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NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OF:
VIETNAM
HARI SRINIVASROOM: I -312 / 079 -565-7406
International Environmental Policy
Vietnam at a glance
• Capital: Hanoi• Total Area: 337,114 km2
• Population: 83 million (urban: 25%, rural: 75%).
• Density: 240 habitant/km2
• Humid tropical climate area• Coastal strip with Red river
delta (North) and Mekong delta (South)
• Almost its entire area is a patchwork of rice paddies.
Four Stages of the Vietnam War
• 1946 The first Vietnam War begins – France attempts to reassert its imperial
control over Vietnam– Vietnamese nationalists led by Ho Chi Minh
• 1954 Geneva Conference – Ends first Vietnam war and “temporarily”
divides the country at the 17th parallel– North Vietnam controlled by Ho Chi Minh
and communist supporters– South Vietnam controlled by Ngo Kinh Diem
and democratic supporters (US)
• 1955-1960 STAGE 1– US begins advisory role in Vietnam– Thousands of US military advisors
sent to train South Vietnamese army– Vietcong Guerilla attacks begin in south
• 1961-1964 STAGE 2– US begins counterinsurgency role in
Vietnam– Green Berets sent in and secrete military
operations begin– November 1, 1963 Diem assassinated in US
supported military coup– November 22, 1963 JFK assassinated– August, 1964 Gulf of Tonkin
• 1965-1968 STAGE 3– US begins combat role in Vietnam– First official combat troops arrive leading to
dramatic escalation of the war– January 30, 1968 “Tet Offensive” – March 16, 1968 “My Lai Massacre”
• 1968-1975 STAGE 4– “Vietnamization”– US troop strength decreases slowly– Bombing raids stepped up secretly
(Cambodia, Laos)
Impacts of the Vietnam War
There are two key results from the Vietnam war that impacted the country, for better or for worse:
It brought the country together, merging North Vietnam and South Vietnam in 1975, creating a socialist country
It set the background for the 1986 Doi Moi Policy – reform policy that made Vietnam a “socialist-oriented market economy”
1
2
Historical Timeline
Early Vietnam
Rapid Industrializationand
Urbanization
Doi Moi Policy
Informal Sector
VietnamWar
French Colonizatio
n
~1975 1986
1990~
~1975
Impacts on Environment
Severe pollution of air, water and soils
Industrial wastes dumped into rivers
No treatment of waste water before discharge into rivers
Lack of implementation of environmental laws and regulations
Industrializationand
Urbanization
1990~
Environmental Issues
Economic growth created a number o environmental challenges for the government
A decade of fast economic growth has lef to environmental neglect
Conflict is growing between the goal of continued high economic growth and the environment degradation affecting livelihoods, public health and sustainable development.
Emerging Problems
Vietnam’s population has increased more than 3 times since 1950 – a real pressure on resources.
The growth of urban centers has been accompanied with pollution from vehicles emissions (internal migration)
Inadequate wastewater treatment, causing serious health problems from bacteriological contamination.
Climate change presents risks for Vietnam, including the possibility of a sea level rise which might alter the seasonal flow through the Mekong Delta and salinate rice fields.
Emerging Problems
Economic
Activities
Industrial Enterprises
Agriculture and
Aquaculture
Economic growth and developmen
t
AirWaterSoilWastewaterEmissionsEtc.
Environmental Issues
Environmental problems now impacting economic growth: human health and well-being; polluting air, water and soils; reducing agricultural productivity; and depleting natural resources.
Good national environmental laws and regulations are not implemented properly at the local level
Growing decentralization but weak capacity and institutions at the local level can increase environmental and social problems
Wastewater and River Pollution
This is a canal connected to Vam Co Dong
river, (one of major river system in the South of
Vietnam) polluted by waste water from food
processing companies located by the river,
water is not running any more.
One of the most polluted canals (CoBac canal) in Soc Trang province (inMekong delta)
Urban Situation: Ho Chi Minh
Geographical location: iIt is situated in the South of Vietnam, at downstream section of the Dong Nai-Sai Gon river system.
Main economic activities: industry, commerce, services.
24 districts occupy 78.97% of the total area . 1.7 million people living in these districts , accounting to 32% of the City population
Total length of canals and rivers: 795.5 km.
Urban Situation: Ho Chi Minh
MAJOR POLLUTION
SOURCESIN HO CHI
MINH CITY
Transportation of 2,200,000 motocycles and 230,000 4-wheel vehicles (2.300 buses only)
Residential areas without adequate environmental infrastructure
28,753 medium/small scale industries within residential zones
14 IPs and EPZs
Construction activities
Framework for Environmental Management
Institutional arrangements
• In August 2002, the Government established a new Ministry in charge of environmental issues - Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE);
• People’s Committees (at city/provincial levels) implementing environmental management activities under the direction of MONRE and other relating ministries, with the support of Department of Natural Resources and Environment (DONRE);
• Ho Chi Minh city DONRE has Environmental Management Division, Solid Waste Management Division are in charged for environmental protection activities; Environmental Protection Agency (HEPA- WW Fee collection Division (8 staffs) is in charge for wastewater fee collection duty.
History – Environmental Institutions
1970s State Committee for Science and Technology with Department of baseline survey and studies.
1983 Ministry of Science and Technology (MOSTE) with Dept. of environmental baseline & studies.
1984 MOST Dept. of Natural and Environment (in English) – 12 staff
1985 DNRE Five year national research program for environmental studies (20 projects).
1990 National Sustainable Development Conference – Proposal to establish MONRE
(Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment)
1993 Proposal to establish a Ministry of Environment and national environment council submitted to government
1994 MOSTE and National Environment Protection Agency (NEPA) established.
1995-8 DOSTEs established at provincial level
2002 MONRE established at (NEPA divided into three organization with MONRE)
2003-5 64 DONREs established – 90% with environment divisions.
2003-5 333 District NRE divisions established, and 10,000 communal NRE staff.
(NRE: Natural Resources and Environment)
Legal Instruments in Vietnam
• “Laws” and “Codes” are passed by the National Assembly;
• “Resolutions” and “Ordinances” are passed by the Standing Committee of the National Assembly;
• “Government Decrees” are passed by the Prime Minister or the Vice Prime Minister;
• “Resolutions”, “Circulars”, “Directives” and “Ordinances” are passed by the relevant Minister; and
• “Regulations” are passed by local/provincial governments.
Environmental policy of Vietnam
• Law on Environmental Protection 2005.
• (1993: first general Law on Environmental Protection)
• National Strategy for environmental protection until 2010 with vision toward 2020 – signed by Prime Minister on 02/12/2003.
• Directive 41/CT-TW of the Politburo of Vietnam Communist Party 2005.
• Decree 67/2003/ND-CP on wastewater charge.
• Law of Water Resources 1999.
• Enforcement policies.
Environmental policy of Vietnam
• Further, specific laws and regulations to “protect” the environment –
• Ensuring clean water and environmental hygiene
• Environmental impact assessment
• Mineral Law
• Water Resource Law
• Environmental monitoring.
Vietnam National Green Growth Strategy (VGGS)
Approved on September 25th 2012 by the Prime Minister
Overall objective of the VGGS – (Low carbon Development Strategy) Green growth, as a means to achieve a low carbon economy and to enrich natural
capital, will become the principal direction in sustainable economic development; reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and increased capability to absorb greenhouse gas are gradually becoming essential indicators in social-economic development.
3 strategic tasks outlining the scope of the strategy Low Carbon Growth Greening of Production Greening of Lifestyles
Overall supervision through the National Committee on Climate Change which is headed by the Prime Minister
Green Growth Targets
The VGGS sets the following targets for GDP growth and GHG emission reductions:
For the year 2020: GDP per capita is doubled compared to 2010 Reduce energy consumption per unit of GDP by 1.5 to 2% per year Reduce intensity of greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP by 8-10% or double
the target with international support
For the year 2030: Reduce total GHG emissions by at least 1% per year without and 2% with
international support. Environmental degradation is addressed and natural capital stocks have been
improved while the access and use of clean and green technology is significantly enhanced.
In 2050, Viet Nam has mainstreamed Green Economic Development
Green Growth/Economy
Looking for business
opportunities to solve eco problems
Creating new markets for
environmentally friendly
products and services
Negative environmental impacts and challenges
ECOLIFESTYLES
Short-term
Long-term
Green Growth Components
GREEN ECONOM
Y
Green Technology - producing less
waste, using less energy
Green Jobs – new skills and
qualifications for a emerging future
Green Marketing – using consumer
purchasing power to save the
environment
Green Lifestyles – 3Rs: use less, use it
again
Green Finance – new criteria for
loans and investment
Green Products – low impact on the environment, high
impact on the economy
Key Challenges
Moving from strategy development towards implementation: Developing mechanisms for provincial and sectoral target setting requires
tools/mechanisms Criteria for green growth projects/ programs.
Assess investment requirements Sources of finance (domestic vs. external) Assessing what market based mechanisms are appropriate Promote private sector involvement
Work on development partner coordination: A coordination framework has been developed but needs to be rolled out Development partners have converging approaches which hampers coordination
Limited understanding at local level. Despite significant identified win-win potential the upfront investment costs remain
significant for private sectors which demands new financing mechanism. Uncertainty on climate finance and green climate funds limits mid – to longer term
commitments.
Green Growth: Next Steps
Roll out the 10 priority programs (including the financing)Design the VGGS Implementation Plan, obtain approval and
roll out of the priority actions (second half of 2013) which includes low carbon policy instruments.
Coordinate interested Development partners based on aid effectiveness principles.
Building capacity for Climate Finance Task ForceAt provincial – and sectoral level, awareness and
understanding remains limited requires additional capacity building investments.
Develop an overall climate/green growth finance mechanism to start working towards directly assessing the Green Climate Fund.
Contact me …
Prof. Hari SrinivasRoom: I-312
Tel: 079-565-7406Email: [email protected]
Class website:
http://www.gdrc.info/iep