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NATIONAL CONFERENCE ONNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON
““A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR CLEANER TOMORROW”A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR CLEANER TOMORROW”
Bio-diesel As a Prospective Diesel Fuel:Bio-diesel As a Prospective Diesel Fuel:Research & Development Pursuits in IIT,Delhi Research & Development Pursuits in IIT,Delhi
“ The earth was not given to us by our parents , it has been loaned to us by our children ”
- Kenyan Proverb
Same feeling exists in all societies
We should handover a safer earth to future generation
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
RELEVANCE OF DIESEL FUEL RELEVANCE OF DIESEL FUEL IN INDIAN CONTEXTIN INDIAN CONTEXT
Public Transportation System
Mechanized Agricultural sector
(irrigation, pumping etc)
Several Decentralized energy units
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
Diesel consumption- about seven times more than that of Petrol
ENGINES AND UNCONVENTIONAL ENGINES AND UNCONVENTIONAL FUELS LAB, IIT DELHIFUELS LAB, IIT DELHI
Hydrogen Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) Bio-Diesel Hydrogen Added Natural Gas Ethanol Methanol Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Biogas Producer Gas
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
USE OF VEGETABLE OILS -USE OF VEGETABLE OILS -NOT A RADICALLY NEW CONCEPTNOT A RADICALLY NEW CONCEPT
“The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today, but such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time”
- Rudolf Diesel (1912), Inventor of Diesel engine Address to the Engineering Society of St Louis, Missouri in 1912
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
BIO-DIESEL ABROADBIO-DIESEL ABROAD
Saffola Sunflower Soya-bean Peanut Canola Rapeseed
A host of others are being used which are essentially edible in Indian context
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
BIODIESEL ABROADBIODIESEL ABROAD
France,Italy, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, USA, Canada and many other countries
Malaysia - largest Biodiesel production unit with annual capacity of 500, 000 tonnes / year using palm oil
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
BIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT BIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT CONTD…CONTD…
Renewable, can be produced domestically from lots of non-edible/wild crops grown on waste or degraded land.Hence sustained availability of raw materials-Energy security
Can be used in existing diesel engines without major hardware modifications
Low-cost and not-a-very-high-tech route. can be readily implemented even in rural sector.
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
BIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXTBIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT
Clean-burning, safe to handle, transport and store. Non-toxic, biodegradable and free of sulphur and carcinogenic benzene
Absence of sulphur and aromatics in biodiesel is very positive to the lifetime of the catalyst used in automobile exhaust system
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
APPLICATION AREAS OF APPLICATION AREAS OF INDIGENOUSLY DEVELOPED BIO-INDIGENOUSLY DEVELOPED BIO-DIESELDIESEL
Diesel gensets
Irrigation pumps
Small scale/Home industries
Tractors(self-sufficiency for the farmer)
Transportation (Public & Private sectors)
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
VISCOSITY-VISCOSITY-THE MAJOR STUMBLING BLOCKTHE MAJOR STUMBLING BLOCK
Vegetable oils have larger molecules: upto four times larger than typical diesel molecules
High viscosity of vegetable oils: upto 12 times that of diesel fuel--- interferes with the injection process and leads to poor fuel atomization
Inefficient mixing with air contributes to incomplete combustion which leads to more deposit formation, carbonization of injector tips
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
VEGETABLE OILS TESTED IN IIT, VEGETABLE OILS TESTED IN IIT, DELHI FOR ENGINE APPLICATION DELHI FOR ENGINE APPLICATION
Neat plant oils Azadirachta indica (Neem) Madhuca indica (Mahua) Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) Jatropha Curcas Kusum Palm Rice Bran Oil Linseed
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH NEAT VEGETABLE OILNEAT VEGETABLE OIL IN IIT DELHI LAB STUDIES IN IIT DELHI LAB STUDIES
Clogging of Fuel Lines
Carbonization of injector tips
Deposit on Cylinder Walls
Poor Ignition and combustion due to improper atomization
Lube oil Contamination
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
CARBON DEPOSIT ON INJECTOR TIP CARBON DEPOSIT ON INJECTOR TIP USING NEAT VEGETABLE OIL USING NEAT VEGETABLE OIL (WITHOUT TRANSESTERIFICATION)(WITHOUT TRANSESTERIFICATION)IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
FUEL FORMULATION TECHNIQUES FUEL FORMULATION TECHNIQUES ADOPTEDTO ADOPTEDTO OVERCOME PROBLEMSOVERCOME PROBLEMS
Blending Emulsification Esterification
Transesterification was eventually successful in bringing about the viscosity close to conventional diesel.
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
FORMULATION OF BIO-DIESELFORMULATION OF BIO-DIESELTRANSNSESTERIFICATIONTRANSNSESTERIFICATION
Transesterification is the process of using an alcohol (e.g., methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, to chemically break the molecule of the raw renewable oil into methyl or ethyl esters of the renewable oil with glycerol as a by-product.
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
TRANSESTERIFICATION (IN LAB)TRANSESTERIFICATION (IN LAB)
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
Karanja Oil
Alcohol (Methanol/Ethanol)
Biodiesel(unrefined)
Glycerine(unrefined)
KOH
(Catalyst)
Byproduct : separated from biodiesel by settling
Alcohol free Biodiesel
Biodiesel (with moisture)
Washing with water
NeatBiodiesel
(B100)
Moisture removal by Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate or by heating
Neat or blended with diesel
CI Engine
Waste water
Removal of excess alcohol by vacuum distillation
TRANSESTERIFICATIONTRANSESTERIFICATION
The glycerine can be used to make soap (or any other product) and the methyl ester is washed and filtered. The resulting biodiesel fuel when used directly in a Diesel engine burns much cleaner than petroleum–based Diesel fuel.
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTION PROCESS TRANSESTERIFICATIONTRANSESTERIFICATION
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
methanol 12%
Catalyst 1%
Neutralizing Agent 1%
Oil 86%
Methanol 4%
Fertilizaer 1 %
Glycerine 9%
Methyl Ester 86%
Process Input Levels = Process Output Levels
Nothing Is WastedSource: NBB
VALUE ADDED BY-PRODUCT VALUE ADDED BY-PRODUCT (GLYCERINE)(GLYCERINE)
The glycerin can be used to make soap (or any other product) and the methyl ester is washed and filtered
The resulting biodiesel fuel when used directly in a Diesel engine burns much cleaner than petroleum–based Diesel fuel
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
BIODIESEL DEVELOPED BIODIESEL DEVELOPED IN IIT, DELHIIN IIT, DELHI
Biodiesel Developed After Transesterification
Madhuca indica (Mahua)
Mahua Oil Methy Ester (MOME)
Pongamia pinnata (Karanja)
Karanja Oil Methy Ester (KOME)
Linseed
Linseed Oil Methy Ester (LOME)
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF INVESTIGATION VARIOUS ASPECTS OF INVESTIGATION IN IITD ON DIESEL ENGINESIN IITD ON DIESEL ENGINES
Studies on neat vegetable oils Development of biodiesel in lab Performance characteristics Exhaust emission characteristics Combustion studies Endurance tests Tribological studies
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
ENGINE TESTS DONE IN IIT, DELHI ENGINE TESTS DONE IN IIT, DELHI (5% TO 100%) OF BIODIESEL(5% TO 100%) OF BIODIESEL
Performance Tests
Fuel Consumption
Brake Mean Effective Pressure
Thermal Efficiency
Brake Specific Energy Consumption
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
KARANJA FRUITS ON THE TREE KARANJA FRUITS ON THE TREE (IIT DELHI CAMPUS)(IIT DELHI CAMPUS)
Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) belongs to the family Leguminaceae.
It is a hardy tree borne oilseed.
Grows under a wide range of agroclimatic conditions.
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
TRANSESTERIFICATION IN LAB, TRANSESTERIFICATION IN LAB, IIT DELHI (1 LITRE/BATCH UNIT)IIT DELHI (1 LITRE/BATCH UNIT)
Methanol/oil molar
ratio: 12:1
Volume ratio: 1:2
Catalyst: 1% KOH (w/v)
Temperature: 60oC
Reaction time: 3 hrs
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
6 LITRES / BATCH CAPACITY6 LITRES / BATCH CAPACITY
Transesterification
Unit with
Alcohol Recovery
Unit
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
GLYCEROL SEPARATION &GLYCEROL SEPARATION &WASHING BIODIESEL WITH WATERWASHING BIODIESEL WITH WATER
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
6 LITRES/BATCH CAPACITY6 LITRES/BATCH CAPACITY
The excess methanol was removed by vacuum distillation
The product was allowed to stand for 24 hrs
Upper (biodiesel) layer was separated from lower (glycerine) layer
Biodiesel was washed with water
Heated to 70oC for 15 min to remove moisture
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
The yield of Karanja oil methyl ester was > 90% (v/v)
VISCOSITY EFFECT VISCOSITY EFFECT IN DIFFERENT SAMPLESIN DIFFERENT SAMPLES
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
BIODIESEL-SETUPBIODIESEL-SETUP
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
LUBRICITYLUBRICITY
Our studies agree with many International Researchers that biodiesel have excellent lubricity
Even 1% of biodiesel blend can provide adequate lubricity as compared to petro-diesel.
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
BLEND LEVELBLEND LEVEL
Biodiesel mixes with petro-diesel in any blend level thus making it a very flexible additive
Our lab studies in IITD shows that a blend of 20% biodiesel with 80% diesel is best for optimum performance and minimum emission characteristics
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
SOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTS SOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTS Contd…Contd…
Totally miscible with diesel in any proportion. B100 has been suggested in some parts of USA Biodiesel viscosity comes very close to diesel Flash point gets lowered after esterification Cetane number gets improved Even lower concentrations of biodiesel act as
cetane number improver for diesel fuel
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
SOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTSSOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTS
Thermal efficiency gets improved NOx level is slightly (2-4%) higher in some
cases. NOx level lowered by retarding the injection timing
Exhaust gas is free from SO2, Lead Biodiesel offers lower exhaust emissions of
CO, HC and particulates) than diesel fuel Smoke opacity gets lowered
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
PERFORMANCE STUIDES
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
PEAK THERMAL EFFICIENCY VS PEAK THERMAL EFFICIENCY VS BLEND LEVELBLEND LEVEL
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
20% biodiesel: optimum concentration for biodiesel blend with improved performance
THERMAL EFFICIENCY Vs BMEPTHERMAL EFFICIENCY Vs BMEP
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
EMISSION STUDIES
SMOKE OPACITY Vs BMEPSMOKE OPACITY Vs BMEP
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
NOx Vs BMEPNOx Vs BMEP
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
BENZENE IN LUBE OILBENZENE IN LUBE OIL
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
0
1
2
3
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Hours of lube oil usage
Be
nz
en
e i
ns
olu
ble
s (
%)
Biodiesel
Diesel
LONG TERM ENDURANCE TESTSLONG TERM ENDURANCE TESTS(512 HRS)(512 HRS)
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi Dimensions of critical parts measured before
and after the tests shows that carbon deposits on the piston head of the biodiesel operated system are substantially lesser in comparison to diesel operated one.
The carbonization of biodiesel injector tip was lesser in comparison to diesel injector after 200 hrs of operation.
Problems of carbon deposits and coking of injector tip have completely disappeared after the esterification of vegetable oils.
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
Diesel engine can perform satisfactory for long run on biodiesel without any major system hardware modifications
Transesterification - an effective process Flash point, density, pour point, cetane number,
calorific value of the biodiesel comes in very close range to that of Petro diesel
Diesel engine can perform satisfactorily for prolonged operation on biodiesel without any major hardware modifications
IIT DelhiIIT Delhi
Thank you
Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi