Nationalism Ascendant:Nationalism Ascendant:RomanticismRomanticism

AlexReubenKevinEdan

Meghan

A movement started by American authors to define themselves– Had achieved political independence, but now

wanted literary independence Believed in freedom and knowledge for all

Turning point: Civil war inspired many of the authors– Started theme of American nationalism

Writers started to focus on nature and American scenes, rather than those ofEurope

What is Transcendentalism?What is Transcendentalism?

Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne

1804 - 1864

(Reuben)

Background InformationBackground Information

Born in 1804 in Salem, Massachusetts from a long line of Puritans

Experienced tragedy early in life– Father died on an ocean voyage

Became one of the most famous writers of his timefor his romantic novels thatexplored human nature

(Soylent Communications)

The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter (1850) (1850) Tells the story of a woman whose secret

lover is a minister of gospel in Puritan Boston

Any adulteress is made to wear the letter “A” on her clothing for her sin– Dealt with the exploration of sin and repentance

(Fantastic Fiction)

The Marble FaunThe Marble Faun (1860) (1860)

Tells the story of four artists who witness a murder in Rome

Takes place in a romantic setting, and deals with concepts such as love

and misery– Recognition of evil and

the idea of past vs. present

(Advameg, Inc.)

NationalismNationalismHawthorne’s romantic writings helped form an

emerging era Works reflected the belief of transcendentalism

– Urged nonconformity and questioned the integrity of humanity

Works contributed to the quest for independence– Advocated self reliance

Shaped the nation’s identity– Promoted idealism and psychological thought

Oliver Wendell HolmesOliver Wendell Holmes

1809-1894

(Wikipedia)

Background InformationBackground Information

Born in Massachusetts in 1809Was a physician and a professor at Harvard

UniversityWell known for his poetry

– Wrote on many different topics– Became well-known for patriotic

writingDuring the Civil War:

– He changed from a conservativepoet to a radical patriot

(Cazalet)

Brother Jonathan’s Lament for Brother Jonathan’s Lament for Sister CarolineSister Caroline (1861) (1861)

A patriotic writingDiscusses the Civil War and the

splitting of South CarolinaHolmes did not want the nation to

break apartHoped the Carolinas would once

again join the nationSignificance:

– Showed his support of the nation– Expressed his faith and and hope that

the United States would soon reunite.(Code Network Media Group)

Old IronsidesOld Ironsides (1830) (1830)A poem about the decommission of the

U.S.S. ConstitutionU.S.S. Constitution was vital during the

War of 1812Used a simple object that everyone could

relate to– Was a symbol of nationalism

Used reverse psychology toshow its importance

Significance: – Brought the nation together– Put in a museum in 1930 (Roach)

NationalismNationalismHolmes’s writing style changed

during the Civil WarWrote many patriotic poems to

promote nationalismHolmes supported the nation as a

whole– Known as an “American Patriot”

Themes of nationalism can beseen in many of his poems

(Matheson)

Washington IrvingWashington Irving

1783 - 1859

(Wikipedia)

Background InformationBackground Information Born to a family of merchants in Manhattan in

1783 Served in the War of 1812 Moved to Europe in 1815 to salvage merchant

business Returned to the United States

in 1832 Became a diplomat and a

writer

(Wikipedia)

The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820) (1820)Explores the story of Ichabod Crane as he is

pursued by a ghost of the American Revolution

Hints that the nation’s history still closely follows its citizens

Expresses a major theme in the battle between civilization andwilderness.– Explains that there is almost

never a balance betweenthe two (Holodook)

Rip Van WinkleRip Van Winkle (1819) (1819)The main character goes from living as a

subject of King George III to becoming an American

Explores the changes that takeplace after the AmericanRevolution

Expresses the ideas that, thoughcontinuity is necessary, drasticchanges are vital for asociety to grow

(Holodook)

NationalismNationalism

Irving wrote many famous American works– Contributed to America’s growing library

Discussed internal and external conflicts– Internal: the growing nation– External: the struggle of people vs.

environment

Influenced future American

writers, such as Edgar Allen Poe

(Washington Irving Trail Museum)

Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow

1807 - 1882

(Rabe)

Background InformationBackground InformationBorn in 1807 in present-day MaineAttended Bowdoin CollegeWas a foreign languages professorPublished books on grammar and

poetry– Included some of his Puritan beliefs

in his work– Set an example for how professors

should carry out the educational

system(Drane)

A Psalm of LifeA Psalm of Life (1825) (1825)

Written the same year Longfellow graduated

Was a religious poemEncourages one to leave

their mark on the worldPersuades that one should

not live in the past

(Poet Seers)

EvangelineEvangeline (1847) (1847)

Explores the life of two Acadians during their move from Canada to the colonies

Due to his teachings of French grammar, Longfellow enjoyed writing about the lives of the Acadians as they lived inNorth America

Was set to take place before theAmerican Revolution

(Doucette)

NationalismNationalism

Longfellow printed some of the first American textbooks on foreign languages

Set a precedent for future scholarsHis works reminded Americans why and how

their country was founded– Paul Revere’s Ride (1860)

(Advameg, Inc.)

ConclusionConclusionWriters of the 19th century greatly

contributed to America’s newfound nationality– Nathaniel Hawthorne

Explored human nature– Oliver Wendell Holmes

Explored patriotism– Washington Irving

Explored innocence and adventure– Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Explored the history of the countryand published American textbooks

Works CitedWorks Cited Gollin, Rita K. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” 02 October 2007.

http://college.hmco.com/english/heath/syllabuild/iguide/hawthorn.html. Hollander, John. American Poetry: The Nineteenth Century. Vol. 1. New York: Literary Classics of the United

States, Inc., 1993. Holmes, Oliver W. Grandmother's Story and Other Poems. New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1883. Holmes, Oliver W. "Old Ironsides." Legal Launguage Serivces. 2007. 6 Oct. 2007

http://www.legallanguage.com/poems/OldIronsides.htm. Hoyt, Edwin P. The Improper Bostonian Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. New York: William Morrow and

Company, 1979. Lewis, Jone J. "What is Transcendentalism?" Transcendentalists. 2007. 7 Oct. 2007.

http://www.transcendentalists.com/what.htm. Merriman, C.D. "Oliver Wendell Holmes." The Literature Network. 2006. Jalic Inc. 2 Oct. 2007

http://www.online-literature.com/oliver-holmes/. Merriman, C.D. “Nathaniel Hawthorne.” The Literature Network. 02 October 2007. http://www.online-

literature.com/hawthorne/. Hess, Gary R. "Oliver Wendell Holmes Biography - Poems." Poem of Quotes. 2004. Poem of Quotes. 2 Oct.

2007 http://www.poemofquotes.com Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. Poems and Other Writings. New York: Literary Classics of the United States,

Inc., 2000. Rabe, Roberto. “Henry Wadsworth Longfellow.” My Bookshelf. Roberto Rabe. 2007. Eclectic Esoterica.

http://eclecticesoterica.com/longfellow_bio.html. Robinson, Dennis J. "The Poem That Saved Old Ironsides." SeacoastNH. 1998. 2 Oct. 2007.

http://seacoastnh.com/Maritime_History/Old_Ironsides/. Wagenknecht, Edward. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: His Poetry and Prose. New York: The Ungar

Publishing Company, 1986. Williams, Stanley T. The Complete Works of Washington Irving. 1935. www.hudsonvalley.org.

(Information)

Works CitedWorks Cited Advameg, Inc. Encyclopedia of World Biography: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Advameg,

Inc. 2007. http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Longfellow-Henry-Wadsworth.html.

Cazalet, Sylvain. Homeopathy and Its Kindred Delusions: Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. 4 Oct. 2007. http://homeoint.org/cazalet/holmes/index.htm.

Code Network Media Group. Map of South Carolina. 6 Oct. 2007. http://www.map-ofusa.co.uk/images/south- carolina.gif.

Doucette, John. Longfellow’s Evangeline. John Doucette. July 18, 2005. http://www.john.doucette.com/acadian/longfellow-evangeline.html.

Drane, Andrew. Poets of Cambridge, U.S.A.: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Harvard Square Library. 2006. http://www.celebrateboston.com/literature/brahminpoets/longfellow.htm.

Fantastic Fiction. The Scarlet Letter. Fantastic Fiction. 2007. http://www.fantasticfiction.co. uk/images/n0/n599.jpg.

Holodook, Joseph. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. http://www.porterfieldsfineart.com/josephholodook/theheadlesshorseman.htm.

Matheson, Allen. American Flag. 6 Oct. 2007. http://photohome.com/pictures/flag- pictures/american-flag- 2a.jpg.

Poet Seers. Poet Seers: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow. Poet Seers. www.poetseers.org/.../longfellow_poems. Reuben, Paul P. "Chapter 3: Nineteenth Century to 1865 - Nathaniel Hawthorne." PAL:

Perspectives in American Literature- A Research and Reference Guide. 2007. http://web.csustan.edu/english/reuben/pal/chap3/hawthorne.html.

Roach, John C. USS Constitution. 6 Oct. 2007. http://www.polkcounty.org/timonier/images/3mast.jpg. Soylent Communications. Nathaniel Hawthorne. Soylent Communications. 2007.

www.nndb.com/people/880/000031787/. Washington Irving Trail Museum. Washington Irving. http://www.cowboy.net/non-profit/irving/. Wikipedia. Oliver Wendell Holmes (1894). 6 Oct. 2007.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr_circa_1894.jpg.

(Pictures)