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National Plant Agrobiodiversity Conservation Strategy for the Sultanate of Oman
N. Maxted
The Point: why a strategy,
why now?
Oman’s plant genetic
resources have actual
and potential value that
can directly and
indirectly benefit current
and future generations
Policy context CBD Strategic Plan agreed in Nagoya (2010) – Target 13 of 20
"Target 13. By 2020, The status of crop and livestock genetic diversity
in agricultural ecosystems and of wild relatives has been improved.
(SMART target to be developed at global and national levels) …. In
addition, in situ conservation of wild relatives of crop plants could be
improved inside and outside protected areas."
CBD Global Strategy for Plant Conservation 2011 – 2020
(2010) – Target 9 of 16
Target 9: 70 per cent of the genetic diversity of crops including their
wild relatives and other socio-economically valuable plant species
conserved, while respecting, preserving and maintaining associated
indigenous and local knowledge.
Target 1: An online flora of all known plants = inventory of ABD
Target 2: An assessment of the conservation status of all known plant
species as guide conservation action = conservation status of ABD
UN Millennium Development Goals highlighted the need of eradicating
extreme poverty and hunger = linked conservation and use of ABD
UN adopts new Global Goals,
charting sustainable development
for people and planet by 2030
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+
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Threat: Why actively conserve ABD now?• 7.37 billion humans in 2014 (02/11/15)
• 9.6 billion humans by 2050 (UN, 2014)
• To feed the human population in 2050 we will require food supplies to increase by 60% globally, and 100% in developing countries (FAO, 2011)
• While climate change may reduce agricultural production by 2% each decade this century (IPCC, 2014)
16 billion
10 billion
6 billion
Climate change has changed the game
Climate change may reduce agricultural production by 2% each decade while demand
increases 14%. Up to 40% of the world will develop unfamiliar climates by 2050 (IPCC,
2014)
2015 @ 12%/Oman 2020 @ 17.4%/Oman 2050 @ 2.3% of Oman
Food insecurity & human malnourishment is going to be a real problem in our lifetimes
Threat: Why actively conserve ABD in Oman now?• CWR, MP, WHS and LR are each expected to be affected by climate change and their agro-
environment;
• LR are being lost due to their replacement with modern cultivars, changing markets, family
aspirations;
• CWR, MP and WHS, like other wild species are threatened by the loss, degradation and
fragmentation of their natural habitats and competition from alien species;
• CWR are often located in disturbed habitats (e.g. field margins, forest edges and roadsides),
that are not being conserved by ecosystem conservation agencies;
• LR are often associated with low-input traditional farming systems, many of which are being
converted to more intensive high-input systems;
• CWR, MP, WHS and LR each suffers lack of knowledge of their breadth, location and real
use potential, they are largely uncharacterised, unevaluated and undervalued;
• lack of knowledge on how many LR remain extant as well as on their traditional cultivation
practices which constrains their conservation and utilization;
• MP and WHS are collected by destructive harvesting practices from wild coupled with habitat
degradation, agricultural expansion, overgrazing and urbanisation threaten MP and WHS
Phasing of conservation actions
Phase 1: ABD Conservation planning– Scope and ambition
– Collate existing ABD conservation data and expertise
– Drafting of National Plant ABD Conservation Strategy
– Omani expert review and discussion
– Publication of agreed ‘Strategy’ by stakeholders
Phase 2: ABD Conservation implementation– In situ ABD conservation action
– Ex situ ABD conservation action
– Link ABD conservation to sustainable use
Stakeholders need to
take ownership of their
Strategy
National Plant Agrobiodiversity Conservation Strategy for the Sultanate of Oman: Structure
Part 1: Background and Justification1.Context, justification and implementation
2.Plant and agrobiodiversity of Arabian Peninsula and Oman
Part 2: Conservation and Use Strategies3. Introduction to socioeconomic plant resources analysis
4. Conservation Strategy for Crop Landraces
5. Conservation Strategy for Crop Wild Relatives
6. Conservation Strategy for Medicinal Plants
7. Conservation Strategy for Wild Harvested Plant Species
8. Climate Change Analysis
9. Promotion of Sustainable Use of Agrobiodiversity????
Part 3: Synthesis and Recommendations10.Synthesis and discussion
10.1. Monitoring agrobiodiversity conservation
10.2. A policy and legislative context for agrobiodiversity conservation
10.3 Implications for regional and global conservation
10.4 Problems encountered
10.5 Research priorities
11. Conclusions and recommendations11.1 Overall conclusions
11.2 Action plan recommendations for implementing the Strategy
1. Context, justification and implementation
Content1.1. Plant genetic resources: concept, ecosystem services and role in livelihood
1.2. Plant genetic resource conservation
1.3. Plant conservation and national strategies
1.4. Threats
1.5. Policy and ethical drivers of national PGR conservation
1.6. Breadth of National Plant Agrobiodiversity Conservation Strategy
1.7. Implementing of National Plant Agrobiodiversity Conservation Strategy
1.8. Structure of National Plant Agrobiodiversity Conservation Strategy
1. Context, justification and implementation
Methodology
• What is PGRFA
• Overview of conservation methods
• Approaches to national strategies
• Review of threats and threat assessment
• Policy context
• Scope, mission & vision for PGRFA conservation and
use in Oman
Scope and ambition
• Scope: LR, CWR, MP & WHS
• Ambition: Effective, complementary conservation linked
to sustainable use that benefits the people of Oman
Strategy visionScope: The wealth of agrobiodiversity (including crop
landraces, crop wild relatives, medical plant and wild
harvested species) native and introduced to the Sultanate
of Oman.
Mission: To halt diversity loss, effectively maintain and
sustainably utilize agrobiodiversity, with the aim of
enhancing their contribution to national, regional and global
development, food security and human well-being.
Vision: The value of agrobiodiversity and its importance in
contributing to the overall development of ecosystem,
environment and food security in Oman is recognised, with
the aim of improving the livelihood of the people of Oman
by promoting policies and viable programs for the
conservation and the enhanced use of plant diversity.
Building on existing expertise!
1. Context, justification and implementation
Outstanding questions?
2. Plant and agrobiodiversity of Arabian Peninsula
and Oman
Content
2.1.Introduction
2.2.Geology, climate, and vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula and Oman
2.3.Floristics of the Arabian Peninsula
2.4.Floristic introduction to Oman
2.5.Cultivated plant resources of Oman
2.6.Conservation of plant genetic resources in Oman
2.7.Use of plant genetic diversity in Oman
2. Plant and agrobiodiversity of Arabian Peninsula
and Oman
Methodology
• Introduction to ecogeography, floristics, plant cultivation,
existing plant conservation and plant use in use
2. Plant and agrobiodiversity of Arabian Peninsula
and Oman
Outstanding questions
• New section 2.4+
– Threats in Oman to crop landraces, crop wild relatives, medical
plant and wild harvested?
– Threat assessment (Red List for plants) of Oman
• 2.5 Cultivated plants of Oman - more detailed
information on crops of Oman
• 2.7 Use of PGR in Oman - more detailed information on
current and potential uses
3. Introduction to socioeconomic plant resources
analysis
Content
3.1 Cultivated and wild socioeconomic plant resources of Oman
3.2 Scope of crop and other socio-economic plant checklists
3.3 Data sources for checklist creation
3.4 Checklist content
3.5 Data sources for gap analysis of CWR and MP diversity
3.6 Ecogeographic Land Characterization
3. Introduction to socioeconomic plant resources
analysis
ABD CWR taxa
Crop 109
CWR 659
Medicinal 423
Forestry 184
Ornamental 285
Combined 1,062
Methodology• Generate checklists
• Using
– Floristic checklist of Oman
(OAPGRC, 2015)
– Handbook of Arabian
Medicinal Plants
(Ghazanfar, 1994)
3. Introduction to socioeconomic plant resources
analysis
Methodology• Data sources (passport data)
– GBIF (2,132 accessions)
– Oman Natural History Museum
(13,200 accessions)
– Total = 15,332
• Match to CWR and MP checklist
– CWR (2,640 accessions)
– MP (1,349 accessions)
3. Introduction to socioeconomic plant resources
analysis
Methodology• ELC Map for plant species of
Oman produced using
CAPFITOGEN tool
• 14 (out of 103) variables from
bioclimatic, geophysical and
edaphic components
Specific ELC projection for M. sativa locations in Oman, it is found in 5 ELC zones
3. Introduction to socioeconomic plant resources
analysis
Outstanding questions
• Additional passport data
source discussion?
• Extension of ELC mapping for
all taxa with sufficient data?
(75 species >10 presence
points and 13 species >20,
more the better)
4. Conservation Strategy for Crop Landrace
Content
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Prior conservation of landraces in Oman (MAF, ICARDA and
USDA)
4.3 What constitutes landrace diversity?
4.4 Actual scope of a landrace inventory for Oman
4.5 Proposal for collation of landrace diversity information in Oman?
4.6 Data collated for a national landrace inventory
4.7 Post-inventory follow-up
4. Conservation Strategy for Crop Landrace
Methodology• Triage discussion and systematic
LR surveys
– Expert advice
– Commercial companies
– Scientific literature
– ‘Grey literature’ archival materials
– Internet searches.
– Official documents
– Farmer interviews
• Ethno-agronomic survey– Continue work of Directorate General of
Agricultural Research in LR hotspots
4. Conservation Strategy for Crop Landrace
Methodology• LR database
– Crop scientific name
– Name of LR
– Date of collection
– Maintainer details (e.g. name, contact details, age, gender, family structure, education,
main source of income, owned or rented land, size farm, organic status, arable or mixed
farming system)
– Geographic location (e.g. province, nearest settlement, latitude, longitude, altitude,
edaphic conditions)
– LR characteristics (e.g. characterization and evaluation details, maintainer perceived
value, length of seed saving, relationship to other LR)
– Cultivation details (e.g. area currently sown, history of area sown, time sown, time
harvested, cultural practices, cultivation inputs, etc.)
– Relative uniqueness of LR (e.g. grown on single farm or more widespread, genetic
distinction)
– Usage and traditional knowledge (e.g. description of main usage, secondary usage,
home consumption or marketed, marketing, current and past values, member of grower
or marketing cooperative)
– Threats (e.g. perverse incentives, lack of sustainability of farming system, lack of market)
4. Conservation Strategy for Crop Landrace
Outstanding questions
• Scope of surveys?
• Would triage approach work, any other
sources of data?
• Who will lead triage?
• Once LR hotspots identified what
resources will required to undertake
surveys?
• Use of LR diversity?
– Novel and niche marketing?
– Participatory breeding to benefit farmers?
5. Conservation Strategy for Crop Wild Relatives
Content
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Development of a national CWR strategy
5.3 Gap analysis of collated data
5.2.4 Gap analysis result and conservation
recommendations
Why conserve CWR?
• They are useful– CWR are rich in genetic diversity and provide potential resistance to biotic
and abiotic stresses (e.g. P&D, drought, flooding, extreme heat, salt)
• They are threatened– 16–22% of Arachis, Solanum and Vigna CWR extinct by 2055, others have
reduced range (Jarvis et al. 2008)– 16% of priority European CWR threatened with extinction; brassicas, beet,
lettuce, wheat and onion gene pools of particular concern (Kell et al. 2012)
They are not well conserved 9% of European ex situ accessions of wild origin, these represent only 6% of
CWR in Europe (Dias et al., 2012); CWR vastly under-represented How many in situ genetic reserves in Europe meet Iriondo et al. (2012)
guidelines? None?
They have significant economic value $120 billion toward increased crop yields per year (PWC, 2013)
5. Conservation Strategy for Crop Wild Relatives
Methodology
• Oman has 1,576 plant species
• 659 CWR species from 217
genera and 69 families
• 2,640 CWR accessions with lat /
long for 569 CWR taxa (90 CWR
with no available data)
5. Conservation Strategy for Crop Wild Relatives
Methodology
CWR observations in Oman CWR richness in Oman
5. Conservation Strategy for Crop Wild Relatives
Methodology
Predicted CWR richness in Oman
5. Conservation Strategy for Crop Wild Relatives
Methodology
Result of ex situ gap analysis Result of in situ gap analysis
5. Conservation Strategy for Crop Wild Relatives
Outstanding questions• Expert and ground truth results
– Ex situ = Northern range of Al Akhdar and Jabir mountains and the
Southern coastal mountains of Dhofar (Al Jabal Al Akhdar Scenic
Reserve, the Jabal Samhan Nature Reserve, Musandam and Janaba)
– In situ = Al Jabal Al Akhdar Scenic Reserve in the north and the Jabal
Samhan Nature Reserve in the south
– Possible re-analysis with prioritised CWR inventory
6. Conservation Strategy for Medicinal Plants
Content
6.1 Selection of target taxa and MP checklist
6.2 Survey and collation of ecogeographic data
6.3 Gap analysis of collated data
6.4 Gap analysis result and conservation recommendations
Why conserve MP?
• They are useful– over 50% of prescription drugs are derived from chemicals first identified in
plants
• They are threatened– 400 medicinal plants at risk of extinction using IUCN Red List criteria from
over-collection and deforestation, threatening the discovery of future cures for disease
– five billion people still rely on traditional plant-based medicine as their primary form of health care
• They are not well conserved 9% of European ex situ accessions of wild origin How many in situ genetic reserves in Europe meet Iriondo et al. (2012)
guidelines? None?
They have significant economic value Annual global export value of pharmaceutical plants in 2011 accounted for
over US$2.2 billion (TRAFFIC)
6. Conservation Strategy for Medicinal Plants
Methodology
• Handbook of Arabian Medicinal Plants
(Ghazanfar, 1994)
• Extracted Omani species
• Final MP checklist for Oman contains 423
species from 272 genera and 92 families
• 1,349 MP accessions with lat / long for 272
MP taxa (151 CWR with no available data)
6. Conservation Strategy for Medicinal Plants
Methodology
MP observations in Oman MP richness in Oman
6. Conservation Strategy for Medicinal Plants
Methodology
Predicted MP richness in Oman
5. Conservation Strategy for Medicinal Plants
Methodology
Result of ex situ gap analysis Result of in situ gap analysis
6. Conservation Strategy for Medicinal Plants
Outstanding questions• Expert and ground truth results
– Ex situ = Al Jabal Al Akhdar
Scenic Reserve and the Jabal
Samhan Nature Reserve, Al
Akhdar / Jabir mountains and
Dhofar, Musandam and Janaba
– In situ = Al Jabal Al Akhdar Scenic
Reserve in the north and the Jabal
Samhan Nature Reserve in the
south
7. Conservation Strategy for Wild Harvested Plants
Content
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Proposal for collation of WHS diversity information
7.3 Data collated for a national wild harvested species
inventory
7.4 Post-inventory follow-up
7. Conservation Strategy for Wild Harvested Plants
Methodology• Triage discussion and systematic
WHP surveys
– Expert advice
– Commercial companies
– Scientific literature
– ‘Grey literature’ archival materials
– Internet searches.
– Official documents
– Community interviews
• Ethno-agronomic survey– Continue work of Oman Botanic Garden in
WHP hotspots
7. Conservation Strategy for Wild Harvested Plants
Methodology• WHP database
– WHP scientific name
– Harvester details (e.g. name, contact details, age, gender, family
structure, education, main source of income)
– Geographic location (e.g. province, nearest settlement, latitude,
longitude, altitude)
– WHS characteristics (e.g. use of WHS, necessary preparation details,
harvesters perceived value, market sale or self-consumption)
– Harvesting details (e.g. area where WHS found, time harvested, any
cultural practices, method of harvesting, method of product storage,
harvest product chain through to final consumer, local or national
harvesting incentives)
– Relative uniqueness of WHS (e.g. found in a single location or more
widespread, genetic distinction)
– Usage and traditional knowledge (e.g. description of main usage,
secondary usage, home consumption or marketed, marketing, current
and past values, member of grower or marketing cooperative)
– Threats (e.g. perverse incentives, lack of sustainability of harvesting,
lack of market)
7. Conservation Strategy for Wild Harvested Plants
Outstanding questions
• Scope of surveys?
• Would triage approach work, any other
sources of data?
• Who will lead triage?
• Once WHP hotspots identified what
resources will be reqired to undertake
surveys?
• Use of WHP diversity?
– Novel and niche marketing?
– Cultivation to benefit communities?
8. Climate change analysis
Content8.1 Introduction
8.2 Impact of climate change on wild plant species
8.3 Impact of climate change on crop plants
8.4 Projected impact of climate change on
species/biodiversity/food productivity in Oman
8.5 Methods of Assessing Climate Change Impact
– IUCN Red List Assessment
– IUCN Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment
– Species Distribution Modelling
8.6 Critique of Methods Used to Assess Climate Change Impact
8.7 Further suggestions to mitigate the likely impact of climate
change on agriculture
8.8 Discussion
Background
Oman specific
Background
Oman specific
8. Climate change analysis
Methodology• Medicago sativa chosen as exemplar of analysis because has most location points
• SRES-A2 emission scenario and the General Circulation Model (GCM) UKMO-HadCM3
• Potential species distribution maps for 2015, 2020 and 2050
2015 @ 12%/Oman 2020 @ 17.4%/Oman 2050 @ 2.3% of Oman
8. Climate change analysis
Outstanding questions
• Omani plant taxon CC SDM analysis
(75 species >10 presence points and
13 species >20, more the better)
• Omani in situ site CC SDM analysis
9. Promotion of Sustainable Agrobiodiversity Use
Content
To be written ...
9. Promotion of Sustainable
Agrobiodiversity Use
• Conventionally ABD are obtained by breeders, farmers and other users from ex situ genebanks, but also from in situ genetic reserves (is in situ untenable without active link to user)
• How?– Novel omics approaches to
characterization and evaluation;
– Predictive characterization for mining genetic resources;
– End user-orientated informatics (e.g. GLIS + extension).
• Establish a modus operandi for the routine use of ABD diversity found in situ in genetic reserves or ex situ in genebanks
9. Promotion of Sustainable
Agrobiodiversity Use
Users
• Conventionally ABD are obtained by breeders, farmers and other users from ex situ genebanks, but also from in situ genetic reserves (is in situ untenable without active link to user)
• How?– Novel omics approaches to
characterization and evaluation;
– Predictive characterization for mining genetic resources;
– End user-orientated informatics (e.g. GLIS + extension).
• Establish a modus operandi for the routine use of ABD diversity found in situ in genetic reserves or ex situ in genebanks
9. Promotion of Sustainable Agrobiodiversity Use
Outstanding questions
10. Synthesis and Discussion
Content
10.1 Monitoring agrobiodiversity conservation
10.2 A policy and legislative context for agrobiodiversity
conservation
10.3 Implications for regional and global conservation
10.4 Problems encountered
10.5 Research priorities
11. Conclusions and Recommendations
Content
11.1 Overall conclusions
11.2 Action plan recommendations for implementing the
Strategy
11. Conclusions and Recommendations
Outstanding questions
Conclusions
Increased global awareness of the importance of ABD conservation and use, particularly due to climate change and the need for food security
Primary conservation of ABD will be via in situ, genetic reserves in Pas and outside of PAs, with complementary ex situ holdings
Knowledge and expertise is available in Oman to implement a holistic CWR conservation strategy and national efforts could contribute to a global network of ABD conservation and use
ABD use can benefit Oman, as well as Middle East as a whole, they are a unique national and regional resource