Nationalism and Change

The Congress of ViennaAustria, Russia, United Kingdom, Prussia

• European diplomats met to devise peace settlements• Balance of Power

– distribution of military and economic power that prevents any one nation from becoming too strong

• Conservativism– Beliefs held by those who want to preserve traditional

ways

Congress of Vienna

• Goal1. To prevent France from

going to war again (and prevent France from domination)

2. To return Europe to the way it was in 1792, before Napoleon

3. To protect the new system and maintain peace

• Action1. Strengthen countries

around France

2. Give power back to the monarchs of Europe

3. Create the “Concert of Europe”, an organization intended to maintain peace in Europe

Revolutions occur in Europe despite the Vienna settlement due to:

– Liberalism• People opposed the

power of monarchs and sought democratic reform

– Nationalism• People wanted

independent nation-states that were free from foreign rule

Nationalism changes the Map of Europe

• Unification of both Italy and Germany breaks up the Austrian, Ottoman, and Prussian Empires

Unification of Italy

• Giuseppe Mazzini

– “Young Italy” national movement

– exiled for his views

– speeches provide inspiration for the movement

• Count Camillo Cavour:

– aligned with France and Prussia to diplomatically drive Austrian power from Italy

• Giuseppe Garibaldi

– led forces that won control of southern Italy, and united it with the North

Unification of Germany

• Zollverin: – Prussia – ends trade barriers between German states

• Otto von Bismarck– (Chancellor of Prussia) – Machiavellian– “Blood and Iron”

• Sacrifices/Military• Industry/Modernizing• Unites Germany under Kaiser William I

Nationalism weakens an Empire

Ottoman Empire

• consisted of:The Balkan StatesGreece,Turkey, Middle East“sick man of Europe”Many different ethnicities wanting sovereigntyInternal revolutions Russian sponsors “Pan Slavism” encouraging

nationalism of all Slavs (Serbia)

The Concert of Europe is destroyed :Crimean War

(1853-1856)

• Russia did not have access to warm water ports

• Invaded Turkish Balkan provinces (Turkey) to gain access to the Dardanelles – Allowed access to Mediterranean

How do these events destroy the Concert of Europe?

Zionism: Eastern Europe and Russia

• Nationalism leads to anti-Semitism (hatred of Jews)

• Intolerance grew as nationalism grew

• Pogroms: violent attack on Jewish community

• Force Jews to desire a homeland

Armenian Massacre

• Turkish Nationalism• Muslim Turks turn against Christian Armenians• Accused Armenians of plotting with Russia against the

Ottoman Empire• Massacre of over a million Armenians