Nationalism in Europe

Nationalism in Europe

World History 1750-Present

Unification of ItalyNationalism in Europe

Unification in Italy

• Prior to the 1800s, the Italian peninsula was a group of small states – there was NO country of Italy

• Nationalism was spreading in Europe – even in the Italian peninsula

Unification of Italy

• The nationalist movement in Italy was known as risorgimento

• Risorgimento: Italian for resurgence


• Open revolts took place in 1848 and 1849

• Neither were successful


• The only independent Italian state was Sardinia

• Sardinia was officially ruled by King Victor Immanuel II, but most of the governing was performed by his chief minister, Camillo Benso di Cavour


• Cavour wanted to end Austrian influence in the Italian peninsula

• During this time, Napoleon III was still in charge of France


• Napoleon III believed that he could remove Austria from the Italian peninsula and France would dominate the area

• Napoleon III told Cavour that if Austria attacked Sardinia, he would have an excuse to declare war


• In 1859, Cavour began a military buildup, which Austria saw as a threat

• Austria declared war on Sardinia, just as Cavour had planned


• French and Italian forces drove out Austrian forces in many Italian states

• Sardinia assumed that these newly liberated states would become a part of its kingdom


• Instead, many Italian states banded together against Sardinia as well

• Napoleon III did not like these developments and was also afraid that Prussia would join on the side of Austria


• Napoleon III signed an armistice with Austria that gave some Italian land back to Austria and gave France some of Austria’s former Italian lands

• Sardinia was given control of Lombardy, only one Italian state


• Many of the other Italian states saw this as a betrayal by France and feared another European power dominating in the region

• Many of the Italian states that had been silent began to revolt and join Sardinia

Unification of Italy: GaribaldiNationalism in Europe

Unification of Italy: Garibaldi

• Giuseppe Garibaldi led Italian nationalists in southern Italy

• He recruited an army of more than 1000 soldiers

Garibaldi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Giuseppe_Garibaldi_(1866).jpg

• In the spring of 1860, Garibaldi and the “Expedition of the Thousand” invaded and captured Sicily

• Garibaldi’s forces were also known as the Red Shirts


Garibaldi

• What is the artistic style of the painting?

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Rissorgimento.jpg

• Garibaldi began moving north towards Rome and the Papal States

• Cavour was afraid that Garibaldi would dethrone King Immanuel II

• Dethrone: to remove a king or queen from power


• Cavour sent the army of Sardinia to stop Garibaldi

• In the process, Sardinia annexed most of the Papal States


• In the fall of 1860, Garibaldi and King Immanuel II met

• Garibaldi promised to support the establishment of the kingdom of Italy


• Garibaldi only asked to be the governor of Naples

• Immanuel feared Garibaldi’s popularity and refused


• During 1860, every state in Italy, except Venetia and Rome, united with Sardinia to form the kingdom of Italy

• In 1861, these same states confirmed Victor Immanuel as king of Italy


Unification of Italy: KingdomNationalism in Europe

• In 1866, Italy and Austria went to war against one another

• Italy won and gained Venetia from Austria

Unification of Italy: Kingdom

• In 1870, the citizens of Rome voted for union with Italy

• In 1871, Rome was proclaimed the capital of Italy


• Although united, Italy still faced many problems

• There were many economic and cultural differences that had to be overcome

• Most Italians had a low standard of living


• Italy attempted to build a colonial empire

• Italy engaged in several military ventures in Africa in the 1880s

• In 1912, Italy conquered Libya and made it a colony


Unification of GermanyNationalism in Europe

Unification of Germany

• In 1815, the Congress of Vienna had created the German Confederation

• In the late 1800s, Prussia began pushing for German unification

• Prussia and Austria had vied for influence in the German states

• Most of the German states favored Prussia over Austria



• Almost all Prussian citizens were German

• Austria contained citizens from many different descents


• The economies of the states within the German Confederation were very poor

• In 1834, the German states agreed to treaties that resulted in a customs union called Zollverein


• The Zollverein worked with all the German states

• The Zollverein made prices lower and more uniform


• The Zollverein moved the German economy towards unification, but politically, the states were still divided

• In 1861, William I became the king of Prussia

• William I appointed Otto von Bismarck to the head of the Prussian cabinet

• Bismarck wanted to create an even stronger Prussia army


• Most of the Prussian parliament did not want to increase spending on the military

• Bismarck ignored the votes of the parliament and began building up the military


Unification of Germany: Danish WarNationalism in Europe

Unification of Germany: Danish War

• Two of the German states, Schleswig and Holstein, were controlled by Denmark

• Denmark tried to annex the two states


• Prussia and Austria both protested the annex

• Denmark refused Prussia and Austria’s demands

• Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark

• After only three months of fighting, Denmark surrendered


• In the agreement, Prussia was given control of Schleswig and Austria was given control of Holstein

• Prussia and Austria argued bitterly over the agreement (both wanted total control)


Unification of Germany: The Seven Week’s War



• Bismarck wanted to end Austrian influence in the area and decided to go to war

• In 1866, Bismarck first persuaded Napoleon III of France to remain neutral


• Bismarck then formed an alliance with Italy

• Bismarck then provoked Austria into declaring war on Prussia over the disputed German states

• Prussia had adapted the advances of the Industrial Revolution into its military strategy

• Prussia moved soldiers by train, communicated by telegraph, and used modern weaponry


• The once-powerful Austrians were defeated in only seven weeks

• The Treaty of Prague ended the Seven Weeks War in 1866


• Under the Treaty of Prague, Prussia received control over Holstein and Italy received control of Venetia

• Most of the northern German states formed a coalition with Prussia – the Northern German Confederation


German Unification: Franco-Prussian War


• Bismarck wanted to complete the unification of Germany

• In 1870, Bismarck received a telegram from William I discussing France

Unification of Germany: The Franco-Prussian War

• Bismarck edited the letter so it appeared that William I insulted the French ambassador

• The telegram was sent to France and the French became so enraged that they declared war on Prussia



• France would have to go through the southern German states to reach Prussia

• The southern German states formed an alliance with Prussia

• No nations formed an alliance with France

• The Franco-Prussian War began in July of 1870

• France surrendered in September and Napoleon III was forced to abdicate


• Days before a peace treaty between France and Prussia was signed, German leaders met in Versailles, France

• On January 18, 1871, the representatives declared the formation of the German Empire


Unification of Germany: EmpireNationalism in Europe

• The Prussian capital of Berlin became the capital of the German Empire

• William I was proclaimed German emperor, or Kaiser

Unification of Germany: Empire

• Bismarck was named chancellor

• His nickname became “The Iron Chancellor”


• Each German state had control of its domestic affairs

• The Federal government controlled foreign affairs, national defense, and commerce


• The legislative branch of Germany had two branches: the Bundesrat and the Reichstag

• The members of the Bundesrat were appointed by other government members and held much more power than the Reichstag


• The Reichstag consisted of 400 members elected by universal male suffrage

• The Reichstag could only vote on bills already passed by the Bundesrat


• Because the German citizens felt their voices were not being heard, they began forming opposition political parties

• The most powerful party was the Centre Party


• The Centre Party was largely made up of Catholics

• Bismarck was Protestant and did not trust Catholic loyalty to Germany


• Bismarck began an anti-Catholic policy known as Kulturkampf [Culture Struggle]

• Under the policy, Germany passed strict laws to control Catholic clergy and schools


• Bismarck even confiscated some church property

• Bismarck also broke relations with the Vatican, the headquarters of the Catholic Church


• Bismarck’s policies had the opposite effect and Centre Party doubles in size

• Kulturkampf had failed by 1887 when Bismarck decided the growing socialist movement was a greater threat


• Germany became a powerful industrial nation under Bismarck

• However, many of the workers began to complain about working conditions


• Many of the workers banded together in 1869 and formed the Socialist Democratic Party (SDP)

• By 1877, the SDP had elected 12 members to the Reichstag


• Bismarck was alarmed by the election results and looked for any excuse to attack the socialists

• In 1878, two assassination attempts were made against Kaiser William I


• Bismarck knew the socialists were not behind the plots, but still blamed them

• Bismarck pushed through laws that prohibited newspapers, books, or pamphlets from spreading socialist ideas


• Bismarck also banned public meetings of socialists

• Bismarck also granted many of the reforms workers had been asking for, hoping to reduce the use of the socialist party


• Bismarck endorsed laws that gave workers insurance, limited working hours, provided certain holidays, and guaranteed pensions for disabled and retired workers


• The reforms reduced the worker’s grievances and slightly reduced membership in the socialist party


Unification of Germany: Resignation of Bismarck


Unification of Germany: Resignation of Bismarck

• Kaiser William I died in 1888 at the age of 91

• Crown Prince Frederick III succeeded him, but died after only a few months in office

Kaiser Frederick III

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Friedrich_III_as_Kronprinz_-_in_GdK_uniform_by_Heinrich_von_Angeli_1874.jpg

• Frederick’s son, William II, became Kaiser in 1888 at the age of 29 years old

• William believed in the absolute power of the emperor and began taking some power away from Bismarck


Kaiser William II

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Wilhelm_II_of_Germany.jpg

• Bismarck was upset about these developments and threatened to resign

• Bismarck had threatened to resign many times when William I was Kaiser, but William always asked him to come back


• William II gladly accepted Bismarck’s resignation

• William II took on many of Bismarck’s former responsibilities – making the Kaiser an even stronger title


The Russian EmpireNationalism in Europe

The Russian Empire

• Russia had the largest territory and land population of any European nation, but was far behind the rest of Europe in industry

• The people of Russia were very diverse

• Many of the citizens were from conquered countries, such as Finland and Poland, and despised Russian rule

The Russian Empire

• In the 1830s, Tsar Nicholas I began a program of Russification

• It forced non-Russian peoples to use the Russian language, accept the Russian Orthodox religion, and adopt Russian cultural traditions

The Russian Empire

Tsar Nicholas I

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Tsar_Nicholas_I_-3.jpg

• In 1855, Alexander II became Tsar

• In 1861, Tsar Alexander II issued the Emancipation Edict, which freed all serfs

The Russian Empire

Tsar Alexander II

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/53/Tsar_Alexander_II_-6.jpg

The Russian Empire

• “It is better to abolish serfdom from above than wait until the serfs begin to liberate themselves from below.”

– Tsar Alexander II

The Russian Empire

• Alexander brought many modern reforms to Russia:

• Freedom of the press, limited powers of the secret police, reformed courts, levied taxes for education and health, and reduced military service from 25 to 6 years

The Russian Empire

• The reforms of Alexander II were not enough for some

• Radical organizations began forming in Russia

The Russian Empire

• The most powerful radical group was People’s Will

• People’s Will used terrorism to try to force the government to grant its demands

The Russian Empire

• People’s Will tried multiple times to assassinate Tsar Alexander II, beginning in 1866

• They were finally successful in 1881

The Russian Empire

• Alexander III took over and then Nicholas II became Tsar

• Both rulers slowly ended the reforms of Alexander II

The Russian Empire

• Russification intensified

• In response, terrorism increased

The Russian Empire

• In 1898, socialists formed the Social Democratic Labor Party

• It was modeled after the SDP in Germany

The Russian Empire: RevolutionNationalism in Europe

The Russian Empire: Revolution

• Russia also faced problems outside its country

• In 1904, in an attempt to gain a warm-water seaport, Russia took over parts of Manchuria


• Japan, wanting the territory for itself, launched a surprise attack against the Russian navy

• The Russo-Japanese War had begun


• In a little over 1 year, Russia had been defeated by Japan and was forced to leave Manchuria

• It was the first time an Asian power had defeated a European power


• On January 22, 1905, many Russian workers marched to the tsar in protest

• The tsar’s troops fired on the unarmed demonstrators


• The massacre became known as Bloody Sunday

• It sparked the Revolution of 1905


• Many workers went on strike and some members of the army and navy mutinied

• In response, Tsar Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto


• The October Manifesto promised individual liberties and called for the election of a parliament called the Duma


• Eventually the Revolution ended

• However, the tsar dismissed many of the members of the Duma when they went against his will

Documents

Nationalism in Europe