men did not
Gov. ordered revenge
on Indians
Soldiers killed 16 Indians,
burned houses, ruined
corn fields, took queen of
tribe and children
◦ Took them into boats, threw
children overboard and shot
them in the head
◦ Queen was taken off and
stabbed to death
12 yrs later, Indians feared
growing numbers of
settlers and went on
killing rampage: 347 men,
women and children
Total War
Jamestown
New Wave of Colonists
Came searching for religious freedom Puritans = Protestants who wanted to reform the
Anglican Church
Separatists (Pilgrims) = those who wanted to set up their own churches
Only 35 of 102 Mayflower passengers were Pilgrims
Originally planned on settling in Virginia, but landed in Cape Cod
“Mayflower Compact” – set up representative govt.
Pilgrims and Indians
What is Thanksgiving?
Thanksgiving Video
Africa
Regions rich with natural resources –
gold, copper, iron
By 1400, Portugal had set up trading posts
on the west coast
Africans had long accompanied ships
sailing to the New World, not necessarily
as slaves
Africans
First Africans (20) workers to Jamestown
in 1619
◦ Perhaps brought more as indentured servants
– not lifetime service
Up until 1640 – some Africans were free
and owned property
By 1660, slavery was recognized in
Virginian law
African slaves came by the shiploads
Why Africans?....
Why not poor whites, Native Americans,
or other willing servants?
1637 – very first American-made slave
ship arrives in the colonies
◦ Named Desire
Millions are to-be-slaves never make it to
US
◦ Disease
◦ suicide
Slavery and the Middle Passage
Slavery in the US
Evolves to the most cruel form in the
world
Even in South American and Caribbean
Islands, Africans maintained certain
aspects of their culture
◦ Religion
◦ Music
◦ Language
Colonial Rule
England views its North American colonies as economic resource
◦ In order to profit, colonies need to export more than they import
◦ Navigation Acts – ensures profits for England
Monopoly over all colonists goods
Colonists begin to smuggle goods
Magna Carta – English document that specifies limited government
Education important – Harvard (1636), William and Mary (1693) established
Time Notebook
“Numbers” pg 115
http://www.glencoe.com/cgi-
bin/pdfServer.pl/sec/socialstudies/ose/aj20
03/full/docs/chap04.pdf
Additional Costs of Goods
http://www.espl.org/genealogy-
research/cost-of-some-items-in-colonial-
virginia.html
France and Britain Clash
Map – pg 117
France and Britain Clash
American population growing – need
more room to expand
French had good relationship with NA
◦ Did not want their land, but fur trade
◦ Often married NA women
Iroquois balanced the power by siding
with the British
French and Indian War
George Washington surveys the land in the Ohio River Valley
◦ Assigned Liuetenant of 150 militia (1754)
◦ Went to present day Pittsburgh – French already built a fort
◦ Established a nearby fort – Fort Necessity
◦ Washington tried to attack, but failed – returned to Virginia
Homework: Read Chapter 4-4 (121-125)
◦ Be prepared for quiz over reading tomorrow