NationalismNationalism

Chapter 8Chapter 8

Section 3Section 3

Main IdeaMain Idea

NationalismNationalism contributed to the contributed to the formation of two new formation of two new nations and a new nations and a new political order in political order in Europe.Europe.

Nationalism is the Nationalism is the basis of world politics basis of world politics today and has often today and has often caused caused conflictsconflicts and and warswars..

BackgroundBackground Nationalism…Nationalism… Was the most powerful idea Was the most powerful idea

of the of the 1800s1800s.. Created some new countries, Created some new countries,

but also divided old countries.but also divided old countries. Upset the Upset the balance of powerbalance of power

created by the Congress of created by the Congress of Vienna.Vienna.

Fed the desire of most of Fed the desire of most of those groups to be free of the those groups to be free of the rule of rule of empiresempires and govern and govern themselves in their traditional themselves in their traditional lands.lands.

Nationalism: Nationalism: A Force for Unity or DisunityA Force for Unity or Disunity

1800s – Nationalism 1800s – Nationalism fueled efforts to build fueled efforts to build nation-statesnation-states. .

Nationalists were not loyal Nationalists were not loyal to to kingskings, but to their , but to their peoplepeople..

Nationalists believed that Nationalists believed that a single a single ““nationality,nationality,”” or or ancestryancestry, should unite , should unite under a single under a single government.government.

UnityUnity

Authoritarian rulers Authoritarian rulers began to see that began to see that nationalism could also nationalism could also unifyunify masses of people. masses of people.

Used nationalist Used nationalist feelings for their own feelings for their own purposes.purposes.

Built nation-states in Built nation-states in areas where they areas where they remained firmly in remained firmly in controlcontrol..

Types of Nationalist MovementsTypes of Nationalist MovementsTYPETYPE CHARACTERISTICSCHARACTERISTICS EXAMPLESEXAMPLES

UnificatioUnificationn

Mergers of politically Mergers of politically divided but divided but culturally culturally similarsimilar lands lands

1919thth century century GermanyGermany1919thth century century ItalyItaly

SeparatioSeparationn

Culturally distinct Culturally distinct group resists being group resists being added to a state or added to a state or tries to break awaytries to break away

Greeks in the Greeks in the Ottoman EmpireOttoman EmpireFrench-French-speaking speaking CanadiansCanadians..

State-State-buildingbuilding

Culturally distinct Culturally distinct groups form into a groups form into a new state by new state by accepting a accepting a single single cultureculture

The United The United StatesStatesTurkeyTurkey

Nationalism Shakes Aging Nationalism Shakes Aging EmpiresEmpires

Three aging empires:Three aging empires: The The AustrianAustrian Empire of the Empire of the

HapsburgsHapsburgs The Russian Empire of the The Russian Empire of the

RomanovsRomanovs The The OttomanOttoman Empire of the Empire of the

TurksTurks All contained a mixture of ethnic All contained a mixture of ethnic

groups.groups. Control of land and ethnic groups Control of land and ethnic groups

shiftedshifted between these empires. between these empires. Nationalism led to the Nationalism led to the endend of of

these empires.these empires.

The Breakup of the Austrian The Breakup of the Austrian EmpireEmpire

1866 – 1866 – PrussiaPrussia defeated Austria in defeated Austria in the Austro-Prussian War. the Austro-Prussian War.

Prussia gained control of the newly Prussia gained control of the newly organized North German organized North German Confederation.Confederation.– Union of Prussia and 21 German Union of Prussia and 21 German

political units.political units. HungaryHungary pressured Emperor pressured Emperor

Francis Joseph of Austria to split Francis Joseph of Austria to split his empire in half.his empire in half.– Austria and Hungary became Austria and Hungary became

independent states.independent states. Empire became Empire became Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary

or the Austro-Hungarian Empire.or the Austro-Hungarian Empire.

The Breakup (cont.) The Breakup (cont.)

Nationalists Nationalists disputes continued disputes continued to to weakenweaken the the empire for more empire for more than 40 years.than 40 years.

After After WWIWWI, Austria-, Austria-Hungary split into Hungary split into several separate several separate nation-states.nation-states.

The Russian Empire The Russian Empire CrumblesCrumbles

Nationalism also helped break up the Nationalism also helped break up the 370370 year old empire of the czars in year old empire of the czars in Russia.Russia.

RussificationRussification

RomanovsRomanovs were determined were determined to keep control of their area.to keep control of their area.

They instituted a policy called They instituted a policy called RussificationRussification, forcing , forcing Russian culture on all ethnic Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the empire.groups in the empire.– Ended up helping to Ended up helping to

disunify Russia.disunify Russia. Russia could not hold up Russia could not hold up

against the shock of WWI and against the shock of WWI and the the communistcommunist revolution. revolution.

Last czar gave up power in Last czar gave up power in 1917.1917.

The Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire WeakensWeakens

1856 – Due to pressure 1856 – Due to pressure from the from the BritishBritish and and FrenchFrench, the Ottomans , the Ottomans granted citizenship to all granted citizenship to all the people under their the people under their rule.rule.– Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Greeks, Slavs, Arabs,

Bulgarians and Bulgarians and Armenians.Armenians.

ConservativeConservative Turks did Turks did not agree with the new not agree with the new citizenship laws.citizenship laws.

ArmeniansArmenians

In response to In response to nationalism in Armenia, nationalism in Armenia, the Ottomans the Ottomans massacredmassacred and and deporteddeported Armenians Armenians from 1894-1896. from 1894-1896. – This happened again in This happened again in

1915.1915. Like Austria-Hungary, the Like Austria-Hungary, the

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire broke broke apartapart right after WWI. right after WWI.

QuestionsQuestions

1.1. What did nationalist believe should What did nationalist believe should unite people?unite people?

2.2. How did authoritarian leaders use How did authoritarian leaders use nationalism to their advantage?nationalism to their advantage?

3.3. What are the three types of nationalist What are the three types of nationalist movements?movements?

4.4. What did the Austrian Empire What did the Austrian Empire become?become?

5.5. What is Russification?What is Russification?