National Drug Control Strategy - NCJRS · addiction. In the supply reduction area, CTAC works with national drug control agencies to develop and evaluate technologies to interdict

NationalDrug ControlStrategy

Counterdrug Research and Development Blueprint Update

The White HouseFebruary 2003

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M E S S A G E F R O M T H E D I R E C TO RThe Counterdrug Research and Development Blueprint Update provides a periodic report on theefforts of the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center (CTAC) on the research anddevelopment program and the Technology Transfer Program.

Technology plays a crucial role in making progress toward our National Drug Control Strategygoals of achieving a 10 percent reduction in current use of illegal drugs in two years and a 25percent reduction in current use of illegal drugs in five years. Through CTAC sponsorship ofadvanced neuroimaging and genetics instrumentation, substance abuse researchers are revealingthe processes in the brain that result in addiction, and what can be done to reverse or mitigatethese processes. New neuroimaging facilities dedicated to addiction research will be opened atthe University of North Dakota, Roskamp Institute at the University of South Florida,Brookhaven National Laboratory, and National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural ResearchProgram in Baltimore, Maryland. This knowledge will provide for the development of bettertreatments to heal America’s drug users, and will provide a better understanding of whyaddiction takes place so that we can stop use before it starts.

To disrupt the market, the U.S. Customs Service, Border Patrol, and U.S. Coast Guard areinstalling new capabilities and systems to interdict illicit drugs at our borders and on the highseas. Since September 11, 2001, this equipment has been used to search for chemical andbiological agents and weapons of mass destruction. These searches also have led to dramaticincreases in the seizure of drugs. We look forward to working closely with the Department ofHomeland Security to continue developing advanced inspection technology that will furthertighten border security.

The ability of our federal, state, and local agencies to communicate and share information iscrucial to combating the drug trafficking organizations. An operational testbed forcommunications interoperability developed in conjunction with the Drug EnforcementAdministration field office and Denver metro regional drug task forces, successfullydemonstrated a capability to communicate effectively during joint operations with each agencyusing its own dissimilar and incompatible radio. One of CTAC’s more successful programs, theTechnology Transfer Program, relies on technical and operational performance testbedevaluations and outreach to industry to acquire additional items for law enforcement. Over thepast five years, this program has brought advanced drug crime-fighting technology andassociated training to over 20 percent of the state and local police departments and sheriffsoffices.

The successes reported in this Blueprint Update result from the dedicated efforts of theindustrial, academic, and national laboratory sectors. ONDCP, the substance-abuse researchteams, and law enforcement personnel across the country who have benefited applaud theiraccomplishments. We are confident that with continued efforts, we will be able to meet ournational goals of reducing illicit drug use in America.

John P. WaltersDirectorJohn P. WaltersDirector

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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A RYThis Counterdrug Research andDevelopment Blueprint Update providesthe annual periodic report on theCounterdrug Technology AssessmentCenter's (CTAC) counterdrug research anddevelopment (R&D) program andTechnology Transfer Program (TTP).Appendices to this report provideinformation mandated by CTAC’s role asthe central counterdrug technology researchand development organization of the U.S.Government. CTAC’s efforts support theNational Drug Control Strategy goals ofachieving a 10 percent reduction in currentuse of illegal drugs in two years, and a 25percent reduction in current use of illegaldrugs in five years.

The demand reduction R&D programsupports the President’s national priorities:stopping use before it starts and healingAmerica’s drug users. CTAC, incollaboration with the National Institute onDrug Abuse (NIDA), has created a niche fordeveloping and installing advancedneuroimaging centers across the U.S. Infiscal year 2002, three advancedneuroimaging centers became operational: aPositron Emission Tomography (PET) brainscanner at the University of Pennsylvania, a4-Tesla functional Magnetic Resonance(fMRI) scanner at McLean Hospital outsideBoston, and a 7-Tesla fMRI in Boston,Massachusetts. These new centers increase

the total number of CTAC-sponsoredneuroimaging centers to twelve. Thisexpansion of the national infrastructure ofadvanced neuroimaging systems enablesexpanded research with previouslyunavailable levels of detail, offering novelinsights into the underlying causes ofaddiction.

In the supply reduction area, CTAC workswith national drug control agencies todevelop and evaluate technologies tointerdict drug shipments and disrupt the drugmarket. Tactical technology-developmentefforts to support the law enforcementofficer in performing daily operations haveincluded projects to improve informationmanagement and data sharing, tracking andsurveillance, and communicationsinteroperability capabilities. Under CTACleadership, a custom engineered computer-based wireless communicationsinteroperability system that eliminates theincompatibility problem for the Denver,Colorado area completed a full year ofhighly successful operations in August 2002and is now available to state and local lawenforcement agencies through the TTP.Since its beginning in 1998, the TTP hasdelivered advanced drug crime fightingtechnology and the necessary training to useit to nearly 4,000 state and local lawenforcement agencies across all fifty states.

CTAC Major ActivitiesResearch and Development Program

Demand Reduction: Stopping Use Before It Starts and Healing America’s Drug UsersBrain Imaging and Bioinformatics Technologies

Supply Reduction: Disrupting the MarketDrugged Driving Detection, Communications Interoperability, Cargo Inspection,Drug Crime Information Handling, and Tracking and Surveillance Technologies

Operational Test and Evaluation ActivitiesTechnology Transfer Program

Deliveries to nearly 4,000 state and local agencies

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TA B L E O F C O N T E N T SMESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTOR............................................................................................ I

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................... III

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................ V

INTRODUCTION ..........................................................................................................................1

CTAC R&D PROGRAM SUMMARY...........................................................................................3

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAM....................................................................................9

OVERSIGHT AND COORDINATION........................................................................................11

FUTURE PLANS ..........................................................................................................................13

CONCLUSION..............................................................................................................................17

REFERENCE DOCUMENTS.......................................................................................................18

APPENDICESA. Applicable LegislationB. Counterdrug Scientific and Technological Needs (only online)1

C. Counterdrug Research and Development Projects (only online) 1

D. Annual Report on the Development and Deployment of Narcotics DetectionTechnologies by Federal Agencies (full version online) 1

E. Technology Transfer ProgramF. Acknowledgements

1 Please see www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov

INTRODUCTION | 1

I N T R O D U C T I O NThe Counterdrug Technology AssessmentCenter (CTAC) is the central counterdrugtechnology research and developmentorganization of the United StatesGovernment. This Counterdrug Researchand Development Blueprint Updateprovides an annual report on thecounterdrug research and development(R&D) program. The report concentrateson those accomplishments made with R&Dprojects conducted with CTAC funding andthe Technology Transfer Program (TTP).Appendices contain information mandatedby CTAC-related legislation as well asinformation about activities undertaken byother national drug control agencies.Appendices B and C contain sensitive, yetunclassified, information, were removedfrom this report, and can be accessed onlineat www.whitehousedrug policy.gov. TheONDCP Clearinghouse webmaster willarrange for access to specific informationas appropriate.

• Appendix A provides excerpts fromrecent legislation and conference reports

• Appendix B provides an updated listingof priority scientific and technologicalneeds by agency

• Appendix C provides a summary ofdrug-related R&D projects by thenational drug control agencies

• Appendix D provides the Annual Reporton the Development and Deployment ofNarcotics Detection Technologies(required by P.L. 105-85) (fundinglevels provided online)

• Appendix E provides a summary of theTechnology Transfer Program

• Appendix F acknowledges those whosupported the preparation of this report

CTAC’s strategic goals were developed inconcert with the National Drug ControlStrategy goals and national priorities. Theschematic in Figure 1 provides an overviewof CTAC’s goals: (1) improve the quality ofresearch, (2) improve the quality of drug-related criminal investigations, and (3)expand investigative capabilities of state andlocal law enforcement; and their relationshipto the national goals of:

Two-Year Goals:

• A 10 percent reduction in current use ofillegal drugs by the 12-17 age group

• A 10 percent reduction in current use ofillegal drugs by adults age 18 and older

Five-Year Goals:

• A 25 percent reduction in current use ofillegal drugs by the 12-17 age group

• A 25 percent reduction in current use ofillegal drugs by adults age 18 and older

Federal Agency R&D Spending

The National Drug Control Strategy BudgetSummary provides the drug-related R&Dbudgets for the national drug controlagencies.

CTAC R&D Funding

For fiscal year 2002, CTAC receivedappropriations of $42,300,000 as follows:

• $20,064,000 for R&D projects insupport of demand and supply reductiontechnologies, and

• $22,236,000 for the TechnologyTransfer Program.

2 | 2003 COUNTERDRUG RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BLUEPRINT UPDATE

National DrugControl

Strategy Goals

NationalPriorities

CTACGoals

CTACApproach

Two-Year Goals:10 % reduction incurrent use ofillicit drugs(12-17 age groupand 18 and older)

Five-Year Goals:25 % reduction incurrent use ofillicit drugs(12-17 age groupand 18 and older)

Stopping UseBefore It Starts:Education andCommunityAction

HealingAmerica’s DrugUsers: GettingTreatmentResourcesWhere TheyAre Needed

Disrupting theMarket:Attacking theEconomic Basisof Drug Trade

Improve qualityof research.

Use advanced neurosciencetechnology to accelerate researchprogress.

Expand access to research findings.

Improve qualityof drug-relatedcriminalinvestigations.

Provide law enforcement agencieswith advanced technology for drugdetection, communicationsinteroperability, communicationsintercept, case management,tracking and surveillanceapplications.

Expandinvestigativecapabilities ofstate and locallaw enforcement.

Common set of TTP technologieswith training across the nation.

TTP Goals

R&D Program Goals

A uniform TTP systems architectureof advanced tracking, surveillance,communications intercept,communications interoperability andcase management systems will bemade available to agencies from thelarger jurisdictions.

IntermediateOutcomes / Impact

Prevention –identificationof genetichigh riskpopulations

TreatmentTriage:targeted andeffectivemedicationsunique tospecificdisorders.

Advancedtechnology forfederal, stateand local lawenforcement.

Figure 1. CTAC Goals Related to National Goals and Priorities

CTAC R&D PROGRAM SUMMARY | 3

C TA C R & D P R O G R A M S U M M A RYCTAC’s R&D program supports bothdemand and supply reduction efforts toreduce illicit drug use in America.

Demand ReductionCTAC, in collaboration with the NationalInstitute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), hascreated a niche for developing and installingadvanced technology that enables innovativesubstance abuse research across the nation.This collaboration ensures that advances inthe design of neuroimaging and geneticsinstrumentation enable concept-drivenparadigm shifts in science. Just as X-raycrystallography enabled Watson and Crick’sdiscovery of the double helix, advancedneuroimaging instrumentation and facilitiesto image the living brain likely hold the keysto unlock knowledge about the effects ofsubstance abuse on the brain.

The creation of a comprehensiverepresentation of how the brain forms,functions, and falters will help reduce drugaddiction (and other neurological disorders)as both a public and individualhealth problem. Thoroughlyunderstanding the changes thatoccur on a cellular, molecular,circuit and behavioral level withinindividuals in an addicted statewill enable researchers to developtruly effective preventative andtreatment measures. Identifyingindividual genetic variations thatconfer risk (or resistance) willhelp society provide moreeffective and targeted preventionand education efforts. Likewise,knowing the precise changes willallow for specific regimenstargeting the particular brainpathways that have been distortedby the substance of abuse.

Novel non-invasive neuroimaginginstrumentation allows scientists to penetratethe deepest regions of the brain. Thesescientists aim to unveil the detailedunderlying mechanisms that answer howdrugs act in the brain, how addictive statestranspire, and which treatment andprevention efforts are most effective. WithCTAC support, many of the nation’s finestsubstance abuse research centers are beingequipped with the most modernneuroimaging facilities available to revealthe brain with a depth, clarity, anddelineation previously unavailable.

Figure 2 shows the location of the CTAC-supported substance abuse research centersthat have received leading-edgeneuroimaging facilities or medicalinstrumentation through this CTACprogram. These institutions have all agreedto focus on drug abuse research and train thenext-generation of researchers to continuethe advancement of our knowledge.

UCLA

Massachusetts Instituteof Technology

MassachusettsGeneralHospital

McLeanHospital

BrookhavenNational

Laboratory

EmoryUniversity

University ofPennsylvania

NationalInstitute onDrug Abuse

University ofColorado

Oregon Healthand ScienceUniversity

University ofSouth Florida

University ofNorth Dakota

Figure 2. Locations of CTAC Demand ReductionInfrastructure Technology Initiatives


Projects Becoming Operational During2002McLean Hospital’s Brain Imaging Center inBelmont, Massachusetts has begun using ahigh field (4-Tesla) functional MagneticResonance Imaging (fMRI) / MagneticResonance Spectroscopy (MRS) scanner forclinical assessments of drug addicts. Thissystem provides a spectroscopic means tomeasure the drug chemistry and metabolismin the brain. McLean Hospital scientists areusing these MRS capabilities to study theneurochemical changes associated withacute and chronic use of alcohol, marijuana,cocaine, and heroin, in addition to attractingnew post-doctoral fellows to focus theirefforts on drug abuse research. McLean’sMRS experience will enable them todevelop better treatment assessments,dubbed “surrogate markers.” Such markersare already used in clinical trials of multiplesclerosis, HIV dementia, and otherneurological diseases.

An Institutional Research Protocol wasapproved for the Massachusetts GeneralHospital (MGH) in Boston, Massachusettsallowing the MGH research team to use thepowerful 7-Tesla fMRI to obtain humanimages. Receiving protocol approval allowsresearchers to move forward with a researchprogram to examine the brain rewardcircuitry that mediates drug addiction andcharacterizes the temporal dynamics whenpresented with a drug. Doing so will requirea multi-site, national effort with thecollection of thousands of scans comparingthe addicted and naïve brains. The MGHteam is forming collaborative relations withother institutions with specializedcapabilities in genetics and allied fields tofurther empower their research to developneuroimaging technology as a clinical toolfor the diagnosis and prognosticdetermination of treatment for substanceabuse disorders.

In early April, the University ofPennsylvania held the ribbon cutting for anew high resolution Positron EmissionTomography (PET) camera makingbreakthrough use of Gadolinium Ortho-Silicate crystal detectors. This crystal typehas demonstrated improved signal-to-noiseratio, increased image contrast, and highercount-rate capability compared to standardsodium iodide crystals. Thoseimprovements over the PET systems areexpected to significantly advance the outputof Pennsylvania’s research into craving andits possible controls. Patient studies in 2003will validate the imaging protocol, modelingand quantitative analysis of neuroreceptorstudies by imaging brain activity resultingfrom cue-induced cocaine craving.

NIDA’s Intramural Research Program (IRP)applied the advantages of a head-only fMRIover those of typical whole-body machinesin a multidisciplinary approach to drugabuse research. IRP-based scientists willinteract with medication development andtreatment researchers to test clinical efficacyof new potential medications. The selected3-Tesla unit provides an increased signal-to-noise ratio through advanced techniques.

Research Triangle Institute has completedtests with human subjects using the PETsystem and associated radiotracer chemistrylab at the NIDA Intramural ResearchProgram (IRP) in Baltimore. Researchersconducted quantitative analyses of brainactivity using bolus Oxygen-15 to measureregional cerebral blood flow in abstinentdrug abusers and healthy control subjectsperforming standardized cognitive tasks.Researchers aim for differences between thetwo groups in cognitive abilities and theirneuroanatomical correlates to be used byclinicians to extrapolate treatment responsesbased on the underlying dysfunction seenthrough the tested vulnerabilityfactors/markers.


Projects Continuing in 2003At UCLA’s Crump Institute, an ultra-highresolution small animal PET facility wasinstalled at the main campus in theSepulveda Veteran’s AdministrationMedical Center. This state-of-the-artMicroPET center will be co-located with theVervet monkey colony. The facility willconsist of the MicroPET relocated from themain campus with associated biomedicalcyclotron and radiochemistry equipment.This new facility will enable scientists to usethe well-defined lineage of the Vervetmonkey colony in non-human primatestudies to link biochemical events to thespecific genes critical to brain rewardfunctions. This facility will also have thecapability to evaluate therapeuticcompounds and will provide a platform fortraining future scientists in addictionresearch.

A high-field fMRI will enable scientists atOregon Health and Science University tostudy the effects of performance enhancinganabolic steroids and other drugs in theadolescent brain. Several advancedtechniques will be employed with themachine. Magnetic Resonance perfusionand tensor imaging will be used to learnmore about the effects of methamphetamineand cocaine in humans and in developingmonkeys. MR arterial spin labeling will beused to examine the relationship betweenanxiety and depressive behaviors and therisk for drug dependence.

The University of Colorado Health SciencesCenter will use a 3-Tesla fMRI to studyprevention efforts in adolescents justbeginning drug abuse, and how brainfunction is altered during cocaine andamphetamine-induced states. This tool willradically help researchers determine thebrain abnormalities associated with inheritedrisk for substance abuse in conduct-disordered adolescents.

Massachusetts Institute of Technology isexploring improved imaging methods usingconventional single photon emissioncomputed tomography (SPECT) technologybased on the use of innovative processingalgorithms, particularly coded aperture.Researchers are building a prototype systemwith sub-millimeter resolution to upgradeexisting gamma camera technology withlimited three-dimensional informationavailable through laminography.

The Drug Evaluation Network System(DENS) is a data backbone with analysissoftware used to collect and track “treatmententry” data on addicts. DENS is helpingaddiction researchers compare treatmentoutcomes across treatment modalities. Thesystem incorporates the standardizedAddiction Severity Index (ASI) screeningand assessment system. This project hasalready yielded a database rich in detailfrom over 35,000 patient records enrolled in21 treatment programs. The DENS websitetracks treatment program data from clinicsin major cities, including Philadelphia,Chicago, Los Angeles, New York andMiami. The European Union is nowinterested in using the ASI with DENS. Aplanning meeting in early 2003 inStockholm, Sweden is being held to discusshow best to implement DENS in Europe.

In January 2003, a new exhibit on thedangers of addiction opened at the ArizonaScience Center in Phoenix. Visitors to thisexhibit learn about the latest research onbrain function before and during addiction.The exhibit, comprised of two four-sidedkiosks, includes a range of multi-sensoryinteractive experiences and computer-basedmedia to introduce teens and parents togroundbreaking research on the dangers ofaddiction and how it can be treated andprevented. Visitors to the exhibit can view asimulated PET scan machine to see theeffect drugs have on the human brain.


Videos featuring testimonials of youngaddicts now in recovery show the emotionaland spiritual costs of using illicit drugs.Ideally, this presentation will not only warnstudents away from drugs but also inspireyoung people to pursue careers in the fieldof addiction research. If this prototypescience museum exhibit is successful, it canbe replicated for use in other sciencemuseums across the country.

University of Arizona is conducting a studyto reduce adolescent substance abuse relapsethrough the treatment of sleep disturbance.This project focuses on developing aneffective, multi-component, group treatmentof sleep disturbance and daytime sleepinessfor adolescents who have completedtreatment for substance abuse. Sleepproblems occur in association with andduring withdrawal from a variety ofsubstances and lead to increased likelihoodof reuse, poor school and work performance,absenteeism, and increased depression. Thetreatment of sleep disturbance promises toreduce these risk factors and reduce thelikelihood of relapse.

New Projects Starting in Late 2002 orEarly 2003University of North Dakota at Grand Forkswill install a MicroPET facility to validatethe use of the Weaver mutant mouse as asuitable model to study individualdopaminergic systems involved in drugaddiction. This technology dedicated forsubstance abuse research is also devoted totraining Native American students toparticipate in such research.

Genetics researchers at the RoskampInstitute of the University of South Floridain Tampa are using recent developments inmicroarray technology to investigate bloodgene expression to classify characteristicfingerprints produced by specific drugs. Thisability to profile changes in RNA across the

human genome will enable the production ofdetailed genomic and proteomic models ofresponses to drug challenges by serialanalysis of gene and protein expression/modification. Coordination between CTACsites will subsequently correlate thesemodels with neuroimaging of use, abuse,and addiction. This program will generate astandard procedure for using microarraytechnology to obtain unique patterns fromperipheral blood samples from a large, well-characterized sample. The DNA ofidentified genes will be analyzed todetermine any genetic variation, indicatingany possible susceptibilities to substanceabuse. Comparing the differences of thegenes will enable inferences among thoseencoding predisposition to drug abuse (trait),or response to drug exposure (state). Theresearchers will then create easily useablecustomized RNA and DNA arrays to test forthe presence of these trait or state markers.

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) isusing MR microscopy and molecularmodeling to establish a preclinical high-resolution MicroMRI. This 9.4-Tesla 20-centimeter bore diameter MRI will becomepart of the NIDA Regional NeuroimagingCenter at BNL. The MicroMRI technologywill enable the researchers to non-invasivelymeasure changes in brain morphology, brainfunction, and brain neurochemistry inrodents. A MicroMRI instrument will makestudies possible in the rodent modelpertaining to the functional and structuralchanges in response to drugs whilemonitoring their temporal response.

A superconducting magnet system for use inhigh-resolution magnetic resonance in-vivospectroscopy will be installed at the NIDAIRP in Baltimore, Maryland in early 2003.This high field machine is also at 9.4-Tesla,but with a 31-centimeter bore diameter,other primate species will be available forfuture testing.


Supply ReductionCTAC works with the national drug controlagencies in the development and evaluationof technology to interdict drug shipmentsand to disrupt drug trafficking organizations.The following development projects areeither complete or are being evaluated byfederal law enforcement agencies (LEAs)for use in the field.

Tactical TechnologiesTactical technology development efforts tosupport the law enforcement officerperforming daily operations include projectsto improve knowledge management throughinformation sharing across networks, datamining, tracking and surveillance, internetanalysis, and communicationsinteroperability capabilities.

The integration of real-time location andtracking systems with database records ofcurrent and past criminal associations willgive law enforcement new tools for strategicand tactical planning and execution of drug-related criminal investigations. A scalableinformation tool, Crystal, is being developedin conjunction with the Rockland County(NY) Narcotics Task Force to enableagencies to organize and present criminaland case-related information with real-timepositional data from tracking andsurveillance management systems. Userscan visually link suspected criminal activityunder surveillance to a geographic / historicpositional background.

CTAC, in conjunction with DEA, alsosupports the development of a digital radiosystem for use in an advanced body wiredevice. The digital radio features willprovide increased capabilities in terms ofsecurity (low probability of detection) andintelligence gathering compared with earlieranalog devices.

In addition, CTAC supports thedevelopment of low-cost handheld sensorsto detect cocaine methylbenzoate vapors.These sensors are based on a combination ofsensitized metal ion luminescence andmolecular imprinting. Molecularlyimprinted polymers are synthetic polymersdesigned to selectively bind to a certainmolecule. Optical fibers coated withultraviolet LED’s then detect the binding ofthe target molecule. Ten handheld units willbe available for testing by the spring of2003.

Decoder technology is being developed toenable law enforcement agencies to monitormobile telephone communications across thevarious provider and vendor technologies.This technology should be available in early2003.

A VHF tactical repeater technology is beingdeveloped with deployment planned forspring 2003.

Wireless CommunicationsInteroperabilityA statewide wireless communicationsinteroperability architecture was designedfor Colorado in fiscal year 2001. Thisarchitecture facilitates communicationsacross the dissimilar and incompatiblewireless networks of federal, state, and localagencies within the state. Engineers fromthe U.S. Naval Space and Naval WarfareSystems Center - San Diego (SPAWARSSC-SD) evaluated two systemconfigurations for this architecture – onecapable of interfacing up to 24 agencies forlarger operations and a second configurationdesigned for smaller operations involvingfive or fewer agencies.


The project had two phases:

• Phase I: Denver Metro. In the Denvermetropolitan area, SSC-SD engineersinstalled a fixed interoperable systemthat makes use of the existing radio-antenna area coverage of local area LEAparticipants. Portable interoperablesystems were also deployed for thosedrug task forces operating outside therange of the existing towers.Participating LEA resources wereprovided complete training on use ofthese systems. This phase wascompleted and a major demonstrationheld during August 2001.

• Phase II: Statewide Deployment. SSC-SD Engineers conducted surveys ofradio spectrum coverage and aninventory of existing infrastructureequipment for six selected locationsthroughout Colorado. SSC-SD engineersthen installed interoperablecommunications systems at a hostorganization for each site and providedlocation-specific training to LEAresources with responsibility foroperating each system. CTAC workedwith participant LEAs to establishprotocols and procedures for linking thedeployed systems to create a statewidecommunications interoperabilitycapability. Participant LEAs displayedthis statewide capability to lawenforcement officers from across thecountry at a major demonstration held atCastle Rock, Colorado in August 2002.

In fiscal year 2002, communicationsinteroperability systems were installed in sixregions including Denver, Colorado Springs,Durango, Grand Junction, Larimer County,and Pueblo. The installation of a seventhsystem has begun in Steamboat Springs.

Drugged Driving InitiativesLast year, the University of Utah Center forHuman Toxicology conducted an evaluationof Point of Collection Test (POCT) deviceswith an emphasis on those devices usingsaliva. In coordination with the NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration(NHTSA), CTAC is collaborating with theBritish Home Office and European Unionfor further testing and evaluation of POCTdevices in the United Kingdom and Europe.The tests will be a continuation of theoriginal Roadside Testing Assessment(ROSITA) with an anticipated start date forthe testing phase to be in the first quarter ofcalendar year 2003.

CTAC also supports the development of anion selective electrode designed by theNaval Research Laboratory to detect drugsin various matrices such as saliva and sweatin field settings. A prototype device hasbeen constructed.

Test and Evaluation SupportSPAWAR SSC-SD manages CTAC’stactical technology testbed project. Thistestbed examines tactical technologies thatwill become part of an overall systemarchitecture of law enforcement current andfuture counterdrug systems. SSC-SD hastestbeds in San Diego, New York, Baltimoreand Oklahoma City. Each testbed has adifferent set of tactical support technologies.

CTAC also sponsors test and evaluationactivities with the federal drug controlagencies. For example, the U.S. CustomsService uses a Community Test andEvaluation Center (CTEC) that has beenrelocated from North Carolina to thePatuxent Naval Air Station in Maryland.Less than lethal technologies for boat-to-boat interdiction were developed byCustoms engineers and tested at CTEC lastyear.

TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAM | 9

T E C H N O L O G Y T R A N S F E R P R O G R A MOver the past five years, the TechnologyTransfer Program has delivered advanceddrug crime fighting technology, training andsupport to nearly 4,000 state and local lawenforcement agencies across all fifty states.The technologies available for transferinclude information technology andanalytical tools, communications intercept,tracking and surveillance, and drug detectiondevices. A complete description of the TTPprogram is provided in Appendix E to thisreport.

Number of RequestsSince the program began in fiscal year 1998,the TTP has received more than 6,300applications. Of these applications,approximately 75 percent came fromagencies serving smaller jurisdictions offewer than 500,000 people. These requeststypically seek hand-held devices such asmini-busters, undercover surveillancesystems, night-vision kits or thermalimagers.

A summary of the types of agenciesreceiving deliveries and the population sizesserved is provided in Figure 3. Overall,police departments and sheriffs' officesreceived 80 percent of the deliveries. Bypopulation, agencies serving populations of500,000 or less received 86 percent of thedeliveries. Night vision kits, thermalimagers, drugwipes, mini-buster kits, andbody worn transmitters comprise thepredominant mix of technologies providedto police departments and sheriffs' offices insmaller jurisdictions. Task forces, policedepartments, and sheriffs' offices in largerjurisdictions serving populations of 500,000or more request the more complex systems(e.g., AVTS, VoiceBox, Data Locator, andInteroperability Communications System).

The top priority items requested in thecurrent backlog of nearly 1,800 agencyapplications include requests for 206 mini-busters, 263 audio surveillance systems, 617night vision kits, 384 thermal imagers, 71body worn transmitters and 45 small lookvideo surveillance systems.

Other5%

Public Safety

3%Task Force9%

HighwayPatrol/State

Police3%

Sheriff25%

Police55%

1,000,000 or more10%

500,000 to999,999

4%

100,000 to499,999

17%

50,000 to99,99913%

Less than50,00056%

Figure 3. Deliveries By Agency Type / Population Size -FY 1998 - 2002


A summary of the funding appropriated forTTP is provided above in Table 1.

The U.S. Army Electronic Proving Ground(EPG), Fort Huachuca, Arizona, hastechnical and administrative responsibilityfor program management, engineeringanalysis, acquisition, logistics, outreachawareness efforts, and informativepublications.

Promotion Efforts to State andLocal Law EnforcementFigure 4 below provides a summary of thepromotion efforts to state and local lawenforcement over the past year.

Effectiveness and Interest in theProgram

The TTP provides an efficient means forgetting drug crime fighting technologies intothe hands of LEAs serving on the front line.Over 90 percent of the TTP’s budget is usedfor the purchase of equipment and training.The program’s emphasis on pre-screeningapplicants combined with training andfollow-up with those LEAs that receiveequipment ensure recipient agencies makefull-use of the equipment.

An additional benefit of the TTP is that as itreaches more and more LEAs nationally, itcreates de facto standards in terms of state-of-the-art technologies used by officers onthe street. The TTP catalog approach alsoleads to significant economies in terms ofreduced training and retraining costs.

2002 Workshops, Meetings, Conferences and DemosDates Event Location .February 15 Leadership Meeting Congressman Roscoe G. Bartlett Frederick, MDApril 8 Leadership Meeting Congressman Mike Souder Kendallville, INApril 16-18 Workshop Pittsburgh, PAApril 22 Leadership Meeting Congressman Ed Pastor Phoenix, AZApril 30 Senate Law Enforcement Technology Day Washington, DCMay 29 Leadership Meeting Congressman Bennie G. Thompson Lexington, MSMay 30 Leadership Meeting Congressman John Shimkus Mount Vernon, ILJune 22-26 National Sheriff's Association (NSA) Tulsa, OKJuly 8-10 ONDCP Symposium Cambridge, MAJuly 21 Gordon Research Conference on Illicit Substance Detection: Drugs Oxford, EnglandAugust 7 Leadership Meeting Congresswoman Karen Thurman Inverness, FLAugust 12 Leadership Meeting Congressman Bart Stupak Sault Ste. Marie, MIAugust 20 ICS Demonstration & Specialized Workshop Castle Rock, COAugust 21-23 Sources Sought Evaluations Denver, COAugust 27 Leadership Meeting Senator Max Baucus Billings, MTAugust 28 Leadership Meeting Congressman Brian Baird Vancouver, WAAugust 29 Leadership Meeting Congresswoman Shelley Berkley Las Vegas, NVOctober 5-9 International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Minneapolis, MNNovember 13 Integrated Border Enforcement Team (IBET) Ottawa, CanadaNovember 15 Rotary Club of Dulles International Airport Dulles, VADecember 11-13 HIDTA Annual Conference Washington, DC

2002 Training SessionsDates Location AttendeesMarch 25-29 Orlando, FL 800June 4-5 Phoenix, Arizona 164December 16-20 Atlanta, Georgia 392

Figure 4. TTP Outreach Activities and Promotion Efforts

FY 1998 FY 1999 FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2002$13.0M $13.0M $13.052M $18.210M $22.236M

Table 1. CTAC Technology Transfer Program Appropriations

OVERSIGHT AND COORDINATION | 11

O V E R S I G H T A N D C O O R D I N AT I O NCTAC leads the Interagency WorkingGroup for Technology (IAWG-T)composed of technology representativesfrom the national drug control agencies.The IAWG-T meets periodically toexchange information regarding agencyprograms and common technical problems.Each year, the IAWG-T provides anupdated listing of priority scientific andtechnological needs by technology area andagency, a listing of drug-related R&Dprojects being sponsored by each agency,and an Annual Report on the Developmentand Deployment of Narcotics DetectionTechnologies. The annual report isprovided in Appendix D to this BlueprintUpdate.

CTAC sponsors outreach activitiesincluding technology workshops, technicalsymposia, and conferences. Theseactivities promote the exchange ofinformation and provide anothermechanism to oversee and coordinatecounterdrug technology initiativesthroughout the scientific and academiccommunities and with federal, state, andlocal drug control agencies.

Scientific Working Group for theAnalysis of Forensic Drug Samples(SWGDRUG)SWGDRUG was formed in 1997 to initiateand develop minimum standards for theidentification of drug exhibits in forensicscience laboratories. CTAC has sponsoredthe SWGDRUG meetings in support ofDEA, which serves as the principalorganizer. Meetings are international inscope with participation from the UnitedStates, Canada, the United Kingdom,Japan, Germany, the Netherlands,Australia, and the United Nations.

In 2001, the first set of recommendationscovering Methods and Reports, Educationand Training, and Quality Assurance weredisseminated to the international forensicscience community. This project hasresulted in a significant upgrading offorensic science laboratories withimplementation of the recommendations.SWGDRUG Part II convened with ameeting in Arlington, Virginia, January 6-8, 2003, with continued internationalrepresentation.

Technology SymposiaCTAC held the seventh ONDCPTechnology Symposium in July 2002 inCambridge, Massachusetts. This conferencewas dedicated exclusively to demandreduction issues to determine the technologychallenges that limit drug abuse preventionand treatment research. Some 180 peoplewere in attendance, representing academia,medicine, government and industry. Over40 scientists presented their researchfindings and suggestions for futuredirections over a two-day period.

Presentations on the first day focused on theresearch areas that CTAC/NIDA-supportedscientists are exploring to develop bettertreatment and prevention strategies. Thesecond day concentrated on the physicalelement improvements needed for achievingsuch success, ranging from liganddevelopment, bench-to-bedside issues,bioinformatics solutions, and neuroimagingequipment improvements. Throughout themeeting, the importance of data sharing wasfrequently raised. It was agreed thatscientists using neuroimaging techniques tostudy drug abuse must use a trans-disciplinary approach to bring disparatedisciplines together for collaborativeexperiments leading to the better


understanding of how addiction transpires inthe brain. Large sample sizes are necessaryfor studies of complex diseases, such as drugaddiction, for appropriate genetic andphenotypic inferences. A working groupformat was suggested during this meetingand is discussed in the Demand Reductionfuture plans section of the Blueprint Update.

Manufacturers of medical diagnosticequipment are beginning to show interest inproducing the more expensive, higherresolution equipment needed for researchstudies. While the motivation for industryto begin investing in these machines maybe for more glamorous areas such asAlzheimer's research, the same regions ofthe brain are believed to be responsible forcraving and addictive behavior.

International Drug ProfilingConference SeriesFrom the scientific literature, there isevidence that forensic “drug profiling” isconducted in laboratories around the world.No previous attempts, however, have beenmade to convene a conference to discussthe different goals and methodologiesavailable internationally. In conjunctionwith DEA, CTAC supported the firstinternational drug profiling conference inDecember 2002 at the DEA forensicslaboratory in Virginia. Representativesfrom the United States, Germany,

Australia, United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden,Finland, Switzerland, Hong Kong, UnitedNations, and the Netherlands attended theconference. The outcome of the conferenceseries was to identify samples that share acommonality of source and drug-processingmethodologies that distinguish specificcontrolled substances and the geographicarea where the production is taking place.With the recognition that drug trafficking isinternational in scope, this series ofconferences will have as its focal point thegoal of providing both intelligence andenforcement information to lawenforcement worldwide.

International Crop Estimation andControl Methods WorkshopONDCP, together with the United Nation’sOffice on Drugs and Crime (UN/ODC), iscosponsoring a two-day internationalworkshop focusing on illegal drug cropcontrol measures. The meeting will be heldin Vienna, Austria in early 2003. Theworkshop will address technical challengesto the drug abuse research community.Topics include eradication alternativeresults, issues/impediments andopportunities, cost and price measurementsof illegal narcotics products, best practicesand alternatives for measuring prices, andlocal economic alternatives to drug crops.

FUTURE PLANS | 13

F U T U R E P L A N SCTAC's niche in supporting theinstrumentation and infrastructure needs ofneuroimaging will be extended throughnew brain imaging centers in Baltimore,Maryland; Grand Forks, North Dakota; andLong Island, New York. On the lawenforcement front, CTAC will continue toimprove the communicationsinteroperability capabilities of state andlocal law enforcement agencies, passingmany of these improvements directly tothese agencies through the TTP.

Demand ReductionCTAC’s demand reduction R&D programis now organizing several working groupsto channel the development and integrationof the technology and subsystems that arelimiting further advancement of substanceabuse researchers.

CTAC demand reduction initiatives willcomplement those of NIDA by improvingthe investigative tools and instrumentsavailable for substance abuse, dependence,and addiction research. ONDCP/CTAC’sDemand Reduction TechnologySymposium in July 2002 helped substanceabuse researchers document the capabilitiesand limitations imposed by currenttechnology. Subsequently, CTAC, incoordination with NIDA, is establishing ateam of working groups to define adevelopment program to advance the toolsneeded for improving substance abuseresearch. Each working group will focuson a particular aspect of technologyidentified as limiting research progress. Anoversight committee composed of groupleaders and other government officials willdirect the working groups. Initial focuswill be on infrastructure developmentplans, access strategies to novel ligands,and data-sharing approaches.

By understanding the limitations that currentequipment and instrumentation impose onsubstance abuse research, CTAC can directtechnology development efforts towardsthose areas with the highest impact potentialand need across the field. As technicalchallenges are identified, CTAC willevaluate the imaging modalities that aremost appropriate and will provide theresources for suitable infrastructure andvalidation studies. Nuclear imagingcapabilities, such as PET or SPECT forexample, allow for the measurement ofneurotransmission, and the examination ofthe pharmacological properties of drugs inthe brain. Strategies requiring insight intothe functional changes of the brain mayrequire other tools, such as fMRI. Severalother emerging modalities may provide keyadvantages in showing millisecond temporalresolution, physically unachievable by eitherPET or fMRI.

CTAC plans to continue expanding thenational infrastructure through theinstallation of advanced neuroimagingfacilities across the country. Research usingthese facilities will focus on collaborativeefforts between existing ONDCP/CTACcenters, studying patterns of different drugsof abuse across several at-risk populations.CTAC plans to develop an informationexchange backbone to link research teamstogether in functional units. The data-sharing network will provide larger samplesizes, making findings more significantacross the entire population. Deriving acommon set of projects and creating anexpanded subject base will allow for specificprotocols to be implemented over many at-risk populations, increasing the pace ofscientific advancements in the drug abuseresearch community.


Supply ReductionThe direction of CTAC’s supply reductionR&D program is established according tothe following criteria:

• Address broad-based, multi-agencyneeds that transcend the requirementsof any single agency.

• Concentrate on those applications thatare potential candidates for theTechnology Transfer Program.

The most significant near-term opportunitiesfor improving operational capabilities arebelieved to lie in knowledge managementand communications interoperabilitytechnology.

Plans for fiscal year 2003 include potentialprojects for:

• Development of a digital narrowbandaudio surveillance transmitter that iscompatible with Project 25 digitalstandards.

• Development of a remote capability forTitle III cellular intercept capabilities.

• Development of an Internet webpageanalysis product.

• Improvements to the capability tointercept and exploit cellularcommunications.

• Development of an architecture usingcommercial technologies for real-timewireless data transfer between fieldunits, command centers, and otherparties.

Testbeds A technology testbed will continue at theSPAWAR Systems Center in San Diegowhere scientists and engineers are workingwith law enforcement officers to developinterfaces to accommodate dissimilarsoftware capabilities under one user-friendlyinformation management architecture. Theresultant architecture will provide the

capability to integrate components for casemanagement with real-time access totracking and surveillance data includingauthorized wire intercepts.

In 2003, scientists and engineers will makerecommendations on the integration ofcommunication interoperability systems intoa robust national architecture capable ofsupporting emergency response to hostileevents or natural disasters. The study willlook at scenarios that include both regionaland distributed crises that requirecoordinated response from federal, state, andlocal agencies.

An architecture using commercialtechnologies is being configured for real-time wireless data transfer between fieldunits, command centers, and other parties.The exchange of real-time data or evenvideo provides capabilities useful in joint,coordinated operations. This capabilityallows surveillance and other data to betransferred in real-time to investigators andpersonnel not present at the site of theoperation.

Technology Transfer ProgramIn five years, the TTP has provided supportto more than 20 percent of the state andlocal police departments and sheriffs'offices in the United States. The strategyfor the TTP is to maximize the delivery ofhand-held devices with training to the stateand local agencies serving the smallerpopulation sizes (less than 500,000) and toprovide case building investigative tools tothe agencies and task forces serving thelarger population sizes (500,000 andgreater). The approach includes thefollowing:

• Support the officer on the street byproviding high technology equipment toincrease effectiveness of personnelresources and improve officer safety bycontinuing the deployment of items

FUTURE PLANS | 15

such as thermal imagers and mini-busters.

• Support specialized regional drugcrime task forces and major city policedepartments that will benefit from thesuccessful deployment of morecomplex, larger-scale systems forcommunications interoperability anddata mining applications in support oflonger-term drug trafficking conspiracyinvestigations. CTAC will refineoutreach efforts and increase thetraining provided to recipient agenciesto accomplish this goal.

• Ensure the proper set of technologiesis being offered. This effort willinclude the introduction of newtechnologies to the program,improvements to existing systems, andelimination of technologies that nolonger meet the operationalrequirements of law enforcementagencies or that can be replaced withnext-generation technology.

Over the next year, two broad TTPinitiatives will be pursued: (1) Developadvanced wireless communicationsinteroperability capabilities, and (2) Developa centerpiece architecture for casemanagement tools.

Oversight and CoordinationCTAC is planning the 2003 ONDCPInternational Technology Symposium in SanDiego, California, from July 8-11, 2003.The theme for this symposium isCounterdrug C4I System Research andDevelopment. Our eighth internationaltechnology symposium will featurepresentations and technical papers on newcounterdrug technology concepts,developments, and applications, particularlyin the areas of command, control,communications, computers and intelligence(C4I) and nonintrusive inspectiontechnologies to counter narcoterrorism.Continued support is planned for DEA andthe SWGDRUG in gaining internationalacceptance of SWGDRUG standards and theinternational drug profiling conference.

CONCLUSION | 17

C O N C L U S I O NThis Blueprint Update provides a summaryof this year's contributions and future plans.While advancements in technology canimprove capabilities tremendously, theseimprovements are useless when an agency isunable to acquire existing technologybecause of budget limitations. The union ofthe R&D program with the TTP has allowedover 4,000 state and local agencies toovercome that obstacle.

Increasing our knowledge of the causes ofaddiction and substance abuse is bearingfruit. Images of the interactions of drugs inthe brain are leading research scientists tofind that many disorders of the nervoussystem (e.g., Alzheimer's) occur in the sameregions of the human brain affected by theabuse of drugs. A program is being

developed by CTAC to provide scientistswith the proper equipment and technology toassess potential linkages of drug addictionwith the genetic predisposition to otherdiseases of the brain.

Ongoing, broad-based community supportfor these programs has led to success. Thissuccess demonstrates the commitment anddedication of our federal, state, and locallaw enforcement agencies and the teams ofresearch scientists who devote their talentsto solving the causes of drug addiction.These men and women are usingadvancements in technology to make ourstreets safer and to develop the knowledgeneeded to prevent and treat drug abuse on ascale never before imagined.


R E F E R E N C E D O C U M E N T SThe following is a list of documentspertinent to the Blueprint Update.

• Counterdrug Technology TransferProgram Status Report, Office ofNational Drug Control Policy,Counterdrug Technology AssessmentCenter, January 2002.

• Fiscal Year 2001 – Fiscal Year 2007Strategic Plan, Office of NationalDrug Control Policy, 2001.

• Fiscal Year 2002 Annual PerformancePlan and Fiscal Year 2000 AnnualProgram Performance Report, Officeof National Drug Control Policy, June2001.

• 2002 Annual Report: National DrugControl Strategy - CounterdrugResearch and Development BlueprintUpdate, Office of National DrugControl Policy, CounterdrugTechnology Assessment Center, NCJ-192263, 2002.

• National Drug Control Strategy,Office of National Drug ControlPolicy, NCJ-198156, January 2003.

• National Drug Control Strategy,Budget Summary, Office of NationalDrug Control Policy, NCJ-198157,January 2003.

• The Sixth Triennial Report toCongress from the Secretary of Healthand Human Services. Drug Abuse andAddiction Research: 25 Years ofDiscovery to Advance the Health of thePublic. National Institute on DrugAbuse. September 1999, [NIDAResearch Priorities and Highlights, pp.23-32.]

• Bringing the Power of Science to Bearon Drug Abuse and Addiction, Five-Year Strategic Plan. National Instituteon Drug Abuse. September 2000. NIHPublication Number 00-4774.

• Colorado Wireless InteroperabilityCommunications Project. UnitedStates Navy Space and Naval WarfareSystems Center – San Diego(SPAWAR). December 2001.SPAWAR Technical Document 3136.

APPENDIX A – APPLICABLE LEGISLATION | A-1

APPENDIX A – APPLICABLE LEGISLATIONThe following highlights from applicable legislation summarize Counterdrug TechnologyAssessment Center appropriations, functions, staff levels and roles.

P.L. 105-277 of October 21, 1998 [H.R. 4328] (title VII of Division C) Office of NationalDrug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998

SEC. 708. COUNTER-DRUG TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT CENTER.

(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—There is established within the Office the Counter-DrugTechnology Assessment Center (referred to in this section as the ‘‘Center’’). The Center shalloperate under the authority of the Director of National Drug Control Policy and shall serve as thecentral counter-drug technology research and development organization of the United StatesGovernment.

(b) DIRECTOR OF TECHNOLOGY.—There shall be at the head of the Center the Directorof Technology, who shall be appointed by the Director of National Drug Control Policy fromamong individuals qualified and distinguished in the area of science, medicine, engineering, ortechnology.

(c) ADDITIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE DIRECTOR OF NATIONAL DRUGCONTROL POLICY.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Director, acting through the Director of Technology shall—(A) identify and define the short-, medium-, and long-term scientific andtechnological needs of Federal, state, and local drug supply reduction agencies,including—

(i) advanced surveillance, tracking, and radar imaging; (ii) electronic support measures;(iii) communications;(iv) data fusion, advanced computer systems, and artificial intelligence; and(v) chemical, biological, radiological (including neutron, electron, and graviton),and other means of detection;

(B) identify demand reduction basic and applied research needs and initiatives, inconsultation with affected National Drug Control Program agencies, including—

(i) improving treatment through neuroscientific advances;(ii) improving the transfer of biomedical research to the clinical setting; and(iii) in consultation with the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and throughinteragency agreements or grants, examining addiction and rehabilitation researchand the application of technology to expanding the effectiveness or availability ofdrug treatment;

(C) make a priority ranking of such needs identified in subparagraphs (A) and (B)according to fiscal and technological feasibility, as part of a National Counter-DrugEnforcement Research and Development Program;(D) oversee and coordinate counter-drug technology initiatives with related activitiesof other Federal civilian and military departments;

A-2 | 2003 COUNTERDRUG RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BLUEPRINT UPDATE

(E) provide support to the development and implementation of the national drugcontrol performance measurement system; and(F) pursuant to the authority of the Director of National Drug Control Policy undersection 704, submit requests to Congress for the reprogramming or transfer of fundsappropriated for counter-drug technology research and development.

(2) LIMITATION ON AUTHORITY.—The authority granted to the Director under thissubsection shall not extend to the award of contracts, management of individual projects,or other operational activities.

(d) ASSISTANCE AND SUPPORT TO OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROLPOLICY.—The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Health and Human Services shall,to the maximum extent practicable, render assistance and support to the Office and to theDirector in the conduct of counter-drug technology assessment.

Conference Report 106-319 of September 14, 1999 [To accompany H.R. 2490] MakingAppropriations for The Treasury Department, The United States Postal Service, TheExecutive Office Of The President, And Certain Independent Agencies, For The FiscalYear Ending September 30, 2000, And For Other Purposes

"For necessary expenses for the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center for researchactivities pursuant to the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998(title VII of Division C of Public Law 105–277), $29,250,000, which shall remain available untilexpended, consisting of $16,000,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects,and $13,250,000 for the continued operation of the technology transfer program: Provided, Thatthe $16,000,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects shall be available fortransfer to other Federal departments or agencies."

"The conferees agree to provide $29,250,000 instead of $31,100,000 as proposed by the Senate.The House had proposed $29,250,000 in ONDCP’s Salaries and Expenses Appropriation. Theconferees agree to establish this new, separate appropriation account for the CounterdrugTechnology Assessment Center (CTAC) as authorized in Public Law 105–277 and proposed bythe Senate. It consists of $16,000,000 for the core research and assessment activities of CTAC,as well as $13,250,000 for the counterdrug technology transfer program."

P.L. 106-58 of September 29, 1999 [H.R. 2490] Treasury And General GovernmentAppropriations Act, 2000

"For necessary expenses for the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center for researchactivities pursuant to the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998(title VII of Division C of Public Law 105–277), $29,250,000, which shall remain available untilexpended, consisting of $16,000,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects,and $13,250,000 for the continued operation of the technology transfer program: Provided, Thatthe $16,000,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects shall be available fortransfer to other Federal departments or agencies."

Conference Report (H. Rept. 106-479) on H.R. 3194, Consolidated Appropriations Act,2000 (House of Representatives - November 17, 1999)


Division B, Title II -- Other Appropriations Matters

"Sec. 237. In addition to amounts appropriated to the Office of National Drug Control Policy,$3,000,000 is appropriated: Provided, That this amount shall be made available by grant to theUnited States Olympic Committee for its anti-doping program within 30 days of the enactmentof this Act."

P.L. 106-113 of November 29, 1999: An act making consolidated appropriations for thefiscal year ending September 30, 2000, and for other purposes.

Division B, Appendix E, Title II -- Other Appropriations Matters

"Sec. 237. In addition to amounts appropriated to the Office of National Drug Control Policy,$3,000,000 is appropriated: Provided, That this amount shall be made available by grant to theUnited States Olympic Committee for its anti-doping program within 30 days of the enactmentof this Act."

Conference Report (H. Rept. 106-796) to Accompany H.R. 4516 Making Appropriationsfor the Legislative Branch for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, and for OtherPurposes. - July 27, 2000

Division B; Incorporation of H.R. 4985

For necessary expenses for the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center for researchactivities pursuant to the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998(title VII of Division C of Public Law 105–277), $29,053,000, which shall remain available untilexpended, consisting of $15,803,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects,and $13,250,000 for the continued operation of the technology transfer program: Provided, Thatthe $15,803,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects shall be available fortransfer to other Federal departments or agencies.

Conference Report (H. Rept. 106-940) to Accompany H.R. 4475 Making Appropriationsfor the Department of Transportation and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year EndingSeptember 30, 2001, and for Other Purposes. - October 5, 2000

Title V - Executive Office of The President and Funds Appropriated to the President, Office ofNational Drug Control Policy, Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center

The conferees agree to provide an additional $7,000,000 for the Counterdrug TechnologyAssessment Center, including $5,000,000 for the continued operation of the technology transferprogram and $2,000,000 for the continued development of the wireless interoperabilitycommunication project currently underway in Colorado. This much-needed project is in directresponse to the wireless communication difficulties experienced by state and local lawenforcement during the Columbine High School tragedy.

P.L. 106–346 October 23, 2000 An Act Making Appropriations for the Department ofTransportation and Related Agencies for the Fiscal Year Ending September 30, 2001, andfor Other Purposes


For an additional amount, $7,000,000: Provided, That $5,000,000 shall be available forcontinued operation of the technology transfer program: Provided further, That $2,000,000, toremain available until expended, shall be available for counter-narcotics research anddevelopment projects, to be used for the continued development of a wireless interoperabilitycommunication project in Colorado.

House Report 106-756 to Accompany H.R. 4871 making appropriations for the TreasuryDepartment, United States Postal Service, the Executive Office of the President, andCertain Independent Agencies for the Fiscal Year ending September 30, 2001 and forOther Purposes.

The Committee remains strongly supportive of the technology transfer program, which allowsCTAC to provide technologies developed with Federal funding directly to state and local lawenforcement agencies that might otherwise be unable to benefit from the developments due tolimited budgets or technological expertise. Priority is given to candidates in High Intensity DrugTrafficking Areas, and on the ability and willingness of candidates to share in costs, eitherthrough in-kind or direct contributions. The basic technology for transfer includes informationtechnology, analytical tools, communications, tracking and surveillance, and drug detectiondevices. The program has gained significant support from state and local law enforcementagencies, and the Committee understands that the funding provided in the this bill addresses lessthan a quarter of the unmet demand. As of March 2000, the program has delivered over 1,570pieces of equipment to 1,159 state and local law enforcement agencies. The program hasdemonstrated a very low administrative cost, with equipment purchases making up 84 percent ofcosts. The program, which has received very high evaluation ratings from its users, is alsoheavily represented in local police and sheriff’s organizations and in communities withpopulations under 500,000 (80 percent). Given the substantial unmet need for this relativelylow-cost and high-payoff program, the Committee strongly encourages ONDCP and theAdministration to increase the funding level for this program as it develops its fiscal year 2002budget.

Conference Report (H. Rept. 106-1033) to Accompany H.R. 4577 Making OmnibusConsolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations for the Fiscal Year, December15, 2000

Enactment of Provisions of H.R. 5658 as introduced on December 14, 2000, A bill makingappropriations for the Treasury Department, United States Postal Service, the ExecutiveOffice of the President and Certain Independent Agencies for the fiscal year endingSeptember 30, 2001 and for other purposes.

For necessary expenses for the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center for researchactivities pursuant to the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998(title VII of Division C of Public Law 105–277), $29,053,000, which shall remain available untilexpended, consisting of $15,803,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects,and $13,250,000 for the continued operation of the technology transfer program: Provided, Thatthe $15,803,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects shall be available fortransfer to other Federal departments or agencies.


P.L. 106–554, December 21, 2000, Making consolidated appropriations for the fiscal yearending September 30, 2001, and for other purposes.

For necessary expenses for the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center for researchactivities pursuant to the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998(title VII of division C of Public Law 105–277), $29,053,000, which shall remain available untilexpended, consisting of $15,803,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects,and $13,250,000 for the continued operation of the technology transfer program: Provided, Thatthe $15,803,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects shall be available fortransfer to other Federal departments or agencies.

House Report 107-52 to Accompany H.R. 2590 Making appropriations for the TreasuryDepartment, the United States Postal Service, the Executive Office of The President, andcertain independent agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2002, and for otherpurposes. - July 23, 2001.

The CTAC technology transfer program has been enormously successful, demonstrating theimpact that can be achieved with a relatively small level of funding by transferring mature, testedtechnology that has practical and immediate usefulness to local and state law enforcementagencies that would otherwise not have access to such tools. The Committee therefore includes$22,236,000, a $4,026,150 increase over the level funded in fiscal year 2001. As of the end offiscal year 2000, there has been 1,909 deliveries of targeted, relatively low-cost technology to1,325 state and local law enforcement agencies nationwide. In fiscal year 2001, there are 1,234outstanding requests for law enforcement technology transfer to date, and the expectation thatover 800 of these can be met this year. The Committee believes that this additional funding willhelp increase the capability of CTAC to meet this need for technology to help leverage the abilityof chronically short-staffed law enforcement agencies to take on major drug crime at the locallevel.

Senate Report 107-57 to Accompany S. 1398 Making appropriations for the TreasuryDepartment, the United States Postal Service, the Executive Office of The President, andcertain independent agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2002, and for otherpurposes. - September 4, 2001.

The Committee fully supports the continuation of this program and, therefore, has provided$22,000,000 for its operation in fiscal year 2002. The Committee believes that this programdemonstrates the best that the Federal Government has to offer to state and local lawenforcement in their efforts to combat drug related crimes. The Committee is encouraged by thepositive reception this program has received by state and local law enforcement agencies ascurrent requests for technology continue to outpace resources by over four to one. TheCommittee expects CTAC will conduct further outreach to state and local agencies to educatethem about the program. Finally, the Committee would encourage CTAC to work with privateindustry to make their developed technology available to state and local law enforcementthrough this program. The Committee requests that ONDCP report within 60 days after the dateof this enactment of the fiscal year 2002 appropriations bill on the number of requests received,promotion efforts to state and local law enforcement, and the effectiveness and interest in thisprogram by these law enforcement communities.


Conference Report (H. Rept 107-253) to Accompany H.R. 2590 Making appropriations forthe Treasury Department, the United States Postal Service, the Executive Office of ThePresident, and certain independent agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2002,and for other purposes. - October 26, 2001

For necessary expenses for the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center for researchactivities pursuant to the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998(21 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), $42,300,000, which shall remain available until expended, consisting of$20,064,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects, and $22,236,000 for thecontinued operation of the technology transfer program: Provided, That the $20,064,000 forcounternarcotics research and development projects shall be available for transfer to otherFederal departments or agencies.

The conferees agree to provide $42,300,000 instead of $42,000,000 as proposed by the Senateand $40,000,000 as proposed by the House. Of this funding, $20,064,000 is for the basicresearch and development program and $22,236,000 is for continuation of the technologytransfer program. The conferees include $2,000,000 to provide neuroimaging technology to aninstitution that can conduct substance abuse research and train Native American physicians insubstance abuse research as described in the Senate report, and $300,000 to support research intothe relationship between genetic factors leading to conditions such as Alzheimer’s Disease andenvironmental factors, particularly substance abuse.

P.L. 107–67 November 12, 2001 An Act Making appropriations for the TreasuryDepartment, the United States Postal Service, the Executive Office of the President, andcertain Independent Agencies, for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2002, and for otherpurposes.

For necessary expenses for the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center for researchactivities pursuant to the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998(21 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), $42,300,000, which shall remain available until expended, consisting of$20,064,000 for counternarcotics research and development projects, and $22,236,000 for thecontinued operation of the technology transfer program: Provided, That the $20,064,000 forcounternarcotics research and development projects shall be available for transfer to otherFederal departments or agencies.

House Report 107-575 to accompany H.R. 5120 Making appropriations for the TreasuryDepartment, the United States Postal Service, the Executive Office of the President, andcertain Independent Agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2003, and for otherpurposes, - July 15, 2002.

Pursuant to the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of 1998 (title VII ofDivision C of Public Law 105–277), the Counterdrug Technology Assessment Center serves asthe central counterdrug research and development organization for the United StatesGovernment.

The Committee recommends an appropriation of $55,800,000 for the Counterdrug TechnologyAssessment Center, $13,500,000 above the fiscal year 2002 enacted level and $15,800,000 above


the President’s request. Included in the appropriation are $26,064,000 for counternarcoticsTechnology Research and Development, and $29,736,000 for the Technology Transfer Program.The Committee has included continued funding for neuroimaging studies and genomic researchinto the relationship between genetic predisposition and environmental factors bearing upon drugaddiction in the amount for counternarcotics Technology Research and Development.

Senate Report 107-212 to accompany S. 2740 making appropriations for the TreasuryDepartment, the United States Postal Service, the Executive Office of the President, andcertain Independent Agencies for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2003, and for otherpurposes – July 17, 2002.

The Committee recommends an appropriation of $40,000,000 for the Counterdrug TechnologyAssessment Center (CTAC). This funding includes $22,000,000 for the continuation of thetechnology transfer program by CTAC to State and local law enforcement in their efforts tocombat drugs. Pursuant to the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act of1998 (Title VII of Division C of Public Law 105–277), CTAC serves as the central counterdrugresearch and development organization for the U.S. Government.

The Committee expects multiagency research and development programs to be coordinated byCTAC in order to prevent duplication of effort and to assure that whenever possible, those effortsprovide capabilities that transcend the need of any single Federal agency. Prior to the obligationof these funds, the Committee expects to be notified by the chief scientist on how these fundswill be spent; it also expects to receive periodic reports from the chief scientist on the prioritycounterdrug enforcement research and development requirements identified by the Center and onthe status of projects funded by CTAC.

The Committee continues to believe CTAC should work closely and cooperatively with theindividual law enforcement agencies in the definition of a national research and developmentprogram which addresses agency requirements with respect to timeliness, operational utility, andconsistency with agency budget plans.

Last year the Committee provided additional funds for CTAC to focus on conducting substanceabuse research and training Native American physicians in the field of substance abuse research.The Committee requests that the chief scientist provide periodic updates on this process.

COUNTERDRUG TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAM

The Committee fully supports the continuation of this program and, therefore, has provided$22,000,000 for its operation in fiscal year 2003. The Committee believes that this programdemonstrates the best that the Federal Government has to offer to State and local lawenforcement in their efforts to combat drug related crimes. The Committee is encouraged by thepositive reception this program has received by State and local law enforcement agencies ascurrent requests for technology continue to outpace resources by over four to one. TheCommittee expects that CTAC will conduct further outreach to State and local agencies toeducate them about the program. Finally, the Committee would encourage CTAC to work withprivate industry to make their developed technology available to State and local law enforcementthrough this program. The Committee requests that ONDCP report within 60 days after the date


of enactment of the fiscal year 2003 appropriations bill on the number of requests received,promotion efforts to State and local law enforcement, and the effectiveness and interest in thisprogram by these law enforcement communities.

APPENDIX B – COUNTERDRUG SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NEEDS | B-1

APPENDIX B – COUNTERDRUG SCIENTIFICAND TECHNOLOGICAL NEEDS

As noted in the introduction, please see www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov for this appendix.

APPENDIX C – COUNTERDRUG RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS | C-1

APPENDIX C – COUNTERDRUG RESEARCHAND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS


APPENDIX B – COUNTERDRUG SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NEEDS | B-1

APPENDIX D – NARCOTICS DETECTIONTECHNOLOGES


APPENDIX E – TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER PROGRAM | E-1

APPENDIX E – TECHNOLOGY TRANSFERPROGRAM

Introduction

The Technology Transfer Program (TTP) was established by Congress in 1998 and has providedboth technologies and the training to more than 20 percent of the 18,500 state and local LawEnforcement Agencies (LEAs) nationally. From 1998 through 2002, the TTP delivered 4,811pieces of equipment to 3,898 state and local law enforcement agencies in all 50 states andprovided training and support with the delivery of each technology. Many applicants awaittechnology deliveries pending receipt of additional funding for the TTP. At the end of fiscalyear 2002, there were 1,777 pending applications.

The TTP is not a grants program, rather, the drug crime fighting technologies available from theprogram are limited to a catalog of items proven to be operationally effective by federal, stateand local law enforcement. Its unique characteristics combined with its strong endorsement bythe law enforcement community make it an excellent model for any technology transfer program.The TTP provides an efficient means for getting drug crime fighting technologies into the handsof LEAs serving on the front line. Its emphasis on pre-screening of applicants combined withtraining and follow-up with those LEAs that receive equipment ensure recipient agencies makefull-use of the equipment.

An additional benefit of the TTP is that as it reaches more and more LEAs nationally, it createsde facto standards in terms of state-of-the-art technologies used by officers on the street. As theTTP program continues, the future ubiquity of its catalog of available technologies will lead tosignificant economies in terms of reduced training costs; as personnel move from one LEA toanother they are more likely to be familiar with the new agency’s technologies as these becomestandardized

Over the past five years, CTAC’s lessons-learned provide useful insights for those tasked withthe establishment of similar technology transfer efforts. The following provides unique TTPfeatures organized in three parts: 1) TTP Underpinnings, 2) TTP Execution, and 3) TTP NationalDeployment Strategy.

Underpinnings

The TTP design is based upon the notion that the transfer of technology to state and local lawenforcement is best done by an organization that understands the available technologies and hasa stake in the development of them. Further, it is bolstered by the inclusion of regional expertsfrom the law enforcement community who understand the needs of local communities and theutility of available technologies for law enforcement missions. Finally, the adoption anddistribution over time of a uniform set of proven technologies creates valuable efficiencies for allstate and local LEAs throughout the nation. These TTP underpinnings are discussed below.

Research and Development Program Link. CTAC’s supply reduction R&D program addressesbroad-based, multi-agency needs that transcend the requirements of any single agency, and

E-2 | 2003 COUNTERDRUG RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BLUEPRINT UPDATE

concentrates on those technology applications that are potential candidates for TTP. This R&Dcomponent benefits the TTP as technologies are vetted prior to inclusion in the TTP catalog.Only after new systems are tested and proven do they become TTP candidates for use by stateand local law enforcement agencies.

Regional Experts/Program Support. The TTP enjoys support from active-duty, nationallyrecognized, senior police chiefs and sheriffs who serve as regional law enforcement experts foreach of the 10 regions across the country (See Figure E-1: TTP Regional LEA Experts). Theseexperts review applications for TTP technologies from agencies within their respective regions,assist in evaluating the program, and provide advice on the operational utility of the technologiesoffered.

The TTP also benefits from ONDCP Interagency Agreements with the U.S. Army ElectronicProving Ground (EPG) and the U.S. Navy Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center (SSC).EPG and SSC provide contracting and procurement support services, as well as technical andprogram management functions for CTAC-sponsored projects. The contracting agents publishBroad Agency Announcements and Sources Sought Announcements from their parentorganizations (U.S. Army and U.S. Navy) to solicit proposals for innovative concepts andapproaches from industry, academia and national laboratories. They also coordinate thetechnical review and evaluation of these proposals with representatives from the federal, stateand local user agencies. The contracting agents then negotiate and manage contracts with thesuccessful vendors.

EPG manages the TTP contracting/technical program office. This program office employs acomprehensive “cradle-to-grave” approach. The TTP management team fills agency requestsfrom bulk order contracts, conducts outreach awareness workshops for law enforcementagencies, provides mandatory training sessions for technology recipients, and maintains allprogram management reports, statistics, and records. A short chain of authority ensures a rapid-reaction capability for response to unplanned events requiring rapid deployment of technology.On September 17, 2001, EPG and CTAC delivered 100 satellite telephones to “ground zero” forfirst-responders to the World Trade Center attack to use until normal communications could berestored.

Region Expert Consultant

1 Chief Peter Modaferri Mr. Fred Rayano2 Colonel Carl Baker Mr. Fred Rayano3 Lt. Colonel Robert Bertee Mr. Cliff Karchmer4 Chief Robert Stewart Mr. Tony Bocchichio5 Sheriff Cal Henderson Mr. Tony Bocchichio6 Chief Carlos Garcia Mr. Steve Bishop7 Chief Richard Easley Mr. Steve Bishop8 Chief Robert Olson Mr. Steve Bishop9 Sheriff Clarence Dupnik Mr. Steve Bishop10 Chief Kenneth Bayless Mr. Patrick Fitzimons

Region4

Region9

Region5

Region2

Region7

Region3

Region8

Region6

Region10

Region1

Figure E-1. Technology Transfer Program Regional Law Enforcement Experts


Uniform Set of Technologies. The TTP catalog of available technologies is divided into twobroad categories: (1) handheld devices (e.g., night-vision devices, handheld contrabanddetectors) and (2) case management / investigative tools (e.g., link analysis software). Atpresent, there is a high degree of standardization or uniformity among the handheld devicesbeing used - as 20 percent of the state and local agencies nationally have received some of theseavailable tools from the TTP. As these devices proliferate through TTP distribution, theybecome de facto standards and law enforcement personnel benefit as they work with or transferto a similarly equipped law enforcement agency. As for the case management and investigativetools, these more complex systems today enjoy less penetration (5 percent) nationally. Overtime, these more complex systems and architectures will evolve with input from the usercommunity and the revised systems will proliferate to other LEAs that will benefit from receiptof proven case management/investigative systems.

TTP technologies support narcotics officers, regional drug task forces, and major city drug crimeinvestigative units conducting large-scale conspiracy cases. The technologies available fortransfer include information technology and analytical tools, communications intercept, trackingand surveillance, and drug detection devices. CTAC will continue to expand and upgrade thecrime-fighting equipment available to state and local LEAs across the nation. The uniform set ofhandheld technologies combined with the necessary training to use and maintain them isprovided in response to applications received from agencies serving smaller jurisdictions, while auniform architecture for tracking, surveillance, phone intercept, and case building systems isintended to support those agencies serving larger jurisdictions.

Execution

Execution of the TTP begins for a recipient agency with submission of an application processedwith a number of checks and balances to ensure the desired technology fits the circumstancesand capabilities of that agency. Based on those applications received over the past five years, 86percent of TTP equipment has been delivered to agencies serving smaller jurisdictions; suchagencies are often hard-pressed to obtain TTP-type equipment from any other source. Theemphasis on training is a significant part of the program’s success and agencies do not receiveequipment until training is completed along with any relevant certifications. The TTP’sinteraction with an agency is ongoing; it does not end following approval of an application,completion of training or the delivery of equipment. Recipient agencies commit to regularfollow-up with the TTP to ensure equipment is utilized in day-to-day operations and to identifyany issues with a delivered technology for resolution.

Application Process and Technology Distribution. Applications to the TTP are reviewed on afirst-come, first-served basis, though a submission does not guarantee an agency will receive anyTTP items. Agencies may begin the application process with the submission of a web-based orhardcopy form. Applicants select up to three available technologies and must respond toquestions regarding the need for them. A number of checks and balances exist within theapplication process to ensure the most rational distribution of available technologies. Amongthese is the requirement that the head (e.g., Police Chief) of each agency endorse the application.


During the application process, the respective TTP regional expert provides a subjectivejudgement as to whether:

• The technologies requested will improve the operational capabilities of the requestingdepartment or organization.

• The organization has the requisite infrastructure to integrate the technology into its dailyoperations.

• The equipment is too complex for the organization.

These experts also have the ability to modify an agency’s application by the substitution of onetechnology with another or to change an applicant’s technology rankings. TTP regional expertsalso judge that an applicant agency faces a significant level of drug-related crime and determinethat there is a reasonable expectation that the requested technology will be used to supportinvestigations of such crime. State and local law enforcement applications for TTP technologiescontinue to increase along with awareness of the program.

Over the past five years, 86 percent of TTP applications and deliveries involved agencies servingpopulations of 500,000 or less (See Figure E-2 for the distribution of TTP deliveries by agencytype and jurisdiction size). The predominant mix of technologies requested by and provided tosmaller jurisdiction agencies was comprised of thermal imagers, drugwipes, mini-buster kits, andbody worn transmitters. Eighty percent of TTP applications and deliveries involved policedepartments and sheriffs' offices. Applications for the more complex systems (AVTS,VoiceBox, Data Locator, VideoDetective System, and Interoperability Communications system)1

were received from task forces, police departments, and sheriffs' offices from the largerjurisdictions serving populations of 500,000 or more. 30 percent of TTP deliveries have been tostate and local agencies located within one of the High-Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas(HIDTAs).

1 The Advanced Vehicle Tracking System (AVTS) is a covert vehicle tracking system with mapping display.VoiceBox is a multimedia digital collection system for Title III investigations. The VideoDetective System is a PC-based, real-time, plug-and-play video enhancement system that eliminates jitter and camera motion. For wirelessinteroperability applications, the TTP currently deploys a modular interconnection system providing interoperabilityfor incompatible radio systems.

Other5%

Public Safety3%Task Force

9%Highway

Patrol/State Police3%

Sheriff25%

Police55%

1,000,000 or more10%

500,000 to 999,999

4%

100,000 to 499,999

17%

50,000 to 99,99913%

Less than 50,00056%

Figure E-2. Deliveries By Agency Type / Population Size – fiscal year 1998 – 2002


The underlying assumption with regard to the TTP’s equipment distribution is that federal, state,and local law enforcement agencies (LEAs) all need advanced technologies to conduct theirdrug-related criminal investigations, but to a different scale and complexity. The federal LEAsemploy the technology to carry out complex, large-scale, drug-related criminal investigationswhile state and local LEAs need identical technologies but usually on a smaller scale for drug-related criminal investigations and daily operations.

Training, Retraining and Outreach Emphasis. The TTP’s approach to training stems from theknowledge that technologies are tools and not in and of themselves solutions for lawenforcement problems. Officer training and routine use of technologies ensure successfultechnology deployment. This approach also takes into account the realization that training is nota “one shot deal.” Training sessions for TTP catalog equipment is provided regularly throughoutthe year to provide ample opportunity for first-time and refresher equipment use instruction.

TTP user training is provided with no out-of-pocket costs for the recipient agency. This hands-on training is required before any equipment is delivered. Training is provided to each recipientby the commercial vendor and by law enforcement officers who use the equipment in dailyoperations. In some cases, certification for equipment operation (e.g., thermal imagers) isprovided as well.

Recipient agencies commit to respond to a variety of feedback requests including 90-, 180-, and270-day evaluations. The 90-, 180- and 270-day evaluation forms request specific objective andquantifiable data regarding results achieved with use of TTP equipment. Agencies provideinformation as to the number of cases in which the equipment was employed and details ofspecific operational experience with the technology. In addition, recipients provide subjectivecomments as to the utility of a particular technology. These subjective comments provide a vitalfeedback loop for insights into the strengths and weaknesses of the TTP and/or its offeredtechnologies as well as a vehicle for recipients to offer suggestions to improve the program.

TTP evaluations submitted to date indicate that the technologies offered are readily integratedinto the operations of state and local agencies. Recipient agencies confirm that TTP equipmentimproves counterdrug operations. In general, following receipt of TTP equipment, agenciesreport an increase in drug-related arrests and seizures and a dramatic improvement in officersafety.2

National Deployment Strategy

In order to bring about the standardization of law enforcement technologies, a nationaldeployment strategy was developed for the TTP. This strategy is driven by a vision for the TTPas the model for delivery of advanced crime fighting technologies to state and local lawenforcement.

The strategy for the TTP is to maximize the delivery of hand-held devices with training to thestate and local agencies serving the smaller population sizes (less than 500,000) and to provide

2 In FY01 seizures reported using new TTP equipment included $91MM of drugs (4 tons of marijuana, 1,000pounds of cocaine and 550 pounds of methamphetamine), $5.6MM in cash and 38 vehicles valued at $500,000.


case building investigative tools to the agencies and task forces serving the larger populationsizes (500,000 and greater). A number of core competencies make successful execution of theTTP strategy possible. A highly respected management team oversees the TTP. Links totechnology R&D efforts, coordination with other federal technology efforts, an ability to deliversolutions in a cost-effective manner, and an application process that ensures delivered solutionsare in fact used by recipient agencies characterize other core competencies of the TTP. Programresults are regularly measured against program goals to ensure objectives are met; the TTPemploys regular feedback mechanisms to understand results from the field so that issues may beresolved. Going forward, the TTP will continue to innovate with the inclusion of additionaladvanced technologies after these are vetted by TTP testbeds.

TTP Vision. The TTP was first authorized by Congress in 1998 to transfer technology to stateand local law enforcement agencies. Since that time, the program has grown to be a recognizedleader by law enforcement agencies for technology transfer. The vision for the TTP issummarized as follows:

Fundamentally change the equipment procurement paradigm of the state and locallaw enforcement community from single, independent purchases of equipment to acohesive strategy to obtain and integrate a common set of technologies into dailyoperations. The TTP will transform the current mindset to one that also accounts for therequired equipment commonality, knowledge, resources, training and follow-up to ensuresuccessful technology deployment.

This vision guides TTP efforts going forward. In many cases however, agency heads find itdifficult to obtain technology funding as elected officials tend to select more short-term, visiblefunding activities, such as hiring additional officers. As one local law enforcement officialaddressing colleagues noted:

"All of us in this room understand the politics of local law enforcement budgeting. For achief or a sheriff to go before local elected leaders and ask for more money to buytechnologies instead of to hire additional officers is quite difficult."

A lack of adequate funding prevents state and local law enforcement agencies from procuringand successfully deploying usable technologies. The TTP vision is realized as agencies adoptprocurement approaches that account for all necessary components of successful technologydeployment.

TTP Core Competencies. Regular coordination with other federal agencies involved with lawenforcement technologies ensures that the needs of law enforcement agencies are taken intoaccount. These needs are then matched with available and developing technologies. Suchtechnologies are first deployed in testbeds to ensure viability in an operational environment.Less than 10 percent of the TTP budget is consumed for administrative expenses and Congresshas recognized the TTP for its penchant for combining results delivery with frugality. With itstraining requirements, the TTP increases the likelihood that equipment will be successfullydeployed. Regular follow-up ensures equipment use in daily operations and provides a channelto address any problems with the equipment or its use.


TTP Going Forward. The TTP is a successful “cradle-to-grave” federal technology deploymentprogram that serves law enforcement well. As a model for other law enforcement technologytransfer programs, it needs no structural or functional modifications.

The TTP catalog evolves over time along with the needs of the law enforcement community toensure that the proper set of technologies is offered. This effort includes the introduction of newtechnologies to the program, improvements to existing systems, and the elimination oftechnologies that no longer meet operational requirements or that can be replaced with next-generation technology. New technologies added this year include an advanced case managementsystem, a search engine to allow for searches across multiple databases, a wireless videotransmitter and receiver kit, a covert vehicle tracking device, and an advanced infrared camera.

In the near-term, areas of greatest interest for inclusion of technology in the TTP include thefollowing:

1. Support the officer on the street with standardized and easy-to-use advanced crimefighting technologies.

2. Support specialized regional drug crime task forces and major city LEAs with thesuccessful deployment of more complex, larger scale systems for case management andinvestigative tools.

The TTP will support the officer on the street by providing high technology equipment toincrease the effectiveness of personnel resources and improve officer safety with furtherdeployment of items such as thermal imagers and mini-busters. The TTP will continue to deliverhand-held devices and systems in response to requests from investigators working on individualcases. Support activities will include:

• Hold additional regional one-day workshops to maintain an awareness of the TTP.• Introduce new hand-held devices and equipment as they become available to

accommodate those agencies returning to the program for additional items.

The TTP will also support specialized regional drug crime task forces and major citydepartments with the successful deployment of more complex, larger scale systems forcommunications interoperability and data mining applications. Steps to introduce more of thesecomplex case management tools into the mix include:

• Conduct highly focused workshops concentrating on case management tools to introducethese items to agencies that can use them but have not yet requested them.

• Fulfill those requests for the more expensive case management tools (formerly withhelddue solely to funding limitations).

In addition, the TTP will include extensive training sessions for agency personnel before theyreceive new equipment. Certification for use of certain technologies (e.g., thermal imagers) hasalready been incorporated into the initial training to assure safe and proper use of the systems.Additional retraining sessions will be established for the agencies that already have a system.Training and retraining sessions along with workshops pass on first-hand knowledge gained fromoperational use of the equipment. These sessions enable the program to leverage its priorinvestments to benefit new users.


A new series of regional workshops will focus on the more complex case management systems.Attendance will be limited only to those departments capable of deploying systems of thiscomplexity and those departments willing to devote internal resources necessary to install, trainand maintain the systems. This approach was demonstrated at Lakewood, Colorado in August2001, with the installation of a communications interoperability system at the Lakewood PoliceDepartment. The Lakewood Police Department provided all facilities and resources to install,train, operate and maintain the system which now supports communications connectivity forapproximately 20 federal, state and local agencies and task forces within the neighboringjurisdictions.

The use of testbed prototype evaluation programs will continue to support the core R&Dprogram and the TTP. These testbeds will continue to evaluate operational configurations forlaw enforcement technologies. Active-duty law enforcement officials will continue to serve asexperts to determine the optimum configurations for new technologies so they may be added tothe TTP.

These technology testbeds will continue to produce new capabilities and new "versions" orcomponents to overall system architectures. These enhancements will be provided as updates tothose agencies that have received previous versions of the systems. The linking of the TTP tolaw enforcement technology R&D efforts sets it apart from other programs.

Conclusion

In five years, the TTP has had a significant impact on the technological capabilities of state andlocal law enforcement agencies as more than 20 percent of all such agencies nationally are TTPrecipients. It enjoys the endorsement of the law enforcement community and praise fromCongress for its effectiveness. In short, the TTP works. It is a federal program that consistentlydelivers results with accountability. The TTP provides an excellent model for similar technologytransfer programs.

The current list of technologies available from the TTP is given in Tables E1 and E-2.


Table E-1. LIST OF TECHNOLOGIES: Complex Case Building SystemsTECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

ACISS Narcotics &Intelligence RecordsManagement System

Software System that can store, manage and link all information collected by anarcotics unit. Image, video or audio files can all be intelligently related to anysubject, vehicle, intercepted phone call, address or report for case management.

ADACS (Advanced Digital AudioCollection System)

Complete turnkey system capable of intercepting, decoding, recording, andplayback of landline and wireless telephone communications. Provides forautomatic matching of the Call Data Channel and Call Content Channel.

AVTS(Advanced VehicleTracking System)

Using GPS-enabled “tags” attached to suspects’ cars and trucks, lets officers mapreal-time vehicle position. Includes a user-friendly mapping software packageoperating on a PC base station. Multiple vehicles can be tracked simultaneously.

CBSS(Cellular-BasedSurveillance System)

Covert transmitter and receiver system monitors and records evidence audiothrough the cellular network and VHF bands simultaneously. Components maybe used separately and will integrate with existing VHF audio surveillancesystems.

Digital InformationGateway (DIG)Software

Information retrieval software that allows the search of any number of databases,documents, and web sites simultaneously. DIG scales to task forces, divisions,organizations, or even agencies.

Digital Pager Intercept Intercepts, time-stamps, and records messages, either numeric or alphanumeric,sent to suspects’ digital pagers. In specific cases, the messages are relayed to thecase officer's own pager. Can intercept up to eight separate channels of pagertraffic.

InteroperabilityCommunications System

Using computer-aided switching technology, connects multiple LEAs on disparatesystems to a central radio system. Vastly improves real-time interagencycommunications during counternarcotic investigations. Permits each agency toassign its circuit to an agent or patrol vehicle and lets the two agents communicatedirectly in the field: no dispatchers needed.

LINCOLN (Local InterceptNetwork Collection –Online Network)Wiretap System

Title III telephone intercept system permits CALEA-compliant switch-basedintercepts with several wireless carriers including Nextel, VoiceStream, andAT&T Wireless. Ranges from single-line to multi-line networked wiretap system.Package comes with LINCOLN server hardware, workstations, Pen-Link analysissoftware, and CALEA interface hardware.

Multimedia ProcessingSystem

PC-based video processing workstation with predefined application filter systemsto solve common video or image problems such as demultiplexing, low lightimages, and object stabilization. Additional applications to process complex videoproblems are available.

Pen-Link AnalysisSoftware

Telephone surveillance software provides complete, end-to-end data collection,distribution, and analysis systems. Helps build and integrate call, subscriber,event, seizure, and case files; stores complete case data; and provides instantnetwork access to images, audio, and video.

R3000 Navigator Telephone SurveillanceSystem

Expandable digital telephone-intercept system for Title III investigations thatallows interception and decoding of CALEA-compliant digital messages. Systemprovides LEAs a logical path of migration from traditional analog intercepts todigital switch-based telephone surveillance.

SPIN(Suspect Pointer IndexNetwork)

Provides automated entry, retention, and analysis of multimedia investigative data(images and text). Users at nodes throughout a given jurisdiction can entersuspect and case data, including mug shots, on this networked, wireless systemthat provides complete data search capability.

VisuaLinks Software Software package to identify and graphically highlight underlying patterns, trends,anomalies, or new relationships in data by using advanced link analysistechniques.

VoiceBox Allows live, LAN-connected monitoring and collection of telephone, Internet,room-probe, fax, and video transmissions using a built-in dialed number recorder(DNR). Includes a networked printer, CD workstation, courtroom playbackworkstation, and high-level data backup.


Table E-2. LIST OF TECHNOLOGIES: Tactical Tools to Support the OfficerTECHNOLOGY DESCRIPTION

Audio SurveillanceSystem

Covert body wire transmitter and receiver system includes a concealable bodywire transmitter, repeater for extended range capability, and a receiver base stationthat can record transmissions on either audio cassette or professional mini-disk.Provides superior sound recording in the field.

Body Worn Miniaturized, multi-channel transmitter with voice privacy and low probability ofdetection (VPLPD) capabilities. Can be worn inconspicuously and can defeat bothdetection and eavesdropping devices.

Drugwipe Surface residue drug test kit that identifies trace amounts of cannabis, cocaine,opiates, and amphetamines. Officer wipes swab across surface such as dashboardor doorknob and inserts swab into vial. Color change indicates presence ofnarcotics.

Mini-Buster Self-contained portable contraband detection kit that locates hidden compartmentsand bulkheads. Includes an ultrasonic range finder to detect false walls; a flexiblefiber optic scope for remote viewing inside inaccessible spaces such as fuel tanks;and other assorted steel probes, extension mirrors with flashlights, and pocketpencil inspection probe.

Mini-PIX WirelessVideo Surveillance

A wireless video transmitter and briefcase receiver kit containing all the necessaryelements for on-body and off-body wireless video surveillance applications.

Night Vision Kit Amplifies images in low light using military-strength night vision goggles withbuilt-in infrared illuminator and a 50-millimeter (mm) lens; an interchangeable70-300 mm lens with variable gain; a 3-power (3X) magnifier, and a very fastoptic snap-on telescope.

PicoDAC A pocket-size, 12.5-ounce, powerful, rugged, digital signal processor for field useto improve audio from telephones, tape recorders, live microphones, and radioreceivers. Equipped with 10 filter and bandwidth combinations to filter the mostcommonly encountered noise.

Sentinel GlobalPositioning System(GPS)

Small covert GPS tracking system and data logger that provides law enforcementwith data on all movements and patterns of the vehicle. Data can be downloadedfrom a few hundred feet through a built-in spread-spectrum RF link.

Thermal Imager Night vision device senses heat, not light, and generates real-time video in alllighting conditions including total darkness. Can be hand-held or mounted on avehicle rooftop. Remote operation from inside vehicle permits 360-degree pan,40-degree tilt using joystick. Can detect a human out to 1,500 feet. Designed towithstand harsh weather conditions.

ThermoVision Scout An ultra-compact, lightweight, rugged infrared camera with a built-in color 2.5-inch liquid crystal display (LCD) to reduce peripheral vision impairmentcompared to eyepiece imagers.

VideoDetectiveInterceptor

PC-based video enhancement system that eliminates jitter and camera motionfrom real-time or previously recorded video of license plates or suspects.Provides video editing capability, zoom mode, and image digitization and storagefor superior evidence processing.

APPENDIX F - ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | F-1

APPENDIX F - ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThe Director, ONDCP, acknowledges thecontributions of the following:

U.S. Army White Sands Missile Range,Electronic Proving Ground

Mr. James L. ColeMr. Rafael C. AntonLtCol Laura J. ShniderMr. Charles B. FahsMs. Virginia Miller

U.S. Navy, Space and Naval WarfareSystems Center, San Diego

Ms. Gina EnghMs. Theresa MyersMr. Richard S. MellorMr. Clark R. HendricksonMs. Marian Regan

Technology Transfer Regional Experts

Region #1 Chief Peter ModaferriRockland County District Attorney's Office

Region #2 Colonel Carl R. BakerChesterfield County Police Department

Region #3Lieutenant Colonel Robert J. BerteeMichigan State Police

Region #4Chief Robert M. StewartSouth Carolina Law Enforcement Division

Region #5Sheriff Cal HendersonHillsborough County Sheriff's Office

Region #6Chief Carlos GarciaBrownsville Police Department

Region #7Chief Richard D. EasleyKansas City Police Department

Region #8Chief Robert K. OlsonMinneapolis Police Department

Region #9Sheriff Clarence W. Dupnik Pima County Sheriff’s Department

Region #10Chief Kenneth BaylessLos Angeles County Sheriff's Department

Federal Drug Control Agencies

Dr. James A. SaundersNational Program Leader, Alternative CropsAgricultural Research ServiceDepartment of Agriculture

Mr. Thomas J. JanovskyDeputy Assistant AdministratorOffice of Forensic SciencesDrug Enforcement Administration

Mr. John J. PennellaDirector, Applied Technology DivisionU.S. Customs Service

Ms. Elizabeth D'AndreaProgram ExecutiveDoD Counterdrug Technology DevelopmentProgram OfficeDepartment of Defense

F-2 | 2003 COUNTERDRUG RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BLUEPRINT UPDATE

Dr. Joseph K. KielmanChief ScientistFederal Bureau of Investigation

Special Agent John A. CioffiFederal Bureau of Investigation

Special Agent Edward NowickiFederal Bureau of Investigation

Mr. Stephen A. SchroffelChief, Research and DevelopmentImmigration & Naturalization Service

Captain James EvansU.S. Coast Guard

Dr. Lyle O. MalotkyScientific AdvisorTransportation Safety Administration

Dr. David G. BoydDeputy DirectorNational Institute of Justice

Mr. A. Trent DePersiaDirector, Research and Technology DevelopmentDivisionOffice of Science and TechnologyNational Institute of Justice

National Institute on Drug Abuse

Dr. Barry J. HofferDirectorIntramural Research Program

Documents

National Drug Control Strategy - NCJRS · addiction. In the supply reduction area, CTAC works with national drug control agencies to develop and evaluate technologies to interdict