National Lighting EnergyNational Lighting Energy ConsumptionConsumption

390 Billion kWh used for lighting in all390 Billion kWh used for lighting in all commercial buildings incommercial buildings in 20012001

LED (<.1%)

Incandescent 40%

HID 22%

Fluorescent 38%

Lighting Energy Consumption byLighting Energy Consumption by Breakdown of Lighting EnergyBreakdown of Lighting EnergyMajor Sector and Light Source TypeMajor Sector and Light Source Type

Source: Navigant Consulting, Inc., U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and, Energy Consumption Estimate, Final Report for US DOE, 2002

Impact of Electronic Ballasts and TImpact of Electronic Ballasts and T--88 Fluorescent Lamps on Lighting ConsumptionFluorescent Lamps on Lighting Consumption

Annual Shipment of BallastsAnnual Shipment of Ballasts Fluorescent Lighting inFluorescent Lighting in in US (1988in US (1988 –– 2003)2003) Commercial Buildings (2001)Commercial Buildings (2001)

140,000 70% Total Magnetic Electronic % Electronic

T8 – less than 4’100,000 50% 7%

All T-8 lamps 30%

All T-12 lamps 58%

T8 – 4’3% T8 – More than 4’

120,000 60%

3%1%3%

% E

lect

ron

ic T8 – U-bent8%80,000 40% T12 – less than 4’ T12 – 4’ T12 – More than 4’

60,000 30% T12 – U-bent Compact – Pin-base Compact – Screw -in Compact – Pin-base – reflr1%40,000 20% Compact – Screw -in – ref lr

1% Circline

20,000 10%

0 0% 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Year

After 20 years, 50% of US lighting still uses inefficient magnetAfter 20 years, 50% of US lighting still uses inefficient magnetic ballastsic ballasts Source: Navigant Consulting, Inc., U.S. Lighting Market Characterization, Volume I: National Lighting Inventory and, Energy Consumption Estimate, Final Report for US DOE, 2002

US Bureau of the Census

Controls and CommunicationsControls and Communications Wired Bus

Control over Powerline

Radio Communications

Digital (DALI)

WiFi ZigBee

Lighting ballast industryLighting ballast industry has selected DALI as itshas selected DALI as its standardized wired digitalstandardized wired digital protocolprotocol

No generally acceptedNo generally accepted powerlinepowerline communicationscommunications schemescheme

ZigBeeZigBee is leadingis leading contender for futurecontender for future wireless lighting andwireless lighting and building control productsbuilding control products

Analog (0-10 VDC)

Powerline Communications

Lighting wastes energy because dimmingLighting wastes energy because dimming lighting controls are not widely usedlighting controls are not widely used

Major Lighting ControlMajor Lighting Control StrategiesStrategies Vacancy Detection or Scheduling Automatic Dimming with Daylight Tuning Strategies

Personal dimming controls Institutional requirements

Lumen Maintenance Demand Response

ALL lighting should be:ALL lighting should be:

• Dimmable • Addressable

• Affordable

Electricity Demand in California During 1999 Summer Peaky y y

Demand (Megawatts) 60,000

50,000

40,000

30,000

20,000

10,000

0

Total Demand Extended

Peak

Commercial

Residential

Industrial

Agricultural and Other

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time of Day (End of Hour)

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Time of Day

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Time of Day

Dimming lighting during curtailments 30000 30000

25000 25000

20000 20000

15000 15000

10000 10000

5000 5000

0 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

Time of Day Time of Day

A/C

Lighting

Other

Typical commercial building load profile

Peak demand reductions during curtailments

Lighting: 75% Air conditioning: 25% Other: 10%

A/C

Other

Dimmed lighting

Option 4: Full WirelessOption 4: Full Wireless

CS

C

A A A A

S CS

CS

A A A A

A A A AA A A A

Single Chip Mote Feasibility Demonstrated

Wireless Control by single-chip mote

demonstrated in ACM & Ballast

Single Chip mounted to a board for integration with

lighting components

A Hybrid Option: Analog Control (0A Hybrid Option: Analog Control (0--10 VDC10 VDC bus) Accessible with Wireless Transmittersbus) Accessible with Wireless Transmitters

CS

C

A A A

S CS

CS

Analog Bus

A A A

Analog Bus

A A A

Analog Bus

A A A

Analog Bus

WiLightWiLight: A Novel Application of Energy: A Novel Application of Energy--Scavenging Wireless CommunicationsScavenging Wireless Communications

BatterBatteryy--lessless TranTransmittersmitter

BiBi--Level lights (2 x 20 Amps)Level lights (2 x 20 Amps)Radio BrRadio Bridgeidge

RadioRadio

DR modes:DR modes: 1. Normal1. Normal 2. Moderate2. Moderate 3. Severe3. Severe

DualDual RelaysRelays

AnalogAnalog DimmingDimming

RadioRadio

Inte

llige

nce

Inte

llige

nce

TransceiverTransceiver

Building DR ClientBuilding DR Client Dimmable lights (up to 50Dimmable lights (up to 50 analog dimming ballasts)analog dimming ballasts)

WiLightWiLight DemandDemandInternet ResponseResponse Price ServerPrice Server

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

20

1220

1320

1420

1520

1620

1720

1820

1920

2020

2120

22

2023

2024

2025

Energy Implications and Economic Impact ofEnergy Implications and Economic Impact of Converting to Wireless Lighting ControlsConverting to Wireless Lighting Controls

National Energy Savings with Wireless Lighting Controls (30% Saturation)

Commercial Lighting Use (BkWh/year) Millions of Ballasts Shipped

Year

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Business As Usual

30% Controls Saturation

Ballasts Sold (right scale)

Cumulative Benefits:Cumulative Benefits: InstallingInstalling Wireless Lighting Controls in 30% ofWireless Lighting Controls in 30% of

Commercial Buildings by 2025Commercial Buildings by 2025

Energy 695 Billion kWh Energy Saved

$52 Billion in Energy Cost Savings

Environmental 139 MMTCe Carbon Avoided

Equivalent 93 Million Cars Removed

Economic & Industrial 400 Million Dimming Ballasts Sold

$10 Billion Market Value

Key Barriers to AdvancedKey Barriers to Advanced Lighting ControlsLighting Controls

• Not cost-effective to add control wiring toexisting buildings

• Delivering robust lighting control systems ischallenge to industry

•• CommissioningCommissioning not properly understood • Dimming inherently more complicated than

non-dimming • Quantifying the energy cost savings from

lighting controls is inexact

Challenges AheadChallenges Ahead

• Sustainable drop in the cost of dimming

100

80

60

40

20

0

$/ballast

Static Electronic Ballast

Dimming Electronic Ballast (today)

Cost-Effective Dimming Electronic Ballast

The Challenge

Modernizing Our Offices

Old technology New technologySavings

35 BkWh in Energy $2.6 Billion Cost Savings

7 MMT Carbon avoided 4.5 million cars removed

Modernizing Our Homes

Old technology New technologies

Savings

55 BkWh in Energy $4 Billion Cost Savings

11 MMT Carbon avoided 7.3 million cars removed

Standards for Eliminating the Incandescent Light Bulb

Wattage Limit per Lumen Range OR

Lumens per watt per Lumen Range

Lumen Ranges: 40, 60, 75, 100, 150 watts

National Implementation Schedule:

1. July 2012: 100 watt

CA only can start early

6565 TwhTwh savedsaved annually by 2017annually by 2017

Watts

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

40 W Typical 60 W Typical 75 W Typical 100 W Typical Lumens LumensLumens Lumens

500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Tier 2 (2.5 * Best Fit) Best Fit Curve Harman/Upton Amendment to Title 1 Low-Voltage Halogen (230 V, 3000 hours) >= 1500 hours (n=315)New Philips Halogena New Sylvania Elogic

Lumens Tier 1 (1.5 * Best Fit) US Industry Proposal (6/19/200 CEC SW T ier 2 (1/2008)LED (120 V, no hour rating) < 1500 hours (n=210)Superbulbs LED Prototypes

Modernizing Our Nation’s Lighting Billion kilowatt-hours

800

700

600

500

Roadways

400

300

200

100

0 2007 2017

242

251

48

92

633

207

196

38

72

513

Stores

Homes

Offices