N A T I O N A L H I S T O RY O F PA TA N I , I T S U P R I S I N G A G A I N S T C O L O N I A L I S M ,

A N D I T S S T R U G G L E F O R L I B E R A T I O N

PATANI MALAY CONSULTATIVE CONGRESS

BACKGROUND OF NATION OF PATANI :

Ø  The Nation of Patani is a nation that is located within the Malay

Archipelago in Southeast Asia that covers the entire archipelago of

Indonesia, Brunei, Philipina, Madagascar, Malaysia and Pattani.

Ø  The Nation of Patani streches from the Isthmus of Kra bordering

Myanmar, and Siam (Thai Ayutthaya) in the North, with the

Andaman Sea and the Straits of Malacca to the West and bordering

the Malaysian States of Perlis, Kedah, Perak and Kelantan to the

South with the South China Sea to the East.

Ø  Original population in Patani is made up of Malays. The Malay

archipelago holds 200 millionMalays with Patani contributing 3

million people.

THE EFFECTS OF THAI COLONIALISM ON PATANI

v Now you know more about Patani as Southern Thailand than

Patani the proud nation with a long history.

v Thus, the study from the perspective of history, geography and

structure of society which exhibits cultures and traditions unique to

Patani is an absolute necessity.

N A T I O N A L P O P U L A T I O N O F PA TA N I

v  Now in 14 provinces of Patani in Southern Thailand lives various races with a total population reaching 15 million people. About 5

million lives in the five southernmost provinces of Pattani, Yala, Narathiwat, Songkhla and Satun. Racial composition in this region is

estimated to be 80% Malays, 12% of Siam, 6% Chinese and 1.5% Indian / Pakistani and 0.5% other ethnic groups.

v  While in nine other provinces, namely Chomphon, Raknong, Suratthani, Trang, Krabi, Nakhorn Sri Thammarat, Phuket, Phangnga and

Phatthelung it is estimated the racial composition: Malay and / or Thai Muslim 35%, Siam Buddhist 30%, Chinese 20%, Pakistani / Indian

0.7% other ethnic groups (Burma, Laus & Cambodia, Europe) 8%.

v  After the Patani Kingdom was conquered and colonized by the Kingdom of Siam Ayuthaya, the Siamese invaders slowly changed the

Malay names to Siamised names

The Siamised names of the Malay provinces are as follows, (Siamised/Malay): Chomphon (Chupak); Raknong (Renong); Krabi (Gerbi);

Surathani (Surat/ Chahaya); Trang (Terang); Nakhon Sri Thammarat (Legor); Phuket (Bukit); Phatthalung (Bedelong); Songkhla (Sanggora);

Satun (Setul); Pattani (Pattani); Yala (Jala); Narathiwat (Menara).

T H E B A S I C A S S I M I L A T I O N A N D E T H N I C E L I M I N A T I O N O F M A L A Y S :

v  The original Majority Malays in these 9 northern regions, has now become a minority as a result

of the policy of ethnic cleansing, of planned immigration of Thais from the north and the general

assimilation and ethnic elimination of Malayness from the population.

v  However, in the 5 region of Songkhla, Satun, Pattani, Yala and Narathiwat the Thais were not

fully successful to implement these injustices since there is strong revolt and rise of liberation

movements against these ethnic cleansing cruelties by the Thais.

v  For those who are not able to take open opposition in the country, many vocal Malay politicians

are simply murdered, or emigrate out of the country as a strategic protest and continue their

liberation struggle in the new countries they inhabit.

G OV E R N M E N T O F S U L TA N A T E O F PA TA N I :

v  According to history of Southeast Asia and World History, it is established that since the second and third centuries there has

been a pre-Islamic Malay Kingdom of Patani based in Patani with the name of Langkasuka which reign over the whole northern area

of the Malay Peninsula (Malay Peninsula) from the Isthmus of Kra (Ithmus of Kra) to the south and is bordered by Perlis, Kedah,

Perak and Kelantan (Malaysia now).

v  After the Rulers of Langkasuka accepted Islam in the 10th century, the name Langkasuka is replaced with the name of the

Malay Muslim Sultanate of Patani or simply, Patani . This is evident from the remains of the tombstones in the old cemetery written

in Kufi in Kota Marhum located at Tanjung Budi dated 1039 AD.

v  Patani at that time served as the center of trade and bartering (Barter Trade) between the East and the West. This has made

Patani famous as an advanced and great nation in this region together with Pasai (Aceh now).

v  This also proves the existence of the Sultanate of Patani which was even earlier than the Sultanate of Malacca, which only

existed in the year 1411 AD.

P R O V O C A T I V E A C T I O N S B Y AY U T T H AYA ( T H A I L A N D ) A G A I N S T PA T A N I :

v  The strategic location and the glory of Pattani has caused envy to the Ayutthaya Siamese

Government which led them to attack Patani by sending its navy to the waters of Patani. The Siamese

threatened the peace and progress of trade and interfered with the arrival of foreign vessels entering the

port of Patani.

v  The Siamese engaged in violent wars against Patani in 1603; 1632 and 1633 but they were defeated.

This angered the Siamese more leading them to hold a long grudge against Patani.

I S O L A T I O N P O L I C Y A T Y U T T H Y A A G A I N S T PA TA N I :

v  For the purpose of continuing the effort and intent to destroy the government of

Patani, Siamese Ayutthaya launched several new evil strategies to undermine the

Government for the purpose of conquest of Patani. Among others are: •  invaded and conquered territories of the Northern Provinces of Patani, which was

relatively weaker, where the center of military power is not so strong and pervasive. Thus began the conquest of the region one by one from Chomphon, Raknong, Suratthani and others up to Legor (Nakhorn Sri Thammarat) fell victim to the invasion.

•  Isolate Patani, interfere with neighboring countries to not make contact with Patani under the threat of war with Siam.

v  Their evil strategy worked and the port and commercial center of Patani lost its competitiveness with

other countries such as the port of Malacca and Batavi (Indonesia) .National greatness and strength of

Patani and its port weakened by these evil strategies.

T H E FA L L O F PA TA N I & T H E E V I L O F S I A M :

v  Based on historical fact, the Malay government was illegally ousted by the Kingdom of

Siam in 1786, after a series of brutal attacks, about 183 years after the first failed

attempt in 1603.

v  The Thai Army led by Praya Klahom claimed victory after very fierce battles which

took place on land and sea, led by the Sultan Mohamad, who took the throne after the

death of Sultan Mas Chayam in the year 1786. In this war (1786) the Sultan died a

martyr defending his Sultanate.

v  Following this defeat of the Malay Kingdom, then began the action of violent revenge,

cruelty and brutality against the people of Patani Malays by the Siamese.

T H E B E G I N N I N G O F T H A I F O R C E D R E S T R U C T U R E O F PA T TA N I S TA T E S :

v  The following year, in the year 1787 the Siamese Kingdom of Ayutthaya was put

under the authority of the administration of King Nakhorn Sri Thammarat (Legor) and

he appointed Tengku Lamidin a relative of the Sultan of Patani as a puppet sultan to

take an oath to be faithful and obedient to the rule of Ayutthaya and send ”Gold

Tributes" once every 3 years as a sign of agreed subserviency.

v    As a gesture to show its power, the Thai government made a number of

restructuring of the provinces of Patani. Districts in Pattani province, Tiba (Thepa),

Chenak (Channak), Sanggora (Songkhla), Bedelung (Pattalung) were removed from

Pattani province and placed or inserted into Nakhorn Sri Thammarat Province (Legor).

R E B E L L I O N I N 1 7 8 9 ; 1 8 0 8 ; & I M P L I C A T I O N S v  In 1789, Tengku Lamidin led the revolt with the people against the forces of the government of King of Ayutthaya. Initially, the

revolt was a success so that they can regain control of the entire province of Patani who surrendered to Raja Legor / Nakhorn and regain

control of the entire system of government and institutions of Patani. After three years of rule and defending its sovereignty, the

Government of Patani under Sultan Lamidin was again ousted by the Siamese in 1791 and Patani again fall into the hands of the Siamese

Ayutthaya. Sultan Lamidin was also killed in the war.

v  After the ouster of Patani for the second time, the Thai Government applied a Commissioner System as well as appointed puppet

Rajas. Raja Datuk Pangkalan was appointed as Sultan in the second era of Patani . The District Songkhla was made new territory outside

Pattani Province, and Territory Nakhorn Sri Thammarat served as the new Administrative Centre of the Kingdom of Siam.

v  In 1808, another rebellion against the Government of Siam Ayutthya. Sultan Datuk Pengkalan rose with his people to free Patani

from Siam but in 1810 they lwere ousted again. As a result of this defeat, the Sultan himself was killed and other dignitaries were arrested

and made prisoners, some of them moved to the Federated Malay neighbors.

D I V I D E A N D R U L E P O L I C Y O F S I A M :

v  Patani as a country was divided into 14 sub-regions. Pattani; Nongchik; Yala;

Raman; Yaring; Teluban and Legeh were given to puppet Rajas who rule on matters

of customs and culture alone. They are appointed as long as they are obedient and

loyal to the Government of Thailand.

v While 7 other smaller territories were placed directly under the central

government in Songkhla such as Narathiwat, Satun; and Songkhla itself.

v  Such actions were made with the intention to remove Malay rulers and is the

start of the process to make all the territory of Patani as belonging to Thailand

R E B E L L I O N I N 1 8 3 2 :

v  All the Rajas in the seven regions that were previously broken up by Siam combined to rally against Thai colonialism. This

movement gained control of all provinces and territories and continued to move up close to the central administration of Siam

in Songkhla. However lack of fire arms and logistical problems wee the main cause of their failure in every battle they faced.

Patani people were massacred when help of 4 garrison troops from Bangkok arrived in the port of Songkhla guns and

cannons. This was the last war that led by the Patani Malay rulers, while the Government of Siam continued to tightened its

colonisation of Patani. They changed name of Patani Sultan as follows •  Raja of Pattani Province becane Praya Wichit Pakdi, •  Raja of Nongchik became Praya Phichar Phibul

•   Raja of Teluban became Praya Ratna Pakdi •   Raja Yalaof Province became Praya Narongrit Pakdi

•  Raja Legeh became Praya Pupa Pakdi •   Raja Yaring became Praya Pipit Pakdi •    Raja Raman

S T E P S T O F I N A L L Y R E M O V E PA TA N I M A L A Y R U L E R S I N 1 9 0 2 :

v  Sultan Sulaiman Shariffaddin of Patani died in 1899, Tengku Abdul Qadir Qamaruddin was crowned as the Sultan of

Pattani, in which he was the last sultan of Patani.

v  1902 was a year of darkness to eliminate all remaining rights of the Malay Rulers

v  The Thais placed seven small states of Patani and placed under a central government called "Bariwen". They appointed a

Thai commissioner to head the new administration Thai there, but still placed under the management and control of the High

Commissioner based in Sanggora Siam (Songkhla).

v  Bangkok has sent a senior officer to Patani to persuade or if necessary to force the Sultanss to release all rights and power

to the King of Thailand. In return, the Sultans and the family were promised compensation and retirement pension for life,

under condition that the treasury and financial wealth of the states are delivered to the King of Siam.

In 1899, the King of Patani Sultan Abdul Qadir Qamaruddin took the throne after the death of his father, Sultan Sulaiman Sharifaddin. Sultan Qamaruddin absolutely cannot accept all the conditions set forth by the King of Siam. He saw they were all tricks and malice by the Siamese invaders to destroy all remnants of sovereignty and the rights and powers of the Malay rulers and aimed to hoodwink the Malays and the Malay states. Sultan Qamaruddin have protested and accused Thailand of: 1)  Wanting to remove all forms of Malay and Islamic tradition associated with sharia law, justice,

crime, financial transactions, distribution of the estate and others. 2)  Wanting to introduce and impose teaching of Buddhism to Patani Malay Muslims 3)  Cancelling penalties on Muslims for not attending Friday prayers. 4)  Allowing sex crimes against Muslim women. 5)  Appointing of Commissioner of Siam to Patani to force tax collections from the people. 6)  Commissioner's intervention in the affairs of taxes made for the purpose of sending gold

tribute to Bangkok. 7)  Commissioner of Siam imposed tax on salt byforce.