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National Rural Support ProgrammeIslamabad, Pakistan
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who assisted us in this research, particularly
Muhammad Azhar, RP-MER Rahim Yar Khan, Tazeemullah RP-MER Mianwali, Hamza Hasan, PO-
MER, Ali Jibran PO-SHP for their support in data collection. We are grateful to Tahir Waqar for his
support and constructive comments for putting together this paper.
We warmly thank NRSP's teams in Rawalpindi, Mianwali and Rahim Yar Khan regions and ENRM section
at NRSP head office who supported the MER team during the survey and for the provision of all required
information.
Evaluation & Research Report - MER/2011-II
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Prepared by: Ghaffar Paras, Rachel Abbey
Reviewed & Supervised by: Muhammad Tahir Waqar (Programme Manager - MER)
Design & Layout: Mansoor Abid
All rights reserved, but development organizations which are working in the rural areas specially non-profit
organizations working for capacity building can use this material for the benefit of poor rural
communities. It is requested that please acknowledge the effort made by NRSP. No parts of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording for the commercial or profit making purpose or otherwise
without the written permission of the National Rural Support Programme.
Copyright © National Rural Support Programme - August 2011
Table of Contents
Executive Summary 1
Background 2
Introduction 4
Methodology 5
Sampling 5
Evaluation tools and process 5
Participant criteria 7
Participant selection 8
Plant size and consumption 8
Occupation 8
Land holding pattern 8
Livestock owned 9
Household expenditure 10
Construction, Operation and Maintenance 12
Plant functionality 12
Age and functionality 13
Cost share and functionality 13
Size of biogas plant 14
Type of plant and functionality 15
Biogas production 15
Impact Analysis 17
Biogas as alternative source of energy for cooking 17
Utilisation of Biogas slurry as fertiliser 17
Biogas as hygienic and environment friendly technology 18
Time saving 18
Economic analysis 18
Razia Bibi; beneficiary of biogas plant in Nurpurthal, Khushab 19
Abdul Ghafoor; beneficiary of biogas plant in Sadiqabad, Rahim Yar Khan 20
Muhammad Niaz; beneficiary of biogas plant in Fatehjang, Rawalpindi 21
Conclusion and Recommendations 23
SWOT Analysis 23
Community concerns and suggestions 25
List of Annexures
List of Figures
List of Tables
Annexure-1: List of Biogas plants installed by NRSP as of May 2001 28
Annexure-2: List of randomly selected biogas plants 35
Annexure-3: Questionnaire 37
Annexure-4: Recommended daily feeding pattern of dung for Biogas plants 40
Annexure-5: Surveyed data 41
Figure 1: How biogas plants function 2
Figure 2: Analysis of correlation between plant size and family size 8
Figure 3: Landholding pattern of plant owners by region 9
Figure 4: No. of Livestock and plant size 9
Figure 5: Region-wise plant functionality 12
Figure 6: Age and Plant functionality 13
Figure 7: Beneficiary's share and plant functionality 14
Figure 8: % of functioning plants against % meeting input requirements
by size and region 15
Figure 9: Type of plant and functionality 15
Figure 10: Comparison of hours of usage in summer and winter 16
Figure 11: Biogas: Fulfilling energy requirements 17
Figure 12: Slurry usage 17
Table 1 Survey sample and profile 6
Table 2 Daily requirements of biogas plant by size 7
Table 3 Analysis of participant selection (overview and by region) 10
Table 4 Regional breakdown of functioning and non-functioning plants 12
Table of Contents
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Acronyms
ADB Asia Development Bank
AEDB Alternative Energy Development Board
CO Community Organization
ENRM Environment and Natural Resource Management
IEC Information Education and Communication Materials
JDW-SM Jamal-ud-Din Wali Sugar Mills
LSO Local Support Organization
LPG Liquid Petroleum Gas
MER Monitoring Evaluation and Research
NRSP National Rural Support Programme
NARC National Agricultural Research Council
NGOs Non-Governmental Organisation
PPAF Pakistan Poverty Alleviation Fund
PCRET Pakistan Centre for Renewable Technologies
PITD Physical Infrastructure and Technology Development
RP Regional Professional
RWP Rawalpindi
RYK Rahim Yar Khan
RSPN Rural Support Programmes Network
SGAFP Small Grant Ambassador Fund Programme
SWOT Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities and Threats
USAID United States Agency for International Development
VO Village Organisation
Executive Summary
Pakistan has huge renewable energy resources comprising wind, water, solar, geothermal,
tidal power and biomass. Biomass refers to living and recently dead biological materials that
can be used as fuel or for industrial production. As an agricultural based economy, biomass
is readily available in most areas of the country, particularly in rural areas. Biomass energy
uses natural materials such as trees, plants and wastes to make electricity and biofuel. It is
also environmentally friendly.
Since 1974, more than 1,700 biogas plants have been installed under a nationwide
programme funded by the Government of Pakistan. Organisations involved in this
programme are the: Alternative Energy Development Board, Pakistan Centre for Renewable
Energy Technologies, National Agricultural Research Council, Asian Development Bank,
PPAF, RSPN, NRSP and smaller NGOs. To date, the NRSP has installed 197 biogas plants
in Pakistan. The main objectives of this programme are to reduce the dependency on wood
for cooking, reduce household expenses on energy, decrease the workload of women as the
primary persons involved in the collection, cutting and loading of wood and cooking and to
improve conditions for this reducing infections and respiratory disorders.
The purpose of this research was to assess the design, maintenance, usage and sustainability
of biogas plants as an energy source at household level. The study was completed through
conducting a survey selecting a sample of 51 households under the biogas programme in
three districts. The results of this study show that 51% of biogas plants installed by NRSP
in Rawalpindi, Khushab, and Rahim Yar Khan are functioning (100% of these belonging to
women and 45% of these belonging to men). The highest number of functioning plants is
situated in the Rawalpindi region. Out of these plants, biogas is meeting 61-100% of energy
requirements of 65% of plant owners, 85% of these reported a daily production of 2-6
hours or more of biogas in summertime. Almost all beneficiaries reported biogas as an
environmentally friendly and hygienic technology. According to female beneficiaries, their
workload has significantly decreased spending less time on cooking and wood collection.
Most of the beneficiaries (34%) reported a 20-40% reduction in biogas production in
winters, and in some cases, the plant is simply closed during these months.
The failure to provide adequate training to beneficiaries on the operation and maintenance
of plants was found to be an important reason for low productivity for 39% of plants and to
be an indirect cause of plant closures. Improper construction also causes low productivity,
this was found to be a major setback to programme activities in Rahim Yar Khan where the
NRSP team worked with a specialised biogas institution for the installation of the first plant
only. The study shows that biogas technology only works on a sustainable basis when
implemented correctly with proper support and training, it is only then that the potential of
biogas as realistic alternative energy source is realised.
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
1
1 | www.environment.gov.pk (Solid Waste Management in Pakistan) 2004
2 | http://www.hedon.info/TheBiogasProgrammeInVietnam
2Figure 1: How biogas plants function
Background
With the depleting supply of oil causing price rises, instability, and increasing business costs
globally, identifying viable sources of alternative/ renewable energy has become an
increasing priority. Price rises and depleting gas reserves are particularly felt at household
level with basic needs such as cooking and lighting becoming difficult to fulfill. Pakistan also
has an increasing gap in its supply of energy causing daily loadshedding which can last for
up to two to four hours in urban areas and fifteen hours or more in rural areas. Yet Pakistan
has huge renewable energy resources comprising wind, water, solar, geothermal, tidal power
and biomass.
Biomass refers to living and recently dead biological materials such as trees, plants and
wastes, which can be used to make electricity and biofuel. This process can include; leftover
paper and wood waste from paper mills, trash, animal waste/dung, corn stalks, corn cobs,
seed corn from farms, paper and cardboard that cannot be recycled, fast growing crops and
trees. As an agricultural based economy, biomass is readily available in most areas of
Pakistan, particularly rural. It is also environmentally friendly. Biomass energy offers
significant environmental advantages: it saves space in landfills by reusing waste products
and contains no sulphur so does not contribute to acid rain.
Excluding agricultural waste, urban areas of Pakistan produce more than 55,000 tons of
solid waste per day . Pakistan has approximately 50 million animals for agricultural and 1
2
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
livestock related activities. On average, the daily waste produced from a cow, bullock or bull
(the most common animals kept in Pakistan) is around 10kg, if 50% of this can be collected
for fuel; it amounts to 150 million kgs translating into around 12 million cubic meters of
biogas. The potential uses of this are for households (cooking/ lighting) and industry,
transportation and to generate electricity helping to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel
imports.
The Government of Pakistan started its biogas programme in 1974; by 1987, a total of
4,137 biogas units had been commissioned for construction. The units were designed to
provide 3,000 and 5,000 cubic feet of biogas per day for cooking and lighting. This
programme was developed in three phases. During the first phase, 100 demonstration units
were installed under a government funded grant. During the second phase, the cost of the
plants was shared between the beneficiaries and the Government of Pakistan. In the third
phase, the government withdrew its financial support, although technical support was
continued free of cost. Unfortunately, after the withdrawal of financial support, the project
did not progress any further until 1990. Since this time, the government has installed a
further 1,700 biogas plants in Pakistan. The government is now taking further steps to
promote this technology through the: Pakistan Centre for Renewable Energy Technologies
(PCRET), Alternative Energy Development Board (AEDB) and the Government
Agricultural, Dairy and Livestock Departments in collaboration with larger NGOs such as
the National Rural Support Programme (NRSP).
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
3
Background
Introduction
PCRET first approached NRSP to collaborate on its biogas programme in 2001/02. A pilot
project was then successfully carried out in Rawalpindi. This district was chosen due to the
fact that there was already a biogas plant running successfully in this area and that people
were therefore already aware of the technology and requesting access to this. NRSP agreed
to pilot the programme as an organisation that researches and pilots the use of new
technologies and sources of renewable energy. The Environment and Natural Resource
Management (ENRM) section took the lead on this. Since the completion of this successful
pilot, the ENRM section has been working with the Government of Pakistan, PPAF, and
JDW Sugar mills on the testing and expansion of the biogas programme. As of May 2011,
197 biogas plants have been installed in Rahim Yar Khan, Rawalpindi and Mianwali.
Annexure-1 contains a list of installed biogas plants under NRSP's interventions.
Over the years it has been realised that in order to be successful, biogas requires very specific
inputs and conditions. For this reason, it should be understood that the biggest limit of
biogas is that it cannot be used for the poorest families. Biogas plants require a warm climate
and large daily inputs of water and dung. This means that families involved in the
programme should have easy access to a reliable water source and own a relative large
number of livestock. They should also own sufficient land to manage the slurry (the by-
product of biogas production), and to maximise the benefits of the plant through the use of
the same as a fertiliser/ soil conditioner. In June 2011, the NRSP MER initiated an
assessment of its biogas programme, this was specifically to:
• obtain an overall picture of the current programme i.e. the number of plants still
functioning (some being up to nine years in age), and the reasons for plant closures.
• decipher a profile of the ideal family to receive a biogas plant of x size e.g. according
to family size, the number of cattle, environmental conditions, income level, other
sources of energy available.
• decipher, if there are problems/weaknesses in the programme, e.g. lack of human
resources, technical staff, training, monitoring and how these can be addressed.
• plan as how to make best use of future investments in this area e.g. geographical
location, coverage, training or equipment/maintenance and where the most money
is needed and why.
4
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Methodology
The study was conducted to evaluate the 197 biogas plants installed by NRSP as of May 31,
2011; these are from all regions covered under the programme: Rawalpindi, Mianwali and
Rahim Yar Khan. Region wise distribution of biogas plants is given in table 1 and the list in
Annexure 1. The available data at the head office did not provide any information about the
size of plants and therefore cluster sampling was not possible for this component.
The following parameters were used to calculate the sample size.
• Population (N) 197
• Margin of Error (ME) 10% or 0.1
• Confidence level 90% or 0.90
• For proportions P value assumed as 50%
Based on the above parameters the sample size was calculated using the following formula
2 2 2 2n = [ (z * p * q ) + ME ] / [ ME + z * p * q / N ]
Where
• Alpha is equal to one minus the confidence level. Thus, alpha = 1 - 0.90 = 0.1 and
the critical standard score (z) = 1.645
• p value = 0.5
• q value = 0.5
• Margin of Error (ME) = 0.1
• Population (N) = 197
2 2 2 2n = [ (1.645) * 0.5 * 0.5 + 0. 1 ] / [ 0.1 + (1.645) * 0.5 * 0.5 / 197]
n = (0.676506 + 0.01) / ( 0.01 + 0.003434)
n = (0.686506 ) / ( 0.013434)
Sample size (n) = 51.10199 say 51
To obtain a better understanding of the overall programme the sample was proportionally
distributed amongst the regions. The Sample was 26% (51/197*100) of the population so it
was decided to select 26% of biogas plants from each region as shown in table 1. For the
selection of biogas plants region wise lists were prepared and random numbers were
generated for each (12 for Rawalpindi, 13 for Mianwali and 26 for Rahim Yar Khan) using
the random number generator at http://www.randomizer.org/form.htm. These random
numbers were then matched with the serial numbers of the region wise lists and selected for
the study. The list of the 51 sample biogas plants selected is provided in Annexure 2.
Sampling
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
5
Table 1: Survey sample and profile
A questionnaire was developed and finalized in consultation with the ENRM section and
pre-tested in Rawalpindi. The questionnaire was divided into four parts including a) basic
information, b) household level information, c) biogas plant specifications and usage and st
d) suggestions and recommendations. The survey was conducted from the 1 June, 2011 to th
the 5 July, 2011. Primary data was collected via household interviews. Secondary data/
information was collected from a range of published reports studies on biogas undertaken
both in Pakistan and internationally.
After completion of the survey, an MS Excel based data input sheet was created and data
entry undertaken at the NRSP Head Office. The data is given at Annexure 5. MS Excel
based tools were used for the analysis of data.
Evaluation tools and process
6
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Methodology
Region/ District
DonorNo. ofPlants
Length ofprogramme
Type ofplant
Size ofplants
Sample
Rawalpidi(Jhelum,Chakwal,Rawalpindi)
Mianwali(Khushab)
Rahim YarKhan
Total
PCRET
PPAF,RSPN
JDWSugarmills
4
47
50
100
197
1-9 years
6 months - 2 years
1-3 years
Floatingdrum
12 fixed dome, 1
floating drum
fixed dome
35m = 10,38m = 2
36m = 13
38m - 24,310m = 1,315m = 1
12
13
26
51
Participant criteria
In order to function efficiently, biogas plants require regular inputs consisting of large
quantities of water and dung. This means that people should have a minimum of three 3animals for a 4m plant (the smallest plant available). However, it should also be taken into
account that the smaller the plant, the smaller the output. The percentage of energy needs
covered will also reduce as family size and therefore consumption increases. In order for
people to gain the maximum benefits from biogas i.e. in the form of both fertiliser and gas,
they should have productive land, means that they should be working in agriculture in some
form. These aspects mean that biogas needs to be targeted responsibly at households with
very specific profiles i.e. they need to have a relatively large land size, the plant size should be
as far as possible in line with both consumption and livestock size, it should be targeted at
households working in the agricultural sector and where utility bills/ access to energy
sources places a strain on the household. It should also be noted that the plants perform
best in warmer climates. This means that participant selection should be based on:
a) their geographical area – with a preference for warmer climatic zones to obtain optimum output,
b) areas where a supply of natural gas is not availablec) their ownership of livestock and hence their ability to provide inputs for the plant
(required number increases with plant size), d) their proximity to a reliable water source to run the plant (required amount increases
with plant size),e) it should be ensured that participants have adequate land in order to manage the
by-product from the plant – slurry (required amount increases with plant size), f) employment with those in the agricultural sector better able to maximise on the
benefits of the plant using the slurry as a supplement for fertiliser.
Table 2: Daily requirements of biogas plant by size
For the above outlined reasons, for the programme to be effective, it is essential that
participants are selected according to this clear criterion, requirements will of course increase
with plant size and required inputs.
3
3 | RSPN information brochure on biogas http://www.rspn.org/our_projects/projects_pdfs/Brochure.pdf
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
7
Plant sizedaily dung
requirementslivestock
requirementsdaily water
requirementsGas Production
3(M / day)
34
36
38
310
30 kgs
45 kgs
60 kgs
75 kgs
2-3 cow/ bullocks
4 - 5
5 - 6
7 +
30 litres
45 litres
60 litres
75 litres
4
5 - 6
6 - 8
8 - 10
4 | Government of Pakistan, 1998 Census Report
Participant selection
This section will analyse the extent to which the process of participant selection under the
NRSP biogas programme has met the outlined criteria.
The total number of participants covered by the 51 households included in the study is 529.
The average family size is ten, higher than the national average of 6.8 . Only 12% of biogas
plants were installed in households with 1 to 5 members tallying with the programme criteria
to target larger families. Despite this, there was found to be little, if any, correlation between
plant size and family size/
consumption. This is because whilst
those with larger families have higher
consumption needs, they may not
have the inputs in terms of the
number of livestock required for the
running of a larger plant. The most
common plant provided to people was 3the 8m plant, primarily provided to
those with a family size of between 6
and 10 (predominately in Rahim Yar 3Khan where fourteen 8m plants were
distributed to this size of family).
The primary income for 92% of households owning biogas plants is agriculture. This shows
that participant profiles are broadly in line with the programme selection criteria. Only 2
(4%) biogas plant owners indicated wage labour as their primary source of income. The
secondary income source for 67% of households is livestock, other secondary income
sources include wage labour and small enterprise.
The average land holding size of biogas plant owners is 16 acres per household, much higher
than the average national land holding size of 1.38 acres. This is again in line with the
selection criteria for programme participants. Overall, just 4% indicated to have no land,
these were found to be in Mianwali (15% of plants installed in this region), it is advised that
these cases be investigated further.
Plant size and consumption
4
Occupation
Land holding pattern
Figure 2: Analysis of correlation between plant size and family size
8
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
2
4
7
4
0
16
3
4
10
10 0
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 21
Family Size
5m³
6m³
8m³
10m³,15m³
>_
Plant size and family size
Some of these subsequently had biogas plants installed inside their houses. This is not
recommended due to the spread of slurry which can lead to unhygienic conditions causing
disease. Figure-3 shows region-wise information on the size of participant land holdings.
Participants with the largest land size are based in Rahim Yar Khan with 70% owning six or
more acres of land.
The average number of livestock
(cows, oxen, buffalos, camels ) owned
by biogas plant owners is six per
household, again much higher than
the national average. 33% of
households owned one to three
animals, 20% owned ten or more and
2% do not own any livestock
(acquiring inputs for their plants from
relatives/ neighbours). 27% of
households reported a reduction in
their cattle size after plant installation,
leading to a decline in inputs.
There appears to be some correlation between the number of livestock and plant size
although this is only evident if Rahim Yar Khan is removed from the analysis. This is 3because only plants of size 8m and above were distributed to all households regardless of
consumption needs or livestock size in this region. This may be due to a supply issue and
needs to be investigated further, 3particularly the cases of why five 8m
plants (two in Rawalpindi – both cases
in Fateh Jang and three in Rahim Yar 3Khan) and a 10m plant (Rahim Yar
Khan) was supplied to families owning
1-3 livestock. All of these were
installed less than three years ago and
three (60%) are already not 3
functioning. Seven plants of 8m were
also distributed to families owning 4-6
livestock in Rahim Yar Khan, these
Livestock owned
5
5 | The livestock analysis is restricted to cows, oxen and buffalo since these are the only animals where inputs are used for the
production of biogas in Pakistan, household sewerage is not being used
Figure 3: Landholding pattern of plant owners by region
Figure 4: No. of Livestock and plant size
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
9
Participant Selection
> 21
16-20
11-15
6-10
1-5
No land
Unknown
Mianwali Rahim YarKhan
Rawalpindi
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
15%
15%
31%
15%
15%8%
12%8%
23%
27%
27%
8%8%
17%
17%
33%
17%
35m36m38m
310m315m
0 1-3 4-6 7-9 10 >_
Livestock
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
6 6
5
1
3 3
7 7 7
1
2 2
were again all installed less than three years ago and 6 (85%) have already been closed. It is 3not advised to provide plants of more than 5m to families owning less than three 3 or 4
animals.
It is expected that utilitiy bills should have declined as a priority expenditure following the
installation of biogas plants. 22% of households indicated utility bills to be their major
household expenditure. 63% of these households are in Rahim Yar Khan where 71% of
these families own plants that are not functioning and 14% report a low level of production,
18% are in Rawalpindi – Fateh Jang although these are reported as having functional plants.
Other major expenses included investments in farming and spending on children's health
and education, as shown in Table 3.
Table 3: Analysis of participant selection (overview and by region)
Household expenditure
10
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Participant Selection
Occupation Livestock Land Expenses Gender
Overview
Profile 1 92% agriculture 33% 1-3 25% 1-5 49% food 75% men (38)
Profile 2 4% self-employed 25% 4-6 25% 6-10 22% utilities 25% women (18)
20% 7-9 20% 10+
Rawalpindi
Profile 1 75% agriculture 67% 1-3 33% 1-5 42% children 83% men
17% 6-10, 17% 11-15, 17% no response
8% 16-208% >21
Rahim Yar Khan
27% 1-5/ 27% 6-10
Profile 2 4% employed 27% 4-6 23% 11-15 27% utilities
Profile 3 - 12% 1-3 12% >2115% farming inputs
Mianwali
Profile 1 100% agriculture 46% 1-3 31% 6-10 76% food 85% women
15% 1-5 8% children
15% 11-15/ 8% utilities/
15% >218% farming inputs
15% no land
15% 7-9/ 15% >10
Profile 2 - 23% 4-6 25% men
Profile 3 - 8% no response
-
Profile 1 96% agriculture 31% 7-10/ 31% >10
42% food 100% men
13 participants sampled from a total of 50
Profile 3 8% employee 8% no animals
25% utilities
26 participants sampled from total of 100
Profile 2 17% self employed 25% 4-6 33% food 17% women
12 participants sampled from a total of 47Profile 3 4% employee 19% 11-15 20% children
51 participants sampled from 197
In Rawalpindi 75% of those selected are involved in agriculture as their primary income
source; this is lower than in the other regions analysed. However, 25% reported this as a
secondary income source meaning that all participants are involved in agriculture as
means of income earning in some capacity. Of these, 50% were found to own a
substantial amount of land maximising the benefits of the plant through the use of slurry as
a fertiliser/ soil conditioner. Utilitiy bills were cited as a high priority by 25% of participants.
This broadly correlates with the number of non-functioning plants in this region. 17% of
participants are women, this is an area that needs to be looked into as women are the main
users of the biogas plants and therefore have a greater stake in its operation and
maintenance.
96% of those selected in Rahim Yar Khan are also involved in agriculture, this again is a
good figure to maximise the potential benefits from installed plants in terms of slurry
management and usage. 62% of people had a substantial amount of land also. Participants
in this area have a large number of livestock with 62% owning seven or more animals
indicating the availability of adequate inputs. However 27% of participants still cite
utility bills as their highest household expense, the reasons for this will be explored in
the section on findings and analysis later in this study.
100% of participants in Mianwali were found to work in agriculture as their primary
occupation; this is a very positive figure in terms of participants gaining the optimum
benefits from the plants. 66% of those interviewed had six or more acres of land. 53% of
participants have four or more animals, which is adequate for plant operation. Ideally no
participant should have less than two animals; the ideal number for inputs depends on plant
size, consumption and type of animal. Only 8% of participants cited utility bills as a high
priority after the installation of the biogas plant which is a positive indication of success in
this area, this aspect will again will explored in further detail in the analysis section of the
study. A very positive aspect of the programme in this region is that 85% of
participants are women.
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
11
Participant Selection
Construction, Operation and Maintenance
Construction, operation (inputs) and maintenance (repairs) are directly proportional to the
level of gas produced. Detailed findings on this are provided in the following section.
Excluding all those under construction
(10% of the total) – all situated in
Mianwali, overall 57% of plants were
found to be functioning and 43% not
functioning. A regional breakdown of
these figures is provided in the
following table.
It should be noted that despite women
constituting 25% of programme
participants, 100% of plants owned
by women are functioning. 45% of
plants owned by men are functioning.
Table 4: Regional breakdown of functioning and non-functioning plants
Plant functionality
Figure 5: Region-wise plant functionality
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
12
RegionLength of
programmeType Functioning
Not functioning
Rawalpindi 1-9 years Floatingdrum
83% 17%
12 fixed dome,
1 floating drum
Reasons
- Lack of support given for maintenance
-Few maintenance services available locally
-Early dissatisfaction due to low production with most plants installed in winter
-Insufficient inputs with much larger plants than in other regions.
-Construction faults.
Rahim Yar Khan
1-3 years Fixeddome
31% 69%
Mianwali (Khushab)
6 months - 2 years
Size
5m3=103
8m =2
38m =24
315m = 1
36m =13 100% 0%
Non Functioning Functioning
Rawalpindi Mianwali RYK
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
83%
17%
100%
31%
69%
310m = 1
Under the current programme, it is participants that are responsible for the maintenance of
biogas plants, however to ensure that plants are maintained properly, a comprehensive
training programme needs to be undertaken.
There was little correlation found between plant age and functionality. This is despite some
plants in the Rawalpindi region being in operation for up to nine years. There does appear to
be a dip in terms of the number of functioning plants that were installed three years ago and
nine years ago it was found that in all these cases insufficient inputs were used, but a larger
survey sample is needed to look into this in more detail. Plants installed in Rahim Yar Khan
appear to have stopped functioning relatively early on with just 38% of plants functioning
after just two years or less in operation. Just 28% of plants were found to be functioning
after three years; this is extremely low in comparison to plants in Rawalpindi where over the
same period 100% and 67% of plants were still in operation. This indicates a problem not
just with maintenance, but with the construction and installation of plants installed in this
region. It is advised that an engineer specialising in biogas technology fully investigate this.
Maintenance services for biogas plants are difficult to find in Pakistan, for this reason many
cease to function once technical difficulties are encountered. Trainings on maintenance for
programme staff, local engineers and
participants are important areas which
have been overlooked to date.
Participants stated that they did not
know who to contact in the case of
technical faults with the plant, this was
a major problem reported among staff
in Rahim Yar Khan. Overall, major
repair works have been carried out by
18% of plant owners. These repairs
include pipeline replacement, gas stove
replacement and structured repairs,
costs ranged for Rs. 1,000 to Rs. 4,000.
Participant cost share varies according to project/donor. The lowest percentage cost share
was 5% and 10% in Rahim Yar Khan and the highest 100% in Rawalpindi. The central
reason for using cost share is to promote a sense of ownership, the higher the cost share, the
higher the sense of ownership and interest in maintaining the plant. Our study to some
Age and functionality
Cost share and functionality
Figure 6: Age and Plant functionality
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
13
Construction, Operation and Maintenance
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
< 1 year < 2 year < 3 year < 4 year < 6 year < 9 year
Rawalpindi Mianwali RYK
100%
100%100%
100%
67%67%
38%
28%
extent reaffirms this theory with all plants carrying a cost share of less than 20% now
closed, it should however be taken into account that these plants are based in Rahim Yar
Khan, a region where overall plant functionality is very low. In the 20% cost share bracket,
35% of plants are functional in Rahim Yar Khan whereas none carrying this cost share are
still functional in Rawalpindi, although plants in this later sample have been installed for
approximately nine years. All plants installed in Mianwali have a cost share of 20% and all
are currently functioning, although it should be noted that the programme in this region has
been running for less than two years with maintenance issues, if any, expected to arise later
on. Those carrying a 50-100% cost share also performed well with between 75-100%
functionality.
The most successful plant size sampled in terms of numbers and the percentage of those 3functioning are the 6m plants. These were tested in Mianwali, although again it needs to be
taken into account that the programme here has only been running for less than two years.
Taking time period into account, Rawalpindi presents the most reliable and tested sample, in 3this region the 5m plant was the most successful with 80% functioning (covering a six-year
3period). The 8m plant also worked well in Rawalpindi although there are only a few plants in
this sample and they have been in
operation for less then two years. The 3 3
10m and 15m plants are also
functioning in Rahim Yar Khan but
this sample is very small with only one 3
15m plant installed under the
programme to date. Also due to data
gaps during sample selection, cluster
sampling was not possible and from
the overall random sample only one
plant was assessed out of seven in 3
10m category, this also reflects the
programme focus on smaller plants.
Analysis indicated that 85% of biogas plant owners are not feeding enough dung into their
plants leading to low production levels. 41% of plant owners are using 61-80% of the
required amount of dung; only 14% are putting in the correct amount of dung required.
88% of plant owners reported that no proper information was provided on this; this is a
major reason for low levels of gas production. As would be expected, analysis shows that as
plant size increases, the percentage of those meeting input requirements decreases. 88% of
plant owners reported that no proper or formal training was provided although 75% did
receive Information, Education and Communication materials (IEC) materials. It is advised
Size of biogas plant
Figure 7: Beneficiary's share and plant functionality
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Construction, Operation and Maintenance
14
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
5% 10% 20% 50% 70% 100%
Rawalpindi Mianwali RYK
100% 100% 100%
75%
35%
to provide trainings to all new plant owners and refresher courses on inputs and
maintenance for existing owners.
Two types of biogas technologies have been introduced: the fixed dome comprising 75% of
biogas plants (87% of which are in Mianwali and Rahim Yar Khan)and the floating drum
design constituting 25% of plants (100% of plants in Rawalpindi and 13% in Mianwali).
83% of plants in Rawalpindi, meaning 83% of those with the floating drum design, are
functioning covering a nine year period. 100% of those from the same design are
functioning in Mianwali but it should
be stressed that the sample for the
design in this region is very small and
only covers plants installed less than
six months previously. 100% of the
fixed dome plants are also functioning
in Mianwali although a longer period
of testing is needed to come to any
firm conclusion on this design. Only
31% of fixed dome plants are
functioning in Rahim Yar Khan but it
is understood that there were
problems in the construction of these
leading to the early occurrence of
faults and plants closures.
The main use for biogas among
programme participants is for cooking
and in some cases as fuel for gas
lamps also. On average 58% of
participants reported their plant to be
producing gas for three or more hours
of cooking time on a daily basis which
seems adequate to cover cooking
requirements, depending on family
size. This percentage is applicable to
warmer seasons only. 27% of plants
produce more than five or six hours
of biogas each day.
Type of plant and functionality
Biogas production
Figure 8: % of functioning plants against % meeting input
requirements by size and region
Figure 9: Type of plant and functionality
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
15
Construction, Operation and Maintenance
Rawalpindi
RYK
Mianwali
% meeting input requirements
80% 100% 100% 100% 100%
30%12% 12%
25%
5m 6m 8m 10m 15m
140%
120%
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
0%
Rawalpindi Mianwali RYK
100%
150%
100%
50%
0%
Floating Drum Fixed Dome
83%
100%31%
100%
34% of participants reported a decrease of 20-40% in the gas produced in the winter
season, this drives many owners to close their plants (given as the reason for 39% of non-
functioning plants).
Figure 10 compares levels of gas output in summer and winter. As expected, production is
lower in winter with 54% of plants
only producing enough gas for 0-2
hours of cooking time per day. 86%
of plants in the lowest category of 0-1
hours in winters are the floating drum
design, although these constitute 43%,
less than half of the next lowest
category. This may be due to the fact
that most other plants in this category
are from Rahim Yar Khan, an area
identified as having a general problem
of closed plants and low levels of gas
production.
Figure 10: Comparison of hours of usage in summer and winter
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Construction, Operation and Maintenance
16
4%
27%
27%
12%
31%
19%
15%
27%
8%
19% 4%8%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0-1 hour 1-2 hour 2-3 hour 3-4 hour 4-5 hour 6 hour
Summer Winter
Impact Analysis
Prior to the installation of the biogas plants, wood and coal were the primary sources of
energy for cooking for 94% of participants, the survey found that for 47% of these this is
now biogas. For these participants,
wood is now the secondary energy
source for cooking, this is partly
because wood is traditionally used to
cook bread/ roti on a tandoor stove,
this also works much quicker than a
biogas stove. 26% of plant owners
reported a decrease in cooking times,
whilst 25% stated that before receiving
the biogas plant they had used their
own wood for cooking, meaning that
cooking times were already relatively
low due to easy collection.
42% of plant owners reported that biogas is fulfilling 81-100% of their daily energy
requirements for cooking and 35% reported it to fill 60% of these. The percentage was
largest in Mianwali where 87% of people reported biogas to be fulfilling 81-100% of their
energy requirements. Those questioned in Rawalpindi gave quite varied responses which may
suggest how expectations and the uses of the plant has changed over time. 43% of overall
participants also reported an 81-100% reduction in energy costs.
Biogas slurry is of high nutrient value
and the economic benefits of biogas
further increase if this is used/ sold as
a fertiliser. The survey found that 81%
of plant owners are in fact utilising
biogas slurry in this way containing
more in nutrients than other types of
manure. This also reduces the use of
chemical fertilisers.
15% of participants however, throw
away the slurry believing this to be of
Biogas as an alternative source of energy for cooking
Utilisation of Biogas slurry as fertiliser
Figure 11: Biogas: fulfilling energy requirements
Figure 12: Slurry usage
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
17
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Rawalpindi Mianwali RYK % reduced spending
1-20% 21-40% 41-60% 61-80% 81-100%
25%
25%
10%40%
13%12%
25%
87%
20%13% 30%
Fertiliser
Fuel for cooking
Thrown away
4% 15%
81%
Utilisation of Slurry
less nutrient value than a normal fertiliser, it is therefore advised to provide further
information on this to participants. 4% of participants are using slurry as fuel for cooking
which they report it to be highly flammable.
Prior to the installation of the biogas plant, the majority of participants used wood and dung
(dry) for cooking. The use of dung for cooking is considered to be unhygienic as handling
dung immediately prior to cooking can cause the spread of bacteria. A major portion of
programme participants switched from this practice to biogas improving levels of hygiene.
Almost 100% of biogas plant owners reported biogas technology to be environmentally
friendly being free from smoke; although 8% of plant owners reported at times detecting a
bad smell around the stove area; this may be due to technical faults. Women participants
were more likely to directly benefit from the biogas technology being the ones primarily
involved in cooking activities. Many reported a reduction in eyesight problems and coughing.
One of the main objectives of introducing biogas technology was to decrease the workload
of women for wood collection and cooking and indeed, the introduction of biogas has
decreased this. Women participants reported spending more time with their children and in
other productive activities.
Non-users also benefit from the use of biogas through having a cleaner community
environment, the conservation of forest areas, the reduction in carbon emissions, the
reduction in smoke-borne diseases, and an improvement in general health and hygiene
conditions.
Biogas as hygienic and environment friendly technology
Time saving
Economic analysis
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Impact Analysis
18
Razia Bibi; beneficiary of biogas plant in Nurpurthal, Khushab
Razia Bibi, aged 40, lives in Khushab
with her husband and seven children.
They reside in a three-room house.
Four of their children are attending
school, the others being too young.
Razia's husband is retired from the
army and the family's primary source
of income is now farming, growing
crops on their ten-acre plot; they also
have five cattle (one cow and four
buffalos). Razia is also an active
member of her local CO Masjid
Nizam regularly attending meetings in
village Johrakalan.
Prior to the installation of the biogas plant near the family home, there was no gas facility
available for cooking and the family had to rely on collecting wood for cooking. Razia first
learned about the biogas plant programme when NRSP gave an introduction to this in a
local community meeting. She submitted her nomination and was selected after undergoing a
social and technical appraisal by the NRSP team. The total cost of the floating drum plant
installed was Rs. 36,000, Rabia and her family paid 20% of the cost. The family's cattle
produce 60-70kgs of dung on a daily basis. This does not completely meet the daily
requirement for the biogas plant; and further inputs are obtained from neighbours and
relatives.
Razia states that using biogas has reduced the time she used to spend on cooking and
preparation by around one fourth enabling her to spend more time with her family. Razia
says that "smoke from burning wood all day inside used to make me cough, I also used to have a lot of
infections in my eyes and the kitchen was coated in soot, I don't have any of these problems anymore.” Razia
believes that biogas is also more hygienic providing a proper mechanism for handling dung,
she reports that since she has stopped cooking with dung cakes there are now fewer flies in
the house. Razia and her family can use biogas produced from their plants for four to five
hours a day which is sufficient to meet all their needs. They also use the slurry as a fertiliser,
reducing the need for chemical fertilisers. The family put the savings from this towards their
children's education.
Razia is fully satisfied with the training/orientation provided to her by the field engineer on
the operation of the biogas plant and with the family's cost share for the construction of the
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
19
Impact Analysis
plant. According to Razia, “It's very easy to manage and operate and is much better than collecting wood
for cooking. My husband and I have been using the plant for 7 months now and we have not had any 3
maintenance issues.” Razia says that she now wants to install a 10m biogas plant so that the
family can be provided with light also. “I hope that the NRSP will initiate this programme soon.”
Abdul Ghafoor, aged 36 lives with his
extended family in Rahim Yar Khan.
There are 15 members of their family
which includes four children. They
grow sugarcane, wheat and vegetables
on 14 acres of agricultural land; this
constitutes their main source of
income. Abdul is also a member of his
local Community Organisation (CO)
named Walaya. He is an active
member of his organisation and
attends the CO meetings in village
Kot Faqiraon of a monthly basis.
There was no gas facility available for cooking before the installation of the biogas plant
near Abdul's house; the family used to spend much of their time and money collecting wood
for this purpose. Abdul was anxious to participate in the biogas programme when it was
initiated in his village and gave his nomination. NRSP initially offered him a cost share of 320% (Rs. 10,000) toward the 8m plant but due to the size of Abdul's family he requested a
315m fixed dome plant agreeing to pay a cost share of 40% (Rs. 40,000). Abdul has 15 cattle
(cows/ buffalos) which are enough to meet the input requirements of the plant.
The introduction of the biogas plant reduced the total time spent on cooking (inclusive of
wood collection) by one fourth. This has enabled Abdul and his wife to spend more time
with their children. Abdul says that the smoke from burning wood in the house used to
cause coughing and eyesight problems during cooking but after the installation of the plant,
the kitchen is now smoke-free. The outside area is also cleaner with dung being used for the
biogas plant rather than being left on the ground. They can use the plant for four to five
hours on a daily basis fulfilling almost 90% of their energy requirements for cooking
although this decreases slightly in winters. According to Abdul, 80% of his energy costs have
been reduced, he is also using the slurry as a fertiliser. This has helped reduce the use of
chemical fertilisers saving a further Rs. 10,000 from this. The family are using the savings for
their children's education and to expand the family farm.
Abdul Ghafoor; beneficiary of biogas plant in Sadiqabad, Rahim Yar Khan
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Impact Analysis
20
Abdul Ghafoor is fully satisfied with the training provided to him on the operation and
maintenance of the biogas plant by the field engineer. “It's very easy to manage and operate the
biogas plant and it is much better than buying or collecting wood for cooking.” The plant is now three
years in age and no maintenance has so far been needed. He believes that, if properly
managed, biogas can be an excellent sustainable source of alternative energy. Living in a
large joint family, Abdul wants to install a 35 cubic metre plant which could fulfil 100% of
energy requirements for cooking and contribute to lighting also. He says, “NRSP should now
initiate solar technology for lighting, my family and I are willing to undertake this on a cost share basis.”
Abdul says that he will not take up the initiative of the national natural gas pipeline system if
initiated in his village, as biogas is already fulfilling the family's major energy requirements.
Muhammad Niaz, aged 35 lives with
his wife and three children in a three-
room house. Two of the children are
in school. The family earn their
income from growing wheat, fruits
and vegetables on 1.5 acres of land.
Prior to the installation of the biogas
plant near his house, there was no gas
facility available. Muhammad and his
family relied on wood for cooking
which they bought and collected, this
took both time and money.
Muhammad learnt about the
opportunity to obtain biogas through his local CO Jabbi Niazi in village Jabbi Kassa where
he has been active member for 14 years. Muhammad currently works voluntarily as the CO
President. Upon hearing of the programme, Muhammad submitted his nomination and was
selected after a technical and social appraisal carried out by NRSP fulfilling all the selection
criteria. Muhammad and his family paid 50% of the cost of the installed floating drum plant,
the remainder being subsidised.
The family own four cattle (one cow and three buffalos), from which they collect 50-55kgs
of dung per day, which Muhammad believes is enough to run the biogas plant. Muhammad
states that the time the family used to spend on cooking and collecting fuel has been reduced
by one fourth. Smoke from burning wood inside the house during cooking used to cause
coughing and eye sight problems, using biogas technology has made their house a smoke-
free environment. Muhammad also believes it is more hygienic for the children not to have
Muhammad Niaz;
beneficiary of biogas plant in Fatehjang, Rawalpindi
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
21
Impact Analysis
dung cakes in the house. The family use biogas for two to three hours per day fulfilling
almost 70% of their energy requirements for cooking although in winter they again rely on
wood due to the limited production of gas in this season. Muhammad states that, since the
installation of the plant, the costs he incurred for purchasing wood have been reduced by
almost 50%; further savings of Rs. 4,500 have been made with the family using the slurry as
fertiliser. These savings have been invested in agricultural inputs for the family farm.
Muhammad is fully satisfied with the training/orientation he received from the field engineer
on the operation and maintenance of the biogas plant. "It is very easy to manage and operate the
plant and it is much better than buying or collecting wood for cooking. I have been running this plant for the
last nine years and the only costs I incur are for the replacement of the plastic gas pipe which I carry out
annually. No other maintenance work has ever been needed.” Muhammad believes that biogas can
only be a sustainable technology if managed properly. “Electricity has become very expensive, now I
would just like to get rid of my electricity bills completely and use biogas for lighting, for this I need a bigger
plant.”
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Impact Analysis
22
Conclusion and Recommendations
•
NRSP programme is fulfilling 61-100% of daily energy requirements for cooking for
65% beneficiaries.
• Workload: One of the main objectives of introducing biogas technology was to
decrease the workload of women as the primary persons involved in the collection,
cutting and loading of wood for cooking. The survey revealed that the workload of
women has been reduced by one fourth.
• Health: Cooking with biogas has led to smoke-free kitchens reducing eyesight and
respiratory problems kitchens. The reduction in the use of dung cakes has led to
better hygienic levels with less flies in the house, these also required some handling
during cooking which led to bacteria being transferred onto food.
Weaknesses• 88% of beneficiaries reported receiving no formal training or orientation, one of the
main reasons for 85% of plant owners not feeding the correct amount of inputs.
This weakness can be eliminated with the provision of comprehensive training and
refreshers courses.
• The construction of biogas plants and beneficiary identification was the core role of
NRSP in all three regions surveyed. Several construction faults were noted in biogas
plants installed in Rahim Yar Khan which performed consistently poorly in almost
all analysis completed in terms of functionality and output. NRSP staff engineers
have since checked these plants but have been unable to decipher the faults. These
faults need to be looked into by a specialist in this area with further training provided
to field engineers on this.
• In the case of Rahim Yar Khan most of the plants have been installed with the
financial support of Jamal Din Wali Sugar Mills (JDW). JDW provided training to
NRSP staff through Fida (another organisation with experience in biogas
technology), following this training field staff constructed the plants independently.
The quality and contents of the trainings provided by Fida need to be reviewed to
decipher whether they are in line with the level of knowledge required for the
construction and long term maintenance of plants. Also, as in the other two districts
under the biogas programme, it is recommended that all plants are constructed in
continuous coordination with an institution or technical staff specialised in biogas
technology.
• Some programme participants were found to have been charged a cost share of
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Energy: Analysis indicated that biogas technology in all three districts under the
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
23
70-100% during the survey, villagers generally indicated that they are not willing to
pay for the full cost of a biogas plants which ranges from Rs. 40,000 to Rs. 80,000
and above depending on the size. Due to this, 30-50% of the cost recommended to
be subsidised.
• Repair and maintenance appears to be a neglected area. With no access to these
services, most biogas plants ceased to function, this situation continues.
• In some cases, biogas plants were installed in places with no nearby field meaning
there was nowhere for participants to dispose of slurry produced from the plants,
for this reason, many of these participants closed their plants. This should be taken
into account in participant selection.
• In many field offices, no proper records have been maintained on the programme
with field staff having little knowledge about the size or age of biogas plants. It is
recommended to keep data on constructed plants for the purpose of maintenance
and accountability.
• In some cases, no proper feasibility studies have been undertaken. The selection of
suitable participants and areas is crucial to the success of the programme. Biogas
plants need a great deal of water in order to operate properly, yet some of plants
were installed in areas where communities do not have access to drinking water. On
the other hand, some plants were installed in areas where water levels are too high
reducing the ground temperature and causing a low output of gas.
• In some cases, participants say that they were not interested in adopting the
technology and claim they were pushed into this; these claims need to be further
investigated.
• The survey revealed that many members of staff in PITD including engineers have
not received trainings or any orientation in the use of biogas technology. In Rahim
Yar Khan some members of staff reported researching this on the internet. This
is to be used for background research only and needs to be supplemented with
practical trainings.
Opportunities
• An increasing number of participants in the programme have been requesting larger
plants to be provided for lighting in addition to cooking, these requests are
concentrated in rural areas following a rise in electricity rates. A small number of
people in the programme are already using the technology to power gas lamps.
However, as brought out in the analysis, the larger the plant, the larger the input
requirements resulting in increased cases of plant closures for larger plants, again
there needs to be a careful participant selection process before larger plants can be
distributed.
• Due to the large potential savings to be made on fuel, there is a potential for biogas
programmes to be implemented as an option under comprehensive poverty
alleviation programmes at household level in Pakistan. The technology is particularly
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Conclusion and Recommendations
24
beneficial in rural areas where further savings can be made from the use of slurry as
fertiliser. NRSP should create greater awareness among its Local Support
Organizations (LSOs) and Village Organizations (VOs) of biogas as a viable and
standard option under its ENRM programme; it is also an option being considered
by a number of large donors in Pakistan including USAID, PPAF and UNDP.
• Community level plants may also be considered, although these need to be carefully
managed given the potential for conflict over input requirements and gas usage.
• Further training needs to be provided to participants on the potential uses of biogas
slurry as a high quality fertiliser that can be used or sold locally.
• 100% of biogas plants installed for women are functioning; this seems logical given
that women are usually primarily responsible for cooking in the home and
therefore reap greater direct benefits from plant installation. This is an aspect to be
considered in programme planning.
• It is recommended that the floating drum design be used in warmer areas (having
now been successfully tested in Rawalpindi for the last nine years). However the
fixed dome model is recommended for colder areas as it can be covered and
preserving more heat and maintaining productivity levels.
Threats• Most beneficiaries have not received any comprehensive training on plant operation
and maintenance causing problems leading to low productivity levels and in several
cases to the closure of plants.
• In Rahim Yar Khan, very low cost shares (5% or 10%) have been charged in some
cases resulting in plant closures in all cases. Cost shares below 20% are found to
discourage a sense of ownership in participants.
• Although the installation of biogas plants connected with household toilets would
assist where there is a shortage of inputs, participants were against this due to
cultural reasons. It is advised that extensive awareness raising campaigns take place
on the benefits of this before this is in any way tested.
• 34% of participants reported a reduction in the production of biogas production by
20-40% in winters. This factor led many participants to close their plants, particularly
if this was soon after installation.
FGDs were conducted with programme participants as part of the research into this
technology, the following suggestions were made:
• Many people expressed an interest in using biogas for lighting; many participants
believed that given the recent increases in electricity rates and petrol prices, this
would lead to substantial savings
Community concerns and suggestions
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
25
Conclusion and Recommendations
•
occurred in the biogas plants, in some cases, participants did not know how to
arrange an engineer for this. This issue has led to the closure of plants.
• Communities reported the poor management of biogas slurry. In a small number of
cases, plants have been installed within the house causing slurry to spread around;
this has led to unhygienic conditions.
• It was found that, most plant owners are not feeding their plants the correct amount
of water and dung. In some cases, communities connect water pipes with the tap
and feed mixer without knowing whether the correct amount of water has been
mixed or not. Participants requested that small containers be provided with markers
to indicate the correct measurements of dung and water.
A common complaint was the lack of maintenance or facilities available when faults
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Conclusion and Recommendations
26
Annexes
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
27
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Annexes
Annexure-1: List of Biogas plants installed by NRSP as of May 20011
Rah
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15R
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ain
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19R
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22R
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26R
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an27
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undi
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ar W
ali
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il A
hm
edR
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urR
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oo
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ur
Sr#
Reg
ion
FU
CO
Nam
e N
ame
of
Ben
efic
iary
Mo
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U/
C
28
32R
ahim
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Kh
anB
hun
diF
atto
Wal
l No
rth
Muh
amam
d A
bb
asP
eer
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eh D
erya
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oo
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33R
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hah
Pir
Wal
aSh
abir
Ah
mad
Pee
r F
ateh
Der
yaR
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ol P
ur34
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im Y
ar K
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Ch
ah P
ir W
ala
Syed
Ija
z H
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eh D
erya
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oo
l Pur
35R
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hun
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adM
aste
r K
aree
m B
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r F
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ur36
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im Y
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hir
Ab
adR
ana
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ussa
inA
li P
urR
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ur37
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im Y
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ian
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ur38
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im Y
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han
Bh
undi
Sayy
edSa
yyed
Tah
ir S
hah
Mia
n S
aadi
Sul
tan
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oo
l Pur
39R
ahim
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Kh
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hun
diSa
yyed
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ian
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ur40
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im Y
ar K
han
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Bux
sh P
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Man
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r A
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li P
urR
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ur41
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im Y
ar K
han
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to W
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out
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r F
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ur42
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r F
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ol p
ur43
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im Y
ar K
han
Bh
undi
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ar A
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Ab
dul S
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oo
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oo
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44R
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45R
ahim
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Kh
anJa
mal
din
wal
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ab
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Has
san
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hti
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arif
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oo
l Pur
46R
ahim
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Kh
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wal
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ab
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uham
mad
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oh
ti S
har
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ol P
ur47
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im Y
ar K
han
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ali
Mo
hib
lar
Bah
dar
ali
Ro
hti
Sh
arif
Ras
oo
l Pur
48R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anJa
mal
din
wal
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oh
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rF
ayya
z A
hm
adR
oh
ti S
har
ifR
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ol P
ur49
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im Y
ar K
han
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aldi
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hib
lar
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arif
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hti
Sh
arif
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oo
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50R
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Kh
anJa
mal
din
wal
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mad
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eem
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i Bel
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ta W
ahan
51R
ahim
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Kh
anJa
mal
din
wal
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stM
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mad
Iqb
alG
ari B
ela
Bh
utta
Wah
an52
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Jam
aldi
nw
ali
Kis
an d
ost
Ras
hid
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med
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i Bel
aB
hut
ta W
ahan
53R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anJa
mal
din
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do
stSa
jid A
liG
ari B
ela
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an54
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im Y
ar K
han
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aldi
nw
ali
Kis
an d
ost
Ras
hid
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mae
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i Bel
aB
hut
ta W
ahan
55R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anJa
mal
din
wal
iK
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do
stSh
ouk
at A
liG
ari B
ela
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Wah
an56
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im Y
ar K
han
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aldi
nw
ali
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an d
ost
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ulam
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iG
ari B
ela
Bh
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Wah
an57
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im Y
ar K
han
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ali
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mill
ah P
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ulfq
ar A
liSa
id P
urB
hut
ta W
ahan
58R
ahim
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Kh
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din
wal
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sain
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Pur
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Wah
an59
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im Y
ar K
han
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aldi
nw
ali
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zan
d A
liF
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Bux
shB
hut
ta W
ahan
Bh
utta
Wah
an60
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im Y
ar K
han
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aldi
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ali
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rian
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amm
ad S
adiq
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utta
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anB
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ta W
ahan
61R
ahim
Yar
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din
wal
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hal
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alil
Ah
mad
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Pur
Bh
utta
Wah
an62
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im Y
ar K
han
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aldi
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ali
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t F
azil
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alid
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mo
od
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Pur
Bh
utta
Wah
an63
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im Y
ar K
han
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aldi
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ali
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Bux
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oh
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ad I
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elN
azar
Mo
ham
mad
JDW
Sr#
Reg
ion
FU
CO
Nam
e N
ame
of
Ben
efic
iary
Mo
uza
U/
C
29
Renewable Energy: Evaluation of Biogas Initiative in Punjab
Annexes
64R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urW
alay
aA
sif
Meh
mo
od
Ko
t F
aqir
aR
aso
ol P
ur65
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Shah
baz
pur
Wal
aya
Shah
id I
qbal
Ko
t F
aqir
aR
aso
ol P
ur66
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Shah
baz
pur
Wal
aya
Am
jad
Raz
aK
ot
Faq
ira
Ras
oo
l Pur
67R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urW
alay
aSh
ouk
at A
liK
ot
Faq
ira
Ras
oo
l Pur
68R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urW
alay
aA
bdu
l Maj
idK
ot
Faq
ira
Ras
oo
l Pur
69R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urIm
am B
ux J
unj
Meh
bo
ob
Ela
hi
M.N
awaz
Was
aB
hut
ta W
ahan
70R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urIm
dad
Shah
Qas
im K
han
M.N
awaz
Was
aB
hut
ta W
ahan
71R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urC
hah
Kh
aji W
ala
Saee
d A
hm
adK
ot
Faq
ira
Ras
oo
l Pur
72R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urC
hah
Kh
aji W
ala
Fia
z A
hm
adK
ot
Faq
ira
Ras
oo
l Pur
73R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urC
hah
Kh
aji W
ala
Nia
z A
hm
adK
ot
Faq
ira
Ras
oo
l Pur
74R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urW
alay
aA
bdu
l Gh
afo
or
Ko
t F
aqir
aR
aso
ol P
ur75
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Shah
baz
pur
Wal
aya
Kh
an M
oh
amm
adK
ot
Faq
ira
Ras
oo
l Pur
76R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urA
llah
Was
aya
Ab
dul H
amee
dSh
ehb
az P
urB
hut
ta W
ahan
77R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anSh
ahb
azp
urW
alay
aSa
eed
Ah
mad
Ko
t F
aqir
aR
aso
ol P
ur78
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Bah
adar
pur
Al-
Shah
baz
Lal
Bux
shK
otl
a H
ayat
Ras
oo
l Pur
79R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anB
ahad
arp
urA
l-Sh
ahb
azH
aq N
awaz
Ko
tla
Hay
atR
aso
ol P
ur80
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Bah
adar
pur
Al-
Shah
baz
Bas
hir
Ah
mad
Ko
tla
Hay
atR
aso
ol P
ur81
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Bah
adar
pur
Al-
Shah
baz
Muh
amm
ad S
alee
mK
otl
a H
ayat
Ras
oo
l Pur
82R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anB
ahad
arp
urA
l-Sh
ahb
azM
uham
mad
Nas
imK
otl
a H
ayat
Ras
oo
l Pur
83R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anB
ahad
arp
urK
han
Muh
amm
ad R
afiq
Kh
anK
otl
a H
ayat
Ras
oo
l Pur
84
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Bah
adar
pur
Kh
anM
aso
od
Mus
tafa
Ko
tla
Hay
atR
aso
ol P
ur
85R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anB
ahad
arp
urK
han
Eija
z A
hm
adK
otl
a H
ayat
Ras
oo
l Pur
86
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Bah
adar
pur
Ch
ah K
inn
iM
uham
mad
Bux
&R
oas
han
Bh
ait
Ro
ash
an B
hai
tM
uham
mad
Afz
al87
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Bah
adar
pur
Ch
ah K
inn
iJa
m A
llah
Bac
hay
aR
oas
han
Bh
ait
Ro
ash
an B
hai
t &
Sh
ah N
awaz
88R
ahim
Yar
Kh
anB
ahad
arp
urC
hah
Kin
ni
Far
zan
d A
liR
oas
han
Bh
ait
Ro
ash
an B
hai
t89
Rah
im Y
ar K
han
Bah
adar
pur
Ch
ah K
inn
iR
abn
awaz
Ro
ash
an B
hai
tR
oas
han