NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION PROJECT · NAIP COMPONENTS FINAL REPORT v PREFACE Dr. A.P. Srivastava National Director In-charge (NAIP) The National Agricultural Innovation Project

NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL INNOVATION PROJECT

Hkkjrh; Ñf"k uoksUes"kh ifj;kstukNational Agricultural Innovation Project

Hkkjrh; Ñf"k vuqla/kku ifj"knIndian Council of Agricultural Research

ifj;kstuk dk;kZUo;u ,dd@ Project Implementation Unit

Ñf"k vuqla/kku Hkou&2] iwlk@ Krishi Anusandhan Bhawan-II, Pusa

ubZ fnYyh & 110 012@ New Delhi 110 012

http://www.naip.icar.org.in

AN INITIATIVE TOWARDS

INNOVATIVE AGRICULTURE

FINAL REPORT

FINAL REPORT

ii

Lasertypeset by M/s Dot & Design, D-35, Ist Floor, Ranjit Nagar Commercial Complex, New Delhi 110 008; andprinted at M/s Royal Offset Printers, A-89/1, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-I, New Delhi-110 028

Published : December, 2014

Copyright : Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)

Citation : National Agricultural Innovation Project, Final Report 2014. An Initiative towardsInnovative Agriculture. Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi, India.

Disclaimer : The techno-scientific information contained in this publication is based on collationand editing of the collective outcome of research results reported by 203 consortiaof the NAIP. The reference to any chemical or trade name in the report is neither anendorsement nor a recommendation.

Published by : Dr. A.P. SrivastavaNational Director In-ChargeProject Implementation UnitNational Agricultural Innovation ProjectKAB-II, Pusa, New Delhi – 110012

Compilation & : Dr. P. Ramasundaram, National Coordinator (M&E)Editing Dr. P.K. Katiha, Principal Scientist (M&E)

Dr. Bilal Ahmad Dar, Research Associate

Hindi Translation : Shri Manoj Kumar, Assistant Chief Technical OfficerShri Om Prakash Joshi, Senior Technical OfficerHindi Division, ICAR, New Delhi

Production : Dr. Rameshwar Singh, Project Director (DKMA)Dr. V.K. Bharti, Chief Production Officer (DKMA)Shri Ashok Shastri, Chief Technical Officer (DKMA)

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FOREWORD

The Indian agriculture has come a long way from extensive area driven to input intensive andtechnology driven through a rainbow of revolutions augmenting productionof cereals, oilseeds,pulses, cotton, fruits & vegetables, meat, milk, fish, etc. Nevertheless, the falling total factorproductivity, depleting resources,and sustainability issues require out of box thinking foraddressingthe problems, by identifying and harnessing the potentials of new drivers of growth bound by theconstraints of land, resources, growing population and urbanization, and concerns of environmentand social safeguards, inclusiveness and gender empowerment.This had to be triggered byinnovations and applications of science in agriculture through transformation from resource andinput based into knowledge based.

The National Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) was implemented to support thedevelopment and application of innovations in agriculture through collaboration with farmers,private sector, civil society and public sector organizations through catalyzing changemanagement, value chain and livelihood models, and basic and strategic research applicationswith market orientation. The project was funded by the World Bank and Government of India witha total outlay of US $ 250 million and was implemented by the Indian Council of AgriculturalResearch (ICAR) during September 2006 and June 2014. Besides, there was a grant of US $ 7.36million under Global Environment Facility programme of the World Bank. The NAIP is perhaps theworld’s biggest innovation project in agriculture ever to be funded by the WB till date.

Innovation meant doing things differently and in ways novel to the organization or system. Anideal agricultural innovation system includes pluralism, decentralization, and commercialization.Some important innovations are – help desk to assist project development, consortia mode ofresearch, public–private research partnerships, competitive funding, delegation of powers,business planning, incubation and development, technology commercialization, online access toresearch journals and high-end computing, bioinformatics grid, e-publishing, e-courses,knowledge portals, virtual-KVKs, online examination facility, market intelligence and advisory,development of value chains and livelihood models, institutional and community capacity forecosystem management, biodiversity and climate change, herbal acaricides, nano fertilizer andpesticides, flexible rubber check dam, fiduciary experience in project management, post projectsustainability, cross learnings, to cite a few.

The project facilitated a template or framework for establishing and analysing an idealinnovation system. This cannot be achieved overnight or by massive infusion of resources alone.It has to come by creativity and an enabling mechanism to sustain and build on creativity.Innovations should result in wealth and job creation for the country. Agricultural research stations

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should emerge as innovation clusters and incubation centres. The vision should be in striving for anagricultural research and education system that imparts skills and incubates the students to createjobs than seeking one.

I appreciate Dr. D. Rama Rao, National Director and Dr. Mruthyunjaya and Dr. Bangali Babooformer National Directors for their leadership in steering this novel project. I commend the efforts ofDr. P. Ramasundaram, National Coordinator (M&E) and Dr. P.K. Katiha, Principal Scientist insynthesizing this comprehensive report.

December 2014

(S. Ayyappan)


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PREFACE

Dr. A.P. Srivastava

National Director In-charge (NAIP)

The National Agricultural Innovation Project was implemented during September 2006 and June2014 financed by the World Bank and the Government of India, for accelerated and collaborativedevelopment and application of innovation in agriculture. The project was developed andimplemented in partnerships with private sector, international organizations and NGOs. The non-NARS private sector and NGO partners facilitated social mobilization, technology dissemination,and market linkages. Transparent two-stage selection process and a helpdesk supported conceptnotes preparation and proposal development, expert screening and peer reviews ensured qualitycontrol. NAIP financed 203 consortia, participated by 856 public and private partners, NGOs, andinternational research institutes implemented in 29 states and five Union Territories. The sub-projects were implemented through four major components.

The Component 1 aimed at providing enabling environment to facilitate change management.The major highlights were establishment of help desk, development of e-courses, Data Centre,National Agricultural Bioinformatics Grid, online access to major libraries (AgriCat) and high endstatistical computing. On-line financial management (FMS/MIS) and ARS examination systemwere developed. Other innovations included mobile and web portal applications (Agropedia),virtual Krishi Vigyan Kendras (vKVKs), use of social media for knowledge dissemination and e-publishing. Twenty two Business Planning Development Units (BPDUs) created newagribusinesses, market linkages and new jobs, provided consultancy in entrepreneurship andincubation. More than 900 personnel underwent national and international training in frontier areasof agricultural science.

The production to consumption value chain component developed many production andprocessing technologies, value chain models, value added nutri-foods, rural industries, public-private partnerships and producer companies. Livelihood security through Integrated FarmingSystem in disadvantaged districts generated livelihood models, transferred local area-specifictechnologies, and formed farmer and self-help groups. A unique concept of sustainability fund wascreated mobilizing INR 75 million. The concept of goat bank, seed bank, and fodder bank wasintroduced for post project sustainability.

Four hundred and eighty five production and processing innovations were developed underBasic and strategic research. Promising among them are - blast resistant basmati rice lines,parentage verification kits and software, cloned buffalo, herbal extracts for control of ticks,diagnostic kit for viruses, vaccine against sheep foot-rot, bio-sensors for detection of pesticides

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and adulterants in milk, nano-cellulose, fertilizers and pesticides, and flexi-rubber check-dam,novel methodological tools, and bio-degradable plastic with nano-fibril fillers.

The project had in-built monitoring and evaluation mechanism and independent externaloutcome focused impact assessment. The project achieved almost all targets in the resultsframework. The project outcomes were significantly more than anticipated at appraisal, particularlyin enhancing market orientation in agricultural sector.

I thank all the former National Directors for their vision and stewardship. I also commendthe contributions and cooperation of all my colleagues – Dr. Sudhir Kochhar, Dr. R. Ezekiel,Dr. P.S. Pandey, the National Coordinators, Dr. R.P. Mishra and Dr. M. Kochubabu PrincipalScientists, Sh. Sanchal Bilgrami, Director, Finance and Sh. Kumar Rajesh, Under Secretary andother staff in the Project Implementation Unit.

I congratulate Dr. P. Ramasundaram, National Coordinator (M&E), Dr.P. Katiha, PrincipalScientist and Dr. Bilal Ahmad, Research Associate for the strenuous efforts in compiling, editingand synthesizing this report.

(A.P. Srivastava)


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The National Agricultural Innovation Project is a mega innovation project in agriculture to be implemented forthe first time with 653 partners through 203 sub-projects. NAIP was conceived and implemented as aninitiative towards innovative agriculture to overcome the challenges and intellectually engage the rural youth.This document is the comprehensive final report of the programme implemented during 18 September 2006and 30 June 2014.

Thanks to the funding agencies - World Bank (USD 200 million) and Government of India (USD 50million) for the credit and Global Environmental Facility (GEF) under Sustainable Land and EcosystemManagement Country Partnership Programme (SLEM CPP) for the grant (USD 7.34 million) to and the trustreposed on the implementing agency (ICAR).

We gratefully place on record ourdeep sense of gratitude to Dr. S. Ayyappan, Secretary DARE andDirector General, ICAR for the dynamic leadership, ready accessibility, and the un-abiding faith shown on thePIU over the successful implementation and completion of the project. Sincere thanks are to Shri ArvindKaushal, Additional Secretary (DARE) and Secretary, ICAR and Shri P.K. Pujari, Special Secretary andFinancial Adviser (DARE/ICAR) for the support offered to NAIP.

The constructive cooperation and proactive help from the Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry ofFinance in project clearance and timely reimbursement, and the Ministry of External Affairs in processingforeign deputations that facilitated large scale capacity building, are gratefully acknowledged.

The excellent stewardship, acumen and the camaraderie displayed by the National Directors during theperiod – Dr. D. Rama Rao, Dr. Bangali Baboo and Dr. Mruthyunjaya that brought out the best from all theparticipants and the PIU is heartily appreciated and dutifully acknowledged. Thanks are also due to Dr. A.P.Srivastava, for steering and overseeing the post NAIP Cell operations in concluding the project and reportpreparation.

The strategic support and incisive insight of the World Bank Task Teams and Missions led by Dr. P. S.Sidhu, Dr. Deepak Ahluwalia and Dr. William Magrath are thoughtfully appreciated.

Our sincere thanks are due to the Chairpersons and members of the National Steering Committee,Project Monitoring Committee, Organization and Management Programme Committee, ResearchProgramme Committee, Technical Advisory Groups, Expert Committees, Peer Review Teams andConsortiaAdvisory Committees for their advice, suggestions, support and diligent guidance and counselling in realizingthe project development objectives.

Thanks to Dr. P. S. Pandey, Dr. R. Ezekiel, Dr. A. P. Srivastava, and Dr. S. Kochhar, fellow NationalCoordinators, Dr. R. P. Mishra, Dr. M. Kochubabu, and Dr. Yasmeen Basade, Principal Scientists, ShriSanchal Bilgrami, Director (Finance), Shri G.Harakangi, Deputy Secretary (Admn), Shri Kumar Rajesh, UnderSecretary (Procurement & Administration) for sharing their valuable time and resources in shaping up thisfinal report. The contributions of all the former National Coordinators, Directors of Finance, DeputySecretaries and their staff too are duly acknowledged.

Thanks are due to the M&E consultants, independent evaluator and all the individual consultants.We appreciate the contributions of all the consortia leaders and partners, Consortia Principal

Investigators, Cooperating Centre Principal Investigators, Co-Principal Investigators, Project Associates,Research Associates, Senior Research Fellows and Office Assistants across the country.

Thanks to all those farmers, artisans, labourers, processors, traders, industrialists, scientists,etc. foreffectively participating in the programme and making it successful.

Countless people have contributed in conceiving, drafting, negotiating, screening, reviewing,implementing, advising, monitoring and evaluating the project. Our sincere thanks go to each and everyoneassociated directly or indirectly with the project.

P. RamasundaramP.K. Katiha


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CONTENTS

S. No. Content Page

Foreword iiiPreface vAcknowledgement viList of tables xiiList of figures xiiiAbbreviations xviidk;Zdkjh lkjka'k xxxiExecutive summary xlvi

1. Introduction 1

2. Component-1: ICAR as the catalyzing agent for management of change 8in the Indian NARS

2.1 Rationale 82.2 Objectives 82.3 Sub-components / themes 82.4 Salient achievements: 82.4.1 Information, communication and dissemination system (ICDS) 82.4.2 Business planning and development (BPD) 122.4.3 Learning and capacity building (L&CB) 162.4.4 Policy, gender analysis and visioning (PGVA) 222.4.5 Remodeling financial and procurement systems (RFPS) 32

3. Component-2: Research on production to consumption systems (PCS) 37

3.1 Rationale 373.2 Objectives 373.3 Sub-components 373.4 Salient achievements 373.4.1 Value chains for food and nutritional security 373.4.2 Value chains in agro-forestry, forest products and biomass 433.4.3 Value chains for industrial products 453.4.4 Value chains for export promotion 463.4.5 Value chains in horticultural crops 523.4.6 Value chains in natural fibres 613.4.7 Value chains in dairy foods 663.4.8 Value chains in livestock 673.4.9 Value chains in fisheries 69

4. Component-3: Research on sustainable rural livelihood security (SRLS) 77

4.1 Rationale 774.2 Objectives 774.3 Sub-components / themes 774.4 Innovative features of the programme: 774.4.1 Consortia approach 77

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S. No. Content Page

4.4.2 Social inclusion 784.4.3 Institution building 784.5 Baseline survey 784.6 Salient achievements 784.6.1 Natural resource management 784.6.2 Crop interventions 844.6.3 Organic farming 894.6.4 Horticultural crops 894.6.5 Seed production 934.6.6 Livestock, poultry and aquaculture interventions 944.6.7 Farm mechanization and value addition 1104.6.8 Post-harvest technology and value addition 1114.7 GEF funded sub-projects 1164.7.1 Salient achievements 1164.8 Mitigation of drought 1194.9 Identification of high payoff interventions 1194.10 Sustainability of post-project activities 120

5. Component-4: Basic and strategic research in frontier areas 122of agricultural sciences (BSR)

5.1 Rationale 1225.2 Objectives 1225.3 Sub-components / themes 1225.4 Salient achievements 1235.4.1 Stress tolerance in agriculture 1235.4.2 Molecular genetics and breeding 1245.4.3 Biodiversity 1255.4.4 Nanotechnology 1265.4.5 Precision farming 1275.4.6 GIS application in agriculture 1285.4.7 Natural resource management 1295.4.8 Structures and process engineering 1305.4.9 Social sciences in agriculture 1325.4.10 Animal reproduction and physiology 1335.4.11 Animal health 1345.4.12 Network for cattle yard management 1365.4.13 Milk and dairy production 1365.4.14 Rumen physiology and ecology 1375.4.15 Meat production 1385.5 Major outputs 1385.5.1 Technology development and commercialization 1385.5.2 Genetic resources augmentation 1395.5.3 Product development 1425.5.4 Patent filing 1435.5.5 Publications 143


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S. No. Content Page

5.5.6 Capacity development 1435.6 Sustainability 145

6. Monitoring and evaluation 146

6.1 Institutional structure for M&E 1466.2 Development of M&E manual 1476.3 Development of results framework and key indicators 1496.4 Scorecard approach 1526.5 Building up data repository 1536.6 Comprehensive outcome focused independent impact evaluation 1536.7 Mid-term reporting 1556.8 Macro impact case studies 1556.9 Project completion and end-term reporting 1566.10 Assessment of risk to development outcomes 1666.11 Reflection of NAIP M&E strategies on NARS 168

7. Environmental and social safeguards 170

7.1 Component-1 1707.2 Component-2 1707.3 Component-3 1717.4 GEF funded research 1727.5 Component-4 1727.6 Social inclusion and gender empowerment 173

8. Experiences, key learnings, sustainability and way forward 174

8.1 Experiences 1748.2 Challenges 1758.3 Key learnings 1768.4 Sustainability and scalability 1778.5 Way forward 1798.5.1 Management of change 1798.5.2 Strategies for promotion of innovation 1818.5.3 Mainstreaming the gains of NAIP by ICAR/NARS 182

Annexures 183Annexure 1: National Steering Committee 185Annexure 2: Project Management Committee 186Annexure 3: Team NAIP at PIU 187Annexure 4: Extent and nature of oversight 190Annexure 5: List of sub-projects under component-1 191Annexure 6: List of sub-projects under component-2 194Annexure 7: List of production technologies of component-2 197Annexure 8: List of processing technologies of component-2 202Annexure 9: List of rural industries set up under component-2 207Annexure 10: List of sub-projects under component-3 217Annexure 11: Status of sustainability fund generated under component-3 220Annexure 12: List of sub-projects under component-4 221

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List of Tables

1.0 Participating organisations in NAIP 11.1 Processing of consortia proposals under different calls 51.2 Component-wise distribution of sub-projects 51.3 Component-wise revised budget 51.4 Participation of consortia leaders and consortia partners 51.5 Composition of consortia leaders and consortia partners by affiliation 61.6 Geographic distribution of consortia leaders 62.0 RLOs developed for open and distance learning 92.1 Status of trainings organized under NAIP 182.2 Post training incremental gains in output 202.3 Capacity building in procurement 334.0 Water resource development in the NEH region 814.1 Performance of improved linseed varieties in Maharashtra 894.2 Yield and income enhancement under three-tier Horticulture system 914.3 Productivity of aquaculture – horticulture system 1074.4 Income generation using power tiller in North-West Himalayas 1104.5 Magnitude of grain saving by storage bins 1134.6 Performance of old and modified looms 1155.0 Technologies developed and adopted 1385.1 Technologies developed and under process of adoption 1395.2 Commercial transfer of technologies generated 1415.3 Technologies short-listed for commercial potential 1425.4 Genetic resources identified and augmented 1425.5 Products developed by various consortia 1435.6 Patents filed as per nature of invention 1435.7 Publications by the consortia under different groups 1445.8 Modernization of ICAR Institute laboratories 1445.9 Human resource development activities 1445.10 International training organized in thrust areas 1456.0 Results framework indicators 1506.1 Revised results framework for GEF projects 1516.2 Component-wise grading of Consortia 1526.3 Sub-projects selected for the primary survey 1546.4 Sample framework for the stakeholder survey 1546.5 Component-wise tangible and intangible benefits identified 1596.6 Estimated benefits from selected sub-projects of Component-1 1606.7 Financial analysis of selected sub-projects under Component-2 1616.8 Economic analysis of selected sub-projects under Component-2 1626.9 Financial and economic analysis of selected sub-projects under Component-3 1636.10 Comparison of costs and potential benefits from selected sub-projects of Component-4 1656.11 Final snapshot of financial and economic benefits estimated for NAIP 1666.12 Assessment of risk to development outcomes 1668.0 Contribution of activities under different categories to sustainability 1798.1 Suggestions / possibilities for sustainability under different Components 1808.2 Mainstreaming the gains of NAIP by ICAR / NARS 182


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List of Figures

1.0 Participating organisations in NAIP 2

1.1 Governance structure 2

1.2 Schematics for approval of CGS research proposals 4

2.0 Distribution of sub-projects across sub-Components 8

2.1 e-Publishing and knowledge system in agricultural research portal 10

2.2 vKVK: service delivery platform 10

2.3 ICAR website enhancement under ADDSIAR 11

2.4 ASHOKA - supercomputing facility 12

2.5 Generic services offered by agri-business 13

2.6 View of help desk portal 17

2.7 NAARM e-learning portal 18

2.8 Trends in real Government expenditure on agricultural research and education 23

2.9 Knowledge mapping of nanotechnology in agricultural and thematic areas 29

3.0 Eatrite – A healthy food product from sorghum 37

3.1 Value-added products from small millets 39

3.2 Prominent landraces of rice and millets 40

3.3 NAIP Kure – A ready-to-eat snack from milling industry by-product 41

3.4 Feed blocks from Prosopis juliflora pods 43

3.5 Detoxification of castor cake 45

3.6 Sweet sorghum crusher 46

3.7 High value ginger products 49

3.8 Walk-in type reaper 50

3.9 Retrofitted thresher 50

3.10 Portable moisture meter 51

3.11 Omega-3 Fatty acid and enriched biscuits 51

3.12 Lac cultivation on ber and F. semialata 51

3.13 Aleuritic acid preparation from lac 52

3.14 Protected cultivation of Gerbera and Chrysanthemum 52

3.15 SFE based pilot plant 53

3.16 Production of baby potatoes 54

3.17 Tomato hybrid Vaibhav 54

3.18 Pomegranate fruits before and after NAIP intervention 55

3.19 Value addition in Jamun 56

3.20 Kokum concentrate plant & manual and mechanical jackfruit cutter 56

3.21 Natural sweetener from Stevia 57

3.22 Red guava nectar – A ready-to-serve drink 57

3.23 Seabuckthorn raised on marginal land 57

3.24 Citronella and Lemongrass essential oil extraction plant 60

3.25 Aloe plus amla fruit juice 61

3.26 Softened coconut fibre 62

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3.27 Candy and ready-to-serve drink from banana pseudostem 64

3.28 Natural dye preparation by Women SHG 65

3.29 Biofevita – A novel milk bio-beverage 66

3.30 Lassi from pearl millet and oats 67

3.31 Cloned pashmina goat– Noori 68

3.32 Crossbred pig for preparation of novelty pork products 68

3.33 Kharika (pork stick) – Value added pork product 68

3.34 Diagnostic kits for pathogens 69

3.35 Murrel dhal powder 70

3.36 Reclamation of saline land through aquaculture 70

3.37 Ready-to-eat oyster products 73

3.38 Tuna Kure – A value added product from tuna fish meat 74

3.39 Fishmaid – A ready-to-serve product from small pelagic fishes 75

4.0 Disadvantaged districts of India 77

4.1 Ramakantnadi kund 78

4.2 Rainwater harvesting and recharging of wells 79

4.3 Drip irrigation intervention in farmers’ field 80

4.4 On farm reservoir 80

4.5 Indigenous gravity operated drip systems 80

4.6 Check dams and water harvesting bunds 81

4.7 Soil and water conservation through terrace – before and after 81

4.8 Tanks for azolla culture 81

4.9 Thai Jar for water storage 81

4.10 Drip irrigation with mulch 81

4.11 Management of salt affected soils 82

4.12 Intervention through zero tillage 83

4.13 Cottage-scale vermicompost unit 83

4.14 Community biogas plant 83

4.15 Community vermicompost unit 84

4.16 Maize cultivation in Bastar 84

4.17 Maize based intercropping 85

4.18 System of Rice Intensification (SRI) in West Bengal 86

4.19 Dry line sowing of paddy 86

4.20 Restoring paddy cultivation in Wayanad 86

4.21 Transplanted redgram in Bidar 87

4.22 Improved linseed cultivation in Maharashtra 88

4.23 INM and IPDM in Onion - Karnataka 89

4.24 Vegetable cultivation on the riverbed 90

4.25 Application of CSR-BIO formulation in Banana 90

4.26 Multi-tier Horticulture in North Bengal 91

4.27 An innovative irrigation technique through disposed saline bottles 91


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4.28 River bank cultivated watermelon 92

4.29 Introduction of elephant foot yam 93

4.30 Sweet potato cultivation 93

4.31 Azolla in situ cultivation for poultry feed 94

4.32 Conservation and promotion of ‘Kadaknath’ 94

4.33 Hatchery for supply of ‘Kadaknath’ chicks 95

4.34 Introduction of ‘Nirbheek’ poultry 95

4.35 Modified poultry house 95

4.36 Locally developed structure for brooding management 96

4.37 Low-cost poultry cages - Punjab 96

4.38 Introduction of improved breeds of chicks and ducks - Jharkhand 97

4.39 Establishing Goat Bank - Maharashtra 97

4.40 Breed improvement of goats - Rajasthan 98

4.41 Upgradation of local goats - Karnataka 98

4.42 Improved goat rearing - NEH region 99

4.43 Introduction of Beetal bucks - Jharkhand 99

4.44 Introduction of improved breed of pigs in Jharkhand 100

4.45 Pig rearing - Hoshiarpur 100

4.46 Bulk milk coolers – Maharashtra 101

4.47 Conservation of Deoni breed of cattle – Bidar 102

4.48 Supplementation of uromin licks 103

4.49 Complete feed block 103

4.50 Introduction of improved varieties of fodder crops 103

4.51 Fodder conservation through silage making 104

4.52 Ornamental fishery through SHG - Karnataka 104

4.53 Induced carp breeding 105

4.54 Ornamental fish breeding and culture 105

4.55 Fish processing and value addition 106

4.56 Integrated makhana-fish-singhara system 106

4.57 Agriculture – aquaculture – horticulture system in Assam 107

4.58 Pig-fish-vegetable farming, Jorhat 107

4.59 Pig-fish integrated farming system - NEH 108

4.60 Integrated rice-fish-poultry – Tamil Nadu 109

4.61 Integrated fish farming in polytanks 109

4.62 Introduction of power tillers - Himalayas 110

4.63 Laser land levelling - Haryana 111

4.64 Agro processing unit through SHG - Bidar 111

4.65 Mechanized leaf plate making - Jharkhand 112

4.66 Turmeric production and processing at Saiha in Mizoram 112

4.67 Cardamom curing - North Sikkim 112

4.68 Bamboo handicrafts 113

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4.69 Tasar sericulture - Maharashtra 113

4.70 Lac cultivation on Palas and Ber - Jharkhand 113

4.71 Mechanized rope making from local grasses 114

4.72 Pickle making from underutilized NTFPs - Jharkhand 114

4.73 Mushroom shed in participant’s field 115

4.74 Harvested oyster mushroom 115

5.0 Broad thematic areas under component-4 123

5.1 Effect of acid tolerant bacteria applied on plantation crops 124

5.2 Bio pesticide (Trichogramma chilonis) for plant protection in 124vegetable-based cropping systems

5.3 Biosystematics of genera Vigna, Cucumis and Abelmoschus 125

5.4 Off-season flowering and fruiting in mango 126

5.5 Weed species having potential medicinal value 126

5.6 Biodegradable composite films impregnated with nano-cellulose 126

5.7 Nano fertilizer applied crop 127

5.8 Nano polysaccharide powder 127

5.9 Applications of high clearance multi utility vehicle 128

5.10 Tractor mounted five-row seed-cum-fertilizer drill 128

5.11 Decision support system for pests of cotton and rice 128

5.12 Off-line version of crop pest decision support system 129

5.13 Carbon dynamics and greenhouse gases emission studies 130

5.14 Flexi-check rubber dam at Baghmari, Odisha 130

5.15 Irrigation from rubber dam 131

5.16 Cryogenic grinding system designed and developed indigenously 131

5.17 Lab scale cross flow filtration system developed 131

5.18 Interactive information dissemination and access system for KVKs 132

5.19 Ready to use Insta dry Mix of Idli 132

5.20 Millet dhokla prepared from ready-to-eat dhokla mix 133

5.21 Garima-II, cloned buffalo and its daughter, Mahima 133

5.22 Tick infestation symptoms on receding side after treatment 135

5.23 Herbal acaricide product developed 135

5.24 Vaccination of virulent foot rot affected sheep 135

5.25 Vaccine developed against virulent foot rot of sheep 136

5.26 Detection kits for urea and detergent in milk 136

7.0 Biomass based power generation unit 170

7.1 Bio pesticide application 171

7.2 Gender empowerment activities 173

7.3 Pulse processing unit 173

8.0 Rating of measures to sustainability 179


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Abbreviations and Acronyms

AAU Anand Agricultural University /Assam Agricultural University

ABI Agri-Business Incubator

ADDSIAR Agroweb-Digital Dissemination System for Indian Agricultural Research

ADF Acid Detergent Fibre

ADG Assistant Director General

AESR Agro-ecological sub-regions

AFC Agricultural Finance Corporation

AFPL Akshay Food Park Ltd

AFPRO Action for Food Production

AGDP agricultural gross domestic products

AHRD Agricultural Human Resource Development

AI Artificial Insemination

AICRP All India Coordinated Research Project

AIIMS All India Institute of Medical Science

AKPS Annapurna Krishi Prasaar Seva

AKM Agricultural Knowledge Management

ANGRAU Acharya NG Ranga Agricultural University

APAR Annual Performance Assessment Report

APC Agricultural Producer Company

APEDA Agricultural Produce Export Development Authority

ArcSWAT Arc Soil and Water Assessment Tool

ARS Agricultural Research Service

AS Artificial Substrates

ASHOKA Advanced Super-computing Hub for OMICS Knowledge in Agriculture

ASRB Agricultural Scientists Recruitment Board

ASTRA Arab Supply and Trading Company

ATMA Agricultural Technology Management Agency

AUC Audit Utilization Certificate

AVG Aloe Vera Gel

AWAKE Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Karnataka

BAIF Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation

BAM Bioprospecting of Genes and Allele Mining

BASIX Bhartiya Samruddhi Investments and Consulting Services Ltd

BAU Birsa Agricultural University

BBD bacterial blight disease

BCKV Bidan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya

BCR Benefit Cost Ratio

BGREI Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India

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BHU Banaras Hindu University

BITS Birla Institute of Technology and Science

BPL Below Poverty Line

BMC Biodiversity Management Committee

BOD Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand

BQ Black Quarter

BPD Business Planning and Development

BPDU Business Planning and Development Unit

BPL Below Poverty Line

BSC Balanced Score Card

BSR Basic and Strategic Research

B2B Business to Business

CA Chartered Accountant

CB Commodity Bank

CAAA Controller of Aid,Account and Audit

CABin Centre for Agricultural Bio-informatics

CAC Consortium Advisory Committee

CARE Centre for Aquaculture Research and Extension

CARI Central Agricultural Research Institute (see CIARI)

CAU Central Agricultural University

CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute

C&AG Comptroller & Audit General

CBO Community Based Organizations

CBT Computer Based Training

CBH Cellobiohydrolase

CCA Climate Change and Adaptation

CCPI Consortium Co-Principal Investigator

CCSHAU Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University

CD Check Dam

CDC Central Data Centre

CDM Clean Development Mechanism

CEPCI Cashew Export Promotion Council of India

CER Certified Emission Reduction

CeRA Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture

CES Consultant Engineering Services

CFB Complete Feed Blocks

CFB Corrugated Fibre Board

CFC Common Facility Center

CFF Cross flow Filtration

CFTRI Central Food Technological Research Institute

CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research


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CGS Competitive Grants Scheme

CHC Custom Hiring Centre

CIAE Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering

CIARI Central Island Agricultural Research Institute

CIBA Central Institute of Brackish water Aquaculture

CIC Consortium Implementation Committee

CICR Central Institute for Cotton Research

CIFA Central Institute for Fresh water Aquaculture

CIFE Central Institute of Fisheries Education

CIFT Central Institute of Fisheries Technology

CIG Commodity Interest Group

CIMAP Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

CMFRI Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

CIMMYT International Wheat and Maize Research Centre

CMS Content Management Strategies

CIP International Potato Research Centre

CIPHET Central Institute for Post-Harvest Engineering Technology

CIRB Central Institute for Research on Buffaloe

CIRCOT Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology

CIRG Central Institute for Research on Goat

CISH Central Institute for Subtropical Horticulture

CL Consortium Leader

CL Corpus LuteumCLA Conjugated Linoleic Acid

CLDP Comprehensive Land Development Programme

CMFRI Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute

CMOS Commodity Market Outlook Statistics

CMU Consortium Monitoring Unit

CN Concept Note

COD Chemical Oxygen Demand

CP Consortium Partner

CPI Consortium Principal Investigator

CPA Communications and Public Awareness

CP Crude Protein

CPP Country Partnership Programme

CPCRI Central Plantation Crops Research Institute

CPCT Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology

CPRI Central Potato Research Institute

CQ Consultant’s Qualifications

CRIDA Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture

CRRI Central Rice Research Institute

FINAL REPORT

xx

CSB Community Seed Bank

CSKHPKV Chaudhary Sarwan Kumar Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya

CSR Corporate social responsibility

CSAUAT Chandra Shekar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology

CVC Central Village Committees

DAC Department of Agriculture and Cooperation

DAP Di-ammonium Phosphate

DARE Department of Agricultural Research and Education

DAS-ELISA Double Antibody Sandwich Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

DBSKKV Dr. Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth

DBT Department of Biotechnology

DC Data Center

DCU Decentralized Crushing Unit

DDU Depuration Display Unit

DDG Deputy Directors General

DEA Department of Economic Affairs

DEM Digital Elevation Model

DFR Directorate of Floriculture Research

DG Director General

DGS&D Director General Supplies and Disposals

DISK Dairy Information and Services Kiosk

DKMA Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture

DM Dry Matter

DMR Directorate of Maize Research

DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid

DPAP Drought Prone Area Programme

DPPH diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl

DR Disaster Recovery

DRDC Dairy Research and Development Corporation

DRR Directorate of Rice Research

DRWA Directorate of Research on Women in Agriculture

DSR Directorate of Sorghum Research

DSS Decision Support System

DST Department of Science and Technology

DU Deemed University

DVD digital video disc

DWM Directorate of Water Management

DWMA District Water Management Agency

EBCR Economic Benefit Cost Ratio

EC Executive Committee

ED Entrepreneurship Development


xxi

EC electro-conductivity

EDP Entrepreneurship Development Programme/Executive Development Programme

ERP Entrepreneur Resource Programme

EFC Expenditure Finance Committee

EGF Epidermal Growth Factor

ELISA enzyme linked immunosorbent assay

FMD Foot and Mouth Disease

EPKSAR e-Publishing and Knowledge System in Agricultural Research

ERP Enterprise Resource Planning

ESAF Evangelical Social Action Forum

ESCs Embryonic stem cells

E&SS Environmental & Social Safeguards

EUS Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome

EWS Early Warning System

E&Y Earnest & Young

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FAQ Frequently Asked Question

FAE Ferulic Acid Esterase

FBCR financial benefit cost ratio

FBG Farmer Business Group

FCR feed conversion ratio

FC&RI Fisheries College and Research Institute

FDI Foreign Direct Investment

FIA-EQCN Flow injection analysis- Electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance

FIA-ET Flow injection analysis-Enzyme Thermistor

FMD Foot and Mouth Disease

FMS Financial Management System

Fn-GNPs Functionalized gold nanoparticles

FPs Full Proposals

FRET Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer

FRP Fibre Reinforced Plastic

FSSAI Food Safety Standards Authority of India

FSI Fishery Society of India

FTHS Full Telescopic Half Slotted Container

FTIR Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

FYM Farm Yard Manure

FYP Five Year Plan

GADVASU Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Science University

GALT Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue

GAP Good Agricultural Practice

GBPUAT Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology

FINAL REPORT

xxii

G&B Grants and Budgeting

GC/MS Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GDNF Glial cell line-Derived Neurotrophic Factor

GEB Global Environment Benefit

GEF Global Environment Facility

GFP Green Fluorescent Protein

GHG Green House Gas

GI Geographical Indications

GIAHS Globally Important Agriculture Heritage System

GIS Geographic Information System

GMO Genetically Modified Organism

GNDU Guru Nanak Dev University

GNPs Gold Nanoparticles

GNRH Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone

GoI Government of India

GPCL Gas Power Chromatography

GPF General Provident Fund

GPS Geographical Positioning System

GPU Graphic Processing Unit

GVT Gramin Vikas Trust

GWPDI Gender Work Participation Disparity Index

GWPI Gender Work Participation Index

HACCP Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points

HC Hydraulic conductivity

HCG Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin

HDPE High-density polyethylene

HHs Households

HPP High pressure processing

HS Haemorrhagic Septicaemia / Highly Satisfactory

HSP Heat shock protein

HRD Human Resource Development

HVI High Volume Instrument

HYV High Yielding Variety

IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute

IASRI Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute

IAUC Incremental Area Under Glucose Curve

IBM International Business machine

IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

IBSC International Bio Safety Committee

ICAR Indian Council of Agricultural Research


xxiii

ICAR-RCER ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region

ICAR-RC for NEH ICAR Research Complex for North East Hill Region

ICARDA International Centre for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas

ICB International Competitive Bidding

ICDS Information, Communication and Dissemination System

ICGEB International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

ICPT Integrated cotton production technologies

ICRAF International Centre for Research in Agroforestry (World Agroforestry Centre)

ICRI Indian Cardamom Research Institute

ICRISAT International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics

ICT Information and Communication Technology

IDA International Development Agency

IDM Integrated Disease management

IDPM Integrated Disease and Pest Management

IGFRI Indian Grass and Fodder Research Institute

IGKV Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya

IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development

IFPRI International Food Policy Research Institute

IFS Integrated Farming System

IGKV Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya

IGP Indo-Gangetic Plains

IICPT Indian Institute of Crop Processing Technology

IIDS Interactive Information Dissemination System

IIML Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow

IINRG Indian Institute of Natural Resin and Gum

IIT Indian Institute of Technology

IMC Indian Major Carps

INCOIS Indian National Centre for Oceanographic Information Services

INM Integrated nutrient management

INM & IPM Integrated Nutrient Management & Integrated Pest Management

IINRG Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums

INSIMP Initiative for Nutritional Security through Intensive Millets Programme

IP Intellectual Property

IPDM Integrated Pest and Disease Management

IPM Integrated Pest Management

IPNM Integrated Plant Nutrient Management

IU Implementing Unit

IPM Integrated Pest Management

IPR Intellectual Property Rights

IP&TM Intellectual Property and Technology Management

IPTM & PME Intellectual Property and Technology Management &Priority Setting, Monitoring and Evaluation

FINAL REPORT

xxiv

IQF Individually Quick Frozen

IRRI International Rice Research Institute

IRR Internal Rate of Return

ISM Implementation Support Mission

ISO International Standards Organization

ITC Indian Tobacco Company

ITDA Integrated Tribal Development Agency

ITMU Institute Technology Management Unit

IVRI Indian Veterinary Research Institute

IVRS Interactive Voice Response System

IRC Institute Research Committee

IIHR Indian Institute of Horticulture Research

IRRI International Rice Research Institute

IVF In-vitro Fertilization

IWM Integrated Water Management

JAU Junagadh Agricultural University

jhamt Juvenile hormone acid methyl transferase

JNKVV Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya

KAU Kerala Agricultural University

KASAM Kandhamal Apex Spices Association for Marketing

KKDUSL Kalinga Kalajeera Dhan UtpadakSamabay Ltd.

KMF Karnataka Milk Federation

KSACPL Karnataka State Agro Corn Products Limited

KSCADC Kerala State Coastal Area Development Corporation

KSCDC Kerala State Cashew Development Corporation

KVAFSU Karnataka Veterinary Animal & Fisheries Sciences University

KVK Krishi Vigyan Kendra

KWES Kaveri Women Entrepreneurs Samithi

LC/MS Liquid Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

L&CB Learning and Capacity Building

LDPE Low Density Polyethylene

LFIA Lateral Flow Immunoassay

LGP Length of growing period

LH Luteinizing Hormone

LLL Laser Land Levelling

LMS library management system

MAFSU Maharashtra Animal and Fishery Sciences University

MANAGE National Institute of Agricultural Extension Management

MANTRA Man-made Textile Research Association

MAS Marker Assisted Selection

MAU Marthwada Agricultural University


xxv

MC Management Committee

MDGI Mammary derived growth factor inhibitor

MDP Management Development Programmes

M&E Monitoring and Evaluation

MGF Maize Growers Federation

MGNREGA Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act

MIS Management Information System

MIS Micro- irrigation system

MIS-FMS Management Information System-Financial Management System

MoA Memorandum of Agreement

MoF Ministry of Finance

MOP Muriate of Potash

MoU Memorandum of Understanding

MNRES Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Scheme

MPEDA Marine Products Export Development Authority, India

MPKV Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth

MPUAT Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology

MS Moderately Satisfactory

MSME Micro Small and Medium Enterprises

MSY Maximum Sustainable Yield

MTT Methyl Tetrazolium

MVC Madras Veterinary College

NAARM National Academy of Agricultural Research Management

NAAS National Academy of Agricultural Sciences

NABARD National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development

NABG National Agricultural Bio-informatics Grid

NAEP National Agricultural Extension Project

NAIP National Agricultural Innovation Project

NASF National Agricultural Science Fund

NIAS National Agricultural Innovation System

NARP National Agricultural Research Project

NARS National Agricultural Research System

NATP National Agricultural Technology Project

NAU Navsari Agricultural University

NBAGR National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources

NBAII National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Insects

NBAIM National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro Organisms

NBFGR National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources

NBPGR National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources

NBSS&LUP National Bureaus of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning

NC National Coordinator

FINAL REPORT

xxvi

NCAP National Centre for Agricultural Economics and Policy Research

NCB National Competitive Bidding

NCIPM National Centre for Integrated Pest Management

ND National Director

NDDB National Dairy Development Board

NDF Neutral Detergent Fiber

NDRI National Dairy Research Institute

NDVI Normalized Difference Vegetation Index

NET National Eligibility Test

NF Nano Filtration

NFBSFARA National Fund for Basic, Strategic and Frontier Application Research inAgriculture (now NASF)

NEDCAP Non-Conventional Energy Development Corporation of Andhra Pradesh

NARAMAC North Eastern Regional Agricultural Marketing Corporation

NF Nano-filtration

NGO Non-Government Organisation

NHM National Horticulture Mission

NIABIs Network of Indian Agri-Business Incubators

NICRA National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture

NIFPHATT National Institute of Fisheries Post Harvest Technology and Training

NIN National Institute of Nutrition

NIRD National Institute of Rural Development

NIRJAFT National Institute of Research on Jute and Allied Fibre Technology

NIRRH National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health

NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

NOC No Objection Certificate

NPDCL The Northern Power Distribution Company of Andhra Pradesh Limited

NPV Net Present Value

NRC National Research Centre

NRCM National Research Centre on Meat

NRCPB National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology

NRCS National Research Centre

NRCM National Research Centre on Mushroom

NRDC National Research Development Corporation

NREGS National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

NRM Natural Resource Management

NSC National Steering Committee

NTFP Non-timber Forest Produce

ODL Open and Distance Learning

OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

OERs Open Educational Resources


xxvii

OFR On Farm Research / On Farm Reservoir

OLF Organic Liquid Fertilizer

OM Organic Matter

O&M Organization and Management

O&MAG Organization and Management Advisory Group

O&MPC Organization and Management Programme Committee

OPAC Online Public Access Catalogue

ORMAS Orissa Rural Development and Marketing Society

OTC Open top chamber

OUAT Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology

PAD Project Appraisal Document

PAU Punjab Agricultural University

PBZ Peclobutrazol

PCR Polymerase Chain Reaction

PCS Production to Consumption System

PCT Patent Cooperation Treaty

PD Project Directorate

PDADMAS Project Directorate on Animal Diseases Monitoring and Surveillance

PDKV Punjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya

PDO Project Development Objective

PDP Project Directorate on Poultry

PET Polyethylene Terephthalate

PFA Prevention of Food Adulteration

PFZ Potential Fishing Zone

PGAV Policy, Gender Analysis and Visioning

PGDTMA Diploma Programme in Technology Management in Agriculture

PGSC Plant Genome Saviour Community

PHT post-harvest technology

PIA Project Implementation Agency

PIC Project Implementation Committee

PIP Project Implementation Plan

PIU Project Implementation Unit

PL/SQL Programming Language/Structured Query Language

PMC Project Management Committee

PME Priority Setting, Monitoring and Evaluation

PMIs Performance Monitoring Indicators

PMSS Procurement Management Support System

PMTS Project monitoring and tracking system

PPP Public Private Partnership

PPR peste des petitsruminants / Post Procurement Review

PPRV peste des petits ruminants virus

FINAL REPORT

xxviii

PPS Pollution Preventing System

PPVF&RA Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers Rights Authority

PRA Participatory Rural Appraisals

PRT Peer Review Team

PTF Pedo Transfer Function

PUFA Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids

PVC Polyvinyl Chloride

PVM Potato virus M

PVP Plant Varieties Protection

PVP&FR Plant Varieties Protection and Farmers' Rights

PwCPL Pricewaterhouse Coopers Private Limited

QPM Quality Protein Maize

OLF Organic Liquid Fertilizer

QCBS Quality and Cost Based Selection

QTL Quantitative trait loci

RAs Research Associates

RAC Research Advisory Committee

RAS Recirculation Aquaculture System

RAU Rajendra Agricultural University

R&D Research and Development

RFD Results Frame Work Document

RFPS Remodeling Financial and Procurement Systems

RITES Rail India Technical and Economic Services

RKMP Rice Knowledge Management Portal

RLOs Re-usable Learning Objects

RKVY Rasht Riya KrishiVikasYojana

RM Rice Microsatellite

RNA Ribonucleic acid

RNAi Ribonucleic acid interference

RPC Research Programme Committee

RP-HPLC Reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography

RPP Research Project Proforma

RRA Rapid Rural Appraisal

RRC Rural Resource Center

RSC Regular Slotted Container

RVSKVV Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya

RSQI Relative Soil Quality Index

RTC Ready-to-Cook

RTCs Rural Technology Centres

RTE Ready-to-Eat

RTGS Real Time Gross Settlement System


xxix

RTS Ready-to-Serve

S Satisfactory

SAN Storage Area Network

SAS Statistical Analysis Software

SAU State Agricultural University

SBI State Bank of India

SC Scheduled Caste

SCIS Sahayak Canal Irrigation System

SDAU Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University

SDS Sodium dodecyl sulfate

SDSS Spatial Decision Support System

SEZ Special Economic Zone

SERPIN Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor

SHC Soil Health Card

SHG Self Help Group

SICART Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre for Applied Research and Testing

SKUAST Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Srinagar

SLEM Sustainable Land Ecosystem Management

SIM Self-Instruction Materials

SMS Short Message Service

SMART Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, and Tangible

SMC Sadhguru Management Consultant

SMD Subject Matter Division

SMS Spent Mushroom Substrate

SNP Single Nucleotide Polymorphism

SOC Soil organic carbon

SoE Statement of expenditure

SOPs Standards operating procedures

SOTER Soil and Terrain Database

SPV Special Purpose Vehicle

SRB Sulphate Reducing Bacteria

SRF Senior Research Fellow

SRI System of Rice Intensification

SRLS Research on Sustainable Rural Livelihood Security

SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission

SSC Spermatogonial Stem Cell

SSD Sub-surface Drainage

SSP-G Sardar Sarovar Project-Gujarat

SSR Simple Sequence Repeats

SSS Single Source Selection

ST Scheduled Tribe

FINAL REPORT

xxx

SSV Sailing School Vessel

SVVU Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University

TAG Technical Advisory Group

TANUVAS Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal Sciences University

TBI Technology Business Incubator

TCS Tata Consultancy Service

TLR Toll Like Receptor

ToR Terms of Reference

TMR Total Mixed Ration

TNAU Tamil Nadu Agricultural University

TNPL Tamil Nadu Newsprint Limited

UAS-B University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore

UAS-D University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad

UAS-R University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur

UBKV Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya

UF Ultrafiltration

UMMB Urea Molasses Multi-nutrient Blocks

US Under Secretary

USA United States of America

USD United States Dollar

VCI Vegetation Condition Index

VCO Virgin Coconut Oil

VDF Village Development Fund

VFC Village Forest Committee

VFPCK Vegetable and Fruit Promotion Council Keralam

vKVK Virtual Krishi Vigyan Kendra

VLCC Village Level Coordination Committee

VMPCS Village Milk Producer Cooperative Society

VPAGe Visioning, Policy Analysis and Gender

VPKAS Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Sansthan

VRC Village Resource Centre

WB World Bank

WDF Watershed Development Fund

WHB Water Harvesting Bunds

WMDV White Muscle Disease Virus

WPC Whey Protein Concentrate

WSSV White Spot Syndrome Virus

WYC West Yamuna Canal

ZTM-BPD Zonal Technology Management and Business Planning & Development

ZTMU Zonal Technology Management Unit


xxxi

dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k

rsth ls cnyrs gq, jk’Vªh; vkSj vUrjkZ’Vªh; Ñf’k ifjn“; dks/;ku esa j[krs gq,] fo”o cSad dh lgk;rk ls Hkkjrh; Ñf’kvuqla/kku ifj’kn ¼vkbZ-lh-,-vkj-½ }kjk jk’Vªh; Ñf’k uoksUes’khifj;kstuk ¼,u-,-vkbZ-ih-½ dk dk;kZUo;u] jk’Vªh; Ñf’kvuqla/kku iz.kkyh ¼,u-,-vkj-,l-½ esa vkewypwy ifjorZu dsfy, fd;k x;kA

fo”o cSad ¼_.k la0 41610 vkSj 41620½ rFkk Hkkjrljdkj ¼;kstukxr fuf/k;kWa½ }kjk la;qDr :i ls ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- dks foRriksf’kr fd;k x;kA ifj;kstuk dh dqy ykxr250 fefy;u vesfjdh Mkyj Fkh ftlesa ls fo”o cSZd ls_.k dh vuqeksfnr jkf”k 200 fefy;u vesfjdh Mkyj FkhAHkkjr ljdkj dk va”k 50 fefy;u vesfjdh Mkyj FkkAifj;kstuk dks fo”o cSZd ds oSf”od i;kZoj.k lqfo/kk ¼th-bZ-,Q-½ dk;ZØe ds vUrxZr lrr Hkwfe izca/ku ¼,l-,y-bZ-,e½mi&ifj;ksstukvksa ds fy, 7-34 fefy;u vesfjdh Mkyj dkvuqnku Hkh izkIr gqvkA ,u-,-vkb-Zih- dks vizSy] 2006 esavuqeksfnr fd;k x;k rFkk dk;kZUo;u ds fy, izHkkoh rkjh[k18 flrEcj] 2006 FkhA foLrkj vof/k iwjh gks tkus ds ckn]bls 30 twu] 2014 dks can dj fn;k x;kA

,u-,-vkbZ-ih- dk lexz mn~ns”; cktkj mUeq[khdj.k dsfy, vkRefuHkZjrk ls Hkkjrh; Ñf’k ds Rofjr ,oa lrrifjorZu dks lqfo/kktud cukuk Fkk rkfd ;g futh {ks=]xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa] Ñ’kd lewgksa rFkk vU; LVsdgksYMjksadh Hkkxhnkjh esa lkoZtfud laxBuksa }kjk lg;ksxh fodklrFkk Ñf’k vfHkuo igyksa ds vuqiz;ksx ds ek/;e ls xjhchmi”keu rFkk vk; ltu gks ldsA

,u-,-vkbZ-ih- us eq[;r% ,u-,-vkj-,l- esa laLFkkxr{kerk dks lqn<+ djus] cgqyokn ykus gsrq ,u-,-vkj-,l- dsHkhrj vkSj ckgj laLFkkvksa ds chp leUo; esa lq/kkj ykus]jk’Vªh; ,oa jkT; Ñf’k vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl laLFkkvksa] futh{ks= rFkk xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa] d’kd lewgksa lfgr flfoylkslkbVh ds laxBuksa ds chp dUlksfVZ;k eksM esa Ñf’k {ks= dksvf/kd izfr;ksxh cukus gsrq laØe.k dks xfr”khy cukus esavkus okyh pqukSfr;kas dk lek/kku fd;kA

,u-,-vkbZ-ih- ds fof”k’V mn~ns”;ksa dks pkj vyx&vyx?kVdksa esa izpkfyr fd;k x;k&¼1½ ^Hkkjrh; ,u-,-vkj-,l- esaizca/ku ds cnyko gsrq ,d mRiszjd ,tsaV ds :i esa ^ vkbZ-lh-

,-vkj- ¼?kVd&1½] ftldk mn~ns”; ,u-,-vkj-,l- esalaxBukRed ifjorZu ykuk gS] ¼ii½ ^^[kir iz.kkfy;ksa ds fy,mRiknu ij vuqla/kku^^ ¼?kVd&2½] ¼iii½ LFkk;h xzkeh.kvkthfodk lqj{kk ij vuqla/kku^^ ¼?kVd&3½] ftlesa devuqdwy i;kZoj.kksa] {ks+=kssa ,oa lewgksa esa vf/kd mi;qDr [ksrhdjus dh iz.kkfy;ksa rFkk [ksrh ls laacaf/kr lgk;d xfrfof/k;ksadks mUur rFkk fodflr djus gsrq vuqla/kku ¼[ksrh ij½ ijtksj fn;k x;k rkfd vk”okflr Hkkstu ¼[kk|½] iks’k.k]jkstxkj ,oa vk; ds tfj, xzkeh.k xjhc yksxksa dh vkthfodkesa lq/kkj yk;k tk ldk( vkSj ¼iv½ ^^Ñf’k foKku ds lhekUr{ks=ksa esa vk/kkjHkwr ,oa dk;Zuhfrxr vuqla/kku ^^¼?kVd&4½]ftldk mn~ns”; Ñf’k foKku ds lhekUr {ks+=ksa esa vk/kkjHkwr,oa dk;Zuhfrxr vuqla/kku esa fuos”k dks tkjh j[kus gsrq¼fo”ks’kdj] tc Kku ,d oSf”od lk/ku cu x;k gS½ fuos”kdjuk gSA blds vykok] ?kVd&3 ¼th-bZ-,Q-½ ds vUrxZr]rhu mi&ifj;kstukvksa dks fo”o cSasd ds oSf”od i;kZoj.klqfo/kk ¼th-bZ-,Q-½ dk;ZØe }kjk foRriksf’kr fd;kA

Pkkjksa ?kVdksa ds izR;sd ?kVd ds vUrxZr] fofHkUumi&ifj;kstukvksa dks dk;kZfUor djus gsrq O;kid LVsdgksYMjijke”kksZ izfØ;k ds ek/;e ls cM+h la[;k esa mi&?kVdksa@fo’k;-

oLrqvksa dks fpfUgr fd;k x;kA rnuqlkj] ?kVd&1 dsvUrxZr ikaWp mifo’k;] ?kVd&2 ds vUrxZr 8] ?kVd&3 dsvUrxZr 7 rFkk ?kVd&4 ds vUrxZr 10 mi{ks=ksa dks fuf”prfd;k x;k rFkk buesa ls izR;sd ds vUrxZr vusdmi&ifj;kstuk,aW dk;kZfUor dh xbZA

,u-,-vkbZ-ih- dks fodsUnzhdr <ax ls dk;kZfUor fd;kx;kA pwaWfd ifj;kstuk ladYiukRed fLFkfr esa Fkh vr%blds lHkh dk;kZUo;u pj.k ds ek/;e ls futh {ks= lfgr,u-,-vkj-,l- Hkkxhnkjksa] miHkksDrkvksa vkSj vU; LVsdgksYMjksadh O;kid Ja[kyk ds lkFk yxkrkj rFkk xgu fopkj&foe”kZfd;k x;kA ifj;kstuk dk Bksl ,oa izHkkoh dk;kZUo;ulqfuf”pr djus ds fy, jk’Vªh; vkSj mi&ifj;kstuk@dUlksfVZ;e Lrjksa ij fofHkUu lfefr;ksa dk xBu fd;k x;kA

ifj;kstuk dk;kZUo;u ;kstuk ¼ih-vkbZ-ih-½ izys[k esaifjdfYir] ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- dks fu’ikfnr djus gsrq lfpoky;ds :i esa dk;Z djus ds fy, Hkk-Ñ-v-i- esa ,d ifj;kstukdk;kZUo;u bdkbZ ¼ih-vkbZ-;w-½ dk ltu fd;k x;kA bls

FINAL REPORT

xxxii

ifj;kstuk izca/ku lfefr ¼ih-,e-lh-½ ds funsZ”ku rFkk i;Zos{k.kds varxZr lEiw.kZ ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- ds dk;kZUo;u gsrq mRrjnk;hcuk;k x;kA ih-vkbZ-;w- dk v/;{k jk’Vªh; funs”kd¼,u-Mh½Fkk ftldks pkj jk’Vªh; leUo;dksa }kjk ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- dspkj ?kVdksa esa izR;sd ds fy, lgk;rk iznku dh xbZA izki.klfgr foRr vkSj iz”kklu ls lacaf/kr xfrfof/k;ksa ij Øe”k%funs”kd rFkk ,d milfpo@voj lfpo }kjk /;ku fn;kx;k] tcfd vU; dk;ksZ dk vuqj{k.k ih-vkbZ-;w- ls lEc)fo”ks’kKksa }kjk vFkok ijke”kZnkrkvksa ds :i esa fd;k x;kA

vxz.kh laLFkk esa dUlksfVZ;e fiazfliy buosLVhxsVj¼lh-ih-vkbZ-½ rFkk Hkkxhnkj laLFkkvksa esa dUlksfVZ;e lg fiazfliybuosLVhxsVj ¼lh-lh-ih-vkbZ-½ dks mi&ifj;kstuk xfrfof/k;ksadk lexz izca/ku lkSaik x;k FkkA ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- mi&ifj;kstukvksadh lQyrk dk Js; lhs-ih-vkbZ- vkSj lh-lh-ih-vkbZ- dsl”kfDrdj.k dks fn;k tk ldrk gSA blls u dsoy fuf/k;ksads dq”ky izca/ku esa lgk;rk feyh cfYd blls rduhdhdk;ZØe dh le;c)rk lqfuf”pr dh xbZA lh-vkb-Zlh- vkSjlh-,-lh- dks “kfDr;ksa ds izR;k;kstu djus ls Hkh vuqeksfnrdk;ZØe esa xgu fuxjkuh djus rFkk chp esa vko”;drkvk/kkfjr lq/kkj djus esa enn feyhA

?kVd&1 ds varxZr vf/kdka”k mi&ifj;kstukvksa dhigpku dh xbZ rFkk bu dks ,u-,-vkj-,l- ds fy, ?kVddh izklafxdrk ds en~nsutj izkFkfed :i ls vkbZ-lh-,-vkj-laLFkkuksa rFkk Ñf’k fo”ofo|ky;ksa dks izk;kstdrk eksM esafn;k x;kA nwljh vksj] ?kVd&2 vkSj 4 ds varxZr lHkhmi&ifj;kstukvksa rFkk ?kVd&3 ds varxZr vf/kdka”kmi&ifj;kstukvks a dks izfr;ksxh vuqnku ;kstuk¼lh-th-,l-½ ds rgr f}&Lrjh; izfrLi/kkZ izfØ;k ds tfj,pquk x;kA

lHkh ?kVdksa ds vUrxZr dalksfVZ;k }kjk izLrqr izLrkoksadh fo”ks’k :i ls xfBr fo”ks’kK lfefr;ksa }kjk Bksl tkapdh xbZ rFkk ?kVd&2] 3 vkSj 4 ds ekeys esa lacaf/krVh-,-th- dks vkSj tgka Hkh vko”;d gksa] ogkW vkxs leh{kkdjus ,oa ifj”kks/kuksa dk lq>ko nsus gsrq ?kVd&1 ds fy,vks-,.M-,e-,-th- dks izR;sd dh dk;Z {kerk izLrqr dh xbZAleh{kk izfØ;k esa dqN Vh-,-th- lnL;ksa dks fo”ks’kK lfefr;ksaessa “kkfey fd;k x;k rkfd foyEc ls cpk tk lds vkSjl?ku leh{kk dh tk ldsA lh-ih-vkbZ- dks vius izLrkolacaf/kr ijke”kZnk;h lewgksa ds le{k izLrqr djus ds fy,dgk x;kA blds vykok] ijke”kZnk;h lewgksa us izLrkoksa esa nh

xbZ tkudkjh dk lR;kiu djus gsrq LFky fujh{k.k Hkhfd;kA mlds ckn Lohdr fd, x, izLrkoksa dks lacaf/krijke”kZnk;h lewgksa }kjk viuh flQkfj”kksa ds lkFk ?kVd&1ds ekeys esa vks-,.M-,e-ih-lh- dks] ?kVd&2] 3 vkSj 4 dsekeys esa vkj-ih-lh- dks vfUre vuqeksnu gsrq vxszf’kr fd;kx;kA pkjksa ?kVdks esa ls fdlh Hkh ?kVd ls izkIr 10 djksM+:0 dh ykxr ls vf/kd ds izLrkoksa dks vuqeksnu gsrqih-,e-lh- dks Hksstk x;kA

dqy feyk dj iw.kZ izLrko] ¼,Q-ih-½ fodkl ds fy,lwphc) fd, x, fofHkUu dUlksfVZ;eksa }kjk 17 izfr”krifjdYiuk uksV ¼lh-,u-½ izLrqr dh xbZ( rFkk ih-vkbZ-;w- }kjkizkIr djhc 80 izfr”kr ,Q-ih dks lacaf/kr mPp Lrjh;lfefr;ksa }kjk dk;kZUo;u gsrq vfUre :i ls vuqeksfnrdjok;k x;kA vkSlru] izfØ;k dks iwjk djus esa 10 eghusdk le; yxkA dqy feykdj 203 dUlksfVZ;k yhMjksa vkSj653 dUlksfVZ;k Hkkxhnkjksa ds lkFk 203 mi&ifj;kstukvksa¼3 th-bZ-,Q- mi&ifj;kstukvksa lfgr½ dks vuqeksfnr fd;kx;kA ,u-,-vkbZ-ih-dh vfHkuo igyksa esa ls ,d igy iz.kkyhesa cgqyokn ykuk FkkA

,u-,-vkj-,l- ds Hkhrj rFkk ckgj nksuksa esa lkoZtfud{ks= dh laLFkkvksa us lHkh ?kVdksa esa Hkkx fy;kA fo”ks’kdj]?kVd&2 esa futh {ks= vkSj ?kVd&3 esa xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksaus ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- ds izHkkoh dk;kZUo;u ds fy, ih-ih-ih-fuekZ.k esa mYys[kuh; ;ksxnku fn;kA ?kVd &4 ds varxZrmi&ifj;kstukvksa dh lcls vf/kd la[;k ¼61½ Fkh] mldsckn ?kVd&1 ¼55½] ?kVd&2 ¼51½] rFkk ?kVd&3 ¼36½ dhla[;k FkhA

leqfpr foRrh; izca/ku lqfuf”pr djus ds fy, lewpsns”k esa QSys lHkh dUlksfVZ;eksa ds fy, fu;eksa ,oa fn”kkfunsZ”kksadh ,d lkekU; lwph rS;kj dh x;h vkSj mls viuk;kx;kA lHkh vuqeksfnr dUlksfVZ;k ds foRr vf/kdkfj;ksa dk{kerk fodkl ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- rFkk fo”o cSad dh foRrh;izfØ;kvksa dks csgrj :i ls le>us ds fy, fd;k x;kAfuns”kd ¼foRr½ dh v/;{krk esa xfBr ih-vkbZ-;w- foRr bdkbZfofHkUu iz;kstuksa ds fy, fuf/k;ksa dh t:jrksa dk vuqekuyxkus] fuf/k;ksa ds le; ls laforj.k] mfpr ys[kk rFkk ys[kkijh{kk dk j[kj[kko] vyx vyx cSad [kkrksa dh LFkkiuk]rFkk izR;sd dk;kZUo;u ,tsalh }kjk@ls cSad lek;kstufooj.kksa dh ;Fkk≤ izkfIr lqfuf”fpr djus lfgr,u-,-vkbZ-ih- ds lexz foRrh; izca/ku gsrq mRrjnk;h FkhA


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ifj;kstuk ds fy, fuf/k;ksa dk izko/kku izR;sd dsfu/kkZj.kh; ;ksX; ,dy “kh’kZ ctV en ds :i esa] 20 izfr”kr¼50 fefy;u vefjdh Mkyj½ dh izfr:i ¼dkmaVjikZV½fuf/k;ksa lfgr Ms;j@Hkk-d-v-i- ds ;kstuk ctV esa ctVh;izko/kku fd;k x;kA dUlksfVZ;k Hkkxhnkjksa ls O;; dk okf’kZdfooj.k ¼,l-vks-bZ-½ izkIr gks tkus ds ckn gh fuf/k;ksa dh izFkefdLr fjyht dh xbZA nwljh fd”r ys[kk&ijhf{kr mi;ksxizek.ki= ¼,-;-wlh-½ izkIr gks tkus] rFkk izFke nks frekfg;ksa dhO;; jkf”k i;kZIr :i esa vkdfyr dj fy, tkus ds ckn ghtkjh dh xbZA ,u-,-vkbZ-ih-ds varxZr izki.k ,d fodsUnzhdr<ax ls fd;k x;k rFkk ;g mudh mi&;kstukvksa ds varxZrnh xbZ Lohdfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij dUlksfVZ;k@dUlksfVZ;kHkkxhnkjksa }kjk fd;k x;kA izki.k ijke”kZnkrk us lkexzh¼oLrqvksa½@midj.kksa rFkk ijke”khZ lsokvksa dk izki.k djus esadUlksfVZ;k dk ekxZn”kZu fd;k] lgk;rk miyC/k djkbZ rFkkizLrkoksa] cksyh nLrkostksa] fo”o cSadds lkFk lEidZ vkSjdUlksfVZ;k Hkkxhnkjksa dh uewuk izki.k ys[kk&ijh{kk fu’ikfnrdhA pwWafd fo”o cSad foRriks’k.k&ifj;ksstukvksa ds varxZrvf/kdka”k dUlksfVZ;k izki.k izfØ;kvksa ds lkFk ifjfprugha Fks]vr% izki.k ijke”kZnkrkvksa us izki.k izfØ;kvksa rFkk fn”kkfunsZ”kksa ijdk;kZUo;u ,tsfUl;ksa ds {kerk fodkl ds fy, izf”k{k.k fn;kA

,u-,-vkbZ-ih- dk;kZUo;u ,tsafla;kWa ifj;kstuk ds varxZrizki.k ls vf/kd lUrq’V FkhaA mUgksaus vius laxBuksa esa izki.kds fy, bu izfØ;kvksa dks Lohdkj djus esa vf/kd :fpfn[kkbZA rdjhcu lHkh dUlksfVZ;k [kjhnkjh rFkk ,ulhch dstfj, izki.k dks dj ldsA tcfd vusd dUlksfVZ;k tSlsfd,u-Mh-vkj-vkbZ-] vkbZ-,-vkj-vkbZ-] ,u-ch-ih-th-vkj- lh-vkbZ-vkj-lks-vks-Vh-] vkbZ-oh-vkj-vkbZ- rFkk gSnjkckn vkSj caxykSjvkfn fLFkr vU; izeq[k laLFkkuksa dks vkbZ-lh-ch- ds tfj,izki.k djus gsrq csgrj :i ls izf”kf{kr fd;k x;k] buesa lsvkb-,-,l-vkj-vkbZ- tSls laLFkkuksa ds varxZr dqN vU;dUlksfVZ;eksa dks vkbZ-Vh- iz.kkyh dk Lora=:i ls csgrjj[k&j[kko djus ds fy, izki.k dk;Z djus gsrq izf”kf{krfd;k x;kA

f”kdk;r fuokj.k ra= dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vkSj lHkhdUlksfVZ;eksa ds fy, vko”;d ekxZn”kZu tkjh fd;k x;kA,ulh ¼?kVd&3½ dks uksMy vf/kdkjh cuk;k x;kA lHkhf”kdk;rksa dk izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij lek/kku fd;k x;kAizxfr dh fuxjkuh djus ds fy,] ih-vkbZ-;w] izki.k izdks’B esa,d f”kdk;r jftLVj j[kk x;kA

ifj;kstuk fMtkbu esa ih-Mh-vks dh izxfr ,oamiyfC/k dh fuxjkuh ds fy, leqfpr ladsrdksa dks “kkfeyfd;k x;kA ifj;kstuk ds Hkhrj ,e- ,.M bZ- iz;kl ds fy,cM+h la[;k esa fo”ks’kK cuke Hkkxhnkj] ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- izca/kuny vkSj LVsdgksYMjksa ds fy, le; ij rFkk laxr tkudkjhmiyC/k djkus gsrq mRrjnk;h FksA ,d is”ksoj ,e-,.MMh-ijke”kZnkrk QeZ ¼eselZ lh-bZ-,l- izk-fy-½ dks ih-vkbZ-;-w dhlgk;rk djus gsrq lEiw.kZ ifj;kstuk vof/k ds fy, ebZ]2007 esa HkkM+s ij fy;k x;kA ,e- ,.M bZ- dk;Z lqxe cukusds fy,] ,e- ,.M bZ- ijke”kZnkrkvksa }kjk ,d iz;ksDrkvuqdwy ,e- ,.M bZ- eSuqvy rS;kj fd;kA

?kVd&1 dk mn~ns”; ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- ds vU; ?kVdksa dkslgk;rk miyC/k djkuk rFkk ,u-,-vkj-,l- dks lqn<+ cukusds fy, egRoiw.kZ {kerk dk fodkl djuk FkkA iz.kkyh c)dkS”ky] izHkkfodrk vkSj mRikndrk esa lq/kkj djus gsrq] ?kVddks 5 mi&?kVdksa vFkkZr lwpuk] lEizs’k.k rFkk izpkj&izlkjiz.kkyh ¼vkbZ-lh-Mh-,l-½ O;kikj vk;kstuk vkSj fodkl¼ch-ih-Mh½( Kku rFkk {kerk fodkl ¼,y- ,.M lh-ch-½ uhfr]tsaMj fo”ys’k.k ,oa fotfuax ¼ih-th-,-oh-½ rFkk jh&ekWaMfyaxfoRrh; ,oa izki.k iz.kkfy;kWa ¼vkj-,Q-ih-,l-½ ds ek/;e lsdk;kZfUor fd;k x;kA

lHkh lkrksa fo/kkvksa dks doj djrs gq, bZ&ikB~;Øeksa ijvksiu rFkk nwjLFk f”k{kk ds fy, ,d lefiZr iksVZymiyC/k djk;k x;kA ikap fo’k; oLrqvksa ds varxZr 500vkj-,y-vks- dk fodkl fd;k x;kA esVkMkVk dk MkVk cslrFkk yxHkx 7]627 “kks/k&fuca/kksa dk lkj vkSj 6000 lsvf/kd “kks/k&fuca/kksa dk ltu fd;k x;k vkSj mls vkWuykbu miyC/k djk;k x;kA vkbZ-,-vkj-vkbZ- esa ,u-,-vkj-,l- ds 37 iqLrdky;ksa dks “kkfey djds ,d fMftVyykbczsjh bZ&xzaFk rS;kj dh xbZA CERA ¼lsjk½ esa yxHkx3]490 if=dkvksa ¼tuZyksa½ dh vfHkof) dh tk ldh] ftldhvc lkfgfR;d vuqla/kku ds fy, ,u-,-vkj-,l- esa oSKkfudksa,oa v/;kidksa }kjk vkWu ykbu IysVQkeZ ds ckn vf/kd ekaxdh tk jgh gSA ifj;kstuk esa fodflr bZ&ifCyf”kax ¼bZ-ih-ds-,l-,-vkj-½ iksVZy us vuqla/kku if=dkvksa ¼tuZyksa½ dh izdk”kuizfØ;k vkSj ik.Mqfyfi izca/ku ij egRoiw.kZ izHkko Mkyk gSAdf’k Kkuizca/ku ¼,ds,e½ dUlksfVZ;e dk iksVZy http://

www.agropedia.iitk.ac.in fodflr fd;k x;kA ,dbUVj,fDoV okW;l fjliksal flLVe ds lkFk d’kd fof”k’Vdf’k ijke”kZnk;h dkWy lsaVj fodflr fd;k x;kA Mh-ds-,e-,-

FINAL REPORT

xxxiv

esa LFkkfir ,-Mh-Mh-,l-vkbZ-,-vkj vkbZ-lh-Vh- vk/kkfjr izkS|ksfxdh,oa lwpuk izpkj&izlkj iz.kkyh dk lao/kZu djus gsrq izfrc)gSA fodflr vkj-ds-,e-ih- iksVZy vf/kd O;kid gS rFkkpkoy ij lwpuk ds fy, ;g ,d LVki “kksi L=ksr gSAHkkjrh; df’k ds fy, izFke lqijdEI;wfVax gc ftls v”kksdkdgk tkrk gS] dh LFkkiuk vkbZ-,-,l-vkj-vkbZ- esa dh xbZA,-,l-vkj-ch-ds- ,-vkj-,l-@,u-bZ-Vh- dh ijh{kk,a vkWu ykbuvk;ksftr djus ds fy, vR;k/kqfud volajpuk lqfo/kk lftrdh xbZA yo.krk okys i;kZoj.kksa esa Qly dh de iSnkokjdk lek/kku djus gsrq ,d fu.kZ; lgk;d iz.kkyh ¼Mh-,l-,l-½ dk fodkl fd;k x;k vkSj ftvks&vkbZ-Vh rFkk lalk/kuizca/ku izkS|ksfxfd;ksa esa vfHkuo igysa fodflr djds xzkeh.kvkthfodk esa mYys[kuh; :i ls lq/kkj fd;k x;kA mi;qDrehfM;k lk/kuksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, fofHkUu LVsdgksYMjksa dsfy, lkr Hkk’kkvksa esa lexz :i ls vUr% fØ;k”khy rFkkizHkkoh lEizs’k.k iz.kkyh ds fodkl ij /;ku dsfUnzr djus dslkFk fofHkUu ehfM;k esa lwpuk dk fodkl djus gsrq Hkkjrh;df’k vuqla/kku ifj’kn dh {kerk dks lqn<+ fd;k x;kA

izkS|ksfxdh ds okf.kT;hdj.k ds tfj, Ñf’k O;olk; dklao/kZu djus gsrq 5 ,l,;w rFkk Hkk-Ñ-v-i- ds 17 laLFkkuksa esadqy 22 ch-ih-Mh- dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] lkFk gh Ñf’k {ks= esavfHkuo igyksa dks iksf’kr djus ds fy, 331 iqjkuh Ñf’kizkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk okf.kT;hdj.k fd;k x;k] vkjafHkd m|fe;ksadks ik;yV Lrj ij mRiknu lqfo/kk,aW miyC/k djkbZ xbZa]izksVksVkbi esa fodkl gsrq vusd vfHkuo fopkjksa dks “kkfeyfd;k x;k( 200 ls vf/kd isVsUV vkosnuksa dks Qkby djusrFkk 1] 218 m|fevksa@Ñf’k vk/kkfjr u;s m|fe;ksa dkslfEefyr fd;k x;k] ftuesa ls 91 m|fe;ksa us lQyrkiwoZd izf”k{k.k ik;kA

vusd {kerk fodkl xfrfof/k;kWa “kq: dh xbZaA ,u-,-vkj-,l- ls 904 oSKkfud dks ns”k esa rFkk fons”k esa izf”k{k.kgsrq Hkstk x;k( 130 ,e-Mh-ih- ds ek/;e ls ,u-,-vkj-,l- ls3200 ls vf/kd oSKkfudksa vkSj ladk; lnL;ksa dks izf”kf{krfd;k x;k( v½ ,u-,-vkj-,l- ds fy, laxr eqDr L=ksrizkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk iz;ksx djrs gq, bZ&yfuaZx ds dk;Z dkslaLFkkxr cukus ds fy, ,d jksM eSi rFkk dk;Zuhfr dkfodkl fd;k( df’k vuqla/kku vkSj izca/ku esa th-vkbZ-,l-vuqiz;ksxksa gsrq {kerk esa of) dh] rFkk xzkeh.k efgykvksa }kjkvkbZ-lh-Vh- dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k( laxBukRed cnyko] df’kvkiwfrZ Ja[kykvksa] xzkeh.k vkthfodk ewY;kadu] rFkk izkS|ksfxdh

lqiqnZxh ekWMyksa ij dbZ v/;;u fd, x,Aizeq[k [kk|kUuksa vkSj fryguksa ds fy, oLrq cktkj

vkmVyqd ekWMy fodflr fd, x,] ,l-,-;w- rFkkHkk-Ñ-v-i- ds laLFkkuksa esa ih-,l-bZ- izdks’B dks lqn‘<+ djusgsrq ,d QkesZV fodflr fd;k x;k rFkk izHkkoh izkFkkfedrkgsrq eq[;/kkjk esa mUgsa lesfdr djus ds fy, Hkk-Ñ-v-i- esadk;kZfUor fd;k x;k rFkk ifjokj] QkeZ] ySaMLdsi vkSjleqnkf;d Lrjksa ij xfrfof/k;ksa dks Lohdkj ,oa U;wuredjus ds ek/;e ls dkcZu iFkDdj.k izkIr djus gsrq ,d^^LekVZ&lh-Mh-,e- ^ nf’Vdks.k fodflr rFkk dk;kZfUor fd;kx;k( Ñf’k esa uSuks&izkS|ksfxdh dk Kku ekufp=.k ds fy,,d MkVkcsl ekWMy fodflr fd;k x;kuku&,MksIVlZ dslkFk ekdsZV ,MksIVlZ dh vf/kd vkenuh dh rqyuk djusls blds egRo rFkk mi;ksfxrk dk irk pyk( ih-vkbZ-;w-&izki.k ;wfuV ls izf”k{k.k ¼34 LFkkuksa esa 1492 O;fDr;ksa dksizf”k{k.k fn;k x;k½] vkSj izki.k eSuqvy rS;kj djus rFkk[kjhn izfØ;k dks ljy cukus esa] izfØ;k dks lqxe cuk;k(lalk/kuksa dh n{k rFkk izHkkoh vk;kstuk ,oa izca/ku dks lqxecukus gsrq vksjsdy bZ-vkj-ih- dk iz;ksx djrs gq, vkbZ-lh-,-vkj-&bZ-vkj-ih- lkQ~Vos;j dk fodkl fd;k x;k rFkk mlsbZ-vkj-ih- dk;kZUo;u ds fy, {kerk fodkl dk;Z ds Hkkxds :i esa URL:http:@icarerp, iasri. Res.in ij miyC/kdjk;k x;k] vkbZch,e rFkk vkbZ-,-,l-vkj-vkbZ- ny usHkk-Ñ-v-i- ds izeq[k laLFkkuksa vkSj fnYyh fLFkr laLFkkuksa esaizkf”k{k.k dk;ZØe vk;ksftr fd,] rFkk lqxzkghdj.kdk;Z”kkykvksa dk vk;kstu fd;k vkSj mUgksaus MkVkfMftVkbts”ku VSEiysVksa ij foLr‘r fopkj&foe”kZ ds lkFk,e-vkbZ-,l-@,Q-,e-,l- dk;kZUo;u ds fy, 240 dkfeZdksadks bl iz.kkyh ls voxr djk;kA

Ñ’kdksa] izkslsljksa rFkk vU; O;fDr;ksa dh Ja[kyk dksvf/kd vkenuh izkIr gksus ds mn~ns”; ls pquhank Ñf’kmRiknu [kir iz.kkfy;ksa ds fy, lrr mUu;u gsrqcktkj&mUeq[k lg;ksxh vuqla/kku nyksa dh LFkkiuk dhxbZA ;g 8 mi&;kstukvksa&Ñf’k ifj’dj.k; fu;kZrlao/kZu;] [kk| lqj{kk rFkk vk; laof);] [kk| lqj{kk vkSjvkenuh of)@Ñf’k ifj’dj.k] vk; of) rFkk jkstxkjltu( vk; of) rFkk jkstxkj ltu@lalk/ku iz;ksxn{krk( rFkk lalk/ku iz;ksx n{krk ds ek/;e ls ?kVd&2 esacuk;s x;sA Ñf’k mRiknksas tSls fd [kk|kUu] Qy] lfCt;ka]Qwy] ekal] eNyh] Msjh QwM] ck;ks&dyj] U;wVªkfl;ksVhdYl]


xxxv

ck;ks&,suthZ] vkfn dh ewY; Ja[kykvksa ij] Hkk-Ñ-v-i- ds 28laLFkkuksa] 22 ,l,;w] 38 futh m|ksxksa rFkk 29 xSj&ljdkjhlaxBuksa ds tfj,] dqy 51 mi&ifj;kstukvksa dks vuqeksfnrrFkk dk;kZfUor fd;k x;kA

Qly vo”ks’kksa ls ^^dEiyhV QhM^^ ¼iw.kZ vkgkj½ dkmRiknu djus ds fy, nks [kk| ifj’dj.k bdkb;ksa rFkk HksM+ksals LoPN ekal mRiknu ds fy, ,d vkn”kZ cwpM+[kkuk¼LykWVjgkml½ dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA 10 lh-ch-vks- vkSj ,d,l-,p-th- ds vUrxZr 534 d’kdksa dks doj djrs gq, 250gsDVs;j {ks=Qy esa ukfj;y ds fy, lesfdr Qly mRiknuizkS|ksfxfd;ka viukbZ xbZA ^bfFkjku^^ ds :i esa foif.kr ,dck;ks&daVªksy ,tsUV&f=pksMjek dk Hkkjh ek=k esa mRiknudjus ds fy, ,d Lo&lgk;rk lewg bdkbZ LFkkfir dhxbZA ukfj;y “kSy ls rkjdksy dk mRiknu djus ds fy,,d iznw’k.k eqDr dkjcksukbts”ku la;a= dks QsczhdsV fd;kx;kA vkbZ-vkbZ-,u-vkj-th- vuqla/kku QkeZ esa ,d y?kq yk[kifj’dj.k bdkbZ LFkkfir dh xbZA vylh dh mUur fdLeksa¼ih-ds-oh-,u-,y- 260½ dh vkiwfrZ rFkk cktkj nj ij 5izfr”kr izksRlkgu ij ckbZ&cSad xkjaVh ds lkFk dk;kZsa dsiSdst ds ifj.kke Lo:i vylh ds mRiknu rFkk mRikndrkesa i;kZIr of) gqbZ] vkSj vylh ls mPp ntsZa dh vkseaxk&3QSVh ,flM ds lalk/ku ds fy, uoksUes’kh nf’Vdks.k dkslQyrkiwoZd iznf”kZr fd;k x;kA foVªks esa ekbØks&V~;wclZrFkk vkyw ds ekbØks ikS/kksa dk mRiknu fd;k x;k rFkk mUgssafeuhV~;wcjksa ds mRiknu gsrq bulsDV izwQ usV gkml dsvUrxZr jksfir fd;k x;k] vkSj iksVkVks gkbZfczM ,pVh@03&704rFkk dqQjh fgelksuk dks vksjxkuks&ysfIVd VSLV ds fy,mi;qDr ik;k x;k rFkk csch vkyqvksa ds fy, xq.koRrk vPNhFkhA ykbdksisu rRo ls le) VekVj dh fdLessa fodflr dhxbZ] rFkk dkyh xktj vkSj tkequ twl ls ,UFkkslk;ukfuu]iijhdk ls dSilfUFke] rkts VekVjksa ls ykbdksihu jlrFkk@vFkok VekVj isLV] vkSj Likb:fyuk ck;ksekl lsQkbdks lkbfuUl tSls vusd izkdfrd dksyksjsaV~l ds fuLlkj.k“kqf)dj.k] fo”ys’k.k rFkk xq.koRrk fu;a=.k gsrq ljy ,oaykxr izHkkoh izfØ;k,aa fodflr dh x;hA iwjs o’kZ [ksrh dsfy, lseh&,sfjM fLFkfr;ksa rFkk bulsDV&izwQ usM gkmlksa dsvUrxZr ikFksZuksdkfiZd [khjk rFkk f”keyk fepZ ds fy,ØkblsaFksee mRiknu izkS|ksfxdh fodflr dh xbZ( vkSj mUgsaekudhdr fd;k x;k( mPp iSnkokj rFkk izkslsflax xq.koÙkkvksads fy, o.kZ”kadj oSHko vkSj vusd tSo fdLesa mi;qDr ik;h

xbZa( **dksyscksjsfVo QkfeZax gksfyfLVd lfoZlst+** ds ekWMy usm|ksx ds fy, VekVj dk lh/kk foi.ku djus esa lgk;rkdhA

Mªe jksfLVax dktw izlaLdj.k bdkb;ksa ds fy, iznw’k.kjks/kh iz.kkyh rFkk jkW dktw dfVax vkSj ihfyax ds fy, uku-

FkeZy izkS|ksfxdh ,oa ,d iksVZscy eksb”pj ehVj rFkk dktwds fNydksa ls ,ukdkfMZd ,flM fudkyus gsrq de ykxrdh ,d i)fr fodflr dh xbZA Vscy VkWi iSMy pkfyr,u,vkbZih pj[kk dks QsczhdsV fd;k x;k vkSj mUgsa ykHkHkksxhdrkbZdkjksa dks forfjr fd;k x;k( muur okfiZax iz.kkfy;ksadks lkeqnkf;d vk/kkj ij LFkkfir fd;k x;k( rFkk i”kehuklkyksa ds fy, xq.koÙkk ekud fodflr fd, x,( tslfeu¼pesyh½ vÝhdu xsank vksj dkjuslu ds fy, fizlhtumRiknu izkS|ksfxdh dks ekudhÑr fd;k x;kA tslfeuQwyksa ds fy, ,d fu;kZr iSdsftax izkS|ksfxdh dks fodflrfd;k x;k( rFkk rfeyukMq ¶ykoj xzksolZ ,lksfl,'ku dkstslfeu fu;kZrdksa ds lkFk tksM+k x;k] vnjd dh ,d ubZiztkfr ,pokboh *”kqizHkk* “kq: dh xbZ( cht-vnjd dsHkaMkj.k ds fy, bosiksjsfVo dwy pSEcjksa dks c<+kok fn;k x;k(ifj"dj.k ds fy, Je vkSj le; esa deh ykus gsrq vkWu-QkeZvnjdok”kj rFkk ihyj dk fodkl fd;k x;k rFkk cktkj,oa mRiknu lao/kZu xfrfof/k;ksa dks ns”k vkSj fons”k esa “kq:fd;k x;kA xq.koRrk vke vkSj ve:n mRiknu ds fy,enk tkap vk/kkfjr moZjdhdj.k rFkk ikfjfLFkfr vuqdwyu¶ykbZ VªsIl dks c<+kok fn;k x;k] vkSj 6 vke mRiknd la?kksarFkk pkj ve:n mRiknd la?kksa dk xBu fd;k x;k ,oamUgsa izlaLdj.kdRrkZvksa] O;kikfj;ksa rFkk fu;kZrdksa ds lkFktksM+k x;kA y{k}hi }hi lewg esa xgjs leqnz esa ewY; of/kZr;yks fQu Vwuk ij vf/kd tkx:drk( Vwuk ykWaxykbufQf”kax ds fy, ikcyks ukSdkvksa tSlh mUur fQf”kax i)frykxw dh( rFkk [krjukd csatksikbfju rRo esa deh djus vkSjmiHkksDrk dh Lohdk;Zrk esa of) djus gsrq mUur eklfeumRiknu i)fr fodflr dh xbZA okf.kfT;d fLoM ftfxaxvkijs”kuksa ds fy, eNyh idM+us okys dqy 20 ehVj yEckbZds ,d okf.kfT;d VªkWyj ,eoh VkbVfud dks la”kksf/krfd;kA rhu jsMh Vw dqd ,oa 3 jsMh Vw bZV mRiknksa dksfodflr vkSj czkaMsM fd;k x;k rFkk mudks cktkj esaizfrfØ;k gsrq lQyrk iwoZd izLrqr fd;k x;kA

Hkkstu esa fQykUFkl fu:jh] cSDVhfj;e cslhyl lcVkbfyl rFkk XokjikBk ¼,yks;osjk½ vkS’kf/k;ksa dks “kkfey

FINAL REPORT

xxxvi

djus ls ejy ehu”kkodksa ¼ejy fQaxjfyaXl½ esa csgrjfodkl fu’iknu izkIr gqvkA dkiZ ds fodkl esa c<+ksrjh djusds fy, tSofofo/krk okys df=e inkFkksZa laca/kh izkS|ksfxdh dksiznf”kZr fd;k x;kA ljy eksuksDyksuy jksx&izfrj{khvk/kkfjr uSnkfud fdV fodkflr dh xbZA pkoy vkSj nkyksads cktkj ewY; esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy, fefyax m|ksx lg&mRiknksadk mi;ksx djrs gq, okf.kfT;d [kk| mRiknksa dks fodflrfd;k x;k rFkk nl ekud Hkkjrh; mi egk}hih; [kk|QkewZys fodflr fd, x,A XokjikBk ¼,yk;&osjk½ dh ifRr;ksadh rhu iFkd&iFkd ijrksa dks ,d lkFk vyx djus dsfy, ,d eYVh pSuy ,ohth fQySfjax e”khu dh fMtkburS;kj dh xbZ vkSj fodflr dh xbZ rFkk vkeyk] vke vkSjvuUukl ls ,yk; vk/kkfjr ÝwV twl rS;kj fd;k x;kAisFksysV] esfy,V] Q~;wejsV] lsckdsV] ,fMisV] rFkk csatks,VtSls 2&vksDVksuy ij vk/kkfjr ewY; of/kZr mRiknksa dksfodflr fd;k x;k rFkk dkLVj dsd ls fjflu&Ýh izksVhufudkyus dh izfØ;k fodflr dh xbZ( eDdk ls eqY;of/kZrmRikn rS;kj djus ds fy, ,d fof”k’V dkuZ ¼D;wih,u½ dkmRiknu “kq: fd;k x;k rFkk mRiknu ckn vkiwfrZ psufyadlftr djus gsrq ,d igy dh xbZ] rFkk i”kqvksa dks lUrqfyriks’k.k miyC/k djkus ds fy, ewY;of/kZr eDdk vk/kkfjr[kk| inkFkksZs dks fodflr fd;k x;k rFkk mldk ijh{k.kfd;k x;kA cktjk vkSj tkS ds izlaLdj.k ds fy, izkFkkfedifj’dj.k ykbu fodflr dh xbZ rFkk ,fe;ksykbfVd]izksfV;ksykbfVd vkSj QkbVsl izfØ;k okys uksoy LVkVZjcSDVhfj;k ds lkFk cktjk ¼cktjk yLlh½ vkSj tkS dh yLlhdh izkS|ksfxdh fodflr dh xbZA vukj esa lw{e tSfodh;iNsrh jksx ds fua;=.k gsrq ,d izHkkoh ekWMy fodflr fd;kx;k] xq.koRrk “kjkc ds mRiknu ek/;e ls cktkj esa ufcdus ;ksX; Qyksa ds ewY;o/kZu gsrq O;oLFkk dh xbZA vukjtwl rFkk lkUnz.k ifj’dj.k bdkbZ LFkkfir dh xbZA lhcdFkksuZdh nl ySaMjslst dk irk yxk;k x;k vkSj mUgsa thu cSadesa lajf{kr j[kk x;k] vkSj ewY;of/kZr lhcdFkksuZ [kk| inkFkksZadks rS;kj djus ds lkFk&lkFk muds Hk.Mkj.k ,oa iSdsftaxizkS|ksfx;ksa dh dk;Zuhfr;ksa dks ekudhdr fd;k x;kA mi;ksxfd, tk jgs Qyksa dh lqjf{kr [ksrh djus ds lk/kuksa dhfMtkbu dh xbZ rFkk mUgsa QsczhdsV fd;k x;k] vkSj ewY;of/kZr mRikn fodflr fd, x,A [kM+h pV~Vku ¼fDyQ½ lslrr :i ls “kgn ,d= djus ds fy, ,d “kgn laxzg.kfdV fodflr dh xbZ] xzkeh.k “kgn izlaLdj.k m|ksxksa dh

LFkkiuk dh xbZ] rFkk taxyh e/kqeD[kh dkyksfu;ksa dh tux.kukrFkk taxyh e/kqeD[kh ouLifr ds izys[khdj.k dk dk;Zfd;k x;k] ,oa 200 e/kqeD[kh iq’ih; fof”kf’V;ksa ds fy,iksysu cSad lftr dh xbZA lkjs?ke ¼Tpkj½ esa izkFkfed vkSjf}rh;d ¼xkS.k½ izlaLdj.k rjhdksa dk fodkl fd;k x;krFkk buls csgrj fdLe vkSj xq.koRrk mRiknksa dk fuekZ.kgqvk tks pkoy ls rS;kj mRiknksa ls csgrj Fks vkSj xsgaWw vk/kkfjr mRiknksa ds led{k Fks] ,oa gSnjkckn esa lkoZtfudikdksZa] ekyksa vkSj laLFkkuksa esa jksM”kks ¼100$½ ds ek/;e lsLokLF; ,oa iks’k.k [kk| ds :i esa Tokj ¼lksj?ke½ ij cMs+iSekus ij tkx:drk lftr dh xbZ vkSj QsczhdsVsM TokjjFk ds tfj, 40]000 ls vf/kd miHkksDrkvksa dks Tpkj ds ckjsessa tkx:d cuk dj izn”kZuh vk;ksftr dh xbZaA

lwrh] flYd ¼js”keh½ vkSj dsyk ds js”kksa dks izkÑfrdjtad inkFkksZa ls jaxus dh izlaLdj.k izkS|ksfxfd;kWa fodflrdh xbZ lqjf{kr jax miyC/k djkus ds fy, bZdks&ikoMjrFkk bZdks&isUV~l ds fy, izkS|ksfxfd;kWa fodflr dh xbZa]vkSj ,d izkÑfrd jaxkbZ buD;wcs”ku dsUnz dh LFkkiuk dhxbZA twV vkSj ukfj;y js”kk ls cus tSofofo/krk okys cSfdaxoL= dk iz;ksx djrs gq, izh&QsczhdsVsM buLVkaV xzkl dkjisVdk fodkl fd;k x;kA csgrj j[k&j[kko ds fy, blsvf/kd eqyk;e cukus gsrq lkekU; jlk;uksa }kjk fcuk xyk,x, ukfj;y js”kk ds “kks/ku gsrq QkewZyk fodflr fd;k x;k]vkSj ,d ukscy Qkbcj Mh&Qkbcfjax e”khu dh fMtk;urS;kj dh xbZ] rFkk xzhu gLd ds fy, fo”ks’k :i ls mlsQsczhdsV fd;k x;k( “kkVZ jksVs”ku baMfLVª;y oqM ,xzksQkjsLVªhdks iznf”kZr fd;k x;k( dstqvkjhuk ds fy, de ykxr dhDyksuy izkS|ksfxdh vkSj yIiq Dyksuy izkS|ksfxdh fodflrdh xbZ] rFkk v/kZ&;kaf=d Ñf’k iz.kkyh “kq: dh xbZA tyk”;ekfRL;dh ds fy, ,d fVdkÅ] gYdh] lqjf{kr] LokLF;o/kZdvkSj j[k&j[kko esa ljy ,Qvkjih ukSdk dk fMtkbu rS;kjfd;kA fdQk;rh bZa/ku ds fy, b’Vre :i ls eNyhidM+us okyh ukSdkvksa ds ifjpkyu gsrq ^LihM vkj,eih&Q~;wydkMZ ^ dk ltu fd;k x;k rFkk uohure gYds otu okysrFkk iksVsZcy efgyk vuqdwyu ÝS”k fQ”k osafMax dsUnzkas dksQsczhdsV fd;k x;k rFkk LFkkfir fd;k x;kA

e”khuhÑr lkeqnkf;d nqX/knksgu dh xfrfof/k;kWa “kq:dh xbZa] ekbØks& ,udSi”kwys”ku izkS|ksfxdh dk iz;ksx djrsgq, ngh esa izksck;ksfVDl dk la;kstu fodflr fd;k x;kA,d u;k nqX/k vk/kkfjr ck;ksQsfoVk uked ck;kscsojht mRikn


xxxvii

fodflr fd;k x;k] rFkk vksDlks ck;ksMhxszMscy di vkSjlpsV~l nqX/k ,oa nqX/k mRiknksa dh iSfdax ds fy, fodflrfd, x,] dukZVd ds fp=nqxZ ftys essa iVpkSyh dks u,rjhds ls “kq: fd;k x;k rFkk ,d ik;yV Ldsy LVhefMfLVys”ku ;wfuV LFkkfir dh xbZA izkslksfil twyhQ~yksjk dsiksM vk/kkfjr QhM CykWd ds mRiknu gsrq izkS|ksfxdh dks iwjkfd;k x;k ,oa izkslksfil twyhQ~yks”k iksM vk/kkfjr lhjiQkbu Q~yksj o js”kk ds fy, izkslsl izkS|ksfxdh dks ekudhÑrfd;k x;kA

ehBk Tokj ¼lksj?ke½ ls lhji vkSj pkjs dk mRiknudjus ds fy, xzke vk/kkfjr fodsUnzhÑr Øf”kax bdkbZ¼Mh-lh-;w-½ fodflr dh xbZ rFkk mls lQyrkiwoZd ifjpkfyrfd;k x;k vkSj twl dh Lo&thou {kerk c<+kus dh izkS|ksfxdhfodflr dh xbZA gky gh esa ifjR;Dr ,oa de mRikndrkokys xUuk ds [ksrksa esa lq/kkj djus gsrq ,DokdYpj o mi&lrgh Mªsust iz.kkyh dk iz;ksx djrs gq, ,d uoksUes’khlesfdr nf’Vdks.k fodflr fd;k x;kA dsyk ds js”kk /kkxsls fufeZr Qsfczd ¼oL=½ dh Ldksfjax] Cyhfpax] dksfVax]jklk;fud “kks/ku] NikbZ dh izfØ;kvksa dks ekudhÑr fd;kx;kA dsyk ds js”ks rFkk Ldqpj ls iYi ¼yqXnh½ rS;kj djusgsrq izfØ;k dks ekudhÑr fd;k x;k rFkk mudh xq.koRrkdk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k] ,oa tSfod rjy moZjd ds :i esale) lSi ds iz;ksx dks c<+kok fn;k x;kA ,Eczks Dyksfuaxrduhd ds tfj,] Dyksu vk/kkfjr ,d cdjh ^ûwjh^^ dkmRiknu fd;k x;k rFkk pkoy dh dkykthjk ySaMjsl dh19 izfr”kr ,lh okyh 6 fo”kq) iztkfr;ksa dk mM+hlk esa irkyxk;k x;k( ,oa 12 lkeqnkf;d Fkzsf”kax ;kMZ] nks lkeqnkf;dHk.Mkj.k xksnke] ikWp xzkeh.k vUu&cht cSasd] rFkk ,ddsUnzh; xksnke dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ vkSj Ñ’kd leqnk;ksa }kjkbudk izca/k fd;k x;kA

lks;kchu rFkk vjgj ds fefJr fczdsV ds lkFk fczdsVvk/kkfjr xSlhQk;j dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k rFkk mllsrS;kj ikoMj dk fcdsfVax la;a= rFkk ikoj IykaV ds vkliklds {ks=ksa esa iqvky ¼Hkwlk½ ds [ksr esa tykus esa mYys[kuh; dehns[kh xbZA pkj ewY;of/kZr cksVsuhdy QkewZys”ku ¼esfy;k&2];wisVksfj;e&2½ rFkk f=dksMek ds 2 QkewZys”kuksa dk p;ufd;k x;k] vkSj okf.kfT;d nksgu gsrq mudks oS/krk iznkudh xbZ vkSj vfUre :i fn;k x;kA

dqy feykdj] bl ?kVd ds vUrxZr fofHkUu dUlksfVZ;eksaesa 51 futh m|ksxksa vkSj 18 xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa us Hkkx

fy;k FkkA bl ?kVd ds rgr dqy 305 izkS|ksfxfd;k¡ ¼131mRiknu ,oa 174 izlaLdj.k½ izkS|ksfxfd;kaW fodflr dh xbZAvf/kdka”k izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dk fodkl fd;k x;kA nh?kZdkfydifj’dj.k rFkk ewY;o/kZu lqfuf”pr djus ds fy, dqy58 y?kq ,oa e/;e m|eksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ rFkk mUgksausijLij feydj ifj;kstuk vof/k ds nkSjku 158 fefy;u:0 dk O;kikj fd;kA

bl ?kVd ds vUrxZr 34 isVsUVksa esa vuqla/kkuxfrfof/k;ksa ds ifj.kke izkIr gq, ftuesa ls 27 ckxokuh lsFkhaA nqcbZ dks pesyh ¼tSlfeu½ ds Qwyksa dk fu;kZr 600fdyksxzke ls c<+dj 900 fd0 xzke@izfrfnu gks x;k rFkkLVsdgksYMj dk “kq) ykHk 2]250 :0 ls c<+dj 9]250:0@izfrfnu gks x;kA “kq’d Qwyksa esa] fu;kZr dk ewY; 43fefy;u :0 ls c<+dj 95 fefy;u :0 gks x;kA

?kVd&3 ds vUrxZr] 33 mi&ifj;kstukvksa dks vuqeksfnrfd;k x;k rFkk mUgssa 91 vykHkkfUor ftyksa esa dk;kZfUorfd;k x;k ftuesa 50 izfr”kr ls vf/kd tutkfr vkcknhokys 20 ftys “kkfey FksA buds vykok] thbZ,Q foRriks’k.kds rgr 11 ftyksa dks doj djrs gq, rhu mi&ifj;kstukvksadks vuqeksfnr ,oa dk;kZfUor fd;k x;kA ?kVd mi&ifj;kstukvksa ds vUrxZr dUlksfVZ;e Hkkxhnkjksa esa Hkk-Ñ-v-i-ds 39 laLFkku] 43,l-,-;w- 66 xSj&ljdkjh laxBu ,oa35 vU; laxBu “kkfey FksA bu mi&ifj;kstukvksa ds varxZr]oafpr lewgksa fo”ks’kdj Hkwfeghu yksxksa] lhekUr ,oa y?kq d’kdksadh vkthfodk lqj{kk ds fy, lesfdr df’k iz.kkyh ¼vkbZ-,Q-,l-½ ij vk/kkfjr LFkk;h ekWMyksa dks fodflr fd;kx;kA

,d ykxr izHkkoh rFkk iksVsZcy ^^jekdkUr unh dq.M^^]ykSgs ls cuk ,d xksy <kWapk ftlds nksuksa fljs [kqys gksrs gSavkSj muds fljksa ij fNnz gksrs gSa] ftUgsa QqVokYo pkWd fd,cxSj iEi lSV ds tfj, ikuh [khapus ds fy, lw[ks unh ryds jsr esa Mqck;k tk ldrk gks] dk nqedk vkSj tkerkjkftyksa esa jch Qly dh flapkbZ ds fy, fodflr fd;k x;kAty ds U;k;ksfpr iz;ksx ds fy,] Qyks|kuksa fipj flapkbZi)fr dks iznf”kZr fd;k x;k( Hkwty ds L;k;h iz;ksx gsrqcksjoSy lfgr ,oa fcuk cksjoSy ds lkFk Ñ’kdksa }kjk Hkkxhnkjhizca/ku ds fy, ikbiykbu usVofdZax rFkk lkekftd bathfu;jhlaca/kh igy “kq: dh xbZA lehi esa cgrs gq, ty ekxZ lsikuh dh fn”kk cnydj 30 ls vf/kd fuf’Ø; [kqys dqWavkasa dksfjpktZ fd;k x;k vkSj ty dk Hk.Mkj.k djus gssrq pkj

FINAL REPORT

xxxviii

rkykcksa dh [kqnkbZ dh xbZ ftuls cksjoSy dks fjpktZ djus esalgk;rk feyhA djokM+h&uUnkiqj okVj”ksM esa dUVwj Vªsfpaxykxw djds] o’kkZ ty dk laxzg.k fd;k x;k ftlls [kkb;ksa¼Vªsapksa½ esa enk laj{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk Hkwty Lrj esa c<+ksrjhgqbZA cLrj {ks= esa enk lja{k.k vkSj o’kkZ ty laxzg.k <kapksads fuekZ.k ls us dsoy lw[ks ls pkoy dh [ksrh dks cpk;k tkldk cfYd blls Hkwty ds iquHkZ.Mkj.k esa Hkh lgk;rk feyhgS] cM+h [ksrh dh fLFkfr esa ,d de ykxr okyh xq:Rokd’kZ.kpkfyr Losn”kh fMªi iz.kkfy;ka fodflr dh xbZA lksuHknzvkSj fetkZiqj ftyksa esa okVj”ksM vk/kkfjr [ksrh iz.kkyh ekWM~;wyksa]IykfLVd fMyhojh ikbiksa vkSj Mhty iEiksa ds iz;ksx ls tyLrj rFkk “kq) flapkbZ {ks=Qy esa o‘f) gqbZ gSA iwoksZRrjigkM+h {ks=ksa esa fd, x, ty lalk/ku fodkl iz;klksa esa tyHk.Mkj.k ds fy, fdQk;rh ifj”kksf/kr FkkbZ tkj tSls lh<+hnkj[ksrksa vkSj o’kkZ ty laxzg.k ds <kWapksa dk fuekZ.k “kkfey gSAesokr {ks= ds fdlkuksa dks ck<+ flapkbZ ls dk;Z{ke ekbØksflapkbZ iz.kkyh dh vksj vxzlj gksus ds fy, izsfjr fd;k x;kftlesa ty iz;ksx dh n{krk esa lq/kkj djus vkSj VekVjtSlh lfCt;kaW iSnk djds vf/kd xgu [kssrh dh vksj vxzljgksus ds fy, Qly vo”ks’kksa ds lkFk iyokj dks fefJr fd;kx;kA mRrj&if”peh fgeky; {ks=ksa esa LVxMZ dUVwj [kkb;kWvkSj jksd cka/kksa ds fuekZ.k dks ty laj{k.k gsrq c<+kok fn;kx;k( rFkk lacaf/kr Hkwfe vkSj enk izca/ku iz;klksa ds chp] thjksfVyst izSfDVl] leqnk;&vk/kkfjr oehZ dEiksLV rFkk ck;ksxSlbdkb;ksa dh LFkkiuk] ,oa lcls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ Bksl enk esaokf.kfT;d [ksrh dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, lhvkjch&ck;ks dkiz;ksx vf/kd izHkkoh jgkA

cLrj dh Hkwfe;ksa esa] ukxkySaM dh >we Hkwfevksa esa rFkkxqtjkr] e/; izns”k ,oa jktLFkku ds fiNM+s ftyksa esa eDdkdh mUur fdLesa rFkk gkbZfczM fdLeksa dks ykxw fd;k x;kAiwoksZRrj igkM+h {ks=ksa] if”pe caxky ds iq:fy;k ftys] dsjyds ok;ukM ftys esa pkoy ,pokbZih( if”pe caxky esa xzhuxzke o CySd xzke ,pokbZih( iwoksZRrj igkM+h {ks= rFkk if”pecaxky esa ewaWxQyh ,pokbZoh( mRrj izns”k esa fry ,pokbZoh]e/; izns”k esa lks;kchu ,pokbZoh( iwoksZRrj {ks= esa gkbZfczMljlksa( rFkk egkjk’Vª esa vylh ,pokbZoh] if”pe caxky esapkoy dh Jh esFkM [ksrh( mRrj izns”k esa /kku dh MªkbZ ykbZucqvkbZ( chnj esa jsMxzke dh jksikbZ; rFkk iwoksZRrj igkM+h {ks=esa ljlksa dh thjks fVyst( Qly iz.kkyh@Qlyfofo/khdj.k vkfn] mRrj izns”k esa vny&cny dj eDdk ds

lkFk vjgj rFkk lks;kchu dh [ksrh rFkk fetksje esa lkekU;lse vkSj gYnh( mRrj izns”k esa dh eksuksØkfiax ls pkoy] xsgaWw]eDdk] nkyksa vkSj fryguksa ds lkFk eYVhØkfiax( rFkk dukZVdesa ewxaWQyh dh eksuksØkfiax ls dikl dh eYVhØkfiax( vkSjifj;kstuk dkfeZdksa ds ekxZn”kZu esa pkj cht lfefr;ksas dkltu fd;k x;k rFkk 22 vkSj cht lfefr;ksa us viuh futhigy “kq: dj nh gSA jktLFkku] if”pe caxky vkSje/;izns”k esa lkr df’k O;olk; mRiknd dEifu;ksa dk xBufd;k x;kA

iwoksZRrj {ks= esa vnjd ,oa gYnh dh tSfod [ksrh dksc<+kok fn;k x;k rFkk oehZok”k ds lkFk oehZdEiksLV vnjd]gYnh] gjh fepZ] dkyh fepZ rFkk dkQh ds fy, tSfod [ksrhds izHkkohdj.k dk dk;Z fd;k x;k vkSj dsjy ds ok;ukMftys esa dEiksLV dks c<+k;k fn;k x;kA

I;kt mxkus ds fy, vkbZ-,u-,e- rFkk vkbZ-Mh-ih-,e-izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks c<+kok nsus ds vykok] fp=nqxZ ftys esa nksI;kt mRiknd la?kksa dk xBu fd;k x;k( jktLFkku esafHk.Mh vkSj ykyfepZ tSlh lfCt;ksa dh gkbZfczM [ksrh] rFkkiwoksZRrj {ks=ksa esa vkyw ,oa VekVj dh [ksrh dks c<+kok fn;kx;kA lh-,l-vkj-&ck;ks QkeZwys”ku us ckjkcadh ftys esa dsykvkSj VekVj dh [ksrh ls izkIr ykHk esa of) dhA mM+hlk esaunh fdukjs rjcwt dh [ksrh djus dh igy dk vf/kd izHkkoiM+kA fcgkj vkSj vksfM”kk esa dUn vk/kkfjr [ksrh iz.kkyh dslkFk vkyw] ftehdUn] “kdjdUnh] vkfn dh Qlyksa esa vf/kdlQyrk izkIr gqbZA NRrhlx<+ esa oklHkwfe ckxokuh LFkfr dsvUrxZr ,d la”kksf/kr Lons”kh xq:Rokd’kZ.k pkfyr fMªiflapkbZ iz.kkyh dks lQyrkiwoZd “kq: fd;k x;k lfCt;kaWmxkus ds fy, vif”k’V Xywdkst dh cksryksa dk iz;ksx djrsgq,] ,d vfHkuo flapkbZ rduhd tutkfr cgqy >oqvkftys esa fodflr dh xbZ( rFkk oklHkwfe vk/kkfjr mRiknuizkS|ksfxdh ds varxZr de ykxr dh cgq&izdkj dh ckxokuhiz.kkyh mRrj caxky rFkk fcgkj esa yksdfiz; gqbZA

if”pe caxky esa lHkh oxksZ ds d’kdksa ds fy, xjhchmUewyu gsrq lHkh DyLVjksa esa xzkeh.k eqxhZikyu mRiknu “kq:fd;k x;k( >cqvk ftys esa LFkkuh; :i ls ewY; of/kZr eqfxZ;ksadh iztkfr ^^dM+dukFk^^ dk laj{k.k ,oa lqn<+hdj.k fd;kx;kA jktLFkku ds fiNM+s ftyksa esa ^^fuHkhZd^^ eqxhZikyu dslao/kZu esa lQyrk izkIr gqbZ( dqek;waW {ks= esa mUur v.Mk lsusrFkk QhfMax izca/ku ds tfj, cSd;kMZ eqxhZikyu dk lao/kZulQyrk iwoZd fd;k x;kA >kj[k.M esa vkthfodk lqj{kk


xxxix

gsrq cSd;kMZ eqxhZikyu ,oa cr[k iz.kkyh dh “kq:vkr lsenn feyh gSA

fo”kq) vksLekukcknh cdfj;ksa ds lkFk xSj&of.kZr LFkkuh;cdfj;ksa dh mUur uLy ds mn~ns”; ls LFkkf;Ro gsrq egkjk’Vªesa ^^cdjh cSad^^ nf’Vdks.k dks viuk;k x;kA jk;cjsyh vkSjckjkcadh esa ekStwnk xSj&of.kZr cdfj;ksa ds mUu;u gsrqcjcjh rFkk fljksgh uLyksa dh “kq:vkr ,d lQyrk Fkh]jktLFkku ,oa cqUnsy[k.M fljksgh tSlh fo”kq) uLyksa okyhLFkkuh; xSj&of.kZr cdfj;ksa esa lq/kkj] dukZVd esa vksLekukcknhrFkk >k[k.M esa chVy uLyksa dk dk;Z “kq: fd;k x;kArfeyukMq esa lesfdr cdjh++ouLifr@Qwyksa dh [ksrh@eMqok¼feysV½ [ksrh iz.kkyh dks iznf”kZr fd;k x;kA LFkkfir izn”kZubdkbZ us iwoksZRrj {ks= esa oSdfYid vkthfodk fodYi ds :iesa cdjh ikyu ds ckjs esa tkx:drk lftr dhA gSEi”kk;jtSls mUur teZIykTe dh “kq:vkr ds ek/;e ls xSj&of.kZrLFkkuh; lqvjksa dk mUu;u >kj[k.M ,oa iwoksZRrj {ks= esavkfFkZd :i ls l{ke ik;k x;kA

uSnkfud ,oa xSj&uSnkfud FkuSyk jksx ls cpko djus,oa mipkj djus gsrq ,d vf/kd izHkkoh] vkfFkZd :i rFkkviukus esa lqxe izkS|ksfxdh fodflr dh xbZ vkSj mldkokf.kT;hdj.k fd;k x;kA QksyhD;wyj rFkk dksjil ywfj;e¼lh ,y½ ds fodkl dks izksRlkfgr djus gsrq ,d u;kQkeZwys”ku fodflr fd;k x;kA egjk’Vª ds fiNM+s ftyksa esamRiknu ls ysdj fcØh rd i”kq/ku fodkl dh ,d ewY;Ja[kyk iznf”kZr dh xbZA i”kqvksa dh ,d cgqewY; LFkkuh;nsouh uLy dks lajf{kr djus rFkk xSj&of.kZr i”kq/ku vkSjMs;jh i”kqvksa dh ØklczhfMax] chnj ftys esa pkj DyLVj&Lrjh;leqnk; izcaf/kr ,-vkbZ- dsUnz LFkkfir fd, x,A iatkc dsd.Mh ¼{ks=½ esa i”kqvksa ds fy, vkgkj esa ;wfj;k eksyklsleYVh&iks’kd Cykd ¼;w-,e-,e-ch-½ dk lEiwjd ,d ojnkufl) gqvk rFkk y?kq Ms;jh QkeksZ ds fy,] iksyhcSXl vkSjIykfLVd Mªeksa ds de ykxr ds Lyst mRiknu gsrq rduhddk fp=nqxZ ftys esa lQyrkiwoZd izn”kZu fd;k x;kA

efgyk lnL;ksa ds ek/;e ls vfrfjDr vk; ltu gsrq,d dk;Z{ke fodYi ds :i esa ltkoVh ¼vksukZesaVy½ eRL;ikyudk lao/kZu fd;k x;kA ,Qvkjih gspjh ;wfuV dh LFkkiukds tfj, dk;Z ds iztuu dks izsfjr fd;k x;kA rkykcksa esav/kZ&l?ku dkiZ iksyh dYpj] ihihih eksM esa ,Q-vkj-ihmRiknu bdkbZ ds tfj, ltkoVh eRL; lao/kZu] cr[k dslkFk lesfdr QkfeZx vk; l‘tu xfrfof/k;ksa ds :i esa “kq:

fd;k x;kA izlaLdj.k&iwoZ] iSdsftax vkSj ewY; o/kZu ds fy,csgrj :i ls fMtkbu dh xbZ ,d izlaLdj.k bdkbZ dhLFkkiuk dh xbZ( tutkfr lewgksa dks vpkj] pkdyh] ikiM+]dVysV] vkfn tSls mRiknksa dks rS;kj djus rFkk eNyh]izlaLdj.k ij gSaM~l&vku ijh{k.kkRed izf”k{k.k fn, x,++(fcgkj esa vkbZ-,Q-,l ekWMYl] e[kkuk $ fQ”k fla?kkjkiz.kkyh] iwoksZRrj igkM+h {ks=ksa esa tydf’k $ ckxokuh ,oalqvj $ eNyh iz.kkfy;kWa] vle esa tydf’k $ df’k $ckxokuh] lqvj $ eNyh $ ckxokuh] eqxhZikyu $tydf’k$ ckxokuh rFkk Ms;jh $ eNyh $ ckxokuh iz.kkfy;ka(rfeyukMq esa pkoy $ eNyh $ eqxhZikyu iz.kkfy;kWa] vkSjflfDde esa pkoy $ eNyh $ ouLifr ¼lCth½ iz.kkyh dksyksxksa dh vkthfodk rFkk ikS’kf.kd lqj{kk dks mUur djusgsrq loaf/kZr fd;k x;k rFkk( v) mRrkjk[kaM ds pEikor ftysesa vk; rFkk ikS’kf.kd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj ykus gsrq iksyh VSadks dkslesfdr esa eNyh $ e[kkuk $ ouLifr iz.kkyh dks c<+kokfn;k x;kA

fofHkUu dUlksfVZ;eksa }kjk vkthfodk mUu;u gsrq QkeZ;a=hdj.k rFkk Qly ds ckn dh izkS|ksfxdh dk lQyrkiwoZdizn”kZu fd;k x;kA QkeZ e”khuksa dh Qsczhds”ku rFkk mudhejEer djus ds fy, xzke Lrjh; dkjhxjksa] ystj ysoylZtSlh e”khujh ds izpkyu gsrq lsok iznkrkvksa dk fodklfd;k x;kA QkeZ izpkyuksa ds fy, e”khuksa dh miyC/krklqfuf”pr djus ds fy, vks ;w , Vh }kjk ,d dLVegk;fjax lsaVj dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA fnu&izfrfnu dh xfrfof/k;ksa esa Je esa deh ykus ds fy,] fo”ks’kdj xzkeh.k efgykvksads fy,] mUur gLr&vkStkj miyC/k djk, x,A vuqekuyxk;k x;k Fkk fd bu vkStkjksa ls dk;Z dq”kyrk esa 10&30izfr”kr rd lq/kkj gksus esa enn feyh gSA

,d xzkeh.k Ñf’k izlaLdj.k dsUnz dh LFkkiuk ds ek/;els vkthfodk mUu;u gsrq chnj esa ,d efgyk Lo&lgk;rklewg dk xBu fd;k x;kA fp=nqxZ ftys esa lqikjh ds iRrksadh IysV cukus dk m|e LFkkfir fd;k x;k] vjkjksVdan&Qyksa ls LVkpZ fudkyus ds fy, vksfMlk esa ifj;ksstukDyLVjksa ¼lewgksa½ esa rhu eksckby ¼py½ LVkpZ fuLlkj.ke”khusa LFkkfir dh xbZA xksM~Mk ftys esa lky ds iRrksa lsIysV cukus dh e”khuksa dks “kq: fd;k x;k( izkFkkfed :i lspkoy ds ifj’dj.k gsrq vle ds /ksekth ftys esa ,-,Q-ih-vkj- vks- us 19 pkoy feyksa dh “kq:vkr dhA cLrj {ks= esabeyh dh izkFkfed ifj’dj.k rFkk O;ikj dks c<+kok fn;k

FINAL REPORT

xl

x;kA gYnh vf/kd ewY; o/kZu gsrq fetksje esa ,d gYnhizkslsflax bdkbZ LFkkfir dh xbZA vkbZ-lh-vkj-vkbZ- esa cM+hbykbph dks dqafpr ¼D;wfjax½ djus rFkk mRrjh flfDde esamUur HkV~Vh dks laof/kZr fd;k x;kA xksM~Mk ftyk esa mUurvkthfodk ds O;kogkfjd fodYi ds :i esa ckWal f”kYi dksc<+kok fn;k x;k tgkWa cM+h ek=k esa ou vk/kkfjr ckWal miyC/kFkkAvukt rFkk cht ds Hk.Mkj.k gsrq vle rFkk jktLFkkuesa vusd dUlksfV;eksa }kjk lse ds Hk.Mkj.k dk dk;Z “kq:fd;k x;kA LFkkuh; Lrj ij jkstxkj ds volj l‘ftrdjus gsrq vuqlwfpr tkfr cgqYk x<+fpjksyh ftys esa Vlj lsjs”ke mRiknu dk dk;Z “kq: fd;k x;kA >kj[k.M vkSje/;izns”k esa vkthfodk mUu;u gsrq iykl rFkk csj ds o{kksaesa yk[k dh [ksrh dks iznf”kZr fd;k Xk;kA efgyk vuqdwyuiSj ls pkfyr jLlh cukus dh e”khusa miyC/k djkdj iatkcesa jLlh cukus ds tfj, vk; ltu dk dk;Z lQyrkiwoZd“kq: fd;k x;kA ^^;ksfxuh^^ ds :i esa bldk okf.kT;hdj.kdjus ds fy, vpkj cukdj ewY; of/kZr tSdQzw V dk lao/kZufd;k x;kA fdQk;rh rFkk vYikof/kd m|e gksus ds dj.k]vks,LVj e”k:e dh [ksrh dks vksfM”kk] fgekpy izns”k vkSjmRrjk[k.M esa xzkeh.k vkthfodk dks mUur djus gsrq c<+kokfn;k x;kA

th-bZ-,Q- mi&ifj;kstukvksa us fofHkUu Hkwfe vkÑfr;ksavkSj o’kkZ ty laxzg.k rduhdksa ds tfj, enk rFkk tyyo.krk esa deh ykus laca/kh iz;klksa ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;kAblls vf/kd vkenuh ds fy, mUur Qly mRikndrk rFkkfofo/khdj.k esa lgk;rk feyhA nwljh mi&ifj;kstuk us rhuÑf’k tyok;q {ks=ksa esa ySaMjslst] i”kq/ku rFkk eRL; tSfodlalk/kuksa dks lajf{kr j[kus ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;kA rhljhmi&ifj;kstuk us ck<+ izo.k rFkk lw[kk&izo.k {ks=ksa esatyok;q&ifjorZu ds vuqdwyu ij /;ku dsfUnzr fd;kA burhuksa mi&ifj;kstukvksa ds varxZr] Hkwfe izca/ku dk;ksZa dsvarxZr 8]000 ls vf/kd gsDVs;j {ks=Qy dks yk;k x;k] rFkk17]702 d’kdksa vkSj 16]200 eNqvkjksa us tyok;q fHkUurk rFkkifjorZu ds fy, ;kaf=d lqfo/kkvksa dks viuk;kA

ch-,l-vkj- ?kVd us Hkkjrh; Ñf’k esa y?kq] e/;e vkSjnh?kZdkfyd leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus gsrq u;s rFkkegRoiw.kZ vuqla/kku esa lgk;rk dhA dqy 61 dlksfVZ;eksa esa262 Hkkxhnkj laLFkk,Wa “kkfey Fkha tks ?kVd&4 dh fofHkUuxfrfof/k;ksa dks fu’ikfnr djus esa lEc) Fkha vkSj ftUgksausvk/kkjHkwr rFkk vUos’k.kdkjh vuqla/kku ij /;ku dsfUnzr

fd;k vkSj “ks’k xfrfof/k;kWa dk;Z&uhfrxr vuqiz;ksx&mUeq[k FkhaA

ty Hkjko VksysjsUV eDdk esa vtSfod nokc Vksysjsaldks lEc) djrs gq, vk.kfod Mksesu dh [kkst dh xbZ(pkoy esa gksE;kstkbft;l Vªkaltsfud ykbuksa dks O;Dr djusokyh vtSfod nokc izfrfØ;k”khy vks-,l-,Q-ch-ds-1 thudks ekbZd ,DlizsLM LVafVax VªsV ds lkFk tksM+ fn;k x;kAvyx&vyx rjg ls O;Dr 10 izksVhuksa tks yo.krk dsnokcdks de dj ldrh gSA ekbØks cslhfy;l iqfeyl,lch 49 ls igpku dh xbZA Qly jksi.k Qlyksa dsvUrxZr enk ds fy, ,flM VksysjsaV cSDVhfj;k ds dUlksfVZ;eksadh igpku dh xbZ( xUuk] ouLifr] vkSj dikl vk/kkfjrbZdksflLVeksa ds fy, rkieku rFkk dbZ jklk;fud dhVuk”klfg’.kqck;ks&isfDVlk;M dks fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k( CykLVjftLVsaV cklerh pkoy ykbUl dk Øe foU;kl fodflrfd;k x;k( VekVj Qy cksjjdhV gsyhdksosjik vkehZxsjk lsfudkyh xbZ iwjh yEckbZ dh ,d thu >ker dk Dyksu rS;kjfd;k x;k vkSj mls ,d= fd;k x;k( rFkk gsyhdksojsIikvkjehxsjk ls rhu thuksa ds Mh-,l-vkj-,u-,- dks la;ksftrdjus gsrq VekVj ds ikS/kksa dks tSfod :i ls rS;kj fd;kx;kA vfHk;kaf=d eksuksDyksuy ,UVhcksMh iz;ksx djrs gq, ikS/kok;jl ds Rofjr] laosnu”khy vkSj fof”k’V [kkst ds fy,uSnkfud vkStkj fodflr fd, x,A dSjV fMLdl ijykslu usekVksM izkVkbysU;l dkWQh dks lQyrk&iwoZdloaf/kZr fd;k x;kA blls lftr lwpuk ls Qyksa vkSj ouLifr¼lfCt;ksa½ Qlyksa esa ^ CgkbVQ~yksbZ ^ ds fo:) izca/ku dk;Zuhfrfodflr djus esa ;ksxnku feyus dh laHkkouk gSA

dikl esa js”kk fodkl gsrq fof”k’V thuksa fo”ks’kdk irkyxk;k x;k rFkk Vªkaltsfud nf’Vdks.k ds ek/;e ls mudksfu;ksftr djus dk dk;Z “kq: fd;k x;kA mPp lslkfeurRo ds lkFk nks vfHkof);ksa dk irk pyk( idkus esa csgrjxq.koRrk ds lkFk CykLV izfrjks/kh thUl okyh cklerhpkoy dh fdLeksa dk iFkDdj.k fd;k x;k( uhcw tkrh;Qyksa esa izFke ckj xqXxy esa vksCyhxsV lsDlqvy QhesyikS/kksa dh la[;k dk irk yxk;k x;k( rFkk tsusok fotuk]dqdqfel vkSj ,csy&eksdql dh lgh igpku ds fy, eksysdqyjVSDlksuksfed dht dk ykWx LVsafMax vuqoaf”kd lalk/kuksa dhizca/ku leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus gsrq ;qfDr fudkyh xbZA

fofHkUu Ñf’k tyok;q {ks=ksa esa Qwyksa dh [ksrh dks mUurcukus gsrq isDykscwVªktksy vuqiz;ksx us csekSleh vke dh


xli

Qly esa 140lsVhxzsM rd de rkieku gksus esa lQyrkiznf”kZr dhA 70 yk[k bulsDV iztkfr;ksa ls vf/kd dsyxHkx 1]800 yk[k dYpjksa dh QhYM thu cSad dk vuqj{k.kfd;k x;kA vkS’k/kh; ewY; {kerk okyh dqN ohM fof”kf’V;ksads of/kZr QkekZdksXuksfLVd Kku izkIr fd;k x;kA Ýs”kokVjckbokYot dh 25 ysfeyhMsUl rFkk iSjhfl;k fof”kf’V;ksa dhiqf’V dh xbZA ukuks&lsywykst dk iz;ksx djrs gq,]tSofofo/krk okyh la;qDr fQYeksa esa okf.kfT;d egRo ds ,dvfHkuo mRikn dks fodflr fd;k x;k] oS/krk iznku dh xbZvkSj mls ykblsalfn;k x;kA QkLQksjl] esaxfuf”k;e] Qsjl]ckSjksun vkSj iksVsf”k;e ds ukuks&ikVhZdYl dh ck;ksflUFksfllds fy, mi;qDr ekbØks vkxsZfuTe ¼26 Qaxh vkSj 1 cSDVhfj;e½dk irk yxk;k x;k( vfHkof) dh xbZ rFkk fodkl fd;kx;k( ck;ksykthdy rFkk QkLQsV ukuks ikVhZdYl ds lqjf{krmRiknu vkSj vuqiz;ksx gsrq izkVksdkyksa dks ekudhdr fd;kx;k( ukuks&Qkbfczy fQylZ ds lkFk ukuks&lYQj]ukuks&lsY;wykst dks la;ksftr djrs gq, uohu if)r;kaa fodflrdh xbZ rFkk ty lksY;wcy ukuks&QkewZys”ku cukus ds fy,,d vfHkuo ukuks&,udsIlwysVsM ^îzksihusc^^ fodflr fd;kx;kA

lsVsykbV uohxsVj xkbMsM moZjd LizhMj ds lkFk ,dmUur gkbZ Dyh;jsal eYVh& ;wVhfyVh okgu fodflr fd;kx;k( rFkk Mh-,l-,l vk/kkfjr ikap-jks cht vkSj moZjd fMªyfodflr dh xbZA

pkoy vkSj dikl uk”khdhVksa ds fy, iwoZ fu/kkZfjrkdhV iwoZkuqeku ekWMyksa ds lkFk lekfo’V ,d osCk lefFkZrfMlhtu liksVZ iz.kkyh ^^Qly dhV Mh-,l-,l^^ fodflrdh xbZA

pkoy] xsgwWa] eDdk] vjgj rFkk puk ds ekbØks uqfVª;aVn{k rFkk dYVhobksa dh igpku dh xbZ( fodflr lksVj MkVkcsl ds lkFk b.Mks&xaxsfVd lery vkSj CySd enk {ks= esadf’k ikfjfLFkfrdh; mi&{ks= lhek fodflr dh xbZA

Q~ySDlh&dEiksftV jcj pSd ck¡/k izkS|ksfxdh fodflrdh xbZA ,d Losn”kh Øk;kstsfud elkyk ihlus dh iz.kkyhfodflr dh xbZA yhph twl vkSj ;yks fQu Vwuk pad tSlhu’V gksus okyh oLrqvksa ds mPp nokc ifj’dj.k¼,p-ih-ih-½ gsrq izkS|ksfxdh fodflr dh xbZ( rFkk [kk| ,oaHks’kth; m|ksxksa esa vR;f/kd {kerk okyh vksyhxkslkPpsjkbM~lds iFFkdj.k gsrq ,d Økl¶yks fQYVªs”ku iz.kkyh fodflrdh xbZA

,d oSdfYid lesfdr vkbZlhVh ekWMy-VkWy ÝhvkbZohvkj,l lfgr ijLij ppkZ dh lwpuk izpkj-izlkjiz.kkyh] LekVZ Qksu vuqiz;ksx ,oa osc vk/kkfjr Ñf’k-ijke”khZiz.kkyh fodflr dh xbZ( bLVkaV MªkbZ bMyh feDl rFkkfeysV <+ksdyk feDl tSls ,Fkfud [kk| inkFkksZa ds fy,izkS|ksfxdh( rFkk ukfj;y VksM~Mh tSls cksostjstksa dk ekudhdj.kfd;k x;k rFkk okf.kT;hdj.k ds fy, iznf”kZr fd;k x;k(vkSj enk] Qlyksa] ekuoksa] i”kq/ku vkSj eNyh lfgr lEiw.kZ[kk| Ja[kykvksa ij enk esa vR;f/kd vklsZfud ds uqdlkunsgizHkkoksa ij dkcw ikus ds fy, fofHkUu mik;ksa ij izdk”k Mkykx;kA

*efgek* dk TkUe izkIr dj ysus ds vykok] fo”o esaizFke cNM+k dk ,d DYkksuM HkSal xfjek-AA ds :i esa tUegqvk( pkj LVse lsy iztkfr;ksa dks fodflr fd;k x;k vkSjlajf{kr fd;k x;kA vkxs okf.kfT;d iz;ksx gsrq cksfouliekZVkst+k ds Øk;ksfiztosZ”ku ds fy, ,DlVsamjksa ds :i esanks u, lks;k QkewZys”kuksa dks rS;kj djk;k x;kA Lruiku dhfofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa ds nkSjku nqX/kxzfUFk ,fiFksfy;y lSYl esaizksVhu y{k.k ¼ck;ksesdlZ½ fu/kkZfjr fd, x,( lhesu LVs”ku}kjk ØklczsM lkaMksa dh vLohdk;Zrk muds [kjkc xq.koÙkk dsoh;Z ls lacaf/kr Fkh( rFkk xHkkZoLFkk ds 34 fnuksa ds ikFkZsuks-tsusfVd cdjh ds Hkzw.k izkIr fd, x, tks fdlh Hkh i”kq/kufof”kf’V;ksa esa ;g lcls igyh fjiksVZ gSA

fyI;kUrj.kh; i”p Lrj ij gksLV isFkkstu bUVj&,D”kuesa fofu;eu ds cksfou Fku ds jksx ds iFkd fd, x, igyqvksaesa lw{e tSfodh; laØe.k ij ,e-vkbZ-vkj-,u-,l- cukeLVsQkbyksdksdql vkSjs;l ds dkj.k Fku ds jksx ds fy, ubZfo”oluh; fpfdRlh; dk;Z&uhfr;ksa dh Hkwfedk( dkv/;;u fd;k x;kA ;kd vkSj feFkqu dh lHkh 10 Vh-,y-vkj- dks Øe ls iwjk fd;k x;k( dSVfQ”k] jksgw vkSj “kkdZtSlh fofo/k eRL; fof”kf’V;ksa esa Vh-,y-vkj dk fV”kw&Lisf”kfQdthu ,Dlizs”ku fo”ys’k.k fd;k x;kA i”kqvksa esa fVd&fVddh /ofu djus dh vknr ij fu;a=.k djus gsrq nks gcZy;wdkuk”kh fodflr dh xbZ( isukbfMu rFkk fgLVksu izeksVlZds lkFk ,UVh&lsal dULVªDV dh izksVsfDVo ,Qhf”ka,lh dhtkWap dh xbZ vkSj OgkbV LikWV fl.Mªkse ok;jl ¼MCY;w ,l-,l-oh½ ds fo:) izn”kZu fd;k x;kA ioZrh; {ks=ksa esa ok;:ysaV“khi QqVjksV ds fo:) iw.kZ lsy oSDlhu dk fodkl fd;kx;kA

FINAL REPORT

xlii

LVsaM vyksu feYd daMfDVfoVh( rkieku] rFkk Hkkjekiu ds fy, ok;jysl lsalj&vk/kkfjr isMksehVj vkSj MkVkVªkalfe”ku flLVe fodflr fd, x,A

HkSlksa esa nw/k dh ek=k] olk vkSj izksVhu izfr”krrk dsfy, izek=kRed VªsV ykWdh dh igpku dh xbZA nw/k esadhVuk”kdksa vkSj lanw’kdksa ds vYVªk&Vªsl lkUnz.kksa dh [kkst dsfy, fpi&vk/kkfjr ckW;ks&lsalj rFkk ekbØks&osy fpi IysVQkeZfodflr fd;k x;kA ,d eksckby la;ksftr ;wfj;k ck;kslsalj¼tks lanwf’kr nw/k ;wfj;k uewuksa dh [kkst djus gsrq nw/k esaMh,l,l miyC/k djkrk gS½ vkSj nw/k ds uewuksa esa ;wfj;k dsvkWu&lkbV [kkst ds fy, dk;kZRed Lo.kZ uSuksikfVZdyvk/kkfjr lsalj iz.kkfy;ksa dks fodflr fd;k x;kA nw/k esafMVtsZaV dh [kkst ds fy, ,d fLVªi vk/kkfjr fof/k rFkkgkfudkjd cSDVhfj;k dh [kkst ds fy, fodflr izkS|ksfxfd;ksadks okf.kfT;d iz;ksx ds fy, LFkkukarfjr fd;k x;kA

thvks,l lfEeJ.k ls eksukslsdsjkbMksa vkSj Mk;lsdsjkbMksadh izfØ;k dk ekudhdj.k fd;k x;kA ch- QkbfczlksyosUltSls fjdEchusUV thok.kqvksa ds fefJr dYpjksa ds lkFk Lothos iz;ksxksa rFkk ,sLV ls /kku vkSj xsagw dh Hkwlh dh ikpuh;rkesa lq/kkj vk;kA QkbykstsusfVd fo”ys”k.k esa vf/kdrj i”kqvksao eosf”k;ksa esa esFkuksfczfocsDVj vkSj esFkkukscSDVhfj;e dhcgqyrk ikbZ xbZA lHkh MksjusLVhdsVsM i”kqvksa esa fizoksVsyk dksizeq[k Qkbcj ds :i esa ik;k x;k tks cSDVhfj;k dks fMxzsMdjrk gS( vkSj cSDVhfj;k dks de djus okys nks iksVsaV ukbVªsVdh igpku dh xbZ rFkk 20 lYQsV vip;d cSDVhfj;kfo;ksftr fd, x,A

ukWd&Mkmu ,e,lVh,u thu okys ,Ecz;ks izkIr fd,x, vkSj dks[knk;h cdfj;ksa esa vkxs LFkkukarj.k ds fy, mUgsacdjh esa Øk;ks ifjjf{kr fd;k x;kA

vusd ,tsafl;ksa }kjk 15 izkS|ksfxfd;ksa dks igys ghfodflr fd;k tk pqdk gSA ?kVd us 2013 esa df’k&fuos”kdlEesyu ds nkSjku 28 izkS|ksfxfd;ksa rFkk 16 ,evks;w@ykblsalksa¼1-8 djksM+ :i;ksa ds½ dks iznf”kZr fd;kA okf.kfT;d oSY;w dsdqy 20 mRiknksa dks fodflr fd;k x;k vkSj okf.kfT;dnksgu ds fy, mPp {kerk okys ¼yhM~l½ vU; 41 mRiknksa dksHkh fodflr fd;k x;kA

dUlksfVZ;k us 85 isVsaV vkosnuksa dks Qkby djus dhlwpuk nh] ftlesa ls 40 dk izdk”ku fd;k tk pqdk gSA nksvarjkZ’Vªh; ¼ihlhVh½ vkosnu ¼,ukykbVs lsalj fpIl vkSjekbdksVkWfDlu vuqiz;ksx ds fy, fo”ys’k.k½ Qkby fd, x,

gSa rFkk ,d vkLVªsfy;u “kkWVZ isVsaV ¼,ukykbVs lsalj fpIl dsfy,½ dks igys gh eatwjh ns nh xbZ gSA

dqy 653 “kks/ki=ksa dks ihvj fjO;w tuZyksa eas izdkf”krfd;k tk pqdk gS ftuesa ls 274 “kks/ki=ksa dks ,u-,-,l-,l-dh 7 ls Hkh vf/kd dh jsfVax feyh gSA foKku ds lhekar {ks=ksaesa ns”k esa mPpRrj laLFkkuksa@iz;ksx”kkykvksa esa 5754 oSKkfudksadks izf”k{k.k fn;k x;k vkSj yxHkx 325 oSKkfudksa dksfodflr ns”kksa esa mPpRrj izf”k{k.k fn;k x;kA

,u,vkbZih eas i;kZoj.k vkSj lkekftd j{kksik; ¼bZ ,oa,l½ izca/ku dks fofHkUu mi&;kstukvksa ds rgr mi;qDr :ils LFkkfir fd;k x;kA laHkkfor dkcZu izPNknu vkSj mRltZuvip;u gLr{ksiksa dks leqnk;ksa }kjk p;fur fd;k x;k vkSjlacaf/kr mi&;kstuk LFkyksa esa mudk vuqlj.k fd;k x;kAbuesa QhYM Lrj ij “kwU; ;k U;wure tqrkbZ] LikWV flapkbZ]efYpax fufof’V;ksa dk n{krkiw.kZ mi;ksx vkfn( leqnk; Lrjij fVEcj dh df’k okfudh vkSj jksi.k] QkeZ Lrj ij /kqavkjfgr pqYys( lkSj lM+d fctyh dk laLFkkiu] o’kkZty lap;u,oa laxzg.k bR;kfn rFkk leqnk; }kjk izcaf/kr fo”ks’k iz;kstuh;okgd “kkfey gSaA

miksRikn ds fuiVku ds dkj.k muds izfrdwy izHkko dksde djus gsrq vif”k’V ds miksRikn mi;ksx dks izksRlkfgrfd;k x;k( mnkgj.k ds fy, dqdht+ dks rS;kj djuk] nkyfey m|ksx ds vif”kV ls cuZ( diM+ksa dks lq[kkus ds fy,flaFksfVd MkbZ dks izfrLFkkfir djus gsrq uspqjy MkbZ dhlaHkkouk dks ryk”kuk( flaFksfVd jax dks izfrLFkkfir djusgsrq i;kZoj.k & gksyh jax ikoMjksa dk mi;ksx( rfeyukMq esa25]000 ,dM+] rd Ñf"kokfudh ds lekukarj foLrkj ds ek/;els i;kZoj.k ij ,d ldkjkRed izHkko Mkyuk( vkS|ksfxdmRiknksa esa fQYVj ds :i esa ckW;ksfMxzsMscy ,oa i;kZoj.k &fgrS’kh dkW;j fiFk ds lkFk feV~Vh vkSj vU; ekbu okyhlkefxz;ksa dk izfrLFkkiu( Qly vof”k’Vksa dks [ksrksa esa tykusds dkj.k iznw’k.k ls fuiVus gsrq ckW;ksekl vk/kkfjr ikojtujs”ku vkSj fo”kkDr dhVuk”kdksa ds mi;ksx de ls dedjus gsrq tSo & dhVuk”kd lfEeJ.kksa dk mi;ksx vkSji;kZoj.k rFkk ekuo LokLF; j{kksik;A fofHkUu gLr{ksiksa dsudkjkRed izHkko dks de djus] vfirq yf{kr {ks= dsi;kZoj.k ,oa lkekftd lajpuk ij ldkjkRed izHkkoksa dksvfHkxzfgr djus ds fy, Hkh iz;kl fd, tk jgs gSaA bugLr{ksiksa esa % ¼i½ psd ck/kksa ds ek/;e ls o’kkZty lap;u]xsfc;kWu lajpuk bR;kfn( ty lap;u] laj{k.k vkSj mldk


xliii

n{krkiw.kZ mi;ksx( ¼ii½ enk ty laj{k.k rFkk Qly mRikndrkc<+kus gsrq “kwU; tqrkbZ vkSj ystj ls Hkwfe leryu( ¼iii½ enktkap vk/kkfjr flQkfj”k ds ek/;e ls moZjdksa vkSj jklk;fudksadk larqfyr mi;ksx( ¼iv½ enk LokLF; esa lq/kkj ykus gsrqoehZdEiksLV vkSj dEiksLV dk iz;ksx djrs gq, tSfod [ksrh(¼v½ df’k &jklk;fudksa ds mi;ksx dks de djus gsrq vkbZih,evkSj vkbZ,u,e izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksx( ¼vi½ pkoy eNyhdqDdqV [ksrh iz.kkyh esa dqDdqV Mªkfiax ds ek/;e ls [kkn dhvkiwfrZ( ¼vii½ enk vijnu jksdus rFkk vk; c<+kus ds fy,ckal dk jksi.k( ¼viii½ enk LokLF; esa lq/kkj gsrq vif”k’Vizca/ku vkSj ¼ix½ tyh; vif’k”V ty g;kflaFk dk uoksUes’khtSo&fu;a=.k “kkfey gSaA

lkekftd j{kksik; ds fy, fd, x, dqN iz;klksa esa ¼i½leqnk; cht cSad dk l‘tu( ¼ii½ dqDdqV dh LFkkuh; uLyksa]vFkkZr ^dkndukFk^ rFkk NksVs tqxkyh] tSls ^fljksgh^ cdjh¼ftlls leqnk;ksa dks vkfFkZd ykHk feyrs gSa½ dk izkjaHk( ¼iii½Qly fofo/khdj.k ds ek/;e ls u;k O;olk; “kq: djus dsfy, foKkuksa }kjk îzksM~;wlj daifu;ksa dh LFkkiuk( ¼iv½ykHkizn ,oa la/kkj.kh; df’k ds fy, lesfdr [ksrh iz.kkyh(rFkk ¼v½ cM+s iSekus ij Lo&lgk;rk lewgksa dk la?khdj.k¼ftlls fyax l”kDrhdj.k gksrk gS rFkk vk; esa of) gksrh gS½“kkfey gSA

tSo&izkS|ksfxdh lacaf/kr mi&;kstukvksa esa thuksa] ,yhy]VªkafLØI”ku dkjdksa vkSj okgdksa esa nksgu ij v/;;uksa dksiz;ksx”kkyk rd lhfer j[kk x;k vkSj dUVsUM gfjrxglqfo/kkvksa dks orZeku tSo lqj{kk lfefr fofu;eu ds vuqlkjlapkfyr fd;k x;kA ikniksa }kjk ?kjsyw QkLQksjl dslaof/kZr mi;ksx ds fy, uSuks izkS|ksfxdh ij mi&;kstukvksa esarFkk “kq’d enkvksa esa mPp ueh /kkfjrk esa uSuks&moZjdksa dsvuqiz;ksxksa esa vuqiz;ksx ij fd, x, ijh{k.kksa ds nkSjku laLrqrch&2 lqj{kk Lrj dk vuqlj.k fd;k x;kA i”kqvksa ijv/;;u laca/kh mi&ifj;kstukvksa esa eqn~nksa ij ifj;kstukizfrc)rk vkSj laLFkkfud i”kq uhfrijd lfefr dh Lohdfrds vuqlkj fopkj fd;k x;k vkSj tgka Hkh bUgsa ykxw fd;ktkuk Fkk] mUgsa gy fd;k x;kA blh izdkj ls] i”kqfpfdRlkjksxk.kqewydksa dk lapkyu ,oa fuiVku fn”kk-funsZ”kksa ds vuqlkjfd;k x;k vkSj ogka dksbZ Hkh i;kZoj.kh; ,oa lkekftd [krjksadh laHkkouk ugha FkhA

ifj”kq) [ksrh ls moZjdksa] dhVuk”kdksa rFkk “kkdukf”k;ksads de vuqiz;ksx ds dkj.k ldkjkRed i;kZoj.kh; izHkko

iM+us dh laHkkouk gS vkSj thih,l flLVe ls VªSDVj vkSjenk Bksliu ds fy, vipf;r bZa/ku mi;ksx dh laHkkouk,agSa( df’k esa uSuks ikfVZdy mi;ksx dh tSo&lqj{kk lqfuf”prdjus gsrq uSuks&izkS|ksfxdh esa fn”kk-funsZ”kksa vkSj ,lvksihrS;kj fd, x, vkSj mudk izdk”ku fd;k x;k( pkoy dhubZ fdLeksa esa izfrjks/kh thuksa ds ifjfu;kstu ls pkoy dhQly ij dhVuk”kd ds Hkkj dks de djus ds ykxr izHkkohlk/kuksa dks miyC/k djkus esa lgk;rk feysxh ftlds QyLo:ii;kZoj.k dks iznwf’kr gksus ls rFkk gkfudkjd dhVuk”kdksa dkekuoksa }kjk iz;ksx dks jksdus esa lgk;rk feysxh vkSj doduk”khfNM+dko ij fufof’V ykxr de gksxh( izLQqVu izfrjks/khpkoy fdLeksa ls izR;sd o’kZ izLQqVu jksx ds dkj.k 50izfr”kr rd mit uqdlku dks de dj [ksrhgj leqnk; dhvk; c<+sxhA

,d Lora= ckg~; lykgdkj }kjk ifj.kke ij dsfUnzr,u-,-vkbZ-ih- dk izHkko ewY;kadu fd;k x;k FkkA lykgdkjus 25 jkT;ksa esa QSys 65 pqfuank dalksjfV;k dk e/;kof/kdizHkko ewY;kadu fd;kA

yxHkx 5000 izfrfØ;k nsus okyksa@fgr/kkjdksa] ftuesacjkcj ;k nks&frgkbZ daVªksy Fks] rFkk vkfnoklh vkSj efgykvksalfgr 90 izfr”kr ls vf/kd fdlku@Jfed@nLrdkj Fks]dhrqyuk ifj;kstuk ds lkFk^ vkSj fcuk^ losZ{k.k }kjk fd;kx;k ¼fo”ys’k.k ds fy,] le; dh deh ds dkj.k dsoy2]672 uewuksa dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k vkSj uewuksa esa cfgokZfl;ksadh Hkh vuqefr nh xbZ½A

;g ik;k x;k fd ?kVd&1 dh mi&ifj;kstukvksa dsifj.kkeLo:i lwpuk vk/kkuh rd lexz :i ls csgrj igqapgqbZ] csgrj n{krk ds fy, vkbZ-lh-Vh- vuqiz;ksx gqvk] izkS|+ksfxfd;ksads m’ek;u ds fy, uoksUes’kh IysVQkeZ dk fodkl gqvk]blds vykok izkjafHkd mf|erk vkSj okf.kT;dj.k gqvkAmRiknu ls miHkksx iz.kkyh rd lkexz cy ds lkFk ?kVd&2ds QyLo:i mRiknu] izlaLdj.k] iSdsftax] QkjoMZ lEidZtSls egRoiw.kZ pj.kksa ij dLVksekbTM gLr{ksiksa ds ek/;e lsewY; o‘f) J‘a[kyk ln<+ gqbZ ftlls Hkkxhnkjksa ds vk; Lrjesa of} gqbZ] xzkeh.k m|ksx@dEifu;ksa dk ltu gqvk] vU;ds lkFk xq.koRrk esa lq/kkj gqvkA LFkk;h xzkeh.k vkthfodklqj{kk ij dsfUnzr ?kVd&3 ds QyLo:i vk; esa of) gqbZ]jkstxkj dk ltu gqvk] fdlku lewgksa vkSj Lo;a lgk;rklewgksa dk xBu gqvkA oSKkfud vkSj izkS|ksfxdh; leL;klek/kku ds fy, izdk”ku dh xq.koRrk] isVsaV vkosnu vkSj

FINAL REPORT

xliv

vf/kd l{kerkvksa ds lkFk ?kVd&4 ds izHkko df’k foKku dsvxz.khØeksa esa ewyHkwr vkSj lkefjd vuqla/kku ds vuq:i FksA

?kVd&2 vkSj 3 ds izHkko eq[;r% fdlkuksa dh vk; esaof)] fdlkuksa dh mRikndrk vkSj mRiknu esa of)] Qlydh l?kurk esa of) vkfn ds lanHkZ esa FksA izkS|ksfxdh vkSjlwpuk izkS|ksfxdh volajpuk ds fodkl ds dkj.k Hkfo’; esaizkIr gksus okys laHkkO; ykHkksa ds vk/kkj ij ?kVd&1 vkSj 4ds izHkko dk ewY;kadu fd;k x;k FkkA ;|fi laHkkfor HkkohykHkksa dh dVkSrh djus ds i”pkr~ ch-lh-vkj- ¼ykHk ykxrvuqikr½ vkSj ,u-ih-oh- ¼fuoy orZeku ewY;½ ds lanHkZ esa?kVd&1 vkSj 4 ds v/khu mi&ifj;kstukvksa ds foRrh; vkSjvkfFZkd izHkko dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k Fkk] rFkkfi ?kVd&2vkSj 3 ds v/khu mi&ifj;kstukvksa ds foRrh; ykHk ykxrvuqikr vkSj vkfFkZd ykHk ykxr vuqikr izHkko dk fu/kkZj.k,Q-ch-lh-vkj- ¼foRrh;ykHk ykxr vuqikr½ vkSj ¼vkfFkZdykHk ykxr vuqikr½ ds lanHkZ esa fd;k x;k FkkA

fo”ys’k.k ls Li’V :i ls ;g fofnr gksrk gS fd %?kVd&1 us 1-65 dk lexz ch-lh-vkj- vkSj ,d ldkjkRed,u-ih-oh- izkIr fd;k vkSj ldkjkRed ,u-ih-oh- fn[kykrk gSfd mi&ifj;kstuk,a vkfFkZd vkSj foRrh; nf’V ls ykHknk;dFkh( ?kVd&2 us lexz :Ik ls 2-05 ,Q-ch-lh-vkj- vkSj 2-07dk bZ-ch-lh-vkj- izkIr fd;k( ?kVd&3 us lexz :i ls 1-91dk ,Q-ch-lh-vkj vkSj 1-67 dk bZ-ch-lh-vkj- izkIr fd;k(vkSj ?kVd&4 us lexz :i ls 1-73 dk ch-lh-vkj vkSjldkjkRed ,u-ih-oh- izkIr fd;k ftlls irk pyrk gS fdewyHkwr vkSj lkefjd vuqla/kku dk;ZØe esa fuos”k djus dsfy, ;g vkfFkZd :i ls O;ogk;Z gSA

uewuk mi&ifj;kstukvksa ds lEiw.kZ ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- dscfgosZ”ku ds vk/kkj ij] vuqekfur lexz ,Q-ch-lh-vkj- 1-81gS vkSj bZ-ch-lh-vkj- 1-75 gSA vkfFkZd vkSj foRrh; ykHk dsvfUre Lusi “kkWV] tks lexz :i ls ,u-,-vkbZ-ih- ls izksn~Hkwrgqvk gS] ds lexz :i ls 40 izfr”kr ds fjVuZ dh vUrfjenj ds lkFk 13291-10 fefy;u :i;s ds vkjfEHkd fuos”k ij¼th-bZ-,Q- ?kVd lfgr½ 23]808-81 fefy;u :i;s gksus dkvuqeku gS( vkSj vftZr ykHk 23]098-74 fefy;u :i;s gS¼th-bZ-,Q- ?kVd dks NksM+dj½A

,u-,-vkj-,l- esa ftUgsa eq[;/kkjk esa ykuk gS ] muesa ;s“kkfey gS% laHkkO; Hkkxhnkjksa dh igpku ds ek/;e lslaizR;;hdj.k vkSj izLrko fodkl( izpkyukRed loaf)Zrcgqyokn dk dalksjfV;k eksM] lgfØ;k vkSj ewY; lao)Zu

ftldk ,u-,-vkj-,l- dks lqn<+ djus esa ;ksxnku gS( ;|fiizfrLi/khZ foRriks’k.k dk ltukRed fopkj vkSj “kh/kz] DokfyVhla”kks/ku vkSj mRrnk;h vfHk”kklu dk yksd fo”okl vkSjlqpk: ifj;kstuk izac/ku esa ;ksxnku gksrk gS vkSj bllsleh{kk vkSj vuqeksnu dh izfØ;k iwjh djus esa yxus okykle; de gksrk gS( ljdkjh laLFkkuksa] iz;kstu] opuc)rkvkSj usrRo dh ekStwnxh ds vk/kkj ij fuxfer fudk;ksa vkSjflfoy lkslkbfV;ksa dks lafonkRed vkSj vuqdwyu eksM esa“kkfey djds dslksjfV;k esa lkoZtfud futh Hkkxhnkjhcukuk( fuf/k;ksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, lh-ih-vkbZ- vkSj lh-lh-ih-vkbZ dks “kfDr nsus ls le; ij dkjZokbZ esa lqfo/kk dsvfrfjDr vuqla/kku laLFkkuksa esa “kfDr dk fodsUnzhdj.k djukvf/kd ikjnf”kZrk ds dkj.k fo”o cSad dh izfØ;k ds ek/;els oLrqvksa] fuekZ.k dk;ksZa vkSj lsokvksa dh [kjhn mi;ksxle>h xbZ fuf/k dks bl iz;kstu ds fy, lftr iFkd [kkrsesa vkWu ykbu vUrfjr djus ds rU= ds lkFk lHkhmi&ifj;kstukvksa us vf/kd lUrks’k O;Dr fd;k( vkUrfjdvkSj ckg~; fo”ks’kK nyksa }kjk] rduhdh] foRrh; vkSj volajpukdh nf’V ls mi&ifj;kstukvksa dh izxfr dh vkof/kd ekuhVfjaxdjus ds fy, mi&ifj;kstukvksa esa vR;f/kd lqn<+ ra=cuk;k x;k vkSj ;g dkQh vf/kd mi;ksxh cuk;k x;kA

,u-,-vkbZ-ih- dk eq[; cy ifj;kstuk vof/k ds cknifj;kstuk dk;Zdykiksa dh /kkj.kh;rk dk rU= fodflrdjus ij FkkA ?kVd&1 daalksjfV;k ds vf/kdka”k dk;Zdykidks Hkkxhnkj laLFkkuksa dh 12oha ;kstuk esa “kkfey fd;k x;kA,l-ds-;w-,-,l- Vh&d”ehj esa dslj oSY;w psu mi&ifj;kstukdks jk’Vªh; dslj fe”ku ls Lohdr 411 djksM+ :0 esa lslgk;rk nh tkuh gS( Mh-,l-vkj- esa feysV QwM ij oSY;w psumi&ifj;kstuk dks vkbZ-,u—,l-vkbZ-,e-ih- us lgk;rk dhAlQy oSY;w psu mi&ifj;kstukvksa vkSj Vh-,u-,-;w- QwyksavkSj df’k&okfudh esa /kkj.kh; O;olk; ekWMy rS;kj fd;sx, gSa vkSj df’k&okfudh mi&ifj;kstukvksa ds v/khu 10djksM+ :i;s ewY; ds le>kSrk Kkiuksa ij gLrk{kj fd, x,gS( ,l-ds-;w-,-,l-Vh&d”ehj esa i”ehuk mi&ifj;kstuk dsdsUnzh; Åu cksMZ ls lgk;rk ds :i esa 10 djksM+ :i;s izkIrgq, gSaA lh-,l-ds-,p-ih-ds-oh- us lhcdFkkseZ ij fgekpyizns”k esa O;kid dk;Z djus ds fy, lgk;rk dh gS vkSj1]000 djksM+ :i;s ds dqy ctV ds lkFk ikap jkT;ksa ds fy,lhcdFkkseZ ij ,d oSY;w psu ifj;kstuk ds jk’Vªh; lhcdFkkseZfe”ku ds v/khu vkus dh laHkkouk gSA lh-vkbZ-,Q-Vh- esa NksVs


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osykiorhZ vkSj ehBk ty eRL; ij mi&ifj;kstuk dksdsjy ljdkj ds ekfRL;dh foHkkx ls vkaf”kd lgk;rk izkIrgqbZ gSA

?kVd&3 dk eq[; cy ifj;kstuk vof/k ds cknifj;kstuk dk;Zdykiksa dh /kkj.kh;rk dk rU= fodflrdjus ij FkkA bl fn”kk esa fd, x, dqN iz;klksa esa “kkfeygaS% /kkj.kh;rk fuf/k dk ltu] tgka ifj;kstuk ds v/khufdlku fo”ks’k dks nh xbZ oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa ds fy,ykHkHkksxh fdlkuksa ds va”knku }kjk ifj;kstuk ds fuorZu dsckn dkQh le; esa dk;Zdykiksa dks vkxsc<+k;k tk,xkA lHkhdalksjfV;k }kjk dqy 7-51 djksM+ :i;s dh /kujkf”k lftrdh xbZ gSAlaLFkkxr rU= dk fodkl&izR;sd dalksjfV;k esalewg vkSj xzke&Lrjh; lfefr;ka xfBr dh xbZ gSa vkSjifj;kstuk ds dk;kZUo;u ds nkSjku fodflr vkj-Vh-lh-@oh-vkj-lh-@vkbZ-Vh- fd;ksLd mUgsa lgk;rk nsuk tkjhj[ksaxs( iapk;rh jktlaLFkkuksa vkSj blh izdkj dk dk;Z djusokys foHkkxksa] xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa rFkk dsoh-ds-ds- lkFkmRd’V lEidZ LFkkfir fd, x, gSa( vkSj vk”kk gS fd mudhlgk;rk ls ;g dk;ZØe j[kk tk,xk( e/;LFkksa dh Hkwfedkdks de djus vkSj izkjfEHkd mRiknd dks vf/kdre vkfFkZdYkkHk fnykus ds fy, ,l-,p-th-@lh-vkbZ-th-@,l-,p-th-ds QsMjs”ku] ,Qchth vkSj mRiknd lewg cuk, x, gSa(

{kerk fuekZ.k&izpkyu {ks=ksa esa] ;qokvksa dks ^lsok iznkrk^ ds:i esa izf”kf{kr fd;k x;k gS] vkSj os vius xkaoksa esa jgdjubZ izkS|ksfxfd;ksa ds izpkj&izlkj ds fy, îzkS|ksfxdh ,tsaV^ds :i esa dk;Z djsaxs( Ja[kyk dk fuekZ.k&;g vo/kkj.kkifj;kstuk ds dk;Z dykiksa dks tkjh j[kus ds fy, O;ogkjesa ykbZ xbZAdbZ dalksjfV;k us dk;ZØeksa dks tkjh j[kus dsfy, ^,d yks&,d nks dh vo/kkj.kk dh uhfr viukbZ gSA

lkeqnkf;d cSad cukuk&dqN mi&ifj;kstukvksa dsv/khu uoksUes’kh xzke Lrjh; ôkf.kfT;d cSad^ cuk, x, vkSjmUgsa yksdfiz; fd;k x;k vkSj ;s ifj;kstuk vof/k ds cknlgk;rk nsuk tkjh j[ksaxsA ?kVd&3 ds v/khu dalksjfV;k usvf/kdre ykHk ds fy, jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj vU; laxBuksa dslkFk lgfØ;k fodflr djus ds fy, iz;kl fd,A

ch-,l-vkj- ?kVd ds v/khu] dbZ dalksjfV;k us tkjhj[kus ds fy, ckg~; lgk;rk ekaxh gS ;k ekax jgs gSa vkSjHkkjrh; df’k vuqla/kku ifj’kn ds laLFkkuksa }kjk viuh 12oha;kstuk esa dqN dk;Zdykiksa dks “kkfey fd;k gSA jcj pSdMSe] usuks&dhVukf”k;ksa] eYVh&,ukykbV~l tSls dalksjfV;knw/k vkSj ty esa v”kqf);ksa@lanw’k.k dk irk yxkus ds fy,vius vuqla/kku vkSj okf.kfT;d fgrksa ds fy, ifj;kstuk&mijkar le>kSrk Kkiu djus dh izfØ;k esa gSaA

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In the light of fast-changing national and globalagricultural scenario, the transformation of NationalAgricultural Research System (NARS) into NationalAgricultural Innovation System (NAIS) was attemptedthrough the implementation of National AgriculturalInnovation Project (NAIP) by the Indian Council ofAgricultural Research (ICAR) with World Bank (WB)support.

The NAIP was jointly funded by the WB (Creditnos. 41610 and 41620) and the Government of India(Plan funds). The total cost of the Project was USD250 million, out of which the approved credit amountfrom the WB was USD 200 million. The Governmentof India share was USD 50 million. The Project alsoreceived a grant of USD 7.34 million for sustainableland ecosystem management (SLEM) sub-projectsunder the Global Environment Facility (GEF)programme of the WB. The NAIP was approved onApril 18, 2006, with an effective date of September 18,2006 for implementation. After the completion ofextension period, it was closed on June 30, 2014.

The overall objective of NAIP was to facilitate anaccelerated and sustainable transformation of theIndian agriculture from self-sufficiency to market-orientation, so that it could support poverty alleviationand income generation through collaborativedevelopment and application of agriculturalinnovations by the public organizations in partnershipwith private sector, NGOs, farmers’ groups, and otherstakeholders.

The NAIP mainly addressed challenges ofstrengthening institutional capacity in the NARS;improving coordination among institutions within andoutside the NARS to bring about pluralism; andpromoting partnerships among the national and stateagricultural R&D institutions, private sector and thecivil society organizations including NGOs andfarmers’ groups in Consortia mode to speed up thetransition to a more competitive agricultural sector.

The specific objectives of NAIP wereoperationalized through four different components - i)“ICAR as the catalyzing agent for management ofchange in the Indian NARS” (Component-1), aimed atbringing in organizational changes in the NARS; ii)“Research on production to consumption systems”(Component-2), ; iii) “Research on sustainable rural

livelihood security” (Component-3), whichemphasized on research (on farm) for improving anddeveloping the most suitable farming systems andallied off-farm activities in the less favourableenvironments, regions and groups so that livelihoodof the rural poor was improved through assured food,nutrition, employment and income; and iv) “Basic andstrategic research in frontier areas of agriculturalscience” (Component-4), aimed at makinginvestments in basic and strategic research in frontierareas of agricultural science in order to sustain theirflow especially when knowledge has become a globalcommodity. In addition, three sub-projects undercomponent-3 were also funded by the GlobalEnvironment Facility (GEF) programme of The WB.

Under each of the four components, a number ofsub-components / themes were identified through awidespread stakeholder consultative process to serveas thrust areas for implementing various sub-projects.Accordingly, five thrust areas under component-1,eight under component-2, seven under component-3and ten under component-4 were identified and anumber of sub-projects were implemented undereach one of them.

The NAIP was implemented in a decentralizedmanner. A frequent and intensive interaction with abroad array of NARS partners, clients and otherstakeholders including the private sector was ensuredever since the Project was in the conceptual stage,and all through its implementation phase. Towardsensuring smooth and effective implementation of theproject, various committees were formed at thenational and sub-project/consortium levels.

As envisaged in the Project Implementation Plan(PIP) document, a Project Implementation Unit (PIU)was created at the ICAR headquarters to act as thesecretariat for executing the NAIP. It was maderesponsible for the overall coordination and facilitationof implementation of the entire NAIP under thedirection and supervision of the Project ManagementCommittee (PMC). The PIU was headed by theNational Director (ND) who was ably supported byfour National Coordinators, one each for the fourcomponents of NAIP. While activities related to thefinance and administration including procurementwere taken care by a Director and a Deputy/Under


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Secretary, respectively, other functions were handledby the specialists attached to the PIU or asconsultants.

Overall management of the sub-project activitiesrested with the Consortium Principal Investigator(CPI) at the Lead Institution and the Consortium Co-principal Investigators (CCPIs) at the partneringInstitutions. The success of NAIP sub-projects couldalso be attributed to the empowerment of CPIs andCCPIs. This helped not only in efficient managementof fund but also helped in maintaining timeliness oftechnical programme. Delegation of powers to CICand CAC also helped in close monitoring and makingneed-based mid-course corrections in the approvedprogramme.

The majority of sub-projects under component-1were identified and awarded in sponsorship modeprimarily to ICAR Institutes and AgriculturalUniversities in view of the component’s relevance tothe NARS. On the other hand, all the sub-projectsunder components- 2 and 4 and majority of the sub-projects under component-3 were awarded through atwo-stage competition process under the CompetitiveGrants Scheme (CGS).

The proposals submitted by the consortia underall the Components were rigorously screened by thespecially constituted Expert Committees and thepotential ones were forwarded to the concerned TAGsin the case of components- 2, 3 and 4, and to theO&MAG for component-1 for further review andsuggest modifications wherever required. Some ofthe TAG Members were also included in the ExpertCommittees in the review process so as to avoiddelay in review. Invariably, the CPIs were asked tomake presentations of their proposals before theconcerned Advisory Groups. In addition, the AdvisoryGroups also made site visits to their institutions toverify the information provided in the proposals.The accepted proposals were then forwarded bythe concerned Advisory Groups with theirrecommendations to the O&MPC in the case ofcomponent-1, and to the RPC in the case ofcomponents- 2, 3 and 4 for final approval. Thoseproposals costing more than Rs. 10 crores from any ofthe four components were forwarded to the PMC forapproval.

In the NAIP as a whole, nearly 17 per cent of theCNs submitted by various Consortia got short-listedfor FP development; and around 80 per cent of theFPs received by the PIU were finally approved by the

concerned high level committees for implementation.On an average, it took 10 months to complete theprocess. In all, 203 sub-projects (including 3 GEFsub-projects) with 203 consortia leaders and 653consortia partners were approved. One of the keyinnovations of NAIP was to bring pluralism to thesystem.

While the public sector institutions, both withinand outside the NARS, participated in all thecomponents significantly, the private sector incomponent-2 and the NGOs in component-3 madenoteworthy contributions in building PPP for effectiveimplementation of NAIP. Component-4 had themaximum number of sub-projects (61), followed bycomponent-1 (55), component-2 (51) andcomponent-3 (36).

A common set of rules and guidelines wereprepared and adopted for all the consortia to ensureappropriate financial management. Capacity buildingof Finance Officers of all the approved consortia wasdone for better understanding of financial proceduresof NAIP and the WB. The PIU-Finance Unit, headedby Director (Finance), was responsible for the overallfinancial management of the NAIP including theestimation of fund requirements for differentpurposes, timely disbursement of funds, maintenanceof proper accounting and audit, establishment ofseparate bank accounts, and ensuring timely receiptof bank reconciliation statements by / from eachimplementing agency.

The fund for the project was budgeted in theDARE/ICAR’s Plan budget including counterpartfunds of 20 per cent (50 million USD), as anidentifiable single-head budget item each year. The 1st

release was made after the receipt of annualstatement of expenditure (SoE) from the consortiapartners. The 2nd release was made after the AuditUtilization Certificate (AUC) was received andexpenditure of the first two quarters was assessed tobe adequate. The procurement under NAIP was in adecentralised mode and was carried out by theconsortia/ consortia partners based on sanctionsmade under their sub-projects. The procurementconsultant guided and assisted the consortia inprocurement of goods/ equipment and consultancyservices by vetting the proposals, bid documents,liaise with WB and also performed sampleprocurement audit of consortia partners. Since mostof the consortia were not familiar with the procurementprocedures under the WB financed projects, the

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procurement consultant imparted training for capacitybuilding of implementing agencies on procurementprocedures and guidelines.

The NAIP implementing agencies were highlysatisfied with the procurement under the project. Theyhave shown high acceptability of these procedures forprocurement in their organizations. Almost all theconsortia could handle procurement throughshopping and NCB. While many consortia like NDRI,IARI, NBPGR, CIRCOT, IVRI and other majorInstitutes at Hyderabad, Bangalore, etc. were welltrained to handle procurement through ICB, some ofthe other consortia under Institutes like IASRI werealso well trained to take up procurement of IT systemindependently to some extent.

Adequate grievance redress mechanism was putin place and necessary guidance was issued to all theconsortia. The NC (component -3) was identified as aNodal Officer. The Under Secretary was the contactpoint person. All complaints were addressed onpriority. To monitor the progress, a complaint registerwas maintained at the PIU, procurement cell.

The project design included appropriateindicators for monitoring the progress andachievement of the PDO. A number of specialistswere responsible for the overall M&E effort within theproject and vis-à-vis Partners, as well as for providingtimely and relevant information to the NAIPmanagement team and stakeholders. A professionalM&E consultant firm (M/s CES Pvt. Ltd.) was hired inMay 2007 for the entire project period to assist thePIU. To facilitate M&E task, a user-friendly ‘M&EManual’ was prepared by the M&E consultants.

The overall objective of the component 1 was tobuild critical capacity for providing support to othercomponents of the NAIP in particular, and tostrengthen the NARS in general. Towards improvingthe system-wide efficiency, effectiveness andproductivity, the major objective of the componentwere addressed through five sub-components viz.,Information, Communication and DisseminationSystem (ICDS); Business Planning and Development(BPD); Learning and Capacity Building (L&CB);Policy, Gender Analysis and Visioning (PGAV); andRemodeling Financial and Procurement Systems(RFPS).

A dedicated portal on e-Courses covering all theseven disciplines was made available at http://ecourses.iasri.res.in; for open and distance learning,500 RLOs under five themes were developed; a

database of metadata and abstracts of about 7,627dissertations and more than 6,000 dissertationshaving full text was created and made availableonline; a digital library, e-Granth by connecting 37libraries of the NARS at IARI was created; about3,490 journals could be accessed in CeRA, which isnow the most sought after on-line platform byscientists/teachers in the NARS for literature search;the e-Publishing (EPKSAR) portal developed in theproject has made significant impact on the publishingprocess and manuscript management of researchjournals; the Agricultural Knowledge Management(AKM) consortium developed an agriculturalknowledge management portal available at http://www.agropedia.iitk.ac.in; farmer-specific agricultureadvisory call centre was developed with an interactivevoice response system; The ADDSIAR established atthe DKMA is committed to promote ICT driventechnology and information dissemination system;The RKMP portal developed is the mostcomprehensive and one stop shop source forinformation on rice; the first supercomputing hub forIndian agriculture called ASHOKA was established atthe IASRI; a state-of-the-art infrastructure facility forconducting online examination of ARS/NET of ASRBwas created; a DSS was developed to address thelow crop yield in saline environments and improve therural livelihoods holistically by deploying innovationsin Geo-IT and resource management technologies;and the capacity of ICAR to develop information indifferent media was strengthened with a focus todevelop an overall interactive and effectivecommunication system in seven languages for variousstakeholders by using appropriate media vehicles.

A total of 22 BPD Units set up in five SAUs and 17ICAR Institutes to promote agri-business throughtechnology commercialization, as well as to nurtureinnovations in the agricultural sector havecommercialized 331 odd agro-technologies, providedpilot level production facilities to the start-upentrepreneurs, incubated many innovative ideas todevelop into proto-types; facilitated filing more than200 patent applications and incubated 1,218entrepreneurs/ agri-based start-ups, out of which 91ventures have successfully graduated.

A number of capacity building activities weretaken up. Nine hundred and four scientists from theNARS underwent domestic and overseas training;over 3200 scientists and faculty from the NARS weretrained through 130 MDPs, developed a roadmap and


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strategy to institutionalize the practice of e-learningusing open source technologies relevant for theNARS; enhanced the capacity for GIS applications inagricultural research and management, and ICTs useby rural women; a number of case studies onorganizational change, agricultural supply chains,rural livelihoods assessment, and technology deliverymodels were made;

Commodity market outlook models for majorgrains and oilseeds were developed; a format forstrengthening the PME Cells in the SAUs and ICARInstitutes was developed and implemented in ICAR tointegrate them into the mainstream for effectiveprioritization; a “SMART-CDM” approach wasdeveloped and implemented to achieve carbonsequestration through adaptation and mitigationactivities at the household, farm, landscape, andcommunity levels; a database model for knowledgemapping of nanotechnology in agriculture wasdeveloped; higher income of the adopters of marketadvisory compared to the non-adopters revealed itsimportance and utility; the PIU-Procurement Unitfacilitated the process through training (1492 personstrained at 34 locations),and in preparing theprocurement manual and simplifying the purchaseprocedure; the software of ICAR-ERP was developedusing Oracle ERP to facilitate efficient and effectiveplanning and management of resources, and wasmade available at URL: http://icarerp.iasri.res.in; aspart of the capacity building exercise for ERPimplementation, the IBM and IASRI team organizedtraining programmes at major ICAR Institutes andthose located in Delhi, and carried out sensitizationworkshops and they sensitized 240 personnel forMIS/FMS implementation along with detaileddiscussion on data digitization templates;

The objective of establishing market-orientedcollaborative research alliances for sustainableimprovement of selected agricultural production toconsumption systems (value chains) aiming at higherreturns to farmers, processors and others in the chainwas addressed in component 2 through 8 sub-components viz., agro processing; export promotion;food security and income augmentation; food securityand income augmentation/agro processing; incomeaugmentation and employment generation; incomeaugmentation and employment generation /processing; income augmentation and employmentgeneration / resource use efficiency; and resourceuse efficiency. A total of 51 sub-projects were

approved and implemented on value chains ofagricultural produce like cereals, fruits, vegetables,flowers, meat, fish, dairy foods, bio-colours,neutraceuticals, bio-energy, etc. through 28 ICARInstitutes, 22 SAUs, 38 private industries and 29NGOs.

Two feed processing units for the production of“Complete feed” from crop residues, and one Modelslaughter house for clean meat production fromsheep were established; integrated crop productiontechnologies for coconut in 250 ha area covering 534farmers organized under 10 CBOs and one SHG unitwas established for the mass production ofTrichoderma - a bio-control agent marketed as‘Ethiran’, and a pollution-free carbonization plant wasfabricated to produce charcoal from coconut shell; asmall-scale lac processing unit was established at theIINRG Research Farm; supply of improved linseedvarieties (PKV NL260) and package of practices withbuy-back guarantee at five per cent incentive onmarket rate resulted in substantial increase in linseedproductivity and production, and innovativeapproaches to resource high grade omega-3 fattyacid from linseed was successfully demonstrated;micro-tubers and micro-plants of potato wereproduced in vitro and were planted under insect proofnet house for the production of mini-tubers, andpotato hybrid HT/03-704 and Kufri Himsona werefound suitable in organoleptic test and qualityattributes for baby potatoes; tomato varieties rich inlycopene content were developed, and simple andcost-effective processes were developed for theextraction, purification, analysis and quality control ofa number of natural colorants like Anthocyanin fromblack carrot and jamun juice, capsanthin frompaprika, Lycopene concentrate from fresh tomatoand/or tomato paste, and Phycocyanins fromSpirulina biomass; production technology ofchrysanthemum for year-round cultivation and that ofparthenocarpic cucumber and capsicum underinsect-proof net houses for semi-arid conditions weredeveloped and standardized; GAPs for highproductivity of tomato were standardized; hybridVaibhav and several genotypes were found suitablefor higher yield and processing qualities; and themodel of “Collaborative Farming Holistic Services”helped in direct marketing of tomato to the industry.

Pollution preventing system for drum roastingcashew processing units and non-thermal technologyfor raw cashew cutting and peeling and a portable

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moisture meter and a low-cost method for theextraction of anacardic acid from the cashew shellwere developed; table top paddle operated NAIPcharkha was fabricated and distributed to beneficiaryspinners; improvised warping systems were installedon community basis, and quality standards forpashmina shawl were developed; precisionproduction technology was standardized for jasmine,African marigold and carnation, an export packagingtechnology for jasmine flowers was developed; andthe Tamil Nadu Flower Growers’ association waslinked with jasmine exporters; A new ginger HYV“Suprabha” was introduced; evaporative coolchambers were promoted for the storage of seedginger, on-farm ginger washer and peeler wasdeveloped to reduce the drudgery and time ofprocessing, and market; soil test-based fertilizationand eco-friendly fly traps were promoted for qualitymango and guava production, and six Mango and fourGuava Growers Associations were formed and linkedto processors, traders and exporters: increasedawareness on deep sea high value yellow fin tuna inthe Lakshadweep Island; introduced improved fishingmethod like pablo boats for tuna longline fishing, andimproved masmin production method to reduce thehazardous benzopyrene content and increase theconsumer acceptability was developed; and acommercial fishing trawler MV Titanic, of >20 moverall length was modified for commercial squidjigging operations, and three ready-to-cook and threeready-to-eat products were developed, branded andtest marketed successfully.

Incorporation of herbs Phyllanthus niruri,bacterium Bacillus subtilis, and Aloe vera in dietresulted in better growth performance in murrelfingerlings; biodegradable artificial substratestechnology was demonstrated to increase the carpgrowth; simple monoclonal antibody based diagnostickit was developed; commercial food products weredeveloped by utilizing the milling industry by-productsto improve the market value of rice and the pulse andten standard Indian subcontinent food formulae weredeveloped; a multichannel AVG filleting machine wasdesigned and developed to simultaneously separatethree distinct layers of Aloe vera leaf, and Aloe-basedfruit juices from amla, mango and pineapple wereprepared; value-added products based on the 2-octanol like phthalate, maleate, fumarate, sebacate,adipate, and benzoate were developed, and processfor the extraction of ricin-free protein from castor cake

was developed; a specialty corn (QPM) wasintroduced for the production of maize value-addedproducts; an initiative was made to create a post-production supply chain link, and value-added maize-based feeds were developed and tested to providebalanced nutrition to the animals; primary processingline for processing of pearl millet and barley wasdeveloped and technology for pearl millet and barleylassi with novel starter bacteria having amylolytic,proteolytic and phytase activity was developed; aneffective module for the control of bacterial blightdisease in pomegranate was developed, valueaddition to the unmarketable fruits was made throughthe production of quality wine; and a pomegranatejuice and concentrate processing unit wasestablished; ten landraces of seabuckthorn wereidentified and conserved in the gene bank, andmethodologies for the preparation of value-addedseabuckthorn food products along with their storageand packaging technologies were standardized; toolsfor safe harvesting of under-utilized fruits designedand fabricated, and value-added products weredeveloped; a honey harvest kit was developed forsustainable honey harvest from cliff, rural honeyprocessing industries were established, and censusof wild bee colonies and documentation of wild beeflora was carried out, and pollen bank for 200 beefloral species was created; and primary processingand secondary processing methods in sorghum weredeveloped and fine-tuned and came out with goodquality products that were superior to rice productsand on par with wheat-based products, and massiveawareness was created on sorghum as health andnutria food through road shows in Hyderabad and inexhibitions by imparting awareness of sorghum toacross 40,000 consumers through fabricated JowarRath.

Processing technologies such as dyeing cotton,silk and banana fibre with natural dyes and eco-powders and eco-paints were developed and anatural dye incubation centre was established; pre-fabricated instant grass carpet was developed usingbiodegradable backing cloth made of jute andcoconut fibre, formulation for the treatment of unrettedcoconut fibre by common chemicals to make it softerfor better handling was developed, and a novel fibredefibreing machine was designed, developed andfabricated especially for the green husk; short rotationindustrial wood agroforestry was demonstrated, low-cost clonal technology and mini-clonal technology


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were developed for casuarina, and semi-mechanizedharvesting system was introduced; and a durable,lighter, safe, hygienic, and easy-to-maintain FRP boatdesign was introduced for reservoir fishing,"Speed-Rpm-Fuel Card” was created to operate fishing boatsoptimally to achieve fuel efficiency, and an innovativelight weight and portable women-friendly fresh fishvending stations were fabricated and deployed.

Mechanized community milking practices wereintroduced, incorporation of probiotics in yoghurtusing micro-encapsulation technology wasdeveloped, a novel milk bio-beverage namedBiofevita was developed, and Oxo-biodegradablecups and sachets were developed for packaging ofmilk and milk products; Patchouli was newlyintroduced in Chitradurga district of Karnataka, and apilot scale steam distillation unit was installed; andtechnology for the production of Prosopis juliflora podbased feed block was perfected, and the processtechnology for Prosopis juliflora pod based syrup, fineflour and fiber were also standardized.

Village based Decentralized Crushing Unit(DCU) was developed and operationalizedsuccessfully for syrup and fodder production fromsweet sorghum, and technology for enhancing theshelf-life of juice was developed; an innovativeintegrated approach using aquaculture and sub-surface drainage system was developed to reclaimrecently abandoned and low productive sugarcanefields; processes for scouring, bleaching, coating,chemical treatment, printing and pigmentation offabric made from banana fibre yarn werestandardized, a process was standardized forpreparing pulp from the banana fibre and scutcherand their quality was evaluated, and the use ofenriched sap as organic liquid fertilizer was promoted;through embryo cloning technique, a cloned goat“Noori” was produced; and six pure lines of Kalajeeralandrace of rice having > 19 per cent AC wereidentified in Orissa, and twelve community threshingyard, two community storage go-down, five villageseed-grain bank, and one central go-down wereestablished and managed by the farmingcommunities.

Briquette based gasifier was evaluated withmixed briquette of soybean and pigeon pea and thepower generated was used to run the briquetting plantand dhal mill, and there was noticeable reduction infield burning of straw in the nearby areas around thebriquetting plant and power plant; four value-added

botanical formulations (Melia - 2, Eupatorium - 2) andtwo formulations of Trichoderma were selected,validated and finalized forcommercial exploitation.

In all, 51 Private Industries and 18 NGOsparticipated in various consortia under thiscomponent. In all, 305 technologies (131 productionand 174 processing technologies) were developedunder this component. Maximum numbers oftechnologies were developed. A total of 58 small andmedium enterprises were established to ensureprocessing and value addition in the long run, andtogether they did a business worth R158 million duringthe Project period.

The research activities under this componentresulted in 34 patents, out of which 27 were fromhorticulture. Export of jasmine to Dubai increasedfrom 600 to 900 kg/day and the net profit to thestakeholder increased from R2,250 to 9,250 /day. Indry flowers, the value of export increased from R43 to95 million.

Under component 3, 33 sub-projects wereapproved and implemented in 91 disadvantageddistricts including 20 with tribal population more than50 per cent. Besides these, three sub-projectscovering eleven districts were approved andimplemented under GEF funding. The consortiumpartners under the component sub-projectsincluded 39 ICAR Institutes, 43 SAUs, 66 NGOs and35 other organizations. Under these sub-projects,sustainable models based on integrated farmingsystem (IFS) approach were developed for thelivelihood security of vulnerable groups, particularlylandless people, marginal and small farmers.

A cost-effective and portable “Ramakant nadikund”, a circular structure of iron with both ends openand holes on the sides that could be sunk in the sandof dry riverbed to lift water through pump sets withoutgetting the foot valve choked was developed forirrigation of rabi crops in Dumka and Jamtara districts;pitcher irrigation method was demonstrated inorchards for judicious use of water; intervention onpipeline networking and social engineering forparticipatory management by farmers with andwithout bore wells towards sustainable use ofgroundwater was undertaken; over 30 defunct openwells were recharged by diverting the runoff from anearby water way and the four ponds dug for storingwater helped in recharging the bore wells; by theintroduction of contour trenching in Karwadi-Nandapur watershed, rainwater was harvested which

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led to increase in groundwater table along withconservation of soil in the trenches; in the Bastarregion, construction of soil conservation andrainwater harvesting structures not only saved ricefrom drought but also helped in groundwaterrecharging; a low-cost indigenous gravity operateddrip systems in badi farming condition wasdeveloped; watershed-based farming systemmodules, use of plastic delivery pipes and dieselpumps in the Sonebhadra and Mirzapur districts led toincrease in the water table and net irrigated area;water resource development efforts made in the NEHregions include terracing and construction ofrainwater harvesting structures like low-cost modifiedThai Jar to store water; farmers in the Mewat areawere motivated to shift from flood irrigation to thepotential micro irrigation system combined withmulching with crop residues to improve the water useefficiency and move towards more intensiveagriculture by growing vegetables like tomato; in NWHimalayas, construction of staggered contourtrenches and check dams were promoted to conservewater; and among the land and soil managementefforts promoted, zero tillage practice, establishmentof community-based vermicompost and biogas units,and most importantly the use of CSR-BIO to raisecommercial crops in sodic soils were most effective.

Introduction of improved varieties and hybrids ofmaize in the uplands of Bastar and Jhum lands ofNagaland, and in the backward districts of Gujarat,Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan; rice HYVs in theNEH region, Purulia district of West Bengal andWayanad district of Kerala; green gram and blackgram HYVs in West Bengal; groundnut HYVs in theNEH region and West Bengal; sesame HYVs in UttarPradesh; soybean HYVs in Madhya Pradesh;mustard Hybrid in the NEH region; and linseed HYVsin Maharashtra; SRI method of rice cultivation in WestBengal; dry line sowing of paddy in Uttar Pradesh;transplanting of redgram in Bidar; and zero tillage formustard in the NEH region; cropping system/ cropdiversification viz., intercropping maize with pigeonpea and soybean in Uttar Pradesh and with commonbean and turmeric in Mizoram; rice monocropping tomulticropping with wheat, maize, pulses and oilseedsin Uttar Pradesh; and groundnut monocropping tomulticropping with cotton in Karnataka; and four seedsocieties were created and 22 more came up on theirown initiative, under the guidance of projectpersonnel; seven agribusiness producer companies

were formed in Rajasthan, West Bengal and MadhyaPradesh.

Organic cultivation of ginger and turmeric waspromoted in the NEH region; and Organic farmingcertification was done for ginger, turmeric, greenpepper, black pepper and coffee with vermicompost,vermiwash and fortified compost in Wayanad districtof Kerala.

Besides promoting INM and IDPM technologiesfor growing onion, two Onion Growers Associationswere formed in Chitradurga districts; hybrid cultivationof vegetables like okra and chilli in Rajasthan, andpotato and tomato in NEH regions was promoted;CSR-BIO formulation increased the profitability ofbanana and tomato in Barabanki district; interventionon river bank watermelon cultivation had high impact;tuber-based farming system with crops like potato,yam, sweet potato, etc. met with great success inBihar and Orissa; a modified indigenous gravityoperated drip irrigation system was introducedsuccessfully under homestead garden (badi) farmingcondition in Chhattisgarh; an innovative irrigationtechnique using waste glucose bottles for vegetablecultivation was developed in tribal dominated Jhabuadistrict; and a low-cost multi-tier horticulture systemunder homestead-based production technologybecame popular in North Bengal and Bihar.

Rural poultry production was introduced acrossall the clusters for alleviation of poverty for allcategories of farmers in West Bengal; conservationand strengthening of local high value poultry race‘Kadaknath’ in Jhabua district was done; promotion of‘Nirbheek’ poultry was a success in the backwarddistricts of Rajasthan; promotion of backyard poultrythrough improved brooding and feeding managementwas successful in Kumaun region; and introduction ofbackyard poultry & duck system contributed to thelivelihood security in Jharkhand.

The ‘Goat Bank’ approach with the objective ofbreed improvement of the local non-descript goatswith pure Osmanabadi goats was adopted forsustainability in Maharashtra; introduction of Barbariand Sirohi breeds to improve the existing non-descriptgoats in Raebareli and Barabanki was a success;improvement of local non-descript goats with purebreeds like Sirohi in Rajasthan and Bundelkhand,Osmanabadi in Karnataka and Beetal in Jharkhandwas taken up; integrated goat + vegetable /floriculture / millet farming system was demonstratedin Tamil Nadu; and the demonstration unit established


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created awareness about goat rearing as an alternatelivelihood option in the NEH region; improvement ofnon-descript local pigs through introduction ofimproved germ plasm like Hampshire was found to beeconomically viable in Jharkhand and NEH region.

A highly effective, economical and easy to adopttechnology to prevent and treat clinical and sub-clinical mastitis was developed and commercialized;a new formulation to stimulate the development offollicular and corpus luteum (CL) was developed; avalue chain on cattle development starting fromproduction to sale was demonstrated in backwarddistricts of Maharashtra; to conserve the valuablelocal Deoni breed of cattle and crossbreeding of non-descript cattle and dairy animals, four cluster-levelcommunity-managed AI centres were established inBidar district; the supplementation of urea molassesmulti-nutrient blocks (UMMB) in the diet proved aboon for the animals in Kandi belt of Punjab; and forsmall dairy farms, the technique for low-cost silageproduction in polybags and plastic drums wassuccessfully demonstrated in Chitradurga district.

Ornamental fishery was promoted as a viableoption for additional income generation throughwomen members; induced carp breeding throughinstallation of FRP hatchery unit, semi-intensive carppoly culture in ponds, ornamental fish culture throughFRP production unit in PPP mode, seed rearing andintegrated carp with duck farming were introduced asincome generation activities; a well-designedprocessing unit for pre-processing, packaging andvalue addition was established and hands-onexperiential trainings on fish processing andpreparation of products like pickle, chakli, papad,cutlet, etc. were imparted to tribal groups; IFS models,makhana + fish singhara system in Bihar,aquaculture + horticulture and pig + fish systems inNEH regions, aquaculture + agriculture + horticulture,pig + fish + horticulture, poultry + aquaculture +horticulture, and dairy + fish + horticulture systems inAssam, rice + fish + poultry system in Tamil Nadu, andrice + fish + vegetable system in Sikkim waspromoted to improve the livelihood and nutritionalsecurity of people; and v) Integrated fish + vegetablesystem in polytanks was promoted to improve incomeand nutritional status in Champawat district inUttarakhand.

Farm mechanization and post-harvesttechnology were successfully demonstrated forlivelihood improvement by various consortia. Village

level artisans for fabrication and repair of farmmachines and service providers for operatingmachinery like laser levelers were developed. Acustom hiring centre was established by the OUAT toensure the availability of machines for farmoperations. Improved hand tools were provided,particularly to rural women, for drudgery reduction inday-to-day activities. These tools helped in improvingthe work efficiency by 10-30 per cent.

A women SHG was formed in Bidar district forlivelihood improvement through the establishment ofa rural agro processing centre; Areca leaf platemaking enterprise was promoted in Chitradurgadistrict; three mobile starch extraction machines wereinstalled in the project clusters in Orissa for starchextraction from arrowroot tubers; machines formaking plates from the sal leaves were introduced inthe Godda district; the AFPRO introduced 19 rice millsin Dhemaji district of Assam for primary processing ofrice; primary processing and trade of tamarind waspromoted in the Bastar region; a turmeric processingunit was established in Mizoram to boost valueaddition in turmeric; curing of large cardamom in theICRI and improved bhatti was promoted in NorthSikkim; bamboo craft was promoted as a viable optionfor enhanced livelihood in the Godda district where alarge quantity of forest-based bamboo was available;storage bins were introduced by several consortia inAssam and Rajasthan for the storage of grain andseed; tasar sericulture was introduced in STdominated Gadchiroli district to generate employmentopportunities at the local level; lac cultivation in palasand ber trees for livelihood improvement wasdemonstrated in Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh;income generation through rope making wassuccessfully introduced in Punjab by providingwomen-friendly foot-operated rope making machines;value addition in jackfruit was promoted by makingpickles for commercializing it as ‘Yogini’; being a low-cost and short-duration enterprise, oyster mushroomcultivation was promoted for the upliftment of rurallivelihood in Orissa, Himachal Pradesh andUttarakhand.

The GEF sub-project focused efforts to reducesoil and water salinity through different land shapingand rainwater harvesting techniques. This facilitatedimproved crop productivity and diversification forenhanced income. The second sub-project focusedon conserving landraces, animal and fish geneticresources in three different agro-climatic regions. The

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third sub-project focused on adaptation to climatechange in flood-prone and drought-prone areas.Under these three sub-projects, more than 8,000 haarea was brought under land management practices,and 17,702 farmers and 16,200 fishermen adoptedcoping mechanism for climatic variability and change.

The BSR component supported novel andcutting-edge research to address the near, mediumand long-term problems of Indian agriculture. A total of61 consortia comprising 262 partner Institutions wereinvolved in executing various activities of thecomponent- 4 were focused on basic and exploratoryresearch and the rest were strategic / application-oriented.

Molecular domain involving abiotic stresstolerance in water-logging tolerant maize wasdiscovered; homozygous transgenic lines expressingabiotic stress responsive OsFBK1 gene tagged withmyc gene expressed stunting trait in rice; tendifferentially expressed proteins that might imparttolerance to salinity stress were identified from themicrobe Bacillus pumilus SB49; consortia of acidtolerant bacteria were identified for soils underplantation crops; temperature and multiple chemicalinsecticide tolerant bio-pesticides for sugarcane,vegetable, and cotton-based ecosystems wereidentified; an array of blast resistant basmati rice lineswere developed; a full length gene jhamt derived fromthe tomato fruit borer pest Helicoverpa armigera wascloned and mobilized, and tomato plants weregenetically engineered to synthesize dsRNA of threegenes from Helicoverpa armigera; diagnostic tools forrapid, sensitive and specific detection of plant virusesusing engineered monoclonal antibody weredeveloped; lesion nematode Pratylenchus coffeaewas successfully cultured on carrot discs; andinformation generated is likely to contribute to developmanagement strategy against ‘whitefly’ in fruit andvegetable crops.

Genes specific to fibre development in cottonwere identified and their deployment throughtransgenic approach was initiated; two accessionswith high sesamin content were identified; assortmentof basmati rice lines containing blast resistance geneswith good cooking quality was done; a population ofobligate sexual female plants in guggul was identifiedfor the first time; in citrus, 11 candidate polyembryonygenes were identified and cloned; and moleculartaxonomic keys for correct identification of generaVigna, Cucumis and Abelmoschus were devised

to solve the long-standing genetic resourcesmanagement problems.

Peclobutrazol application to advance theflowering in different agro-climatic zones showedsuccess at as low temperatures as up to 14oC in off-season mango; field gene bank of about 1,800 lac-cultures of more than 70 lac insect lines wasmaintained; incremental pharmacognostic knowledgeof some weed species having potential medicinalvalue was achieved; and species identity of 25Lamellidens and Parreysia specimens of freshwaterbivalves was confirmed.

An innovative product of commercialsignificance was developed, validated and licensed inbiodegradable composite films using nano-cellulose;microorganisms (26 fungi and one bacterium)suitable for biosynthesis of nanoparticles of P, Mg, Fe,B, and K were identified, cultured and developed;protocols for safe production and application ofbiological and phosphate nanoparticles werestandardized; novel methods for synthesizing nano-sulphur, nano-cellulose and bio-degradable plasticwith nano-fibril fillers were developed; and a novelnano-encapsulated ‘PROPINEB’ was developed formaking water soluble nano-formulations.

An improvised high clearance multi-utility vehiclewith satellite navigator guided fertilizer spreader wasdeveloped; and a microprocessor and DSS basedfive-row seed-cum-fertilizer drill was developed.

A web enabled decision support system “CropPest DSS” incorporated with predefined pest forecastmodels for rice and cotton pests was developed.

Micronutrient efficient and inefficient cultivars ofrice, wheat, maize, pigeon pea and chickpea wereidentified; Agro-ecological sub-region boundaries inthe Indo-gangetic plain and black soil region wererevised with SOTER database developed;

Flexi-composite rubber check-dam technologywas developed; an indigenous cryogenic spicegrinding system was developed; technology forhigh pressure processing (HPP) of perishablecommodities like litchi juice and yellow fin tunachunks was developed; and a cross flow filtrationsystem was developed for the separation ofoligosaccharides having tremendous potential in foodand pharmaceutical industries .

An alternative integrated ICT model – interactiveinformation dissemination system involving toll-freeIVRS, smart phone application and web-based agri-advisory system was developed; technology for


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ethnic foods like instant dry idli mix and millet dhoklamix, and beverages like coconut toddy wasstandardized and showcased for commercialization;and various steps to overcome the harmful effects ofexcess arsenic in soils on the entire food chainincluding soil, crops, human beings, livestock and fishwere elucidated.

Besides achieving the birth of ‘Mahima, the firstcalf in the world to be born to a cloned buffalo Garima-II’, four stem cell lines were developed andconserved; two new soya formulations as extendersfor the cryopreservation of bovine spermatozoa weremade ready for further commercial use; proteinsignatures (biomarkers) were identified in mammaryepithelial cells during different stages of lactation;rejection of crossbred bulls by the semen station wasrelated to their poor quality semen; andparthenogenetic goat foetus of 34 days of pregnancywas achieved, which is by far the first report in anylivestock species.

Role of miRNAs upon bacterial infection inbovine mastitis unravelled new aspects of regulationin host-pathogen interactions at the post-transcriptional level vis-à-vis new promisingtherapeutic strategies for mastitis caused byStaphylococcus aureus; oncolytic viral genes forcancer therapy in bovines were identified; all the 10TLRs of Yak and Mithun were sequenced completely;Tissue-specific gene expression analysis of TLRs indivergent fish species like Catfish, Rohu and Sharkwas done; two herbal acaricides were developed forthe control of ticks in animals; protective efficacy ofthe anti-sense constructs with penaeidin and histonepromoters was tested and demonstrated againstwhite spot syndrome virus (WSSV); and whole cellvaccine against virulent sheep foot rot in mountainousregions was developed.

Wireless sensor-based pedometer and datatransmission system for the stand-alone milkconductivity, temperature and weight measurementwere developed.

Quantitative trait loci for milk yield, fat andprotein percentage were identified in buffaloes; chip-based bio-sensor and micro-well chip platform wasdeveloped for detection of ultra-trace concentrationsof pesticides and adulterants in milk; a mobileintegrated urea biosensor that provides a DSS in milksupply chain to detect adulterated milk urea samples,and functionalized gold nanoparticles-based sensorsystems for the on-site detection of urea in milk

samples were developed; a strip-based method forthe detection of detergent in milk; and technologiesdeveloped on the detection of harmful bacteria in milkwere transferred for commercial use.

Process for the removal of monosaccharides anddisaccharides from the GOS mixture wasstandardized; in vitro trials with mixed cultures ofrecombinant microbes such as B. fibrisolvens andyeast improved the digestibility of paddy and wheatstraw; phylogenetic analyses revealed predominanceof Methanobrevibacter and Methanobacterium inmost of the animals; Prevotella was found to be thepredominant fibre degrading bacteria in all thedomesticated animals; and two potent nitratereducing bacteria were identified and 20 sulphatereducing bacteria were isolated.

Embryos having knock-down MSTN gene wereproduced and cryopreserved in goat for furthertransfer into surrogates.

Fifteen technologies developed have alreadybeen adopted by a number of agencies. thecomponent showcased 28 technologies during theAgri-investors Meet in 2013 and 16 MOUs/ licencesworth R 1.8 crores. A total of 20 products havingcommercial value were developed, and another 41products with high potential (leads) were alsodeveloped for commercial exploitation.

Consortia reported filing of 85 patentapplications, out of which 40 have been published.Two international (PCT) applications (for analytesensor chips and device for analysis of mycotoxinsapplication) have been filed, and an australian shortpatent (for analyte sensor chips) has already beengranted.

A total of 653 research papers, 274 with a NASSrating >7 have been published in peer reviewedjournals. Five thousand seven hundred and fifty fourscientists got trained in advanced institutions/laboratories within the country in frontier areas ofscience, and about 325 scientists underwentadvanced training in developed countries.

Environment and social safeguard (E&S)management in NAIP was adequately addressedunder different sub-projects. The possible carbonsequestration and emission reduction interventionshave been selected by the communities and wereapplied in the respective sub-project sites. Theyinclude zero or minimum tillage, spot irrigation,mulches, efficient use of inputs, etc. at the field level;Agroforestry and planting of timber, fruit and fodder

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trees at the farm level; introducing CFL bulbs andsmokeless chulhas at the household level; installingsolar street lights, rain water harvesting andconservation, etc. at the community level; andcommunity managed special purpose vehicle.

By-product utilization of waste was encouragedto reduce its adverse effect due to its disposal, e.g.preparation of cookies, buns from the waste of pulsemilling industry; exploring the potential of natural dyeto replace synthetic dye for dying textiles, utilization ofeco-holi colour powders to replace synthetic colour;making a positive impact on environment throughhorizontal expansion of agro forestry to 25,000 acresin Tamil Nadu; replacement of clay and other minedmaterials with biodegradable and environment-friendly coir pith as filter in industrial products;biomass based power generation to overcomepollution due to field burning of crop residues; and useof bio-pesticide formulations to reduce toxic pesticideuse and safeguard the environment and humanhealth. Efforts have been not only on mitigating thenegative impact of various interventions but also oncapturing the positive impacts on environment andsocial structure of the target area. Such interventionsinclude: i) rainwater harvesting through check dams,gabion structure, etc. to harvest, conserve andefficiently utilize water; ii) zero tillage and laser landlevelling to conserve soil and water and increase cropproductivity; iii) balanced use of fertilizers andchemicals through soil test based recommendation;iv) organic farming using vermicompost and compostto improve soil health; v) use of IPM and INMtechnology to reduce the use of agro-chemicals; vi)supply of manure through poultry dropping in rice fishpoultry farming system; vii) bamboo plantation tocheck soil erosion and also add to the income; viii)residue management to improve soil health: and ix)innovative bio-control of the aquatic weed waterhyacinth.

Some of the social safeguard measures takeninclude: (i) creation of community seed bank; (ii)introduction of local breeds of poultry, such as‘Kadaknath’ and small ruminants, such as ‘Sirohi’goats resulting in monetary benefits for thecommunities; (iii) formation of ‘Producer Companies’by farmers for ensuing new business opportunitiesthrough crop diversification; (iv) integrated farmingsystems for profitable and sustainable agriculture;and (v) federating large number of women SHGsresulting in gender empowerment along with income

increase.Studies on manipulation of genes, alleles,

transcription factors and vectors, etc., inbiotechnology related sub-projects restricted tolaboratory and contained greenhouse facilities werehandled as per the prevailing biosafety committeeregulation. In the sub-projects on nanotechnology forenhanced utilization of native phosphorus by plantsand higher moisture retention in arid soils, therecommended B-2 safety level was followed duringthe experiments carried out on the application ofnano-fertilizers. In the sub-projects involving studieson animals, the issues were considered as per theproject commitment and the institutional animal ethicscommittee clearance, and wherever applicable theyhave been duly addressed. Similarly, handling anddisposal of veterinary pathogens were carried out asper the guidelines and there were no environmentaland social hazards.

Precision farming is likely to have positiveenvironmental impact with reduced application offertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, and the GPS-system leading to reduced fuel use for the tractor andsoil compaction; guidelines and SOPs in nano-biotechnology were prepared and published toensure biosafety of nanoparticle use in agriculture;deployment of resistance genes in new varieties ofrice will help in providing cost-effective means ofreducing the pesticide load on rice crop and thereby,preventing the environmental pollution and humanexposure to harmful chemicals; and reducing theinput cost on fungicide spray, the blast resistant ricevarieties will increase income of the farmingcommunity by reducing over 50 per cent yield lossescaused by the blast disease every year.

The outcome focused impact evaluation of theNAIP was conducted by an independent externalconsultant. The consultant conducted mid-termimpact assessment of 65 selected consortia across25 states.

A sample of about 5,000 respondents/stakeholders including equal or two-third controls, ofwhich more than 90 per cent was farmers/labourers/artisans including tribal and womenfolk, wassurveyed for ‘with’ and ‘without’ project comparisons(for analysis, only 2,672 samples were used due topaucity of time and also allowing for outliers in thesample).

It was found that component-1 sub-projects haveresulted in overall better access to knowledge


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repository, ICT application for better efficiency,development of innovative platform for incubation oftechnologies, start-ups and commercializationamongst others. Component-2 with overall thrust onproduction to consumption system have resulted instrengthening of value chain through customizedinterventions at critical stages such as production,processing, packaging, forward linkages, leading toenhanced income levels of the value chainparticipants, creation of rural industry/companies,quality enhancement among others. Component-3focused on sustainable rural livelihood security whichresulted in enhanced income, employmentgeneration, formation of farmer groups and SHGs,and community infrastructures. With major impact onquality of publication, patent application andenhanced capabilities for scientific and technologicalproblem solving, component-4 impacts were in linewith its thematic area of basic and strategic researchin frontier areas of agricultural sciences.

The impact of components-2 and 3 was largely interms of increase in income of farmers, increase inproductivity and production of farmers, increase incropping intensity, etc. The impact in components-1and 4 was evaluated on the basis of the potentialbenefits likely to accrue in future due to thedevelopment of technology and IT infrastructure.While the financial and economic impact of the sub-projects under components- 1 and 4 was measured interms of BCR (Benefit Cost Ratio) and NPV (NetPresent Value) after discounting the likely futurebenefits, that of sub-projects under components-2and 3 was measured in terms of FBCR (FinancialBenefit Cost Ratio) and EBCR (Economic BenefitCost Ratio).

The analysis clearly indicated that: component-1have yielded an overall BCR of 1.65 and a positiveNPV, and the positive NPV signifies that the sub-projects were economically and financially beneficial;component-2 have yielded an overall FBCR of 2.05and EBCR of 2.07; component-3 has yielded anoverall FBCR of 1.91 and EBCR of 1.67; andcomponent-4 recorded an overall BCR of 1.73 and apositive NPV indicating that it is economically viableto invest in the basic and strategic researchprogramme.

Based on the extrapolation of sample sub-projects to the whole of NAIP, the estimated overallFBCR is 1.81 and EBCR is 1.75. The final snap shotof the economic and financial benefit which accrued

from NAIP as a whole is estimated to bes23,808.81 million on an initial investment ofs13,291.10 million (including GEF component) withan internal rate of return of ~40 per cent; and thebenefit accrued is about 23,098.74 million (excludingthe GEF component).

Key lessons learnt which could be mainstreamedin the NARS include: conceptualization and proposaldevelopment through identification of potentialpartners; consortia mode of operation promotedpluralism, synergy and value addition contributing tostrengthening the NARS; while competitive fundingcontributes to get creative ideas and quick, qualityrevision and response, transparent and responsivegovernance contributes to public confidence andsmooth project management and considerablyreduces the time taken for completing the review andapproval process; building public private partnershipinto consortia by involving public Institutions,corporate bodies and civil societies in contractualand accommodative mode based on purpose,commitment and existence of leadership;empowering the CPIs and CCPIs for fund utilizationled to decentralization of power in the researchinstitutes in addition to facilitating timely action;procurement of goods, works and services throughthe WB process was considered as useful because ofmore transparency; ix) all the sub-projects expressedtheir greater satisfaction with the mechanism oftransferring fund online to the separate accountcreated for the purpose; very strong mechanism builtinto the sub-projects to periodically monitor theirprogress, both technical, financial and infrastructure,by internal and external expert teams was found to beextremely useful;

A major emphasis of NAIP was on developing amechanism of sustaining the project activities beyondthe Project period.

Most of the activities of Component-1 Consortiaare mainstreamed in the XII Plan of the participatinginstitutions. Saffron value chain sub-project at theSKUAST-Kashmir is to be supported out of R 411crore sanctioned from the National Saffron Mission;The value chain sub-project on millet foods at theDSR has support from the INSIMP. Successful valuechain sub-projects on flowers and agro-forestry at theTNAU have evolved as sustainable business models,and MoU worth R10 crore have been signed under theagro-forestry sub-project. The Pashmina sub-projectat the SKUAST-Kashmir has received R10 crore as

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lviii

support from the Central Wool Board. The sub-projecton seabuckthorn value chain at the CSKHPKV hashelped to carry out extensive work in HimachalPradesh on Seabuckthorn, and a value chain projecton seabuckthorn for five states with a total budget ofR1,000 crores is likely to come up under the NationalMission on Seabuckthorn. The sub-project on smallpelagic and freshwater fishes at the CIFT hasreceived partial support from the FisheriesDepartment of Kerala Government;

A major emphasis of the Component 3 was ondeveloping a mechanism for sustaining the activitiesbeyond the project period.

Some of the efforts made in this direction include:Creation of sustainability fund, where beneficiaryfarmers’ contribution for the goods and servicesdelivered to them individually under the project wouldcarry forward the activities in the long run afterwithdrawal of the project; an amount of R7.51 croreshas been created by all the Consortia put together;

Development of institutional mechanism- clusterand village-level committees have been formed ineach Consortium and the RTCs/VRCs/ IT Kiosksdeveloped during the project implementation willcontinue to support them; excellent linkages havebeen developed with the panchayat raj institutionsand line Departments, NGOs and KVKs, and it isexpected that the programme will sustain with their

support; SHGs/CIGs/federations of SHGs, FBGs,and Producer Groups have been formed to reducethe role of middlemen and provide maximumeconomic return to the primary producer;

Capacity building- in the operational areas, youthhave been trained as “Service Providers”, and theywill remain in their villages and work as “TechnologyAgents” for the dissemination of new technologies;Building the chain- this approach has been practicedfor the continuation of project activities, and manyconsortia have adopted the policy of “Take one-Giveone” approach for continuity of the interventions; andFormation of Commodity Banks- innovative villagelevel “Commodity Banks” have been formed andpopularized under some of the sub-projects, and theywill continue to provide support beyond the projectperiod. Under component-3 every consortia madeeffort to develop synergy with State Governments andother organizations to maximize benefits.

Under BSR component, many consortia soughtor are seeking extramural support for continuationand some activities are mainstreamed by the ICARInstitutes in their XII Plan; and other consortia likerubber check dam, nano-pesticides, sensors of multi-analytes to detect milk and water impurities/contamination are in the process of entering intopost-Project MOUs to pursue their research andcommercial interests.

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INTRODUCTION

SECTION-1

Application of science and technology hasmade it possible for the country to achieve significantprogress in the production of wheat, rice, cotton,oilseeds, horticulture, milk, egg, fisheries, etc.Burgeoning population accompanied by economicgrowth has led to increased demand for incomeelastic agricultural goods – pulses, fruits,vegetables, meat, eggs, fish, milk, sugar, and edibleoil in addition to staple food and encourageddiversification. Indian agriculture is transformingfrom production based to more market driven.

With the shrinking cultivable land, stagnantyields, and mounting costs only enhancedproductivity, profitability and competitivenessbecome critical for further agricultural growth in thefuture. Hence, it becomes necessary for the NationalAgricultural Research System (NARS) to formulatenew strategies and provide technologicalbackstopping in an innovative way.

A few World Bank (WB) funded Projects such asthe National Agricultural Research Project (NARP),the National Agricultural Extension Project (NAEP)and the National Agricultural Technology Project(NATP) were implemented in the past.

The Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR) launched the National Agricultural InnovationProject (NAIP) in 2006 as a new initiative to bringabout the much needed innovation and applicationof science in agriculture in a big way. The NAIP laidgreater emphasis on bringing about technologicalinnovations in the NARS by focusing morespecifically on knowledge-based growth inagriculture, enhancing the efficiency of R&D systemthrough capacity building, introducing innovative andappropriate technological interventions combinedwith necessary institutional and policy support; andsupporting basic and strategic research in selectedpriority areas.

The NAIP was approved on April 18, 2006,implemented from September 18, 2006 and wasculminated on June 30, 2014. The overall objectivewas to facilitate an accelerated and sustainabletransformation of the Indian agriculture from self-sufficiency to market-orientation to support poverty

alleviation and income generation throughcollaborative development and application ofagricultural innovations by the public organizationsin partnership with private sector, NGOs, farmers’groups, and other stakeholders. The specific objectiveswere operationalized through four differentComponents, viz., ICAR as the catalyzing agentfor management of change in the Indian NARS,Research on production to consumption systems,Research on sustainable rural livelihood securityand Basic and strategic research in frontier areas ofagricultural sciences to bring about desired changesin Indian agriculture through an innovative approach.

The NAIP was jointly funded by the WB (Creditnos. 41610 and 41620) and the Government of India(GoI). The total cost of the Project was USD 250million, out of which the approved credit amount fromthe World Bank was USD 200 million that wasenhanced to USD 212 million being the exchangerate adjusted credit amount. The corresponding GoIshare was USD 50 million. In addition, the Projectreceived an additional amount of USD 7.34 millionas grant for sustainable land and ecosystemprogramme under the Global Environment Facility(GEF) programme of the WB. As on June 30, 2014,the total budget outlay was R1344.32 crores, and thecumulative expenditure showed full utilization of thesanctioned budget (Table 1.0).

Component Total Total ExpenditureSanctioned Amount Percentage

Budget (R in of Sanctioned(R in Crore ) Crore ) Budget

NAIP 1302.80 1302.50 100.00

GEF 41.82 41.82 100.00

Total 1344.32 1344.32 100.00

Table 1.0: Financial details of the project

NAIP happened to be the first innovation projectof its kind with pluralistic participation to beimplemented by the ICAR. The Project has played akey role in bringing about pluralism in the NARS byinvolving around 35 per cent of the implementinginstitutions from outside the ICAR-AgriculturalUniversities system (Fig. 1.0).

NAIP FINAL REPORT

2

procurement, capacity building and human resourcedevelopment, in built monitoring and evaluation,sustainability fund, to cite a few.

Introduction of the concept of “Consortium” isone of the major innovations advocated under theNAIP. A Consortium consisted of a group of well-knitpartners having defined and binding common goalsand plan of work, identified tasks for each and amutually agreed process of sharing resources andbenefits.

With a wide variety of stakeholders from withinand outside the NARS, the NAIP was implementedin a decentralized manner. Various Committeeswere formed at different levels for ensuring smoothand effective implementation of the Project (Fig.1.1). The powers, composition, responsibilities,periodicity of meetings of different committees werewell laid out in the Project Implementation Plan (PIP).

The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) at theICAR headquarters acted as the Nodal agency forexecuting the NAIP. The PIU was headed by theNational Director (ND) was ably supported by fiveNational Coordinators, each one responsible for acomponent and one for Monitoring and Evaluation.

Fig. 1.0: Participating organisations in NAIP

Innovation meant doing things in a different waynot necessarily new to the world or to humanity butto the system or organization. Notable featuresassociated with the NAIP included scenarioplanning, Governance and management, helpdesk,consortia mode of operation, institutional pluralism,building PPP into Consortia, competitive funding,delegation of financial powers to and fiduciarymanagement by Consortia Principal Investigators(CPI), on-line fund transfer, new way of

Fig. 1.1: Governance structure

INTRODUCTION

3

Expertise in Administration, Finance, Procurement,Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E), ManagementInformation System (MIS), Learning and CapacityBuilding (L&CB), and Social/Environmental aspectswere also available with the PIU. The Project staffdetails are furnished in annexure 3.

The majority of sub-projects under Component-1 were identified and awarded in sponsorship modeprimarily to ICAR Institutes and AgriculturalUniversities in view of the Component’s relevance tothe NARS. All the sub-projects under Components- 2and 4 and a majority of the sub-projects underComponent-3 were awarded through a two-stagecompetition process under the Competitive GrantsScheme (CGS).

The project implementation underwent variousphases:

Phase I - Initial stage (2005-2007)

Before the launch of NAIP, the Helpdesk at theNational Academy of Agricultural ResearchManagement (NAARM) with the support of SathguruManagement Consultants (SMC) organized a seriesof sensitization workshops to prepare keystakeholders to participate in the calls for proposals.

A well-conceived campaign to createawareness and encourage wide participation andcompetition among the stakeholders throughsensitization workshops, press releases,advertisements in print media, television and radio,and scientific journals, transit posters, brochures,and pamphlets, was effectively carried out by thePIU besides launching of the website http://www.icar.org.in/naipdir/index.htm

Phase II - Proposal development (2007-2009)

The major activities and outputs of this phasewere - designing the helpdesk portal(www.naarm.ernet.in/naiphelpdesk.html), developingand uploading e-learning modules on writingconvincing Concept Notes (CNs) and Full Proposals(FPs), creating database of institutions/organizations, organizing interactions betweenprospective stakeholders and handholding andmatch-making, on-line CN submission system(during the 2nd and 3rd calls), liaising with the PIU onthe proposals, guidance in improving theeffectiveness of the calls, etc. The helpdesk reachedout to more than 500 partners, from both public and

private sectors and contributed to improvements inproposal development, partnership mix and finalselection of sub-projects.

Phase III - Project implementation (2009-12)

The focus was on identifying management andoperational issues based on formal and informalinteractions. The helpdesk provided on-lineclarifications and suggestions on administration andmanagement aspects. A web-based voice recordingthrough phone and mobile was also established atNAARM to receive calls round the clock.

Phase IV - Assessment of gains and experiencesof NAIP (2012-14)

A broad outline consolidating gains andexperiences in terms of management practices andprocesses was brought about while implementingsub-projects, by seeking experiences ofstakeholders involved in 15 sub-projects in theStates of Andhra Pradesh, Assam Haryana, Kerala,Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal.

Selection and award of sub-projects

The majority of sub-projects under Component-1 were identified and awarded in sponsorship modeprimarily to ICAR institutes and AgriculturalUniversities in view of the Component’s relevance tothe NARS. Consortia were formed mostly for thesub-projects under the Business Planning andDevelopment (BPD) theme of the Component.

All the sub-projects under Components- 2 and 4and a majority under Component-3 were awardedthrough a two-stage competition process under theCompetitive Grants Scheme (CGS). A two-stageselection process was followed in the identificationand approval.

I Stage - PIU released a call for a concise andinformative Concept Notes (CNs) containing title,scope, review, methodology, expected deliverables,likely partners’ details, cost estimates, institutionaloverheads, etc. in a prescribed format. Three callswere made with a view to ensuring staggered andwide response. The CNs were peer reviewed by theExpert Committees within a prescribed time. Thepotential CNs were short-listed and returned to theconcerned proposers with suggestions, if any, forimprovement, and were asked to develop FullProposals (FPs).

NAIP FINAL REPORT

4

II Stage - Those Consortia whose CNs werepassed screening were requested to develop FPs.The Helpdesk provided professional help andguidance. The FPs received were rigorouslyscreened by the Expert Committees and thepotential ones were forwarded to the TAGsconcerned in case of components 2, 3 and 4 and tothe O&MAG for Component-1 for further review andsuggestions. CPIs presented their proposals beforethe Advisory Groups concerned, which made sitevisits to ascertain the veracity of informationprovided. The accepted proposals were forwardedwith recommendations to the O&MPC in the case ofComponent-1, and to the RPC in the case ofComponents- 2, 3 and 4 for approval. The proposalscosting more than Rs. 10 crores were forwarded tothe Project Management Committee (PMC) forapproval. Once approved, the PIU released funds tothe Consortia. The various steps involved in theselection process under the CGS are summarized infigure 1.3.

Nearly 17 per cent of the CNs submitted gotshort-listed for FP development; and around 80 percent of the FPs received was approved by the highlevel Committees for implementation (Table 1.1).

On an average, it took ten months to completethe process for awarding sub-projects to variousImplementing Agencies.

The NAIP was effectively implemented through203 sub-projects involving a mix of 856 ParticipatingUnits located in 365 Centers distributed across thecountry. The number of sub-projects implemented inthe Project comprised 55, 51, 36 and 61 under theComponents- 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively (Table 1.2).

Against 65 sub-projects originally planned to besupported, the actual number increased to 203.Accordingly, the Component-wise budget was alsoreadjusted (Table 1.3), as shown below.

Thus, 203 Consortia Leaders (CLs) and 653Consortia Partners (CPs) participated in the Projectas detailed in Table 1.4.

The pluralistic nature of NAIP was exhibited byassociating a wide array of institutions/ agenciesfrom the public sector, private sector and civil societyorganizations. Their level of participation variedacross the Components in accordance with thepriority thrust areas identified under each one ofthem. The composition of CLs and CPs by affiliationis depicted in table 1.5.

The region wise distribution of the sub-projectsfurnished in table 1.6, showed that the Northernregion had the largest number of CLs (48.8%),followed by the Southern region (27.6%), theWestern region (11.8%), the Eastern region (9.3%),and the North Eastern region (2.5%).

A detailed Project Implementation Plancontaining all aspects of the NAIP including theprocesses and procedures was developed andreleased in print form and also was hosted in theICAR website http://www.icar.org.in/naipdir/downloads/pip/pdf ;

The responsibility for consortium governancerested with the Consortium Advisory Committee(CAC) headed by an eminent scientist in the focusarea of the Consortium. Overall management of thesub-project activities at the Consortium level restedwith the CPI and the Consortium Co-PrincipalInvestigators (CCPIs).

All the Committees / Advisory Groups at theNational and Consortium levels met a number of

Fig. 1.3: Schematics for screening and approval of CGSresearch proposals

INTRODUCTION

5

Call No. Number of Number of Average Time Taken Concept Notes Full Proposals to Complete the

Process (Months)*

Received Approved Received Approved

Component - 1

Sponsorship Mode 40 40 55 55 10.0

Component - 2

1 181 15 15 10 11

2 151 31 30 18 10

3 99 30 30 23 7

Total 443 88 87 61 9.3

Component - 3

1 287 9 9 7 11

2 93 14 14 14 10

3 107 12 10 10 8

Sponsorship Mode 6 6 5 5 15

Total 493 41 38 36 9.7**

Component - 4

1 145 13 13 11 12

2 159 30 30 20 8

3 191 35 32 29 7

Sponsorship Mode 1 1 1 1 3

Total 496 79 76 61 7.5**

Grand Total 1472 248 256 203 10

Note: * From the last date for receipt on CNs to issuing of sanction order ** For competitive mode Consortia / sub-projects

Table 1.1: Processing of consortia proposals under different calls

Components Number of Number ofThemes Covered Sub-projects

Component-1 5 55

Component-2 8 51

Component-3* 7 36

Component-4 10 61

Total 30 203

Note: Includes 3 sub-projects funded under SLEM – GEF programme

Table 1.2: Component-wise distribution of sub-projects

Components Planned Approved

No. of Budget No. of BudgetSub- (Million Sub- (Million

projects USD) projects USD)

Component-1 15 46 55 84

Component-2 15 75 51 50

Component-3 20 73 33 50.50

Table 1.3: Component-wise revised budget

Component Number of Consortia Number of Consortia Total Number ofLeaders (CLs) Partners (CPs) Implementing Units (IUs)

Component-1 55 151 206




Total 203 653 856

Table 1.4: Participation of consortia leaders and consortia partners

NAIP FINAL REPORT

6

times to ensure effective and efficient managementof various sub-projects implemented under the fourComponents of NAIP. The frequency of meetingsorganized by them is presented in annexure 4.

Under the NAIP, the ICAR acquired the fundsthrough DARE under its Annual Plan Budget. Thefunds were received directly by the PIU and aseparate budget head was assigned for the NAIP.The funds were transferred electronically throughReal Time Gross Settlement (RTGS) to the centres.Online web-based Financial Management System(FMS) was used for effective execution andmonitoring. It was mandatory for all the IUs tooperate and report through the FMS for ensuring theuniformity in the Financial Management procedureas the requisite training were arranged by the PIU.However, its scope was later on enhanced to 12modules including FMS adopted by six IUs and thePIU only on pilot scale. Meanwhile, the PIU Financeand Accounts Wing has developed its own softwareby using MS Access as back end (Database) andVisual Basic 6.0 as front end for capturing datarelated to SoE received from the Consortia Partnersfor generating various reports and submittingreimbursement claim well in time.

Agency/Institution Number of Number of Total Budget (%)Consortia Leaders Consortia Partners

ICAR 106 244 350 46.99

SAUs/CAU 60 150 210 28.09

International Institutions (II) 5 11 16 1.26

Central Institutions (CI) 18 60 78 7.19

State Institutions (SI) 2 36 38 0.68

Private Institutions 5 68 73 7.07

NGO 7 84 91 8.72

Total 203 653 856

Table 1.5: Composition of consortia leaders and consortia partners by affiliation

Geographic Region Consortium Leaders

Number Percentage

Northern 99 48.8

Southern 56 27.6

Western 24 11.8

Eastern 19 9.3

North Eastern 5 2.5

Total 203 100.0

Table 1.6: Geographic distribution of consortia leaders The PIU developed a Financial ManagementManual, laying down financial and accountingpolicies and procedures, standard reporting formats,etc. and financial reporting (expenditure statementsand Bank reconciliation statements) from the IUs tothe PIU was online. Disbursements were made onreimbursement basis with full documentation andagainst a statement of expenditure (SoE). Theaccounts of the Project are audited by the C&AG incase of the ICAR and other Government Institutesand Private CAs from the roster maintained by thePIU in case of other Consortia. The SAUs had anoption audited either by the Local Fund Auditor or bya CA Firm from the roster maintained by the PIU,provided they meet the deadline of submission

Goods and works were procured in accordancewith the provisions in the “Guidelines forProcurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits”and the services of Consultants were availed inaccordance with the provisions in the “Guidelines forthe Use of Consultants by the World Bank Borrowersand by the World Bank as Executing Agency”published by the WB in May 2004. A “ProcurementManual” was prepared by the Consultants to guidethe Procurement Officials at the Consortia. Theprocurement under the NAIP was done in adecentralised mode, and it was carried out by theConsortia Leaders / Partners. A full-timeProcurement Officer (Under Secretary (US) –Procurement and Administration) in the PIU was theNodal Point for all the procurement and aProcurement Consultant (M/s RITES Ltd.)functioned as the main resource person to guide andadvise. Online procurement management softwarewas developed by the PIU to monitor theprocurements of CLs/Partners and 1500 personsrepresenting 834 Consortia Partners were trained.

INTRODUCTION

7

One of the distinguishing features of NAIP wasthe in-built mechanism for project monitoring andevaluation. M&E was done at three distinct butseparate levels. Responsibility for monitoring andevaluation (M&E) at the Consortium level wasassigned to CMU. On Consortium activities, the Unitreported directly to the CAC. The consortium activitystarted with a baseline survey to know thebenchmarks of various indicators at the time oflaunch particularly in components 2&3. The nationallevel monitoring was the joint responsibility of thePIU and a full-fledged M&E unit was created since2013. National level baseline survey was carried out

by a consulting firm and the outcome focusedcomprehensive evaluation was done by anindependent agency.

The environmental and social safety standardswere observed as committed and agreed to in theproject document. Besides, the project alsoaddressed issues of poverty, employmentgeneration, social inclusion, gender equity and post-project sustainability. The experiences and lessonslearnt in implementation has enabled theimplementers to identify the way forward inupscaling the successful interventions and furtheringthe goals in future programmes.

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8

COMPONENT 1

SECTION-2

2.1 Rationale

With the fast-changing national and globalagricultural scenario and the emergence of marketsas a critical factor influencing the overall agriculturalgrowth and development, the role of andexpectations on the NARS have become quitecomplex and challenging. Hence, it was planned tostrengthen the ICAR’s role as a catalyst of changeunder the WB supported NAIP so as to ensure themuch needed transformation of the NARS into avibrant National Agricultural Innovation System(NAIS).

The component-1 was designed to create anenabling policy and institutional environment tocontinuously evolve, experiment and implementinnovations by embarking on various potentialactivities in terms of i) developing supportiveinformation, communication and disseminationsystems; ii) building competitive businessdevelopment and technology commercializationmodels; iii) focusing on advanced learning and state-of-the-art capacity building initiatives; iv) enhancingthe policy and gender analysis capacity; v) improvingimpact assessment skills; and v) streamliningfinancial management and procurement systems.

The component essentially dealt with thestrengthening of “ICAR as a Catalyzing Agent forManagement of Change in the Indian NARS” byfocusing on the development of appropriate policyand institutional environment, incentives, skills andwork culture to optimize benefits from the sub-projects under components- 2, 3 and 4, as well asfrom the NARS.

2.2 Objectives

The overall objective of the component was tobuild critical capacity for providing support to othercomponents of the NAIP in particular, and tostrengthen the NARS in general.

2.3 Sub-components / themes

Towards improving the system-wide efficiency,effectiveness and productivity, the above-mentionedobjectives of the component were addressed

through the following five sub-components:• Information, Communication and Dissemination

System (ICDS);• Business Planning and Development (BPD);• Learning and Capacity Building (L&CB);• Policy, Gender Analysis and Visioning (PGAV);

and• Remodeling Financial and Procurement

Systems (RFPS).

Fig. 2.0 Distribution of sub-projects across sub-components

The basic role of component to build criticalcapacity for providing support to other componentsof NAIP, as well as to strengthen the NARS wasfulfilled through 55 sub-projects implemented underthe five thematic areas mentioned above (Fig. 2.0;Annexure 5).

2.4 Salient achievements

Major achievements made by the sub-projectsunder different sub-components are highlightedbelow.

2.4.1 Information, communication anddissemination system (ICDS)

Since application of ICDS has vast potential totransform the delivery of public services, driveinnovations and productivity gains and improvecompetitiveness, efforts were made to harness thetransformative power of Information andCommunication Technology (ICT) to i) make the

COMPONENT 1

9

public services more efficient, ii) grow agri-businesses and iii) further strengthen the agriculturalresearch and extension for development.

2.4.1.1 Development of e-Courses for degreelevel programmes in agriculture and its alliedareas: As the traditional methods of educating thenew generation of tech-savvy students are foundwanting, the need for use of new technologies inagricultural education is gaining momentum. Hence,425 user-friendly and multimedia-based e-coursesfor the under-graduate students were developed inseven disciplines viz., agriculture, dairy science,veterinary science and animal husbandry, fisheriesscience, horticulture, home science, and agriculturalengineering comprising 15820 lessons.

A dedicated portal on e-courses covering all theseven disciplines was made available at http://ecourses.iasri.res.in so that the user communitycould access the desired e-Course contents anytimeand anywhere. Off-line DVDs were also distributedto all the SAUs, DUs and other academic institutionsin India on demand.

2.4.1.2 Open and distance learning (ODL)system: The ODL system has been recognized as asuccessful tool due to its capacity to reach theunreached. Using the Re-usable Learning Objects(RLOs) technique and the Open EducationalResources (OERs) philosophy, a framework ofmodules synchronized with units and sub-units wasdeveloped. Multi-modal deliveries using on-lineavailability of RLOs, CD and self instructionmaterials (SIM) were followed. Learning materialsunder five themes viz., nursery management, highvalue crop production technology, integratednutrients management, integrated pestmanagement, and post-harvest management andvalue addition in agro-horticulture including rice,potato, mango, banana, grapes and tomato, etc.were developed. Altogether, 500 RLOs under theabove themes for six crops were developed (Table2.0).

AgriLORE platform using NAIP-supportedAgropedia architecture was also developed as anational repository of RLOs and courses forcreating, sharing, searching, and easy accessing oflearning objects related to agriculture andhorticulture.

2.4.1.3 Indian agricultural doctoraldissertations repository – KrishiPrabha: Toovercome the duplication of research work, aninitiative was made to establish a central repositoryof all the doctoral dissertations from the NARSinstitutions. The KrishiPrabha was envisaged toestablish, develop and maintain a repository ofIndian agricultural doctoral dissertations in electronicform. A database of metadata and abstracts of about7,627 dissertations and more than 6,000dissertations having full text for the period 2000-13was created and made available online. While thefull text data was made accessible to all theconsortia partners through IP authentication forviewing, copying and printing was restricted forprevention of plagiarism. However, metadata andabstracts were made available to non-members theworld over and they could be copied and printed.

2.4.1.4 Strengthening of digital library andinformation management: Emergence of digitalresources along with digital services has creatednew challenges and expectations from the libraryand information services. The demand for fastaccess to authentic and credible digital informationsources have also risen in agriculture sector. Asuccessful attempt was made to create a digitallibrary e-Granth by connecting 37 libraries of theNARS at IARI to facilitate researchers, teachers,students and extension professionals. This has alsoprovided uniform library management across theNARS libraries through an open source LibraryManagement Software called KOHA which alsosupports in integrating all libraries with standardprotocols in a unified approach.

2.4.1.5 Consortium for e-Resources inAgriculture (CeRA): This is the first of its kind forfacilitating 24 x 7 on-line accesses of select journalsin agricultural and allied sciences to all researchers

Table 2.0: RLOs developed for open and distance learning

Themes Number

Nursery management 100

High value crop production 100

Integrated nutrient management 99in agro-horticulture

Post-harvest management and 92value addition in agro-horticulture

Total 500

NAIP FINAL REPORT

10

in the NARS through IP authentication. At present,there are 147 members (along with regional stations,KVKs and colleges) in CeRA comprising ICARInstitutes, SAUs, NRCs, PDs, etc. in the NARS.About 3,490 journals are now accessible in CeRA,which is now the most sought after on-line platformby scientists/teachers in the NARS for literaturesearch.

The subscription at one place, instead ofsubscribing individually, provides an efficient way ofsubscription of research journal under the NARS interms of time, space and budget. The usage of CeRA(http://cera.iari.res.in & http://www.jgateplus.com)has improved steadily, and the current monthlyaverage downloads of full text articles is about 0.15million. The number of visitors to CeRA website ismore than 3.5 million and the total downloads of fulltext articles are more than 8.5 million.

2.4.1.6 e-Publishing of Scientific Journalsfor Indian NARS: The e-Publishing and KnowledgeSystem in Agricultural Research (EPKSAR) portaldeveloped in the Project has made significant impacton the publishing process and manuscriptmanagement of research journals through theimplementation of ICT in research journalpublishing. Implementation of e-publishing hasresulted in making the entire publishing processquick, transparent and paperless resulting in theimprovement of overall efficiency (Fig. 2.1).

are being published using the developed ICTenabled platform and are available on-line now.Open Access policy in ICAR for enhanceddissemination and sharing of Indian agriculturalresearch is the outcome of the sub-project.

2.4.1.7 Re-designing the Farmer-Extension-Agricultural Research/Education Continuum inIndia with ICT-Mediated Knowledge Management:The Agricultural Knowledge Management (AKM)Consortium was formed to test various informationand communication technology platforms to find newand viable ways to build linkages between research-derived information sources, extension staff andfarmers. It brought together the SAUs and ICTresource institutions for designing, comprehensivetesting and capacity strengthening of variousstakeholders in the farmer-research institutioncontinuum. Over the period of its activity, theConsortium took up activities that led to creation ofcrop knowledge models, content aggregationaround the models, web-based query and responsesystem that linked to farmers through mobiletelephones (SMS and voice). Towards the end of theproject, a platform capable of integrating a variety ofdigital information and services for a variety ofextension-related purposes was identified and built.

Fig 2.1: Indian Agricultural Research Journals Online bye-publishing portal

On-line availability of research journals throughinternet has also improved the quality of research,enhanced visibility, and impact factor. More than1,500 researchers/managers have been sensitizedabout Open Access in scholarly publishing and itsbenefits for the researchers, quality of research andthe society as a whole. About 20 research journals

Fig 2.2: KVK – Service delivery platform tools

2.4.1.8 Engaging Farmers; EnrichingKnowledge: Agropedia II, an agriculturalknowledge management portal available at http://www.agropedia.iitk.ac.in was developed as an openplatform to facilitate exchange and delivery ofinformation between the agricultural communitythrough a web portal and mobile phone networks. Itsdevelopment was carried out in two phases, with thefirst phase focusing on content and development ofthe web platform and the second phase on providing

COMPONENT 1

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a delivery platform for extension services. Variouscrop knowledge models, content aggregationaround the models, web-based query and responsesystem that linked to farmers through mobiletelephones (SMS and voice) have been developed.The content and knowledge repository wassupplemented with a service delivery platform calledvKVK to connect KVKs with farmers through internetand mobile technology, so as to bridge the gapbetween the farmers and the KVK expert (Fig. 2.2).

2.4.1.9 Development of ICT based Tools/Technology towards an Interactive MultimediaAgriculture Advisory System: Farmer-specificagriculture advisory call centre was developed withan interactive voice response system to conveyinformation pertaining to that farmer, farm andspecific crop being grown and to display any imagesthat might have been uploaded by the farmer. Basedon this information, the expert could provide advicewhich might also be recorded for future reference.The dashboard could also be updated by the expertwhile in conversation with the farmer. The multi-partyconferencing system allows the expert to connect toan off-site expert if faced with questions that cannotbe answered by the local expert. As a result ofinitiatives taken for agricultural knowledgemanagement system under NAIP, the ICAR has setup a dedicated institute on Knowledge Managementin Agriculture called Directorate of KnowledgeManagement in Agriculture (DKMA) at New Delhi.

2.4.1.10 Agroweb-Digital DisseminationSystem for Indian Agricultural Research(ADDSIAR): An attempt was made to create acommon gateway to ICAR Institutes to act as a one-stop window for getting access to all the informationabout National Agricultural Research and EducationSystem in India. Accordingly, the ADDSIAR wasconceived with the broad objective to improve theweb presence of ICAR and its Institutes through theirwebsites by making the websites more dynamic anddeveloping a brand image of ICAR. WebsiteUniformity Guidelines for the ICAR was developedand disseminated which outlined the Standards andContent Management Strategies (CMS) to beemployed by all the ICAR Institutes.

The ADDSIAR established at the Directorate ofKnowledge Management in Agriculture (DKMA) iscommitted to promote ICT driven technology andinformation dissemination system for quick, effectualand cost-effective delivery of messages to all the

stakeholders in agriculture. Keeping pace with thecurrent knowledge diffusion trends, the Directorateis delivering and showcasing ICAR technologies,policies and other activities through print, electronicand web mode (Fig. 2.3).

Fig 2.3: ICAR Website enhancement under ADDSIAR

2.4.1.11 Development and Maintenance ofRice Knowledge Management Portal (RKMP):The project aimed at developing and maintaining theRKMP to strengthen research, extension, farmers,and private sub-systems, partnerships and networksfor the better flow of rice knowledge and informationcontributing to the overall rice development in thecountry. The developed portal helped to strengthencommunication infrastructure among thestakeholders, improve tools for collecting data andinformation, nurture scientific communities in thefield of rice, provide platform for collaborative actionand information sharing, initiate steps for integratinginformation systems, and improve the knowledgesharing culture throughout various key players andstakeholders in the rice sector.

The RKMP has several global firsts in terms ofcomprehensiveness and utility. Perhaps, this is themost comprehensive and one stop shop source forcredible, validated, relevant, and contextualinformation on rice to this scale anywhere in theworld. Providing content in local language is anotherstriking feature of this portal.

2.4.1.12 Establishment of SupercomputingHub for Indian Agriculture: By employing State-of-the-art technology, the first supercomputing hub forIndian Agriculture called ASHOKA (AdvancedSuper-computing Hub for OMICS Knowledge inAgriculture) was established at the IASRI in NewDelhi under the National Agricultural Bio-informaticsGrid (NABG) sub-project (Fig. 2.4) (http://www.nabg.iasri.res.in). The hub consisting of super-comuting systems at the NBAGR, NBPGR, NBFGR,

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NBAIM and NBAIR constitutes the NationalAgricultural Bioinformatics Grid in the country. Twosuper-computers of this hub are listed at rank 11 and24 in the list of top super-computers of India.

2.4.1.13 Establishment of an Online Systemfor Net/ARS - Prelim Examination: A state-of-the -art infrastructure facility for conducting examinationof ARS/NET of ASRB was created under the sub-project with the major objective to develop thecapability to change over from on-site to on-lineExamination for NET/ARS Prelim. The on-lineexamination network consisting of one Data Center(DC) at the ASRB, One Disaster Recovery (DR) sitenear its premises, and 23 Examination Centers (orNodal Centers) across the country was set up.These Examination Centers were created at 21ICAR Institutes and two SAUs considering that themanagement control would be better at theselocations being part of the NARS family. Thesecenters were equipped with necessary hardwareand software that was developed and customized asper the requirements of the ASRB. A question bankof approximately 72,000 questions covering 55disciplines of ARS/NET was also created.

2.4.1.14 Decision Support System forEnhancing Productivity: A Decision SupportSystem (DSS) was developed to address the lowcrop yield in saline environments and improve therural livelihoods holistically by deploying innovationsin Geo-IT and resource management technologies,as well as to optimize the use of bio-physicalresources to enhance productivity throughconvergence of institutions. The district-wise area oflow productivity in the West Yamuna Canal (WYC)command was also delineated adopting a GISprotocol using data of canal supply, groundwater

quality, salt-affected soils and NDVI from thedatabase. A crop water demand-based canal waterrelease schedule for wheat and rice crops wasdeveloped for Jhajjar distributary using the databaseand CROPWAT to ensure timely and adequate watersupply to mid and tail reaches of the command.

2.4.1.15 Mobilizing Mass Media Support forSharing Agro-Information: The capacity of ICAR todevelop information in different media wasstrengthened with a focus to develop an overallinteractive and effective communication system toreach the farming community, policy planners,scientists, students, media persons, and the publicat large. The major emphasis was to improve theagricultural communication and awareness in thecountry at the grass-root level, build and harnesssynergy of inter-institutional communication platformin participatory mode, and concentrate on capacitybuilding for agricultural communication in differentmodes and media by using effective communicationand information tools. Regular interactions withmedia followed by field visits helped to developlinkages and trustworthy relations for enhancedvisibility of agricultural research in the national andregional media (print and electronic media).Activities at all the media centers developed acommunication system in seven languages forvarious stakeholders by using appropriate mediavehicles.

2.4.2 Business planning and development (BPD)

With advancements in ICT, agriculture todayoperates within a dynamic ecosystem whereproduction, trade and consumption behaviour aredominated by market forces and guided by the fastchanging consumer preferences. While it isnecessary to have a productive, competitive,diversified, and sustainable agricultural sector, itbecomes all the more important to ensure that thesmall-holder farmers of the country are provided withgainful opportunities and avenues to access thebenefits of such actions. With the increasingimportance of marketing in the Indian agriculture,enhancing the business skills of agriculturalresearch institutions assumes greater significance.Hence, it was felt necessary to develop businessdevelopment units/groups as models in potentialresearch institutions for business planning andmarket development for commercialization of agro-technologies. The main idea of this concept was to

Fig 2.4: ASHOKA - supercomputing facility

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encourage, nurture and support technologists andscientists with initiative and potential to turn theirinnovative research ideas into sound commercialventures.

The major goal of this sub-component was toaccomplish science and technology-led sustainablesocio-economic gains by applying inventionsemerging from the NARS through technologyvalidation and transfer, and enterprise development.Accordingly, 22 Business Planning & Development(BPD) Units were established under the NAIP to actas an effective platform for fostering the growth ofsustainable business endeavour and provide a widerange of services such as research support;business planning; office space; access toinformation and communication technologies; andadvice on management, marketing, technical, legal,and financial issues (Annexure5).

All the BPD Units have created an AgribusinessIncubation Centre to support the development andscaling-up of growth-oriented, early-stageenterprises (Fig. 2.5). The Centres were meant to i)provide the entrepreneur with an enablingenvironment at the start-up stage of enterprisedevelopment, ii) help reduce the cost of launchingthe enterprise, iii) increase the confidence andcapacity of the entrepreneur, and iv) link theentrepreneur to the resources required to start andscale up a competitive enterprise. The entrepreneuraccepted into the business incubator stayed until anagreed upon milestone was reached, oftenmeasured in terms of sales revenue or profitability.

Director General (IPTM & PME). As a part of thestrategy, five ZTM - BPD Units were set up in theNorth, South, East and West Zones of the country.Though the Units were set up in 2008 at the fiveNational Institutes of ICAR, there was no properbusiness incubation service.

With the inception of BPD concept under theNAIP, five ZTM Units and another five SAUs wereselected for setting up of the ten BPD Units (BPDUs)in the country. Further, 12 new BPDUs were addedin 2013. In all, 22 BPDUs were setup in five SAUsand seventeen Institutes of the ICAR to promoteagri-business in the country through technologycommercialization, as well as to nurture innovationsin the agricultural sector. In the short span of fouryears, the 22 BPDUs (or Agribusiness Incubators)established in the ICAR & SAU Institutions haveplayed a significant role in making sustainable andlasting change in the way agricultural research isconducted in the NARS. They have proved theirpotential as effective technology transfer conduitsand have commercialized 331 odd agro-technologies.

The BPDUs have successfully catered tonurturing entrepreneurship and developing skills ofentrepreneurs and commercializing technologiesdeveloped. During the last 4-5 years, they haveencouraged, nurtured and supported technologistsand scientists across the Indian NARS to turn theirinnovative research into commercial ventures. Thishas helped them to undertake technology validationand transfer, and enterprise development in the fieldof agriculture, animal husbandry, dairy, fisheries, etc.Besides helping the entrepreneurs to commercialisebusiness ideas utilizing the R&D back up of theInstitutes, they have also provided pilot levelproduction facilities to the start-up entrepreneurs.

2.4.2.2 Intellectual property managementand technology transfer/ commercialization: Asper the guideline developed by the ICAR forIntellectual Property Management and TechnologyTransfer/ Commercialization, an InstituteTechnology Management Unit (ITMU) for themanagement of its IP/ deemed IP and transfer/commercialization of the technologies has beenconstituted for pursuing all IP protection,maintenance and transfer/ commercializationrelated matters at the Institute level. As an integralunit of the Institute, the ITMU is involved in the

Fig. 2.5: Generic services offered by agri-business incubators

2.4.2.1 Creation of Zonal TechnologyManagement and Business Planning &Development (ZTM-BPD) Unit: Considering theimportance of intellectual property and technologycommercialization, the ICAR has already set up anApex Unit of Intellectual Property and TechnologyManagement (IP&TM) including Planning,Monitoring & Evaluation duly headed by an Assistant

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protection, management and commercialization ofinnovative technologies and overarch the globalneed. During the NAIP implementation (2007-2014),the IP Management and Technology Transfer/Commercialization initiative of the ICAR hasconverged with the BPD component of the NAIP.

The BPD Units (BPDUs) have incubated manyinnovative ideas to develop into proto-types andgenerated interest among the investors to supportthe venture and manufacture commercially. This hasfacilitated in filing more than 285 patent applications.They have so far commercialized 331 agro-technologies; and are currently providing incubationsupport to 1,218 entrepreneurs/ agri-based start-ups, out of which 91 ventures have successfullygraduated from the incubator. They have been ableto open up new revenue resources to the NARSsuch as membership fees, incubation servicecharges, business development fees, royaltyamount, and training/consultancy fees. Thelandmark accomplishment was thecommercialization of about 50 technologiesgenerated under the NAIP and generating totalrevenue of R3.16 crores by licensing them to 80companies. The BPDUs have shown a significantbusiness orientation by generating revenue worthR2468.84 lakhs to the NARS in less than five years.The main source of the revenue has been from thetechnology commercialization (40%) and consultancywork (41%) undertaken by them.

2.4.2.3 Formulation of policies andguidelines for technology commercialization:The BPD Units have created innovative approachesfor cross learning. Many of them have incorporatedsome of the best strategies of other institutionsincluding the designing of various forms like theinvention disclosure form, technology transferdocument, client information form, quality assurancefrom the start-ups, certificates, agreements, MOU,etc. This has led to a well-established technologytransfer process, client satisfaction and theconfidence to find solution for new challenges whichkeep cropping up due to the evolving IP culture andthe biodiversity issues.

The following prescribed rules were followed toseek IP protection in the ICAR while executing theIPR strategy under the NAIP:• All the inventors/innovators/breeders/authors

were assigned the IP rights of their researchresults.

• All applications were made in the name of“Indian Council of Agricultural Research”.

• Patent/PVP/IPR applications filed by the ICARhad names of all the scientists concerned /innovators as True and First Inventors/Innovators.

• Patent/PVP/IPR applications were duly signedby the Authorized Signatory (Director of theInstitute concerned / Zonal Institute).

• Processing of all the patent/PVP/copyright/other IPR applications and the maintenance ofIPR titles were undertaken as per the respectiveIPR laws.

Technology transfer through the extensionmachinery has now found an alternative channelwith the BPDUs. Compared to the supply-drivenmode of the machinery, the incubator focuses moreon market-oriented technology commercialization.The BPDUs have proved their potential as effectivetechnology transfer conduits. The increasingnumber of technologies being commercializedthrough the Units indicates that the NARS isbecoming more adapted to the concept of BusinessIncubators for technology identification as well as forits commercialization.

2.4.2.4 Standard models for agri-businesspartnerships: Standard Models for partnershipshave been developed in collaboration with privatesectors and other organizations, which were dulyimproved upon during the course of the Project. ANetwork of Indian Agri-Business Incubators (NIABIs)has been set up to promote the BPD Units, its clientsand technologies which generated enquiries for theUnits and business development opportunities to theclients. Over the past three years, the NIABI hasorganized global conferences, B2B meetings andfunding camps focused on technology transfer fromthe NARS and business development opportunitiesfor promoting technologies across the country,irrespective of the sector and institute, adopting aco-business incubation approach. This provides forwider uptake and scaling-up of the technology thathas been developed within the NARS.

The process of technology transfer has beensystematized for the BPDUs by the ABI-ICRISAT incollaboration with the NAIP and the IP&TM Unit ofICAR. The BPDUs were entrusted with theresponsibility of identifying and evaluatetechnologies, its valuation for benchmark pricing

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and later identifying potential clients for taking upthese technologies. The BDUs also provided thestage for interested companies to interact andengage with the scientists in the NARS and allowsfor joint collaborative projects, technologydevelopment and refinement activities. Thebusiness outlook at the BPD Unit has helped inpromoting high potential technologies.

2.4.2.5 Human resource development onlegal, IPR and business management Issues:Capacity building has synergized the nationalinitiatives for enhanced incubations support fromother Ministries and Departments viz., MSME, DSTand DBT, benefitting seven BPD Units withadditional funding of R 6.5 crores. The BPDUs havestarted creating change in the NARS by promotinginnovation and entrepreneurship for agriculturaldevelopment. While some of the older BPDUs haveperformed well, there still remains scope forimprovement. An improvement is to be expectedwith the system becoming fully operational for a fewof the under-performing Units. While some of theBPDUs have mobilised less revenue fromtechnology licensing, the overall outlook hasremained good. With more awareness being createdthrough different communication modes, the BPDUsare getting footfall and enquiries from a diverseaudience comprising farmers, rural youth, women,and professionals from other sectors of theeconomy.

Following are the two major areas in whichcapacity building of BPDUs and the staff associatedwith them was taken up under the NAIP:• Study on intellectual property management:

Studies for promoting research and innovationthrough capacity building in relation to IPmanagement issues such as Patents, PlantVarieties Protection (PVP), Copyrights, RuralInnovations, Agro-biodiversity, andGeographical Indications (GI) were made underthe L&CB sub-project at NAARM, Hyderabad.

• Enhanced capacities for intellectualproperty and technology management: Theresearch and capacity building initiatives of theproject in IP management have led to capacitybuilding and facilitation of ITMUs in the ICARInstitutes, BPDUs set up under the NAIP, and ofRural Innovators. As the handholding andmentoring partner, the ABI-ICRISAT ensuredthat the BPDUs were able to become a

sustainable entity within the NARS in promotingtheir technologies and provide incubatorservices to the potential entrepreneurs.Towards this, many mentoring and trainingsessions to enhance the skills of the BPDUteams were conducted for the CPI, BusinessManager and Support Staff in dealing withincubator management and in trouble-shootingthe issues that generally come up in businessincubation.

2.4.2.6 Building entrepreneurship andenterprises: The BPD Units have incubated 1,218entrepreneurs/ agri-based start-ups, out of which 91ventures have been successfully graduated in aspan of four years. Through these agri-businessventures, about 2,19,973 jobs have been created inthe rural economy and 1,40,000 benefitted from theproducts and services developed by them. Theincubators have also trained more than 3,700entrepreneurs on various facets of agri-business.Major areas where the BPDUs have impactedinclude the following:• Enhancing market-oriented technology

commercialization: The business outlook atthe BPD Unit has helped in promoting highpotential technologies from the NARS to themarket, especially Agro-input and Agro-biotechnology Companies. With the growth ofthe incubators, the BPDUs have receiveddiverse enquiries from different parts of thecountry and even foreign shores. They are nowgetting consultancy assignments from the Asianand African countries.

• Corporate social responsibility (CSR)investments in TBI: Taking advantage of theGovernment’s policy of treating the fundsprovided to Technology Business Incubators(TBI) located within the academic institutions asCSR expenditure, the ABI – ICRISAT hassubmitted the PPP-based concept note forBPDs’ scale-up and sustainability to the DST forfinancial consideration.

• BPD’s revenues and new projects: The netrevenue generated through BPD operationsand new projects mobilized in this line of activitywould help in their post-NAIP sustainability.

• Agri-Tech Investors Meet: In the Agri-TechInvestors Meet attended by more than 400participants representing industry, agri-scientists, entrepreneurs, investors and

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incubator professionals, a Compendium ofNAIP Technologies having potential for widescale commercialization was released.

• Patents filed/granted: Out of the 228 patentsfiled, which include patents developed by theparticipating member institutions of the fiveZTM-BPD Units, 50 patents were granted.

2.4.3 Learning and capacity building (L&CB)

The capacity building of human resource iscritically needed both horizontally and vertically.Innovations in strategic human resource capacitybuilding can promote the enabling role of NARS byproviding it with cutting edge knowledge and varyingtypes of skills at the highest level that are not onlyessential but also critical to the effective functioningof the system. Acquiring the necessary knowledgeand skills through relevant education and trainingbecomes all the more important.

One of the key programmes proposed in theNAIP was Learning and Capacity Building (L&CB) intechnology generation, assessment and refinementin the NARS. It was envisaged to encourage the useand/or creation of appropriate learning strategies,approaches and processes to support long-terminstitutional learning and capacity building. The PIUwas made responsible for the administrative control,processing and overall supervision. The sub-projectentitled Learning and Capacity Building with LeadCentre at NAARM, Hyderabad was assigned to takethe responsibility of designing, overseeing andmonitoring the L&CB methods, approaches andprocesses within the ICAR and the NAIP-supportedConsortia to achieve the major objectives ofcomponent-1.

2.4.3.1 Training needs assessment: In orderto support institutional change and ensure effectiveoperation of the NAIP Consortia, the following twokinds of training needs assessment was carried outas a first step that became critical for developingrelevant programmes to meet the needs of variouscategories of personnel engaged in theimplementation of NAIP.• Individual and institutional training needs

assessment: Individual and institutionalcapacities of the NARS for research inConsortia mode in a market-drivenenvironment, as envisaged under the NAIP,were limited before the initiation of the Project.In view of this, prior to the launch of NAIP, and

with funding support under its retroactive fundcomponent, the NAARM conducted a quicksurvey of the ICAR Institutes, SAUs, NGOs,and Private R&D Agencies to assess thecompetency gaps and training needs for pilotingthe NARS to NAIS transformation. Based on thesurvey, an L&CB framework that helps toidentify the training areas and priorities wasdeveloped. A two-day brainstorming workshopon Training Needs Assessment for Learningand Capacity Building for the four componentsof NAIP was also organized by NAARM in June,2006 to deliberate on the survey results andrefine the framework.

• Training needs assessment for ConsortiaPartners engaged in NARS: Subsequent tothe launch of NAIP in July, 2006 and the sub-project in December, 2007, anotherbrainstorming workshop was organized inFebruary, 2008 to identify and prioritize therequired competencies and gaps at variousorganizational levels of the NARS. Thecompetencies were also classified and rankedin attitude, skill and knowledge categories atdifferent organizational levels: researchmanagers, senior scientists, entry level scientists,technical staff, administrative staff, and otherConsortia partners engaged in the NAIP.

The training need assessment survey and thetwo brainstorming workshops helped in assessingthe current gaps and required competencies for theNARS to NAIS transition, and their skill, knowledgeand attitude components, for designing the capacitybuilding programmes of the sub-project.

2.4.3.2 NAIP Helpdesk for enhancingcapacities for multi-institutional Consortiaresearch: The Helpdesk was established at theNAARM in 2005 before the initiation of NAIP, withretroactive funding support from the WB, to sensitizeand assist prospective partners of the NAIP sub-projects viz., public, private or civil societyorganizations i) in understanding the philosophy andrequirements of the NAIP, ii) in understanding howbest to compete for the sub-projects of the NAIPthrough developing and presenting effectiveConcept Notes and Full Project Proposals and iii) forsometimes after the award of the projects, inovercoming the teething troubles in running theConsortia. The functions of the NAIP Helpdeskevolved over four phases, as under:

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• Phase I: Initial stage (2005-2007): Before thelaunch of NAIP, the Helpdesk organized aseries of sensitization workshops across thecountry (with retroactive funding support fromthe World Bank) to prepare key stakeholders toparticipate in the NAIP calls for proposals. TheHelpdesk also devised an exhaustive set ofFAQs, a sample value chain proposal for grape,and a data base of prospective public andprivate organizations that could participate inthe sub-projects.

• Phase II: Proposal development (2007-2009): This phase also coincided with the firstthree calls for inviting the Research Proposalsfor competitive funding under the components-2, 3 and 4 of NAIP. The major activities andoutputs include:– Designing the Helpdesk portal

(www.naarm.ernet.in/naiphelpdesk.html)(Fig. 2.6);

– Implemented first On-line Concept NoteSubmission System in ICAR (used in 2nd &3rd calls); and

– Liaised with the PIU to provide criticalreports on successes, coverage andlimitations in the three calls for proposals,and provided guidance in improving theeffectiveness of the calls.

In all, the Helpdesk reached more than 500partners, from both public and private sectors andcontributed to improvements in proposaldevelopment, partnership mix and final selection ofsub-projects.• Phase III: Project implementation (2009-12):

The focus in this phase was on supportingoperational aspects of the sub-projects.Management and operational issues wereidentified based on formal and informalinteractions with various sub-project teams. TheHelpdesk also provided on-line support in theform of clarifications and suggestions onadministration and management aspects ofConsortia projects. A web-based voicerecording through phone and mobile was alsoestablished at the NAARM to receive callsround the clock.

• Phase IV: Assessment of gains andexperiences of NAIP (2012-14): The purposeof this phase was to get a broad outline of gainsand experiences in the Indian NARS resultingfrom the operation of NAIP sub-projects, interms of management practices and processesthat were brought about while implementingvarious sub-projects. A nationwide survey wascarried out seeking experiences of stakeholdersin 15 sub-projects located in Tamil Nadu,Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal,Maharashtra, Assam, and Haryana.

2.4.3.3 Development of training programmesand training materials:

(i) National and international capacitydevelopment programmes: The implementation ofnational and international capacity developmentprogrammes within the NAIP was overseen by theICAR by constituting a Committee under theChairmanship of Director General with DeputyDirectors General (DDGs) and National Director(NAIP) as members to decide the frontier areas forinternational and national training (open type). After

Fig 2.6: View of help desk portal

– Developing and uploading e-learningmodules on writing convincing ConceptNotes and Full Research Proposals;

– Database of institutions/organizations,information and experiences (case studies)of national and international agriculturaland rural development projects in aConsortia mode;

– Organizing interactions between public andprivate sector prospective participants andhandholding and match-making support forseveral proposals;

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several rounds of discussion, 27 frontier areas ofagricultural sciences were identified and the numberof trainees to be sent under each was also decided.The total slots decided to be sent were 490, whichwas later approved by the Department of EconomicAffairs (DEA) of the Ministry of Finance (MoF).

Similarly, the number of national trainings (94)was also decided. The broad guidelines includingthe age of trainees, duration of training, etc. werealso decided by the Committee. Another Committeeof ADGs with ND (NAIP) as Chairman wasconstituted to decide about detailed guidelines,criteria for selection, allocation of number of traineesacross the Themes, Divisions, etc. The 27 frontierareas were classified into 6 broad Themes. The totalexpenditure under the national and internationalopen trainings was R36.78 crore (nearly 3% of NAIPtotal budget, out of which R31.48 crore was forinternational training and the rest of R5.30 was fornational training). The DDGs informed the scientistsin their respective Institutes (including the SAUs)about the programme and other details, as well assought application from them. The number oftrainings completed during the Project period ispresented in the table 2.1 below:

(MDPs), training programmes and workshopsacross the four partner institutions, to reachover 3,000 faculty and scientists of NARS.Expertise gained in capacity building forresearch proposal writing has been extended tomulti-institutional basic and strategic researchprojects under the NFBSFARA of ICAR,Agricultural Universities and the private sector.The research and capacity building initiatives ofthe project in IP management have led tocapacity building and facilitation of ITMUs in theICAR Institutes, BPDUs set up under the NAIP,and of rural innovators.The initiatives have also led to design anddevelopment of course materials, knowledgeresources and case studies that enabled theNAARM to launch a one-year distance PostGraduate Diploma Programme in TechnologyManagement in Agriculture (PGDTMA). Twobatches have graduated and more than a thirdof the students (>250) are workingprofessionals from the NARS and industry.

(iii) Enhanced capacities to institutionalizee-learning: Research studies and trainingprogrammes of the sub-project have led to thedevelopment of a roadmap and strategy toinstitutionalize the practice of e-learning usingopen source technologies relevant for theNARS. e-Course modules for the degree levelprogrammes were developed in sevendisciplines viz., Agriculture, Fisheries Science,Dairy Science, Veterinary and AnimalHusbandry, Horticulture, Home Science andAgricultural Engineering by subject matterspecialists of the respective disciplines at the

Table 2.1: Status of trainings organized under NAIP

Trainings TrainingsCompleted

International Trainings in the 904Frontier Areas of Agricultural Sciences.

National Trainings in the Frontier 94Areas of Agricultural Sciences.

Fig 2.7: e-learning portal

The trained manpower would be utilized formanaging, conducting and guiding research in thesefrontier areas. They would be helpful in thedevelopment of Centre of Excellence. Further, thesetrained scientists were also utilized for training ofNARS scientists through short-term trainingprogrammes, Summer and Winter Schools, etc.They also conducted training for scientists of othercountries. These capacity development programmesdirectly contributed to the research outputs andindirectly strengthened future research outputs.(ii) Enhanced capacity development for

pluralistic, market oriented research andinnovation: Jointly designed, developedlearning resources and organized 130management development programmes

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SAUs and DUs of the ICAR. A number ofsensitization workshops-cum-trainingprogrammes were conducted across the SAUsand DUs. Off-line DVDs were also distributed toall SAUs, DUs and other academic Institutionsin India on demand (Fig. 2.7).

(iv) Enhanced capacities for GIS applications inagricultural research and management: Thesub-project reached nearly all the Institutes ofICAR and many SAUs. Besides introducing theuse of open source GIS software and solutions,developed a range of prototype products forapplications and training viz., Geospatial library;village knowledge system and DSS forlivelihoods vulnerability assessments,experimental farm management and agri-foodretail management.

(v) Enhanced capacities for ICTs use by ruralwomen: An integrated ICT model wasdeveloped and implemented by the NAARM incollaboration with two NGOs at four villages, todemonstrate that ICTs could be gainfully utilizedto enhance the livelihoods of rural women if theyare empowered to access useful informationand enabled to carry out e-business. The modelemploys participatory processes for knowledgeneeds assessment and multi-lingual websitedevelopment.

(vi) Learning resources / knowledge productsdeveloped: Several learning resources andknowledge products were developed. A numberof case studies on organizational change,agricultural supply chains, rural livelihoodsassessments, and technology delivery modelswere made.

2.4.3.4 Impact assessment of trainingprogrammes: The NAIP has commissioned animpact assessment exercise to the InternationalFood Policy Research Institute (IFPRI). The studyaimed to assess the impact of the L&CB sub-component by monitoring the impact pathwaythrough the inputs (cost, labour, training materials),outputs (trained individuals, restructuredorganization), and outcomes (new researchinnovations; improved business regulatory, or policyenvironments; or improved quality or relevance ofresearch) of the capacity building activities.

Following are the key observations made fromthe study: Between 2008 and 2014, a total of 485scientists underwent international training for up-

grading their skills. Out of 485 scientists, 381belonged to the ICAR and the rest from the SAUs.The Crop Sciences Division represented themaximum number (26%) of scientists, followed byHorticulture (22%) and Animal Sciences (18%)Divisions. Out of 27 sub-themes, Marker AssistedSelection (MAS) alone accounted for 122 trainees,followed by IPR and Neutraceuticals accounting for5% trainees each. About 62 per cent were SeniorScientists (or Associate Professors at the SAUs),followed by 25 per cent at the Scientists level (orAssistant Professor at the). While the age of thescientists ranged between 28 and 62 years withaverage age being 41 years, their work experiencewidely ranged between 2 and 40 years with anaverage of 13 years. A total of 87 female scientistsparticipated, which made up to nearly18 per cent ofthe lot.

The trainees were sent to 123 Institutions/Universities across 24 countries, the United Statesof America being the single largest destination(64%), followed by the United Kingdom (8%) andPhilippines-IRRI (7%). The Michigan StateUniversity trained 42 scientists and 50 scientists(over 10%) got trained across five CGIAR intuitionsviz., IRRI (33), ICARDA (11), CIMMYT (1), CIP (2),and IFPRI (3).

Majority (90%) of the training programmes wereof longer duration, i.e. 90-95 days, whereas theremaining programmes were of shorter duration (2-3weeks).The shorter duration programmes weremainly the initial ones in the year 2008, coveringmainly the sub-thematic area of MAS and IRRI wasthe major destination.

In order to estimate the benefits of the training,indicators such as increment in number ofpublications, technologies developed, patent andproject proposals submitted are used. In the case ofjournal articles, year-wise data was collected onjournal articles accepted for publication. For thetechnologies developed, patent and projectproposals submitted, data on three years prior totraining and post-training was collected in the survey(Table 2.2).• Gains in terms of Output Index: The benefits

from the training were measured through anoutput index, which was developed by usingweights for specific outputs. The base indexwas assumed to be 100. There was the highestincrease (62%) in the project proposals

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submitted to non-ICAR Institutions, followed byjournal articles accepted for publication (53%),patents submitted (35%), proposals submittedto ICAR Institutions (34%), technologiesdeveloped as a Co-PI (9%), technologiesdeveloped as PI (7%), and the technologiesdeveloped (7%).

2.4.3.5 Research studies undertaken: Bothpro-active and follow-up research case studies inaspects relevant to all the components of NAIP wereconsidered necessary to enable design of learningresources for efficient management, and capture thelearning from the NAIP for future sustenance ofConsortia-based research in the NAIS. Followingare the major areas in which research studies wereundertaken:(i) Impact assessment of training

programmes: Impact of L&CB programmeswas analyzed at reaction, learning,performance and impact levels. An on-linetemplate was developed and used for analyzingthe impact at reaction and learning levels. Theinstrument consisted of 16 indicators related toprogramme design, delivery, immediatereaction of participants and end-of-theprogramme learning. A three-dimensionalframework was developed for integrating‘training impact assessment’ into the trainingecosystem for achieving training transfer andeffectiveness. This framework identifies (a)trainee preparedness attributes, (b) trainingdesign and (c) climate of trainee’s organizationfor ensuring expected training transfer andtraining outcomes. Indicators for extendedimpact consist of increase in improved jobperformance, research productivity, behaviouralchanges, increased communicationcompetence, training transfer, overallimprovement in organizational performance, etc.

(ii) Organizational change for promotinginnovation through research Consortia: Thesub-project addressed the following aspects oforganizational change:

• Change management - synthesis ofexperiences on change management in theNARS in general and as a result ofimplementing the NAIP to identify critical issuesfor managing change.

• Leadership Effectiveness- identification of thenature of leadership and measurement of theleadership qualities and effectiveness.

• Performance enhancement- identification ofkey performance drivers and the ways toencourage and motivate scientists to develop totheir full potential.

• Organizational citizenship behaviour-identification of the antecedents and indicatorsto assess the organizational citizenshipbehaviour.

(iii) Studies for promoting research andinnovation in agricultural value chains: Thesub-project addressed the following aspects:

• Support for strengthening agriculturalsupply/value chains- Value chains of a rangeof high value agricultural commodities in theoperating market channels in different regionswere analyzed to assess the market efficienciesand understand the distribution of value fromthe farm gate to the consumers across differentproduction-consumption distribution channels.

• Intellectual property management issues -Patents, PVP, Copyrights, rural innovations:A review of the relevant legal and policydocuments was done to understand thebackground of the obligations of IP protection atnational and international levels.

• Intellectual property management issues-Agro-biodiversity, Geographical Indications:A primary study was conducted in the case ofMakhana in Bihar.

• Efficiency and effectiveness of agriculturalservices: Based on primary survey of 461farmers in Uttar Pradesh using a structuredquestionnaire, farmers’ responses on quality ofagricultural information services from the publicand private sources for crop and animalhusbandry were analyzed.

Outputs Post-TrainingIncremental

Gains in Output (%)

Journal articles accepted 53for publication

Technologies developed 7

Patents submitted 35

Project proposals submitted 34

Table 2.2: Post training incremental gains in output

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• Contractual arrangements in mango valuechain: The study identified factors affectingdesign and management of contractarrangements in mango value chain using datafrom a survey of 83 contractors involved inmango production and marketing in UttarPradesh.

(iv) Research studies for promoting sustainablelivelihoods security: The component - 3 of theNAIP allocated a significant share of funds tostrategies for sustainable rural livelihoodssecurity in less favoured areas. The researchstudies in this component focused on:

• Spatial framework for assessingvulnerability of livelihood systems in lessfavoured areas: A spatial framework to assessthe vulnerability and adaptive capacity oflivelihood systems to climate and marketstressors was developed.

• Characterizing vulnerability of rurallivelihood systems using spatial datamining: Knowledge discovery and knowledgemanagement tools to characterize livelihoodsystems were developed.

• Technology delivery models in lessfavoured areas: Keeping in view thespecificities (in terms of demographic, socio-economic, agro-ecological and livelihoodparameters) of the less favoured areas, thestudy based on desk-research, fieldobservations and survey was undertaken todocument and analyze alternative models foreffective technology delivery.

• Innovation quality management: Theproblem of managing innovation quality inpublic research institutions was addressed infour phases viz., i) development of conceptualframework that integrates the traditionalconcepts of quality management and innovationmanagement, ii) identification of quality andperformance parameters to develop a matrix forinnovation management, iii) identification ofbarriers to innovation quality management anddelineating critical success factors for six sigmaapplication in managing innovation quality, andiv) development of a comprehensive BalancedScore Card (BSC) framework for linking theR&D organizations’ vision and strategy toperformance.

(v) Study on ICTs in agriculture:• ICTs use in agricultural value chains: Use of

ICTs was documented in the followingintegrated commodity supply/value chains andused in capacity building programmes: i) Grape– Grapenet- ICTs are extensively used in theGrape net regulated by the APEDA for enforcingtraceability for export to Europe and ii) Dairy(NDDB)- Implemented a Dairy Information andServices Kiosk (DISK) and Dairy Portal.

• Survey of ICT use by farmers: To assess theuse of ICTs in the unorganized market, anationwide survey was carried out seekingexperiences of 417 rural respondents about theuse of ICT in their daily lives.

• Institutionalizing e-learning in agriculturaleducation: Suitable open sourcemethodologies were identified, developedcapacity building strategies and protocols, andprovided handholding support to helpinstitutionalize the practice of e-learning in theNARS.

• Spatial decision support system (SDSS) formanaging agricultural experimental farms: Aweb-based spatial decision support system(SDSS) for experimental farm managementwas developed using the open-source GIS.

• Spatial decision support system (SDSS) foragribusiness retail: A web-based spatial DSSfor agribusiness retail management wasdeveloped for identifying market areas and retailstore locations in the urban demand centres.

2.4.3.6 Capacity building programmesorganized by L&CB Consortia Partners: The fourConsortia Partners (NAARM, IIML, MANAGE andNIRD) jointly designed, developed learningresources and organized 130 ManagementDevelopment Programmes/Workshops and TrainingProgrammes from 2007-08 to 2013-14. TheProgrammes covered a wide domain: Leadershipdevelopment; Developing winning researchproposals; PME; PPP; IT based DSSs (GIS, e-learning, data mining, multimedia,); Intellectualproperty and technology management (IPTM);Agribusiness management; Supply chainmanagement; Managing quality in agriculturalresearch; and International training in frontiersciences and management in reputed institutionsabroad. Nearly 904 scientists were deputed for

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International training in frontier areas of science. Thesub-project directly reached about 3,200 scientists/faculty/staff of the NARS.

2.4.4 Policy, gender analysis and visioning (PGAV)

The activities that were carried out under thissub-component looked at the larger picture ofvisioning, impact assessment, technologyforecasting, gender issues in agriculture, anddecentralization of agricultural research. Apart frompolicies and investment levels, institutionalmechanisms responsible for delivery of services tofarmers play a far greater role in promoting inclusivegrowth in agriculture. The sub-component strived tolook at some of these issues in the thrust areas ofVisioning, Technology Forecasting and ImpactAssessment.

2.4.4.1 Institutional Options for InclusiveAgricultural Growth: Economic reforms initiated inthe 1990s have put the economy on a path ofdynamic growth and structural transformation.However, the contribution of agricultural sector to thecountry’s economy has come down during recenttimes, as compared to the contribution made by thenon-agricultural sector. Moreover, the gap inperformance between the rich and poor stateswidened dramatically during the last decade.

The sub-project on Policy and InstitutionalOptions for Inclusive Agricultural Growth examinedthese concerns to provide policy and institutionaloptions for inclusive agricultural growth. The studyhas specifically examined the pattern of agriculturalgrowth in India, with focus on disadvantaged areasand small farmers’ access to technology andmarkets for their inclusiveness. Specific researchareas under this study include: i) growth andinvestment in agriculture, ii) agrarian change andsmall farmers, iii) markets for high-valuecommodities, iv) equity issues in water use andtechnology, and v) rainfed agriculture.(i) Agricultural Growth: The current agricultural

growth rate of little over three per cent should beseen in terms of economic viability of smallfarmers and incidence of high rural poverty inthe disadvantaged regions of the country.

• Crop Sector: There are three major trends ingrowth viz., the first one relates to primarilytechnology-driven higher growth rates of coarsecereals, particularly maize, oilseeds and cotton;

the second one brought about by areaexpansion, price incentive and better seedvarieties; and the third major trend is the rapidgrowth in high-value commodities like fruits,vegetables, livestock, and fisheries. Priceincentives mainly because of rising demand andstrong market linkages have prompted farmersto diversify towards these commodities.

• Regional/district level: The district-levelanalysis has shown that there are a largenumber of districts with limited irrigation whereagricultural growth is rather slow. The slow-growth districts have huge untapped potentialand they could be the source of future outputgrowth in agriculture.

• Farm size and social dimension: Theproportion of marginal and small holdings takentogether has increased considerably from 69.9per cent in 1970-71 to 83.3 per cent in 2005-06.Among the social groups, the number ofholdings possessed by the SC and ST farmershad marginally declined between 1995-96 and2005-06. The loss of operated area was higher(-3.4%) for ST than SC (-0.8%) category.Dispossession of agricultural land owned by theSC and ST categories is a matter of seriousconcern.

In terms of area allocation, the marginal andsmall farmers allocated a higher proportion of land tofood grains. While the marginal farmers haveincreased area under food grains substantiallybetween 1990-91 and 2005-06, the medium andlarge farmers have diversified their cropping patternto cash crops. This implies that food securityconcerns dominate in the decisions of these farmergroups due to operations of imperfect food marketand the prevailing uncertain price situations. Acrossfarm-size groups, the extent of irrigation was highunder ‘others’ category (50.7%) when compared toSC (45.2%) and ST (20.2%) farmers’ categories in2005-06.(ii) Investment in Agriculture: Decadal trends in

real gross capital formation in agriculture inthe1980s showed a marginal decline mainlybecause of the negative growth in publicinvestment. This decline was arrested throughimpressive growth in private investment (4.11%per annum) during the1990s. In the previousdecade, the public investment rose sharply(15.80%), and private investment grew at 4.8

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per cent, thereby registering an impressivegrowth of 7.1 per cent in the total investment.The changing sectoral shares withinagricultural investments still show prominenceof crops and livestock sectors, with a risingshare of fisheries sector (13%), indicating thediversification of agricultural investmentportfolio in the recent years. Investments in thefisheries sector are predominantly from theprivate sector. Across regions, southern andwestern states have accounted for two-thirds ofthe total state investment, while hilly and north-eastern regions could get less than 10 per centof the state investments.

Based on the study, following policyrecommendations were made:• Considering higher nutritional value and less

resource-use, there is a need to enhance theoutput of coarse cereals, pulses and smallmillets. Priority should be accorded topromotion of adequate investment ininfrastructure, markets, agro-processing andscientific knowledge dissemination in the slowgrowth districts.

• The practice of collectivization of operationalholdings which holds promise to adopting moderntechnologies and realize better income forfarmers, should be strengthened and disseminated.

• Attempts should also be made to streamline thedirect subsidy distribution system to avoidlosses and leakages of inputs.

(iii) Agriculture and small farmers’ livelihood:The contribution of agriculture to householdincome is found to be 50-70 per cent, it is evenless in the case of marginal and small farmersand just adequate to sustain above the povertyline in the irrigated regions.

The marginal and small holdings areeconomically non-viable to provide sustenance to afarm family. This raises issues for long-termsustainability of small-scale farming. In the long run,the solution to the problem of small-scale farmerslies in shifting of agricultural workers to non-agricultural sector.

The following recommendations emerged fromthe study:• A major thrust on promotion of agricultural

productivity and income through Governmentsupport programmes including development of

rural infrastructure, marketing network, accessto credit, strategic research and extensionservices, etc. with a focus on the small andmarginal farmers is required.

• There is a need to promote farmer-marketlinkages by liberalizing the land market,promoting contract farming and organizedretailing in agricultural products.

• Generation of wage and non-wage employmentopportunities in the rural areas is the need of thehour.

(iv) Innovation system and impacts: It isimperative to strengthen the innovation system,since much of the hope for increase inagricultural productivity is pinned ontechnological innovations. The first andforemost requirement for this is enhancement ofpublic investment for agricultural R&D. Theannual growth in the public investment hasslowed down from close to 6 per cent in 1990sto 3 per cent in the last decade (Fig. 2.8).

Fig 2.8: Trends in real government expenditure onagricultural research and education in India

The investment intensity, i.e. public investmentas a percentage of agricultural gross domesticproducts (AGDP), is nearly 0.6 percent for researchand nearly 0.2 percent for extension.

Biotechnology: In innovation systems,agricultural biotechnology has emerged as apromising sector. Tissue culture industry accountsfor 28 per cent of the total firms in agriculture, asagainst 19 per cent of seed companies and 13 percent of those dealing with transgenics. Privatecompanies invest 12-16 per cent of their turnover onR&D.

Irrigation Water: The gap between irrigationpotential created and utilized continues to remainwide. When the availability of water and areairrigated by surface water is declining and the

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ground water is getting over-exploited, it is high timeto promote conjunctive use of water and give farmore attention to better management of canals andrehabilitation of tanks so as to enhance the irrigationpotential. While aiming for inclusive growth, it isimportant to focus on building water institutions likethe Water Users Associations and Ground WaterMarket for better water-use efficiency, and moreequitable distribution of water.• Dryland agriculture: The aggregate analysis

of the dryland districts (with less than 30%irrigated area) has revealed that trends in theyield of bajra, maize and sorghum are similar tothose in more irrigated districts, but the annualrate of increase is significantly lower in thedryland districts. The technological interventioncan have a substantial impact on crop yieldsand farm income. The study has shown thatdissemination of resource-oriented technology,access to credit and risk management will becrucial in promoting development of drylandagriculture.

• Promotion of agricultural value chains: Theconditions for participation of small farmers inhigh-value markets in the case of baby corn inHaryana and grapes in Maharashtra wereencouraging. The shelf-value of baby corn canbe increased through light packaging and itdoes not need much investment. In the case ofgrapes, more than half of the area is occupiedby small farmers. It is a knowledge-intensivecrop and farmers are in touch with R&Dagencies.

2.4.4.2 Visioning of agriculture: It is a policyoption for envisioning agriculture for the future.Rapid developments in other frontier areas ofscience have a significant impact on agriculturalR&D. It is imperative to articulate technologicalneeds of various segments of agriculture, andcontemplate how developments in science can helpaddress these needs. It is important to align policiesand changing market opportunities with growth for asustainable development which require capacity forpolicy analysis and assessing implications of markettrends.(i) Decision support system (DSS) for

commodity market outlook: Through the sub-project entitled Developing a Decision SupportSystem for Commodity Market Outlook, it wasattempted to develop suitable crop-specific

models that could generate medium-and long-term outlooks. These efforts culminated in thedevelopment of outlook models for major grains(rice, wheat and maize) and oilseeds(groundnut, soybean and rapeseed & mustard)and these could be relied upon for drawingfuture scenarios on the agri-commodities underalternative policy settings. India specificcommodity market outlook models for importantagricultural commodities were developed. Onewas Grains Outlook Model and the other wasOilseeds Outlook Model. These modelsgenerate outlooks based on four keycomponents of the food balance sheet viz.,demand, supply, trade and prices. An on-linedatabase repository, Commodity MarketOutlook Statistics (CMOS), which providestime-series and cross commodity data under apassword-protected system, was developed asa part of the sub-project.

• Visioning of Dairy Sector: The futurescenarios, strategies and actions for the dairysector were visualized for 2021 and 2035. Thebase of dairy production is changing withrespect to purpose, size, and composition. Thedual status of dairy farms to provide milk anddraft power is decreasing day by day. There is achange in the breed and species composition ofdairy herd. The share of indigenous cattle in-milk has continuously decreased while that ofcrossbred in-milk cattle grew at the rate of morethan 7% per annum and the wet-dry ratio iscontinuously improving. The mechanization ofagriculture and Artificial Insemination (AI) led toerosion of genetic base. Five milk productionsystems were identified and classified asintensive and extensive production systems.Estimation of nutritional and economic demandwas computed under three situations namelynormal, high and low growth. The economicdemand in 2021 was estimated to be 131.71,140.32 and 123.49 million tons under normal,high and low growth situations, respectively;whereas in 2035, it would rise to 219.34, 249.28and 192.72 million tons. In 2035, consumptionof liquid milk would be more than the nutritionalrequirement except in North-Eastern States andparts of West Bengal and Orissa.

• Visioning of rainfed agriculture: Twenty threedrivers of change were identified; classified into

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bio-physical, socio-economic and governmentpolicies; and ranked. A majority of therespondents felt that the rainfall distributionfollowed by ground water status as the majorbio-physical parameter influencing land-use inrainfed areas. Minimum support price, size ofholding and access to market are major driversof crop diversification. The following scenarioswere visualized:– Climate change scenario: It may witness

decrease in area under rainfed rice andincrease of area under coarse cereals,mainly maize.

– Developmental scenario: Characterizedby institutional intervention like watersheddevelopment and other resourceconserving or augmenting mechanisms, itis likely to push for a shift towardsdiversification in favour of high value cropslike fruits and vegetables, followed byoilseeds, pulses and cotton at the cost ofcoarse cereals.

– Globalization scenario: It will boost thecommercial agriculture and the likelypositive impact will be more on cotton, fruitsand vegetables at the cost of cereals ingeneral and coarse cereals in particular.

(ii) Horizontal and vertical diversification ofIndia’s rural economy - potential andconstraints:

• Diversification: Within the agricultural sector,the shares of horticulture, livestock andfisheries in the total value of output increasedquite significantly. Within the crop, thecontribution of food grains to area as well asvalue of output declined over the years.However, the share of pulses and oilseeds intotal area and value of output increased. Theshare of fruits and vegetables, as well as thelivestock in the total value of output increased.The contribution of fisheries to total GDP ofagriculture and allied sector marginally improved.Small size of farm has played a positive andsignificant role in horticultural diversification.Diversification in favour of livestock dependslargely on the availability of fodder and grazingland, dairy co-operatives, and veterinary care andto some extent road connectivity.

• High value commodities: There is a structuralshift in consumption pattern across states and

income classes away from cereals to high-valueagricultural commodities, both in rural andurban areas. There is a relatively strong andgrowing demand for livestock products andfruits and vegetables in both the rural and urbanareas. Due to shift in demand pattern towardshigh value crops, the farmers have alsoresponded to market signals and graduallyshifted the production-mix reflecting in the shareof high value crops (fruits and vegetables,livestock products and fisheries) in the totalvalue of output from agriculture. The studysuggested that a future road map for high-valueagriculture development should focus oninvestment in technology development anddissemination, and basic infrastructure;improve the technical capacity of producers andother players in the value chain: institutionalsupport in core functions of production, logisticsand marketing through concerted public sectorsupport and active public-private partnerships;and provision of inputs, particularly plantingmaterials for fruits and seeds for vegetables.

• Watershed development projects: Anattempt was made to piece together variousevidences to create a larger picture of the scale,spatial converge, major impacts and enduringconcerns in watershed development in thecountry. The evidence suggests that thewatershed development projects have attainedpartly the immediate goals of rain waterharvesting and increasing crop productivity, butthe larger goals are yet to be addressed. Theapproach should not be merely to findalternative mechanisms for increasing accessto irrigation and enhance crop productivity,rather it should focus on identifying alternativeinstitutional mechanisms to address the largerissues of equity, sustainability and post-projectmanagement.

• Agrarian distress: Study was also conductedto examine the farm sector distress to criticallyanalyze the causes and dimensions of agrariandistress. Crop loss, bore well failure and pricecrash become stressors when two or moreevents like land dispute and sickness of familymembers, combine together to trigger suicides.The money lenders, relatives and spouseposing insecurity or insult to the individual act ascatalysts. Lack of technological breakthrough in

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crop yield, and rise in input costs has affectedthe profitability of crop cultivation.

(iii) Visioning of human capital requirements:The assessment of existing manpower, thesectoral growth, capacity utilization of qualifiedgraduates for the future agricultural educationneeds has been visualized under sub-projectAssessment of Future Human CapitalRequirements in Agriculture and Allied Sectors.The broad results point to a shift in demand foragricultural human resources from the public toprivate sector. In 2010, the share of varioussegments by employment was: 33 per cent inGovernment, 44 per cent in private, 10 per centin financial, 4 per cent in research andacademic, and 9 per cent in others. There wassubstantial gap between demand and supply ofmanpower in agricultural and allied sciences tothe tune of 50 per cent. The shortfall was high inthe case of rapidly growing sectors such ashorticulture, dairy, veterinary and substantialtrained manpower to achieve targeted growth.The projections indicate that by 2020 theannual outturn required would have to be about54,000, i.e. the demand supply gap would be30,000. Discipline-wise, the additional annualrequirements of outturns are expected to be:Agriculture 9,335; Horticulture 7,153; Forestry1,116; Dairy 3,005; Veterinary & AnimalHusbandry 4,989; Fishery 2,181; AgriculturalEngineering 1,749; and AgriculturalBiotechnology 305. Results indicate the needfor skill up-gradation in the light of technologicalinnovations, as well as skill development in theemerging areas in the sector.

2.4.4.3 Impact assessment of publicagricultural research: Impact assessment is acritical component of agricultural research in that ithelps to define priorities of research and facilitateresource allocation among programmes; guideresearchers and those involved in technologytransfer to have a better understanding of the waynew technologies are assimilated and diffused intofarming communities; and show evidence thatclients benefit from the research products. In view ofdeclining funds for agricultural research and the needfor stronger accountability in recent years, there isnow a much greater demand not only fordemonstrating the actual impacts of research but alsofor maximizing impacts through targeting research

benefits to poor people. More important in this regardhas been the need to assess the potential impacts ofagricultural research on poverty alleviation with aview to setting priorities of research.(i) Priority Setting, Monitoring and Evaluation

(PME) Cells: The need for PME activities wasfelt during NATP (1999-2005) as it helps inprioritization under limited resources, properutilization of project funds, fast tracking of theprogress of the project and using new tools forproject identification and finalization. Under theNAIP, an attempt was further made toinstitutionalize the Priority Setting, Monitoringand Evaluation (PME) Concept in the ICAR.For participating in the policy arena,strengthening of PME Cells in the SAUs andICAR Institutes was done throughestablishment of 14 PME Cells under the NAIP,five in the ICAR Institutes and nine in the SAUs.These PME Cells received funds and trainingfor conducting research prioritization,monitoring and evaluation activities of theirCentre. The PME Cells under the project havecompleted the assessment of 40 proventechnologies for impact, in terms of increase inregional production, income, employment,savings in cost and inputs, sustainability andrisk, and research prioritization in three SAUs.Review of the functioning of the PME Cells hasagain indicated that they are functioning inisolation without integrating with themainstream, and thereby not addressing thespecific purposes for which they were created. ACommittee was constituted to evolve measuresfor strengthening and institutionalization of thePME Cells. The major measures were identifiedtowards strengthening and integration of PMECells and set guidelines regarding theconstitution, functioning, financing and activitiesof the Cells were evolved and communicated tothe ICAR. The implementations of theguidelines are imperative to render the Cellseffective and functional and to draw the neededauthority and response from all quarters. Thiswill avoid turf problems as otherwise there maybe a tendency to perceive PME as an intrusionand not taken seriously.The activities identified for the PME Cellsinclude: i) sensitizing the managers andstakeholders on the aims and objectives of

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PME; ii) develop, provide and use analyticaltools for PME; iii) take up activities likevisioning, developing FYP and Perspective Planon a continuous basis, and act like a think tankfor the Institute/University; iv) keep inventoriesand track allocations of resources among theregions and research programmes; v) provideanalytical base for the RAC and IRC andfacilitate planning and monitoring of researchprogrammes; vi) undertake impact assessmentof the Institute/University technologies, andimpact assessment and monitoring of externallyfunded Plan projects; vii) undertakedevelopment of data base on research,technologies, adoption, impact, etc. on acontinuous basis along with interface with ARISand IPR Unit for strengthening the data baseand other decision support system; and viii) actas a node for information flow within the ICARInstitute/SAU, SMD, and the NARS throughnetwork and other means.

(ii) PME Cells: It was an effort in the direction ofconducting studies in the field of prioritizationand impact assessment. Therefore, the ICARhas issued an office order to institutionalize thePME Cells with a multi-disciplinary team in eachInstitute. As a result of institutionalization of thePME Cell in ICAR, a full flagged Unit of PMECell at the Council level has been created tocoordinate the PME activities. The newlycreated PME Unit is headed by ADG (IPTM &PME).

(iii) Impact assessment of ICAR Schemes: Morethan 40 technologies have been taken up for ex-post impact assessment by the newly created14 PME Cells. A few PME Cells have come outwith a research prioritization exercise for theirinstitutes and also impact assessment of otherNAIP sub-projects. Under the VPAG sub-project, the PME Cells were given training onresearch prioritization and also on impactassessment. The PME Cell was also entrustedwith the responsibility of evaluating theperformance of NAIP (ICAR) funded researchprojects executed in CSKHPKV, TNAU andIIHR. In all, more than 40 technologies havebeen taken up for impact assessment.

(iv) Assessment of impact of climate change:The sub-project Assessment of Impact ofClimate Change on Water-Energy Nexus in

Agriculture under Canal Irrigation Systemlooked at water-agriculture-energy and climatechange linkages for two large canal irrigationsystems in India viz., Sahayak Canal IrrigationSystem (SCIS) in Uttar Pradesh (SSP-UP) andSardar Sarovar Canal Irrigation System inGujarat (SSP-G). The sub-project was aninnovative attempt to use a soft-link approachbetween climate models, hydrology models andeconomic-energy-environment models tointegrate agriculture-water-energy and climatechange in the context of a canal irrigationsystem. A framework, to capture water supplyand demand (agriculture, residential, industry,energy and environmental flows) in thecommand and catchment areas of two canalirrigation systems has been constructed. Futurescenarios to articulate policy implications forwater-agriculture-energy-climate change nexuswas attempted.The ArcSWAT interface was used to pre-process the spatial data for the river system. ADigital Elevation Model (DEM) from the SRTMwas used for basin delineation. The stream flowdata were obtained for various time periodsfrom global runoff database. The model was runusing PRECIS GHG climate scenarios for near(MC) and long-term (EC) periods (2021-2050,2071-2100, respectively) without changing theland use.It was found from the tube well installed in thefarms that as the bore depth increases acrossthe command area, the fuel consumption(diesel and electricity) increases. Studying thepattern of cultivation of the three major crops-rice, wheat and sugarcane (forming almost 85%of net irrigated area) in the Sardar Sahayakcommand and wheat, groundnut and rapeseedin the Sardar Sarovar command area andestimating the cost and revenue generated forthe five key parameters clearly showed anincrease in the cost per hectare of production ofthe crop in these regions.

(v) Enabling Small Holders to Improve TheirLivelihoods and Benefit from the CarbonFinance: Under this sub-project, a “SMART-CDM” approach (Specific, Measurable,Achievable, Realistic, and Tangible CleanDevelopment Mechanism) has been developedat the ICRAF and implemented to achieve

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carbon sequestration through adaptation andmitigation activities at different levels, i.e.household, farm, landscape, and communitylevels. The new approach has created theimportance of the below ground carbonsequestration (carbon addition in the soil carbonpool) as a better way of sequestering carbon,and promoted farming practices, which areadaptable to and are in harmony with theexisting CDM rules.The entire project implementation was basedon participatory approach, with concludediterative consultations with the farmingcommunity on the project design itself, focusedgroup discussions, Participatory RuralAppraisal (PRA) and participatory farmingsystem analysis for deciding the emissionreduction/ carbon sequestration interventions,and the allocation and acceptance ofresponsibilities for implementing the assignedtasks, monitoring of the progress and reporting.

2.4.4.4 Technology forecasting:Technological needs for agriculture, mainly; futurerice, wheat and pulses research; domain forecastingfor plant breeding and genetics; rainfed agriculture;and fishery have been identified under the sub-project VPAGe through brainstorming sessions inthe respective subject matter institutions. Emergingresearch areas in frontier sciences as evident bypublications have been identified usingtransformative activity index which revealed in aquantifiable manner what currently India is focusingon in relation to Brazil, China and US. Besides, theimplications of the developments in frontier scienceslike nanotechnology and biotechnology foragriculture was studied through available examplesand approved technologies. An assessment of theIndian R&D strategies in relation to the developingcountries, technologies in the pipeline in India and indeveloped countries in relation to what is needed inthe next few years for selected cereals, pulses andoilseeds was made.(i) Assessment of inter-relationships between

R&D in agriculture and other fields ofscience: At the global level, the developedworld commands extreme dominance in termsof R&D expenditure. Public expenditure on R&Das a proportion of agricultural GDP has beenhovering around 0.52 per cent during 1981-2000 for the developing countries, while for the

developed countries it registered a noticeablemark-up, from 1.4 per cent in 1981 to 2.4 percent in 2000. In the former camp, India showeda noticeable improvement from 0.18 per cent in1981 to 0.34 per cent in 2000; while in the latter,it increased from 1.31 per cent to 2.60 per centin USA and from 1.45 per cent to 3.62 per centin Japan. It is absolutely clear that in thedeveloping world as a whole, a rather negligibleproportion of what is being produced inagriculture is ploughed back into R&D activitiesthrough public investment, and accordingly, withevery passing decade, the developed world isleaving the developing world much behind interms of this measure of investment.Per capita public expenditure on agriculturalR&D has not witnessed any sizableimprovement in the developing world, eitherduring the eighties or during the nineties; whilein the developed world, it increased from USD10.9 in 1981 to USD 13.0 in 1991 and slumpedback to USD 11.9 in 2000. From researchintensity ratio too, the developing countriescontinue to be way behind their developedcounterparts. Research expenditure pereconomically active member of agriculturalpopulation shows the developed-developingcountry gaps far more tellingly. In 1981, publicexpenditure for every active member ofagricultural population was USD 45 in thedeveloped countries, against USD 1 in thedeveloping countries; in 1991, the ratio jumpedto 64:1; and in 2000, it was 68:1.

• Bt Cotton: The ex-post impact assessment ofBt cotton for the assessment of welfarecontribution in terms of the economic surplusshowed that the producer surplus realizedthrough Bt cotton cultivation during theassumed life span of the product of 14 yearsreckoned since 2002-03 is R23,751 crore atconstant prices (2002). The total innovatorsurplus was R4,025 crore. In the alternatescenario of continuing the non-Bt, with thehistorical trend in cotton productivity, theproduction would have been only 13-14 millionbales at the yield level of less than 300 kg/ha.The total pesticide consumption in Indianagriculture would have been around 60thousand tons compared to 42 thousand tonsconsumed currently.

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The studies showed that dominance of desivarieties in cotton started declining after theintroduction of American varieties and thenhybrids posing huge implications for the PlantVarieties Protection and Farmers’ Rights(PVP&FR). It is relevant to note that even after35 years of hybrids introduction in cotton, thearea under hybrids was less than 40 per cent till2012 when the Bt cotton was introduced in 2002(particularly in the irrigated north zone, the areaunder hybrid was less than three percent). Theimpending elimination of varieties’ cultivationhas implications for bio-security and biodiversityresulting in pan genetic vulnerability. It appearsas though cotton varieties literally needprotection from hybrids’ explosion. This throwsa serious challenge to public sector to rise to theoccasion and develop alternative technologies,like varieties of Bt instead of hybrids, to providealternative option to farmers of the third world torealize the benefit of GMO.

• Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology into theagricultural research domain focused onanalyzing current trends in nanotechnology forassessing their implications for the agri-foodsector in India. The general systems andprocess based methodology was developedkeeping in view the emerging transformation ofthe agricultural research system in India towardsan innovation system, the framework developedwas to map nano-research areas to the researchthemes along the agricultural supply chain, or theentire production-consumption system. Thisgeneralized and process-based frameworkenables identification and characterization of the

outputs (publications, patents, etc.), and mapsthem to the different agricultural research themeareas through the filter of links in the agri-valuechain (Fig. 2.9).

The framework comprises identification ofrelevant nano-research and agri-food researchthematic areas and mapping the outputs of nano-research areas to the agri-food research areas usingthe different links in the agricultural value chain asguides using database technologies. The databaseallows mapping research themes in nanotechnologyto specific sectors in the agricultural value chainenabling a rational assessment of the potentialapplications of nanotechnology in the Indianagriculture. The specially designed database modelwas used to organize information from R&Dindicators in nanotechnology.

2.4.4.5 Networking of Market IntelligenceCentres in India: With a view to providing themarket advisory to farmers, the sub-projectEstablishing and Networking of Agricultural MarketIntelligence Centres in India was implemented. Thebaseline survey results revealed that anticipation ofbetter price was the reason for 35 per cent farmers tochange their cropping pattern. Newspapers andprivate traders were the major regular sources to thefarmers. Around 224 forecast advisories weredisseminated through magazines, E-mails of theforecast advisory (99,008) were sent by theConsortium Partners. The TNAU sent three lakh textSMS per forecast. The total voice SMS sent by allthe Consortium Centres exceeded 10 million. It wasdecided to generate and disseminate two types ofprice forecasts viz., pre-sowing forecast thatwould help the farmers on sowing and areaallocation decisions and pre-harvest-forecast thatwould help taking decisions on immediate sale orstocking for some period to take advantage of theprice raise in the commodity markets.

Mandatory crops of the project included paddy,wheat, maize, sorghum, cumbu, ragi, blackgram,greengram, bengalgram, redgram, soybean,groundnut, sunflower, sesamum, mustard, copra,castor, rapeseed, cotton, potato, tomato, onion,small onion, brinjal, green peas, coriander, ginger,pepper, turmeric, red chillies, cardamom, coconutand arecanut to the Lead Centre TNAU, and theCollaborating Centres KAU, UAS (Dharwad), UAS(Bangalore), ANGRAU, PDKV, JAU, MPUAT,

Fig. 2.9: Knowledge mapping of nanotechnology inagricultural and thematic areas

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CCSHAU, PAU, and GBPUAT. Price forecastingtools such as Moving Averages, Seasonal Indices,Single Exponential Smoothing, Double ExponentialSmoothing, Co-integration were used. The priceforecasts generated were validated by interactingwith traders, farmers, and other commodity specificwebsites and also in futures platform. TheConsortium Centres generated 866 price forecastson the mandatory crops.

The Consortium Partners conducted 381farmers’ and 169 officials’ trainings covering 27,202farmers and officials. The impact of the forecastadvisory given by the Consortium Centres inselected crops was assessed. The results showedthat the income of the adopters of market advisorywas higher compared to the non-adopters.

2.4.4.6 Women in agriculture: Though womenconstitute a sizeable agricultural work force in thecountry, they have less access than men toagriculture related assets, inputs and services. Theprogrammes initiated and implemented by differentMinistries with varied purposes, sinceindependence, with the common objective of womendevelopment were reviewed and documented; thosehaving relevance for agricultural research, educationand extension were critically assessed for thecontent, context and progress.(i) Gender work participation scenario in India:

A study aimed at assessing the changingstructure in gender work participation in Indiaand across the world was conducted using theCensus India and FAO data. The Gender WorkParticipation Disparity Index (GWPDI), whichvaries between 0 and 1, was developed. Theindex value was in proportion to the disparity –and the reverse indicated equity. Mizoram hadthe most equitable gender work participationscenario, followed by Manipur, Nagaland andHimachal Pradesh. The states with highdisparity include Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab,Kerala, West Bengal, and Orissa. The GWPDIvalue for India was 0.397 in 1991 and 0.338 in2001, which meant the narrowed disparity overtime. The world index too saw a decline from0.232 in 1980 to 0.182 in 2010 indicatingreduction in disparity.The Gender Work Participation Index (GWPI),which varies between 0 and 1, was developedto measure the work participation by combiningboth male and female work participation. The

index was in direct proportion to the level ofgender work participation. The GWPI was 0.234in 1991, which increased to 0.272 in 2001indicating improvement in work participationscenario. Himachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Sikkim,and Dadra & Nagar Haveli showed high genderwork participation status, whereas Orissa, WestBengal, Bihar, Punjab, and Haryana showedlow level of gender work participation.

(ii) Labour migration and gender: Considering thesignificance of migration in the life andlivelihood of poor, a study was conducted inlocations of Bhubaneswar inhabited by migrantwomen to understand the pattern, profile andlivelihood of women migrants covering a sampleof 100 randomly selected women migrants.About half of the migrants permanently shiftedto the city along with their family, while the resthad some members left in their villages.Occupational profile indicated that 92 per centwere engaged as wage labourers. An estimated48 per cent moved back to their villages duringthe lean months that coincided with agriculturalseasons in their places of origin. Significantly,67 per cent of these women were engaged aslabourers in rice and vegetable farming, while25 per cent were engaged in farming either ontheir own or leased-in land. This suggests thatthe existing phenomenon of circular migration isan important livelihood diversification strategy.About 34 per cent reported family disputes as areason for migration, while 30 and 22 per cent,respectively reported natural calamities anddebt burden as the major factors. Besidesfacing the farm level constraints that abettedmigration, the migrants were found sufferingfrom drudgery and health hazards in theiroccupation, and poor nutrition and socialsecurity, despite increase in income in the placeof destination.

(iii) ICT Readiness of rural women in agriculture:A multi-lingual Rural ICTs website was designedto address information needs of farm women,serve as a platform for e-business for theproducts of women SHGs, and provide anopportunity to share traditional knowledge orlocal biodiversity and its utilization. The farmwomen who neither had an alternate livelihoodnor had used ICTs for agriculture information oragribusiness before the project initiation, had an

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alternative livelihood through entrepreneurialdevelopment, networking and marketingthrough ICTs, and were able to recordsignificant increases in their earnings fromherbal products. The ICTs did contribute towomen empowerment, though its contributionsvaried significantly based on the tool used, forwhat purpose it was applied and by whichagency. If women have to benefit from ICTs,special focus needs to be given in itsapplication, otherwise like many otherdevelopment interventions, women are likely toget side-lined. Enacting and enforcing gender-sensitive ICT policies therefore makes lot ofsense.

(v) SHGs and rural women empowerment: TheSHGs reported considerable improvement inaccess to resources, particularly land oninformal leasing. Difficulty in continuous leasearrangement was the major constraint. Theyalso reported reduction in input transaction cost.The Kerala SHG observed that group-basedfarming overcame labour shortage and enabledbetter supervision. Awareness of membersabout development programmes improved withthe network of SHGs and SHG federationsdisseminating information.A portal called “Gender Knowledge Centre” hasbeen created and is available on the website ofDirectorate of Research on Women inagriculture. The portal now serves as amechanism to share gender related informationwith the stakeholders. The portal containsinformation on different broad domains, theimportant ones being information and statistics,gender analysis tools, etc.

2.4.4.7 Centre- State System in Agriculture:Relationship between the Centre and the States inthe field of agriculture is clearly spelt out in theConstitution. Understanding the role of the Centraland State Systems and their relative strengths inmeeting the development objectives in general andthe R&D needs in particular including technologydissemination is imperative in planning for afuturistic agriculture. The historical perspective ofthe relationship, its dynamics and implications wereanalyzed. The interfaces of the relationship withmulti-actors like private, corporate, civil society,farmer’s organizations, etc. and the anticipated roleclarification have been envisaged. Agriculture being

a State subject, it has become more imperative toclarify the role played by multiple actors.

Centre should be limited to policy, planning,funding, monitoring, basic research, and training(HRD). The State should focus on the State levelpolicy & planning, capacity building, delivery ofservices, applied research, allocation of funds, andmonitoring. Devolution of some powers andresponsibilities of the Centre and State to thePanchayat system may be necessary, as it couldemerge as an effective platform to interface andfacilitate bottom up planning (e.g. Kerala andKarnataka). Private sector may bring in technologyand capital where the State cannot invest. Areas oractivities that have attracted interests of thecorporate entities so far are oilseeds, horticulture,dairying, poultry, etc., besides activities likewarehousing and storage, extension services, R&D,etc.

States are in a better position to address localissues and they expect only devolution of funds forthe location-specific agricultural planning. Further,the developments in land acquisition, forest,marketing, FDI in retails, SEZs, IPR, transgeniccrops, etc. only added to the outcry. An immediateoutcome was the realization by all the stakeholdersabout their roles, and policy measures need to beevolved to strengthen their respective roles andfoster the interface. This fructified for the first timethrough the implementation of Rashtriya Krishi VikasYojana (RKVY).

The importance of private sector in Indianagriculture is stressed to establish efficient strategicand hi-tech research, wider transfer of technology,processing and value addition, increased investmentin agribusiness, bulk and specialized warehousing,cold chain system in agro-food parks, auctioncentres and commodity exchanges, specialized agri-ports for exports, and bulk grain handling system /perishable cargo system, controlled atmosphere,and dedicated agri-freight corridor facilities.

The entry of private sector in agriculturalresearch has raised legal issues, especially withrespect to technology and IPR. Private corporatesector has easier access to capital, technology, andmanagement skills. However, the Governmentshould play the critical role of facilitator, enabler andregulator in the process of creating betterinfrastructure, performance and monitoring

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measures for the involvement of private sectorparticipation in agricultural R &D and extension.Willingness and penetration of private sector haschanged as characterized by private pioneered seedsystem where the public sector provided the baseand launch pad to begin with, as an example. Thescope for PPP was studied with four cases ofsuccessful models in important areas viz., modelterminal markets, hi-tech agribusiness farm projects,integrated agro-food port projects, and PPP inagriculture.

2.4.5 Remodelling financial and procurementsystems (RFPS)

2.4.5.1 Procurement management:Procurement Management is a critical element inany Project implementation and unless it is carriedout efficiently and promptly, the full benefits of theProject cannot be realized. The World Bank hasdeveloped Guidelines for the procurement of goods,works and consultancy, which represent accumulatedexperience of the Bank and good public procurementpractices on a global scale.

The Procurement Unit of PIU (NAIP) was headedby the Under Secretary who is responsible for theoverall procurement management of the NAIP.

As the NAIP was implemented in Consortiamode, the procurement for implementation of theProject was more important because all theConsortia Partners were not familiar withprocurement procedures of the World Bank. Theimmediate need was to put in place a capacitybuilding programme to ensure that the procurementcarried was out as per the agreed World Bankprocedure. Moreover, some of the partners likeNGO’s were not competent enough to process ontheir own. But with the constant support andguidance of PIU-Procurement Unit, they couldprocess and procure the required goods, works andservices for the sub-projects implemented by them.In the case of all the prior review and proprietaryitems procurement, the PIU-Procurement Unitprovided input to all the Consortia right from theproposal stage through National Shopping/NCB/ICB, getting NOC/ approval from the World Bank.

2.4.5.2 Procurement reforms:• Majority of the Implementing Agencies had little

exposure to the Association’s procurementprocedures. Therefore, a twin strategy, which

involved building up of capacity and monitoringthe actual procurement carried out byConsortia, was adopted. A procurementconsultant was appointed as the nodal point toguide and advise the Implementing Agencies onprocurement procedures and guidelines.

• The management of procurement under NAIPby the PIU-Procurement Unit includedprocurement of large number of items of goods,works and consultancies. The procurementarrangements proposed for the Project werebased on the lessons learnt from the earlierWorld Bank Projects (NARP & NATP) andinteraction with the Project Officials. Procurementwas decentralized and carried out by theConsortia for their respective research activities.

• Standard Bidding Documents/ Request forProposals Documents as finalized by theGovernment of India Task Force and amendedfrom time-to-time were adopted for theprocurement under the Project. Based on theWorld Bank procurement procedure, a“Procurement Manual” which provided theessential information and brief step-by-stepprocedures for the procurement of goods, worksand services was prepared by the consultants toguide the Procurement Officials at the Consortia.

• Procurement audit was conducted by the NAIPat various stages for the Consortia/Partners.External audit of the ICAR Consortia/Partnerswas conducted by the C&AG and for the non-ICAR Institutes by the C&AG empanelled CAFirms. Internal audits were conducted by anindependent Internal Audit Consultancy Agency(M/s E&Y) and also by the World Bank throughtheir Audit Consultancy Agency (M/s GPCL).

• Category-wise procurement arrangementsinclude: i) Civil works mainly consisting ofrenovation/refurbishment of existing offices andlaboratories, construction of some additionalfacilities, farm building renovation anddevelopment to be less than USD 500,000equivalent; ii) Goods estimated to cost USD 1million and above were procured following theICB procedures. iii) Works and goods estimatedto cost up to USD 50,000 equivalent wereprocured following the Shopping procedures,and above USD 50,000 equivalent wereprocured following the NCB procedures, andrate contracts of the Director General of

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Supplies and Disposals (DGS&D) wereacceptable as substitute for the Shoppingprocedures; iv) Satellite Imagery, aerialphotographs, maps and research data, books,periodicals, manuals, software, proprietaryitems, seeds, plants, fertilizers etc. and pettyitems costing less than USD 400 were procuredfollowing the Direct Contracting procedures,and items costing USD 50,000 or more underthe Direct Contracting procedures required priorapproval from the IDA; and v) Farmdevelopment works were carried out followingthe Force Account procedures and worksestimated to cost USD 10,000 or more proposedunder the Force Account procedures requiredprior approval from the IDA.

• Consultancy services were procured inaccordance with provisions of the ConsultantsGuidelines. The methods followed were Qualityand Cost Based Selection (QCBS), FixedBudget, Least-Cost Selection, Selection Basedon Consultant’s Qualifications (CQ) and SingleSource Selection (SSS). For small assignmentscosting USD 200,000 or less, Selection Basedon Consultant’s Qualification was adopted. Theassignments above USD 100,000 requiredclearance from the Bank before adopting theSingle Source method of selection. In addition,services of Individual Consultants were hired asper the need of the Project.

• Procurement Manual: The ProcurementManual was prepared for the use of the sub-project Implementing Units. It provided theessential information and brief step-by-stepprocedures for the procurement of goods, worksand services. This document was intended toguide the Procurement Officials directlyinvolved in the procurement activities. It alsohelped in understanding the procurementprocesses and to achieve uniformity inprocurement processes followed under theProject. The Procurement Manual provided theminute details of procurement procedures to befollowed under the goods, works andconsultancies. It also guided on method ofprocurement to be employed, bid documents,bids opening, bid evaluation, contract award,checklists and other standard formats used inthe World Bank procurements. The manual wassimple to use and intended to be useful to a

newcomer as well as the experts of theprocurements.

• Procurement Plan: The procurement plansubmitted initially to the WB in November 2009was further revised as per discussion with theWorld Bank on annual basis. There was promptreporting by the PIU of contract awardinformation for all contracts under the ICB/NCB,and Consultancies to the World Bank and therespective Consortia. Procurement informationwas collected and recorded by the PIU.Comprehensive half-yearly reports indicatingrevised procurement plan, revised procurementschedule and the status report on procurementwere submitted to the World Bank. On-lineprocurement management software wasdeveloped by the PIU to monitor the procurementsof Consortia/Partners. Representatives fromvarious Consortia/ Partners personally visitedthe PIU for various clarifications with respect toprocurement of goods/equipment and services.

2.4.5.3 Capacity building for ProcurementPersonnel: The NAIP was a scientific Project and allthe CPIs/CCPIs were scientists with very littleknowledge about the procurement procedures. Itwas felt necessary to impart trainings for capacitybuilding of the Implementing Agencies onprocurement procedures and guidelines of the WorldBank. The training and capacity building wasundertaken, and detailed and exhaustive moduleswere designed to suit the requirements of theProject. Keeping in view the varied background ofConsortia implementing the Project, the moduleswere prepared to give them knowledge ofprocurement procedures and also provide themsufficient practical training on the same to enablethem to apply it in the actual procurement cases.Training modules were also shared with the WorldBank, who in turn appreciated it to be quiteexhaustive for the NAIP requirements. In addition,guidance was given on case-to-case basis duringthe actual procurement being carried out. The detailsof training programme conducted are given intable 2.3.

Table 2.3: Capacity building in procurement

Training Phase No. of No. ofParticipants Locations

Phase I to IV up to 2010 1383 31

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2.4.5.4 Complaint & Grievance RedressalMechanism of procurement: Adequate GrievanceRedressal Mechanism was put in place andnecessary guidance was issued to all the Consortia.The National Coordinator, component-3 wasidentified as a Nodal Officer for this purpose. TheUnder Secretary was the Point Person for contact.All complaints were addressed on priority. To monitorthe progress, a Complaint Register was maintainedat the PIU-Procurement Cell.

The following interventions significantlycontributed for providing the desired impetus to thevoluminous procurement contracts in the Consortia-based NAIP undertaking procurement in the ICAR:• Proactive support and guidance from the World

Bank in high-value procurements.• Simplification of procedures through

International Shopping up to USD 50,000.• Petty purchases limit raised to USD 400.• Preparation of ICB documents for the

Consortia, wherever applicable.• Proactive guidance & follow-up action with the

Consortia speeded up the procurement.• Helping the Consortia in the preparation of

contract documents.• Motivating the Consortia for seeking assistance

of the PIU-Procurement Cell.• Posting of procurement material on the NAIP

website for 24 hours on-line availability by the PIU.• Circulation of applicable guidelines/instructions

repeatedly.• Targets fixed for timely completion of the

procurement activity.

Almost all the Consortia handled procurementthrough Shopping and NCB. While many Consortiaunder the Institutes like NDRI, IARI, NBPGR,CIRCOT, IVRI, and other major ICAR Institutes atHyderabad, Bangalore, etc. got well trained tohandle procurement through ICB, some of the otherConsortia under the Institutes like IASRI were welltrained to take up procurement of IT systemindependently to some extent.

There were new lessons learnt in the processas the NAIP involved Implementation Units as theConsortia Partners carrying out the NAIP sub-projects which were first of its kind in the NARS. Asthese Consortia were spread throughout the lengthand breadth of the India, there were bound to be

some communication gap between them and thePIU/other stakeholders. It is therefore, essential todesign an IT enabled Project Management Systemlinking all the deliverables on the part of theConsortia with some important parameter/tool likethe release of funds by the PIU. This would ensureproper monitoring and timely implementation ofvarious activities and correct updated information atall the times.

2.4.5.5 Innovations in ways of procurement:Analysis of the procurement process revealed thatmajority of the sample sub-projects were satisfiedwith the procurement process with 36 per centreporting high satisfaction levels, with key strengthsidentified as i) clear guidelines, ii) transparentprocess and iii) provision for direct purchase. Thekey areas of concern are i) lengthy procedures andii) difference in the World Bank guidelines and ICAR/SAU organizations.

The role of PIU was focused at strengtheningprocurement system through i) staffing, ii) training/technical assistance, iii) e-procurement, v)disclosure, v) avoiding delays at different stages, vi)monitoring and supervision, vii) guiding in thepreparation of ICB documents, viii) getting noobjection of the World Bank, and ix) issuing CustomDuty Exemption Certificates to various ConsortiaPartners.

A proper Grievance Redressal Mechanism isnow in place at the PIU (NAIP). The spectaculareffort reduced the number of weeks for theprocurement cycle of high thresholds goods from 50to 14.34. Annual Post Procurement Review wascarried. There was promotion of efficientprocurement practices for wider effectiveness of theproject. The NAIP played a game changing role inaddressing various procurement related issuesthrough innovative approaches.

2.4.5.6 Implementation of ManagementInformation System (MIS) including FinancialManagement System (FMS) in ICAR: Consideringthe power of ICT, an attempt was made under theNAIP to develop a MIS and FMS in the ICAR.Administrative and financial support and effectivemonitoring of the projects are essential to achievethe intended objectives of its R&D. Keeping theultimate task of providing the ICAR with an efficientand successful tool, Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP) system was planned under the sub-project

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entitled Implementation of Management InformationSystem including Financial Management System inICAR. An ERP system integrates different parts ofthe business processes and their activities such asplanning, purchasing, inventory, sales, project,finance, human resources, etc.

Before, implementing the complete ERPsolution in the ICAR, the Financial Module of ERPwas tested on a pilot basis at the PIU-NAIP withsome of the ICAR Institutes, which were runningNAIP sub-projects. Based on the experiences of thepilot project, the ERP for all the ICAR Institute wasplanned. The implementation of ERP was planned intwo phases: Phase-I (20 Institutes, with Phase-I (A)consisting of six large institutes and Phase-I (B)consisting of 14 medium institutes) and Phase-IIconsisting of the remaining 79 small Institutes of theICAR. Accordingly, the implementation was startedinitially at the PIU-NAIP and later shifted to the IASRIfor expediting the implementation. The Consortia onbehalf of the ICAR, entered into a contractagreement with IBM India Pvt. Ltd. for customizationof Oracle ERP as per ICAR requirements for therobust and flexible FMS & MIS System.

Establishment of a Central Data Centre (CDC)of ICAR was further added under the sub-project andthe CDC was established at IASRI to address therequirement of MIS-FMS including web hosting andunified messaging solution. The Data Centre alsoprovided the facility of hosting web applicationsdeveloped at different institutes of ICAR and for co-locating the application specific servers developedalong with Storage Area Network (SAN) facility forhosted applications.

For the requirement study, a core team wasidentified at the ICAR Headquarters in eachfunctional area of Finance, Human Resource,Project, and Procurement. The study was carried outin collaboration with ICAR Headquarters and partnerorganizations. Based on the requirement analysis,the AS-IS Documents were prepared in thefunctional areas of Financial Management, ProjectManagement, Supply Chain Management, HumanResource Management and Payroll. The software ofICAR-ERP was developed in the project usingOracle ERP available at URL: http://icarerp.iasri.res.in. The ICAR-ERP solutionfacilitates efficient and effective planning and

management of resources. The system integrationprocesses were carried out in the following fivemajor functional areas:• Financial management: The module covers

solutions for general ledger, account payable,account receivable, cash management, fixedassets management, budget management andgrants. The Grants and Budgeting (G&B) sub-module covers all the processes related tobudgeting process (Plan & Non Plan), EFCbudgeting and item procurement, draw anddisbursement of funds.

• Project management: All project relatedactivities starting from status report creation,scope for project information, project costing,project documents, contract management andcollaboration of project documents includingRPF I to IV along with their evaluations, ratings,approval and budgetary and activitymanagement are covered under this module.

• Material management: The module deals withthe purchase and inventory managementincluding indent creation with approval process,procurement process with EFC linkage,receiving of material, its inspection, andprocess of item tracking from inventorymaintained in stores.

• Human resource: The module coversemployee information, HR policies, leavemanagement, performance and appraisalsystem. The sub-module Core HumanResource includes recruitment, employeedetails, promotion and pay fixation, retirement,transfers, accounting of leaves, maintaining andupdating service books. Further a Self Servicesub-module is provided which allows anemployee to apply leave, update personalinformation, tax declaration, and submit APARand NOC’s.

• Payroll system: The Payroll module includesemployee payroll, salary, earnings, deductions,handling of loans and advances, GPF, pensionpayment, retirement benefit and income taxcalculation and arrear calculation for all theICAR employees. All pension processes suchas retirement initiation, sanction, authorizationand generation of statutory pension forms isalso captured in the system.

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2.4.5.7 Impact of ICAR-ERP Solutions: Theimplemented ICAR-ERP solution would provide thefollowing:• Internal procedure simplification, much easier

information retrieval, improved performancemanagement, and increase in work efficiency.

• Streamlining the flow of information andeliminating the unwanted flow of information.

• Secured workflow.• Re-engineered business processes in five

functional areas across the ICAR Institutes.• An efficient, streamlined and cohesive set of

business process units such as finance,accounting, purchasing and distribution,inventory management, strategic policy planningand development, project management,training and human resource management inthe ICAR.

• An integrated and shared database thatsupports multiple functions used by differentfunctional units and at the same time, also offerssome degree of synchronized reporting andautomation eliminating the need for multipleentries.

• A uniform platform ensuring that there is nodiscrepancy in the information that is processedand that ensures to bestow impressivestrategic, operational and information-relatedbenefits to ICAR.

2.4.5.8 Capacity building for ERPimplementation: Before implementation of thedeveloped system, end-users trainings for institutepersonnel were imparted. Strategies regarding cutover & migration of data and on-site & off-sitesupport were planned. Training manuals wereprepared in different functional areas. The IBM andIASRI project team members provided training topersonnel in their respective functional areas. Theimplementation trainings were imparted at the NDRI,IARI, NAARM, CRIDA, CIFE, CIRCOT and Delhi

based institutes NCAP, NBPGR, IASRI, DMR, DFR,NCIPM, and NRCPB.

Several sensitization workshops and trainingsactivities were carried out in collaboration withpartner organizations at their respective locations aswell as at the IASRI. The sensitization meetings/workshops organized at partner institutes wereattended by their personnel as well as the personsfrom other ICAR Institutes. In total, 240 personnelfrom different sections of these Institutes weresensitized for MIS/FMS implementation along withdetailed discussion on data digitization templates.

2.4.5.9 MIS for efficiency, timely delivery andaccountability: Data digitization activity, being acrucial and integral part of ICAR-ERPimplementation, was carried out. Data were cleanedand uploaded to production instance using PL/SQLscripts. Data during the cut over was collected anduploaded in system. ICAR-ERP has beenimplemented in 20 Institutes. The implementedICAR-ERP has been providing a centralized datamanagement system across ICAR Institutes andcreated an effective IT environment.

The ICAR-ERP also integrates all of theorganization’s functions by allowing the modules toshare and transfer information through internetfreely. In addition, all information is centralized in asingle relational data base inter-connected to all themodules, eliminating multiple entries of the samedata. The ICAR-ERP as a uniform platform ensureserror free information flow. A number of documentswere published in the form of AS-IS, TO-BEdocuments, User Training Manuals, TechnicalReports, as well as media product in the form ofComputer Based Training (CBTs) for using ICAR-ERP. The ICAR ERP will be a game changer in thepersonnel and finance management of ICAR Thesub-project provided the capacity building of ICARpersonnel by organizing various trainings beforeimplementation of ICAR-ERP for effective usage.

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COMPONENT 2

SECTION-3

3.1 Rationale

The importance of marketing in agriculture hasreceived greater attention in the recent years.Success in agri-marketing can be achieved only whenthe fragmented approach of doing research mostly onproduction will give way for a holistic approach ofaddressing the production to consumption system inits totality. Such a system will have backward linkageswith the input-supply system and forward linkageswith food-chain aspects, covering consumption byhuman beings as well as animals.

In realization of the fact that the product is asimportant as the process in the value chains, the“Research on Production to Consumption Systems”(PCS) was included as Component-2 under the NAIPto help i) enhance the potential value of agri-products,ii) mobilize partnerships, iii) optimum utilization of thelimited resources, and iv) bring about synergiesamong the participating institutions.

3.2 Objectives

The overall objective of Component-2 was todevelop sustainable value chains in the production toconsumption systems involving differentorganizations from public, private and NGOs, andfacilitating collaboration in a Consortium mode.

The specific objective was to establish market-oriented collaborative research alliances forsustainable improvement of selected agriculturalproduction to consumption systems (value chains)aiming at higher returns to farmers, processors andothers in the chain.


The above mentioned objectives of theComponent were addressed through the nine sub-Components towards benefiting all the stakeholdersin the value chain viz., producers, processors andconsumers. Fifty one sub-projects were approvedunder the above mentioned thrust areas andimplemented through 47 ICAR Institutes, 44 SAUs,51 Private Industries and 19 NGOs (Annexure 6) inorder to address issues related to production,

processing, value addition, marketing, efficientresource utilization, and income and employmentgeneration.


A good number of production (99) and processing(173) technologies have been developed and adopted(Annexure 7 & 8). Forty seven rural industries wereestablished to ensure processing and value addition inthe long run.The 15 pilot plants set up in the valuechain sub-projects have demonstrated thecommercial viability of technologies developed, whichcould be replicated by entrepreneurs. Efforts werealso made to develop assets and 32 per cent of thetotal budget was used for asset creation.

3.4.1 Value chains for food and nutritional security

Research work was carried out under this themein six sub-projects and the commodities coveredincluded major and minor millets, rice and maize.

3.4.1.1 Creation of demand for millet foodsthrough PCS value-chain (Lead Center - DSR,Hyderabad): The backward integration model ofproduct specific on-farm production covering 3,000acres in Parbhani (Rabi) and Nanded (Kharif) inMaharashtra and Adilabad (Kharif) in Andhra Pradeshwas tested successful for four years under the e-choupal market assured model of ITC (ABD). Thebeneficiaries were technology backstopped by theDSR product-specific cultivars (> 12). Among the 50

Fig. 3.0: Eatrite – A healthy food product from sorghum

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elite sorghum lines (parental lines, released varieties,germplasm lines and breeding lines) evaluated forprotein digestibility and related traits, SPV 1775, SPV1758, SPV 462 and Sakkari Mukri were found to besuperior.(i) Value addition through processing

interventions in millets: DSR installed andretrofitted 30 machineries under the NAIP andcame out with 30 product technologies, such asmulti grain atta, semolina, flakes, extrudedproducts (vermicelli and pasta), biscuits, etc.Similarly, the ANGRAU came up with another 10pearl millet and sorghum product technologies.

(ii) Nutritional evaluation and certification: Theorganoleptic study of 15 DSR developedsorghum products by the NIN showed that theproducts were superior to rice products and on apar with wheat-based products. The amino acidprofile of pulse (soy blend) incorporated sorghumproducts contained better amount of lysine, alimiting factor in sorghum and also the deficiencyof micro nutrients. Glycemic Index of sorghumfoods indicated that there was a decrease in themean incremental area under glucose curve(IAUC) levels after consuming sorghumproducts.

(iii) Entrepreneurship development:Entrepreneurship Development (ED)programme on sorghum cultivation, processing,and marketing of sorghum based products wasjointly organized by the ITC and DSR with activeparticipation from institutes like DSR, ITC,ANGRAU, NIN and the College of HomeScience, MAU. About 2,000 rural women andanother 3,000 SHGs, farmers, and urbanentrepreneurs were trained on development insorghum food processing.

(iv) Promotion and popularization: The DSRlaunched its own brand as “Eatrite” and theproducts were popularized as healthy foods,while the ANGRAU branded its products as“ANGRAU Foods”. The sorghum products werefine-tuned and standardized, labeled andbranded as “Health Foods” targeting separatelyfor urban up markets (middle and higher incomeclasses) and rural markets. For the promotion ofEatrite products, nutritionists/ doctors/ dieticianswere sensitized by the DSR, and for commercialportal the DSR launched www.eatrite.comwebsite.

(v) Popularization of sorghum products: It wasdone in urban markets & New Age Media.Massive awareness was created on sorghum ashealth and nutria food through 100+ road showsin Hyderabad and in exhibitions by impartingawareness across 40,000 consumers throughfabricated Jowar Rath in cities like Pune,Bangalore, Jabalpur, Chennai, Coimbatore, NewDelhi, etc. Rural consumer drive was undertakenby the ITC rural choupal haats to sensitize theconvenience and nutritional aspects of theoutputs from the sub-project.

(vi) Commercialization: The pilot commercializationof sorghum products at Hyderabad started withthe launching of DSR brand “Eatrite” with a tagline ‘Eat Jowar - stay healthy’ (Fig. 3.0).Five formats of business plans werecommercialized for sorghum products evolvedunder their relative merit assessed in terms offarmer‘s share in the consumer rupee. Suitablepackaging, labeling, marketing and pricingstrategies were adopted for targeting them tourban markets. These interventions made itpossible to provide convenient options for theconsumers among sorghum foods.

(vii) Socio-economic impact: Intensive sorghumcultivation through technological backstoppingwith end-product specific improved cultivars inpublic private partnership mode resulted inincrease in the net income of the participatingfarmers by 395 per cent in Kharif and 69.15 percent in Rabi (average of 4 years) over thebaseline. The output-input ratio worked out to be3.02 in Rabi and 2.67 in Kharif.Considering these NAIP-MVC successfulexperiences & the future prospects in the area ofhealthy sorghum processed foods, theGovernment of India allocated R300 crores in2011 under the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana(RKVY) for the promotion of millets as Nutri-Cereals under the INSIMP project- replication ofNAIP- Millets Value Chain. Promotional activitieshave been aggressively conducted inoutsourcing mode through road shows in publicparks and malls, exhibitions, health awarenessprogrammes, social network campaign, mediacoverage, video films and booklets, internet,seminars, etc. Besides, the DSR alsoencourages entrepreneurship development toinvolve all the potential stakeholders in the value

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addition and commercialization of millets.It is worth noting that 15 MoUs and three MoAshave been signed with the entrepreneursincluding M/s Britannia industries Limited, whilemany more are MoU sare in the pipeline.

3.4.1.2 A Value chain on enrichment andpopularization of potential food grains forneutraceutical benefits (Lead Center – UASDharwad):

Collection of landraces: A total of 742landraces of foxtail and little millet were collected bythe BAIF, Dharwad from the farmers were analyzedfor nutritional composition and those with goodnutritional value were introduced to farmers.

Establishment of Millet Processing Units:Small-scale millet processing units were fabricated inassociation with the Yelavatti Industries, Haveri andBhavani Industries, Srirangapattana. Two MilletPrimary Processing Units were established on pilotscale at Gadag and Dharwad. Two Millet Seed Bankswere also established at Haveri and Hirekerur.

Capacity building: Three thousand farmerswere trained in cultivation of millets and linked toProcessing Units and Seed Banks facilitated gettingremunerative price for millets.

Value addition: Introduction of value additiontechnologies to millets served as a route toincorporate millets in the diets of general as well asspecific population groups. Diabetics benefited fromthe “Diabetic Mix” as it led to reduction in bloodglucose levels. The “Sports Food Mix” helped improvethe performance of sports person. The “Little MilletFlakes” helped the children improve their health(Fig. 3.1).

programmes, recipe competitions, puppet shows,street plays, and distribution of printed materials topublic in the form of pamphlets, recipe books andpostal cards were carried out to popularize millets andmillet-based value-added products.

3.4.1.3 A value chain on food products fromsmall millets of Bastar region of Chhattisgarh(Lead Center - IGKV, Raipur):

Seed production: Three varieties of fingermillet viz., GPU-28, GPU-49, and KMR-204 and threevarieties of Kodo millet viz., JK-47, JK-155 and JK-41performed well and accepted by the farmers.Capacity building of 267 farmers for seed productionwas taken up. Through seed production, 20 per centadditional income was obtained by the farmers. About1,000 quintals of quality seeds (Certified) of finger andKodo millets were produced during the project period.Horizontal expansion of finger and Kodo milletscultivation increased significantly by covering nearly2,000 hectares.

Crop production: Line sowing technique ofmillets with seed-cum-fertilizer drill (tractor or bullockdrawn) coupled with stale seed bed preparation andpost-emergence application of herbicides was foundto be the best method of crop establishment among allother methods. A record yield of 7 - 12 q/ha and 10 -30 q/ha was obtained for Kodo and finger millet,respectively, as against the baseline values of1.8 - 3.0 q/ha of farmers practice. Adopting thistechnique, the farmers got an average net income ofR11,198 and R25,751 per hectare for Kodo and fingermillet, respectively. Significant saving in seed rate (25- 30%) resulted in a direct saving by R 500 - 600 perhectare.

Transplanting technique: Transplanting offinger millet introduced in Narayanpur cluster provedto be beneficial to the farmers, as they got significantlyhigher yield (12-22 q/ha), which was 300 - 700 percent higher than their own practice. This techniqueinfluenced nearly 50 per cent area of finger millet inthe cluster for adoption.

Capacity building: Training and capacitybuilding of 3,413 farmers on different aspects ofproduction technologies of millets was carried outduring the project period. A total of 2,160demonstrations covering 1,167.4 ha area wascovered successfully and 2,126 farmers adopted theimproved technologies.

Fig. 3.1: Value-added products from small millets

Promotional activities: Various activities likeawareness camps, workshops, millet melas, krishimelas, puppet shows, radio programmes, TV

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Cleaning and grading: Two types of cleaningand grading machines were made available anddemonstrated for primary processing of seed/grainwith little modification resulted in labour saving of 60 –70 per cent and cost saving of R30 - 35 per quintal.Two existing machines viz., rice huller and underrunner disc sheller were modified. It was possible toobtain as high as 75 per cent milled Kodo rice in threepasses by huller mill, whereas a little less (72%) withunder runner disc sheller in three passes. The averagemilling cost per kg of Kodo rice was found to be R5.00.A prototype for milling of Kodo millet was developedwith a capacity of 2 tons/day on unhusked grain basis.Milling cost was found to be nearly R10.00 per kg ofrice. Presently, the unit has been processing nearly 50tons of Kodo millet per month.

Storage: Thirty farm families adopted theimproved storage structures for storing of millets.Significant reduction in storage loss (18-23%) andgermination loss (6-10%) was achieved, as comparedto farmers’ traditional way of storing millet grains andseed.

Value addition: Kodo rice, a popular output ofthe sub-project was easily available in the openmarkets of urban area indicating its success andpopularity. Five processing technologies for theproduction of composite flour, ragi malt, ragi papadragi cake, and extruded products were optimized.Ragi cake (by 2 bakeries) and ragi papad (by twowomen groups) were prepared, and are now in theprocess of up-scaling. Twelve SHGs were engaged invalue addition and marketing of millet foods. Six smallprocessors and one rice miller included millets withtheir ongoing activities.

Commercialization: Two products viz.,composite flour and ragi malt have been branded as“Nutritious Food” and “Natural Energy Drink”,respectively. Trials on composite flour (wheat andfinger millet) confirmed that it was beneficial todiabetic patients. This mix was well received bydiabetic patients.

Promotional activities: Intensive publicitycampaign and awareness camps organized for thepromotion of millet and millet foods significantlycontributed in enhancing the consumption of millets.Availability of millet products from the sale counters ofSanjeevini played a significant role in popularizing themillet products and enhancing their consumption.

3.4.1.4 Capitalization of prominent landracesof rice in Orissa through value chain approach(Lead Center - M.S. Swaminathan ResearchFoundation, Jeypore):(i) Introduction of appropriate technology:

Large scale cultivation of Kalajeera,Machhakanta and Haladichudi was taken up(Fig. 3.2). A total of 699 farmers from 25operational villages cultivated the threelandraces in 309.56 ha area, and 92 farmersfrom other than the operational villages cultivatedin 30 ha area. The average income got by theindividual farmer was R10,000 from theKalajeera variety and R5,000 from theMachhakanta variety.

Fig. 3.2: Prominent land races – rice & millets -Machhakanta and Haladichudi millets

Trainings on seed treatment, INM & IPMwere given to 89 farm families from 15 villages inthe form of training-cum-demonstration at thecluster village level.

Yield was enhanced by 20-30 per cent byadopting the complete package of practice online (rope) planting. Reduction in the cost ofcultivation was R8,000 in the modified SRIpractice and R4,000 in line planting, as comparedto the traditional practice. Focus was also givenon bio-pesticide management like application ofPanchagabya and neem-based pesticides.Women SHGs were trained to prepare thePanchagabya.

(ii) Identification of diversity: Six pure lines ofKalajeera having > 19 per cent AC wereidentified. Protein content ranged from 5.83 to7.37 per cent. In all, 234 lines of Haladichudi and227 lines of Machhakanta were analyzed with 24highly variable Rice Microsatellite (RM) markers.Seven out of 24 markers could detect diversity inHaladichudi population and fifteen markers coulddetect diversity in Machhakanta population.Selected 20 lines of Machhakanta and 25 lines ofHaladichudi were grown for further observationand selection. Field trials of CRRI supplied

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Machhakanta foundation seeds in two ha byseven farmers for quality seed production anduse in the next year.

(iii) Community level infrastructure development:Twelve community threshing yard, twocommunity storage go-down in two clusters, fiveVillage Seed-grain Bank, and one central go-down were established and managed by thefarming communities. In all, R1,62,260 wassaved as seed money by the 12 villages bykeeping quality seed in the Village Seed Bank,which alternatively relieved seed loan from theSahukars. A total of 2,000 q Kalajeera paddy wasstored in two storage go-down for 6-8 monthsbefore processing.

(iv) Community-based activities: One registeredfarmer association named Kalinga KalajeeraDhan Utpadak Samabay Ltd. (KKDUSL) wasestablished for facilitating collective marketing,technology dissemination, popularization andproduct development. A revolving fund of R30lakh from ORMAS was taken by the KKDUSL forthe procurement, processing and selling ofKalajeera rice, and 60 per cent loan was repaid.An amount of R10,000 per season was collectedas net income by the KKDUSL from the use ofpower tiller for timely planting. Thirteen CentralVillage Committees (CVCs) formed to strengthenthe community on technical, financial and socialaspects managed 12 diesel pump sets and theprofit was added to the village fund forsustainable use.

(v) Entrepreneurship development: Out of 30SHGs, 11 women SHGs were transformed intoentrepreneur groups for the preparation andselling of rice value-added products in the localmarket to get additional income. Each group onan average earned a net income of R3,000 to5,000. An amount of R2,09,666 was deposited bythe SHGs through entrepreneurship.

(vi) Creation of village development fund: “VillageDevelopment Fund” (VDF) was created in eachvillage. Around R3,43,000 was generated by thecommunity through monthly contribution. Around50 to 60 per cent of VDF was used for agriculturepromotion. An amount of R51,670 was collectedtowards VDF during 2013-14. The fund wasutilized for medical treatment, purchase ofagricultural implements and cultivation ofvegetables and rice. The member fees has now

been increased from R 5 to 20, as it created avery good impact on the people.

(vii) Capacity building: A total of 1,939 beneficiarieswere trained on social, agricultural andentrepreneurship development during the projectperiod. Strong linkage was established with theAgriculture Department by involving farmers inagriculture fairs and trainings.

(viii) Recognition received: Awarded R10 lakhscash as “Plant Genome Saviour Community”(PGSC) to Jeypore Farming Communities fromthe Protection of Plant Varieties and FarmersRights Authority (PPVF&RA) for theirconservation and large scale promotion oflandraces. Jeypore Farming Communities wererecognized by the FAO as “Globally ImportantAgriculture Heritage System” (GIAHS) for theirgenetic resources conservation and traditionalagricultural farming. Five progressive farmersgot “National Virtual Academy Fellowship” by theTATA for their effective and dedicatedcontribution towards agriculture.

3.4.1.5 Anovel food chain using by-productsof milling industry for enhancing nutritionalsecurity (Lead Center – IICPT, Thanjavur):(i) Convenient foods from milling industry by-

products: Commercial food products developedfrom bran, broken rice, dhal powder and brokendhal - stabilized rice bran, Chinese noodles orPastas such as Macaroni, Stortini, Rigatoni,Rotini, Stortini, and Vermicelli, Cookies such asChoco-nut, Ginger-garlic, Raisin, Honey-nut,Milk, Coconut, Salty caraway, Spicy, Sweetvanilla, and Cardamom; Braffin such as Vanilla,Fruits, Chocolate, and Nuts; Puff and Pie pastrysuch as Flan, Fruit pie and Tart; Ready-to-eatsnacks such as NAIP Kure (Fig. 3.3) sweet andhot; and vii) Ready-to-serve energy drinks.

Fig. 3.3: NAIP Kure – A ready-to-eat snack from millingindustry by-product

(ii) Development of rice bran incorporated Indiansubcontinent foods: Ten standard Indiansubcontinent food formulae were developed by

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incorporating rice bran at 25, 30 and 35 per centlevels. These included chapati, mixed vegetablechapati, wheat dosa, wheat rava dosa,kozhukattai, ragi vermicelli, rice vermicelli, andpulse based preparations viz., adai, rava adaiand ragi adai.

(iii) Acceptability of convenient foods developedfrom milling industry by-products: A bakedproduct - buns prepared by incorporating proteinisolate as the main ingredient at 5 and 10 percent was found to be organolepticallyacceptable. The developed Indian subcontinentfood formula at the incorporation level of 25 percent received high acceptability score comparedwith 30 and 35 per cent.

(iv) Effect of rice bran incorporated Indiansubcontinent food products on glycemicindex: The glycemic index was estimated fordeveloped Indian subcontinent foodformulations. Food products like wheat chapatti(52.40), mixed vegetable chapati (52.40), wheatdosa (52.81), wheat rava dosa (46.60),kozhukattai (67.68), rice vermicelli (63.70) andragi vermicelli (59.74), rice chapati, mixedvegetable chapati, wheat dosa, wheat rava idly,adai, rava adai, ragi adai, rice vermicelli, ragivermicelli and kozhukattai bran incorporated at25 per cent level showed low and medium glycemicindex compared to the standard formula.

(v) Nutrient profile of rice bran incorporatedIndian subcontinent food products:Adai mixhad a maximum energy content of 414.34 kcal,followed by chapatti (389.31) and idli (379.79)mix. The carbohydrate content of the chapattimix, idli mix and adai mix were 79 g, 75 g and81.03 g, respectively. Adai mix and idli mix had ahigher fat content of 4.11 and 3.19 g. The proteinand fibre content was high in chapatti mix with avalue of 10.8 g and 11 g, respectively. Themoisture content was 9, 7.5 and 4.5 per cent in idlimix, chapatti mix and adai mix, respectively.

3.4.1.6 A value chain on commercialization ofmaize and maize products (Lead Center - UAS,Bangalore):(i) Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs): The

GAPs available in the UAS, Bangalore weredisseminated to the farmers increased the cropyield up to 8 per cent. Similarly, the projectcontributed to increasing the area under maizefrom 7 to 8 lakh ha in the project area. For the first

time, a specialty corn (QPM) was introduced inthe project area in 5 ha land among the membersof Maize Growers Federation (MGF) for theproduction of maize value-added products bymaking use of the Common Facility Center (CFClinked through the Kaveri Women EntrepreneursSamithi (KWES) at Malavalli in Mandya district.

(ii) Creation of supply chain: An initiative wasmade to create a post-production supply chainlink from the MGF Malavalli project area to theproject CPs viz., KSACPL and KMF Bangalore,both required large quantity of maize raw materialfor commercialization of corn curls and cheeseballs as human snack items and animal feeds,respectively, so as to avoid the middlemen and toobtain a premium price for the growers throughan institutional arrangement.

(iii) Value addition: The AWAKE, Bangalore hadtaken up to transfer such tested technologies tothe women SHG through EDP training toproduce the value-added products at the CFCand empower them to manage it efficiently. Thewomen were exposed to buyer-seller meets andwere encouraged to participate in the melas andfairs, so as to learn not only the business skillsbut also to earn profits. Ten SHG members, whospent 3 to 4 hours per day, sought partialemployment for 10 days in a month.

(iv) Nutritional quality assessment: The NINassessed the nutritional composition of maizevalue-added products to be commercialized. Ittested roti and upma for health benefits inDiabetes Mellitus type-2 and obesity disorders,and found that supplying QPM roti to diabeticsubjects in their noon meals for two months wasable to bring down their glycosilated hemoglobin.

(v) Development of animal feeds: The CompleteFeed Blocks (CFB) and Total Mixed Ration(TMR) were developed and tested to providebalanced nutrition to the animals. Theinnovations were made to make use of theshelled cobs as feed, which were often burnt andused as fuel by the farmers. The use of CFBreduced the cost of feeds, enhanced the milkyield by half liter per animal per day besideslonger storage, easy transportation andincreased shelf-life for feeding during leanseason.The Karnataka Milk Federation,Bangalore has set up a CFB production plant inChamrajanagar district with a capacity of 12 tons

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per day in 2012-13. Similarly, a QPM-basedpoultry feed was tested and standardized by thePDP.

(vi) Commercialization: The technologies requiredfor commercialization of corn curls and cheeseballs were standardised with the help of NIN, andUAS, Bangalore. The KSACPL undertook theproduction and marketed approximately R2 lakhworth of corn curls and cheeses balls and hadconsumer acceptability in the market.

3.4.2 Value chains in agro-forestry, forest productsand biomass

Research work was carried out under this themein four sub-projects and the commodities coveredincluded forest species for different purposes, forestand crop residues and wild honey.

3.4.2.1 A value chain on industrialagroforestry in Tamil Nadu (Lead Center - TNAU,Coimbatore):(i) Short rotation agroforestry: Short rotation

industrial wood agroforestry demonstrated in 258ha by involving 10 clusters with 276 beneficiariesresulted in the horizontal expansion of 44,724 ha.Short rotation varieties produced 125 – 150 t/haand generated > R 7 lakh/ ha.

(ii) Value addition: The model contract farming-based value addition for pulp wood industry wasextended to biomass-based energy generation;Melia-based plywood production; and Ailanthus-based match splints production were successfulcases of adoption of industrial agro-forestry. MoUhas been signed with all the three Companies,with a total budget outlay of R 54 lakh.

(iii) Pulpwood species: Three pulpwood species(Melia, Dalbergia and Subabul) with higher pulpyield (> 45%) coupled with low kappa number(< 22) were identified.

(iv) Alternate species: Three alternate matchwoodspecies Anthocephalus cadamba, Ailanthustriphysa and Albizzia fulcatoria (> 16,500 sticks)were identified. They produced 200 t/ha andgenerated R 15 lakh /ha as income.

(v) Clonal technology: Low-cost clonal technologyand mini-clonal technology developed forCasuarina and disseminated resulted in theestablishment of five decentralized ClonalProduction Centers and created employmentopportunities to the landless. About 10 million

plants worth R30 million were produced.Six thousand beneficiaries were trained through66 training programmes conducted on clonalmultiplication, plantation establishment, andmarketing.

(vi) Development of rural industry: Eight new ruralindustries for quality seedling production weredeveloped and 30 felling groups were formed.Besides, 1,340 farmers were linked with TNPLfor harvesting and marketing of their produce.

(vii) Agri Business Incubators: Four Agri BusinessIncubators established in the project areaproduced 20 lakh plants worth R60 lakhs.

3.4.2.2 A value chain on value addedproducts derived from Prosopis juliflora (LeadCenter - CAZRI, Jodhpur):(i) Utilization of locally available feed

resources: A cheaper and balanced concentratefeed mixture developed by mixing the groundfeed ingredients with Prosopis juliflora podspowder has been commercialized and marketedin the brand name “CAZRI Pashu Aahar” and“Amrit Pashu Aahar”.

(ii) Prosopis juliflora pod based multi-nutrientblock: Three milled products viz., fibrous epicarp(A), fibrous endocarp (B) and amorphousmesocarp (C) of Prosopis juliflora pods used forthe production of multi-nutrient blocks increasedthe feed and water intake of cattle, livestockhealth and production.

(iii) Prosopis juliflora pod based feed block:Technology for the production of Prosopisjuliflora pod based feed block was perfected (Fig.3.4). This block contained 73.5 per cent wholepod powder including crushed seeds and otheringredients. The adoption rate of these blockswas very high.

Fig. 3.4: Feed blocks from Prosopis juliflora pods

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(iv) Value-added products: a) Development andrefinement of human food products preparedfrom Prosopis juliflora pods: The sweet podspecies available in CAZRI, Jodhpur were usedto process some products for humanconsumption. Cussar powder, doughnuts,biscuits and laddos were prepared usingProsopis pallid mesocarp.The overallacceptability was the highest for the biscuits.

b) Coffee substitute: The coffee preparedcontained 70 per cent Prosopis juliflora podpowder and chicory mixture containing 20 percent raw coffee powder + 10 per cent chicorypowder was the best combination liked in theorganoleptic evaluation.A shade card wasdeveloped for the roasting of Prosopis juliflorapod flour for the preparation of Prosopis coffee.By this shade card, one could easily roast theProsopis juliflora powder precisely for the coffeepreparation. Prosopis coffee was analysed for itschemical traits and compared was with thenormal raw coffee.

c) Instant Juli coffee: ”Instant Juli Coffee” obtainedby roasting fine mesocarp powder at specifiedtemperature and time in a pre-heated oven withintermittent mixing was dissolved in water andfiltered and freeze dried for best results.

d) Standardization of process technology:Process technology for Prosopis juliflora podbased syrup, fine flour and fiber were alsostandardized. Mesquitol, a very powerfulantioxidant was extracted from the sap and aswell as heart wood of Prosopis juliflora.

e) Testing for food safety standard: The acutetoxicity test was conducted on rats and micerevealed no mortality in any group of animals andclinical chemistry and haematology profileindicated no abnormal changes. Thereplacement of Prosopis juliflora mesocarp (40-80%) with wheat or pearl millet did no harm.

(v) Establishment of pod collection and fieldtraining centre: Continuous motivation ofprimary stakeholders resulted in theestablishment of Pod Collection and FieldTraining Centre in the Lalpura village of Jaloredistrict. The Amrit Agro Industry, Jodhpur,voluntary partner of the Consortium purchased30 - 40 tons/year, of the raw and primary value-added pods. The Centre also imparted skilldevelopment trainings in pod collection, grading,

threshing and processing.(vi) Establishment of participatory farmers’

nurseries: Two farmers’ nurseries established inLalpura and Syara Dhani, raised more than10,000 seedlings of sweet pod bearing Prosopisplant types during the year 2011-13.

3.4.2.3 A value chain on wild honey bee (LeadCenter - UAS, Bangalore):

Seven plant species having calming ability ofhoney bees were identified; volatiles in three specieswere documented.

Survey of wild honey gathering tribals, formationof 35 SHGs, training them in sustainable honeyharvest, production of clean honey, processing oftribal honey, procurement, packing and marketlinkage were done; three honey processing industrywere established; and two more were established asincubation centers. More than 12.5 tons of honey wasprocessed at these centers. Organic certification ofthree VFCs and one honey processing plant wasdone.

A total of 39 value added products weredeveloped and two patents (honey pan beeda andhoney powder) were filed at the NRDC.

Safety gadgets like long handle comb cutter, along handle bucket, a screw type honey press, andprotective ropes and rock bee smoker weredeveloped and provided to tribals for sustainable andsafe harvest of honey during day time.

Because of this, the tribals feel safe; beecolonies were saved and more honey was harvested;the Forest Officials were satisfied that day timeharvest did not cause any forest fire; and theHorticulture Department has drawn up a project totrain people in other areas of the State as well.

Census of wild bee colonies and documentationof wild bee flora was carried out and pollen bank for200 bee floral species was created.

3.4.2.4 A value chain on biomass baseddecentralized power generation for agroenterprises (Lead Center - CIAE, Bhopal):

Briquette based gassifier was evaluated withmixed briquette of soybean and pigeon pea. Thepower generated was used to run the BriquettingPlant and Dhal Mill. Training was organized to theentrepreneurs for the production and marketing ofbriquettes from crop residues.

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(i) Combustion behaviour of crop residues: Acombustor was developed and the combustionbehavior of soybean and pigeon pea stalks andtheir mixture (50:50) was studied to determinethe physical and combustion characteristics ofbriquettes from them. Performance evaluation onbriquettes of cotton, pearl millet and mustardstalks and sugarcane bagasse was done.

(iii) Evaluation of commercial briquettingmachine: The commercial briquetting machineof 500 kg/hr capacity was evaluated with agro-residues of soybean and pigeon pea stalkswithout binder.

(iv) Evaluation of biomass based power plant: A20 kW power plant was evaluated at differentloads (11 kW, 17 kW & 22 kW) and the powergenerated was used for operating the BriquettingPlant and Hammer Mill.

(v) Establishment of power plants: Three PowerPlants and one Briquetting Plant were installed atvillage Mana and the electricity generated wassupplied to the Municipal Corporation of Raisen.One Briquetting Plant and a 100 kW Power Plantwere installed at Udaipura.

(vi) Economic and environmental impact: Thereduction in-situ burning of straw in the nearbyareas around the Briquetting Plant and PowerPlant was noticeable. A farm income of R1,500 to2,000 per hectare was realized due to the sale ofstraw.

3.4.3 Value chains for industrial products

Two sub-projects addressed the issue ofindustrial products. One was on production ofindustrially useful products from castor, and the otherwas on production of biofuel from sweet sorghum.

3.4.3.1 A value chain on castor and itsindustrial products (Lead Center - SDAU,Sardarkrushinagar):(i) Introduction of potential hybrid: The high

yielding castor, GCH 7 produced 23.2 per centhigher seed yield and 31.0 per cent higher netreturns as demonstrated to 148 farmers in fiveselected villages in Patan, Banaskantha andMehsana districts.

(ii) Plant nutrition: Sulphur application in Castordemonstrated to 281 farmers in five selectedvillages indicated an increased yield of 16.2 to27.4 and 27.9 per cent higher net returns.

(iii) Intercropping system: Intercropping of castor incotton was found to be beneficial giving 50.8 and58.7 per cent higher cotton equivalent yield andnet income respectively, compared to solecotton.

(iv) Genotype qualities: Fifty one castor genotypesanalyzed for protein content in castor cakeshowed a range of 19.93 (GP 495) to 30.81 (GP415) per cent and 37 genotypes were analyzedfor ricin content ranging from 1.03 (GP 420) to1.92 (GP 460) per cent. Eighteen genotypeswere analyzed for cellulose and lignin content.The ranges were 39.4 - 45.7 per cent and 14.1 -19.2 per cent respectively.

(v) Value addition: Value-added products based onthe 2-octanol like phthalate, maleate, fumarate,sebacate, adipate, and benzoate were developedto be used as plasticizers in PVC and resins forvarious applications. The 2-octanol-based estersas plasticizers would be cheaper than theexisting products based on 2-ethyl hexanol andisononanol. Process technologies for esters-based on 2-octanol was developed, which wouldincrease the value of the castor plant and benefitthe farmers.

(vi) Detoxification: Ricin in castor cake, rich inprotein, is very toxic due to which the deoiledcake is not used as a cattle feed. The newlydeveloped process of extraction and isolation inthe project showed that the protein was free fromricin (Fig. 3.5). Hence, such isolated proteincould be used for industrial applications likeadhesive and bio-film and could partially or fullyreplace soy protein isolate as this is being usedin the food products.

Fig. 3.5: Detoxification of castor cake

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3.4.3.2 A value chain model for bioethanolproduction from sweet sorghum in rainfed areasthrough collective action and partnership (LeadCenter – ICRISAT, Hyderabad):(i) Introduction of sweet sorghum: Strategic

research at the DSR indicated that in post-rainyseason, cv. SPSSV 30 produced 15 and 150 percent higher stalk yield than CSH 22SS and CSV19SS, respectively. The cv. SPSSV 30, SPSSV11, SPSSV 20 and SSV 74 recorded 396, 128,109 and 82 per cent higher computed ethanolyield than check CSV 19SS. In the rainy season,SSRG 215 (44.7 t/ha), and SSRG 200 (43.8 t/ha)produced 18 and 151 per cent more stalk yieldthan check CSH 22SS (38.0 t/ha). Test hybridSPH 1713 was significantly superior (43% more)to the check hybrid, while SPV 2074 alone waspromising in varieties (17% more).More than 500 farmers grew sweet sorghum on1,000 acres for supply of stalks to distillery/DCU.Production technologies were standardized formaximizing the production and disseminated. Asa result, on-farm productivity enhanced from 10to 25 t/ha by the end of the project.

(ii) Mechanization: Mechanized sowing in 30 acresin Ibrahimbad cluster in 2011 rainy season usingCRIDA 6 rowplanter showed15 per centhigher yield andgermination andalso facilitatedm e c h a n i c a lweeding. A threepass 6-rollercrusher wasdeveloped and tested in the sub-project whichgave 8 per cent more recovery than the 3-rollercrusher (Fig. 3.6). A precision planter-cum-herbicide applicator tested at farmer’s fieldreduced the energy requirement.

(iii) Establishment of crushing unit: Village basedDecentralized Crushing Unit (DCU) wasdeveloped and operationalized successfully forsyrup and fodder production. Sweet sorghumfarmers were linked to both distillery and DCU forthe supply of stalks.

(iv) Storage: Enhancing the shelf-life of juice wasone of the important activities of the sub-project.Sodium benzoate was found to be a suitable

preservative. Pasteurization at 80°C and storingat 35°C temperature enhanced the shelf-life for10 days.

(v) By-product utilization: Sweet sorghumbagasse is nutritionally superior to sorghumstover and paddy straw in terms of average dailygain and feed efficiency as perceived when fed togrowing Deccani rams. Processing SSB/sorghum stover/paddy straw-based completediets into mash form has better effect thanblocks. Linkage with dairy farms of Hyderabadfetched R700/t of bagasse and R1300/t of stover.

(vi) Impact: The increased crushing efficiency andlabor efficiency resulted in reducing the syrupproduction cost to R2.5 – 5.5 per litre. Choppedbagasse procurement price at DCU increased toRs. 1/kg compared in 0.25/kg at the beginning ofthe project. A large number of trainingprogrammes were conducted including on-farm(4) and on-station (>6) trainings for farmers(>700) and other stakeholders.

3.4.4 Value chains for export promotion

Export promotion was a major thrust area forcomponent-2. The commodities covered were mostlyhorticultural crops and efforts made under these sub-projects resulted in increased export of jasmine andguava, and high value products from marigold andginger.

3.4.4.1 A value chain on flowers for domesticand export markets (Lead Center - TNAU,Coimbatore):(i) Standardization of precision production

technology for jasmine: Precision productiontechnology was standardized for jasmine.Pruning during September could induce off-season flowering during the months of October toFebruary. Eco-friendly pest managementmethods were developed. Yield increased from7.48 to 14.14 t/ha (89.03%), concrete contentincreased from 0.19 to 0.22 per cent (15.78%),and bud worm incidence reduced from 39.70 to4.53 per cent.

(ii) Standardization of precision productiontechnology for marigold: Precision productiontechnology standardized for African marigoldincreasedyield from 25.12 to 35.74 t/ha(42.27%), Xanthophyll content from 1.44 to 1.99g/ 1,000 g (38.19%), price from R2,750 to 6,000/

Fig. 3.6: Sweet sorghum crusher

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t, and reduced bud borer incidence from 40.29 to7.30 per cent.

(iii) Standardization of precision productiontechnology for carnation: The precisionproduction technology developed for carnationincluding fumigation with Dazomet @ 30 g/m2,adding of enriched growing media consortia,planting of 30 day-old rooted cuttings andadopting single pinch at the 5th node,management of calyx splitting with foliarapplication of 0.1 per cent borax, and eco-friendly methods to manage mites, thrips,Fusarium wilt and leaf spot, increasedproductivity (from 12 to 16 flower stems/plant/crop), reduced incidence of calyx splitting (from32.63 to 3.13%), increase of ‘A’ grade flowers(from 70 to 84%), increase in price of ‘A’ gradeflowers (from Rs. 3 to 3.60/flower stem), reducedincidence of Fusarium wilt (from 37.70 to18.70%), and reduced incidence of mite (from50.11 to 6.13%).

(iv) Standardization of export packagingtechnology for jasmine: Packaging technologydeveloped by treating jasmine flowers with boricacid followed by packing in Corrugated FibreBoard boxes for the Dubai market andthermocole box with aluminium foil lining and gelice for the USA market reduced the post-harvestlosses from 40 to 10 per cent and enabled exportto long distance overseas market (USA) andincreased the net profit (Dubai- from R2,250 to9,250/day, and USA- from R9,250 to R17,250/day).

(v) Standardization of post - harvesttechnologies for carnation: Extended vase lifefrom 7 to 12.5 days reduced the post-harvestlosses from 30 to 12 per cent. Corrugated fibreboard (CFB) boxes were identified as the mostideal packaging materials for marigold.Precooling of carnation flowers at 40C for 4 hoursafter the harvest, wrapping in polyethylenesleeves of 50 gauge thickness, using a holdingsolution made of sucrose (5%) + citric acid (50ppm) + BA (75 ppm) and packing in CFB boxeswith 2 ply thickness and 4 per cent ventilationsproved best in extending the vase life up to12 days.

(vi) Standardization of improved dry flowerproduction technology: Forty four localspecies were identified suitable for dry flowermaking. Drying techniques by glycerinization (full

dip method @ 1:20) for leaves and silica gel +sand (1:1) embedding followed by microwavedrying for flowers were standardized; anddeveloped 72 new products (20 export and 52domestic market). Value of export increased fromR4.3 to 9.5 crores. The value of domestic tradeincreased from R6 lakhs to 12 lakhs.Bleaching techniques for the pods ofJacarandam imosifolia and Castanospermumaustrale by overnight soaking the pods in sodiumhydroxide (10%) and then with sodium hydroxide(2%) + sodium silicate (2.5%) + hydrogenperoxide (35%) for 18 hours and 12 hours,respectively were developed. Dyeing techniquesfor the pods of these two species with red acrylicdyes (0.2%) were developed. Utilizing theidentified species, 74 products were developedfor export and domestic markets. For thetransport of scented pine cones, five ply 180 gsmFull Telescopic Half Slotted Container (FTHS)and 5 ply 180 gsm Regular Slotted Container(RSC) were found ideal.

(vii) Establishment of market linkage and supplychain infrastructure: Two commodity groupswere formed at Kallipalayam and Nilakottai. TamilNadu Flower Growers’ Association,Sathyamangalam was linked with jasmineexporters and new destinations viz., USA andMalaysia were identified for export. Six newjasmine exporters were promoted. The contractfarming in marigold promoted helped 13,000farmers to get steady price at the farm gate [fromR2,750/t (2008) to R6,500/t (2012)].Capacity building: Seventyone trainingprogrammes trained 3,798 beneficiaries thatincluded 1177 flower growers, 1272 unemployedyouth and women, 465 entrepreneurs, 154growers of commodity groups, and 730stakeholders. Besides, 11 project staff alsounderwent the National Training Programme on“General Greenhouse Management” at theHorticulture Training Centre, Pune.

3.4.4.2 A value chain on Kashmir saffron(Lead Center - SKUAST)-K, Srinagar):(i) Improved production system: An improved

production system ensuring yield gains from 2.5to 6.37 kg/ha with a B:C ratio of 3.99:1 wasadopted over an area of 1,854 ha, with anexpected production of 11.81 tons over a fouryear planting cycle and a gross income of

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R177.15 crores leading to R5.01 lakh gain/ha andR3.72 lakh economic gain/family.

(ii) Nursery management system: The improvednursery management system adopted by thefarmers in six hectare helped fetched anadditional income of R1,15,60,000 through thesale of 92.5 tons of saffron corms. The StateAgriculture Department and the SKUAST-Kashmir established three public sectornurseries on NAIP recommendations over anarea of 50 hectares at the Seed ProductionFarms in two locations to produce 750 tons ofsaffron corms, with 300 tons as quality cormssufficient for horizontal expansion over 75 ha inthe non-traditional areas of Jammu & Kashmir.

(iii) Post-harvest technology: A post-harvesttechnology on primary processing wasstandardized for obtaining clean saffron for themarket as per ISO standards. The released NAIPpost-harvest system improved the recoveryvalue from R3,300 (22g) to 5,500 (37.5g) /kg offresh saffron flowers. The system would improvethe present production from 11 tons to 18.66 tonswith an overall exchequer gain of R114.9 crore.Three Cooperative Societies were establishedand linked with a number of international /national buyers. About 2,000 saffron farmers andfield functionaries were trained.An integrated system of post-harvest handlingunder controlled conditions called a “PackHouse” approach was established under theNAIP by the SKUAST-Kashmir. On NAIPrecommendation, one Park has been establishedby the National Horticulture Board.

(iv) Commercialization: Saffron Pack House Unit“Unique Saffron Growers Welfare andDevelopment Cooperative Marketing Ltd” atWuyan, Pampore with hi-tech facilities for saffronprocessing, handling, drying, and packing wasestablished. The society processed 16.66 tons offresh saffron flowers produced by about 200members yielding 500 kg saffron. Brandpromotion with a processing cost of R4,867/kgrevealed a benefit of R5,628/kg of fresh saffronflowers and engaged 30 ladies for four months.

3.4.4.3 A value chain on mango and guavafor domestic and export market (Lead Center -CISH, Lucknow):(i) Adoption of soil test-based fertilizer

application: Fertilizer application based on soil

analysis in mango and guava, micro-nutrientmixtures and training enhanced the yield by 12per cent.

(ii) Adoption of eco-friendly pest control: Eco-friendly fruit fly traps provided to the beneficiaryfarmers to control fruit flies in mango and guavareceived overwhelming response from pulpersbecause of better pulp recovery (5 % extrarecovery).

(iii) Empowerment of farmers throughassociations: Six Mango Growers Associationsand four Guava Growers Associations wereformed and linked to traders and exporters ofmango and guava.

(iv) Providing linkages for export of freshfruits:Three Mango Growers Associations of theproject site linked directly with exporters, retailchain stores and processors gained capacity tonegotiate prices and scale up the volume. Achain store from Coimbatore directly procuredfrom the farmer’s field by paying 25 per centpremium over the market price. The GuavaGrowers Association was linked to an exporterthrough whom the fruits were exported to Gulfcountries (Fig. 11). All the beneficiary farmers ofmango and guava were given short messageservice (SMS) on the daily market priceinformation of two important markets of TamilNadu.

(v) Developing mango-based industries in theproject site and Establishment of RuralIndustry: Three mango-based industriesestablished in the project site provided technicallogistics to the project farmers. One of the projectfarmers has established a 100 ton capacity”PostHarvest Packaging and Storage facility” throughthe project intervention availing the NationalHorticulture Board subsidy.

(viii) Harvesting of off-season mangoes in theproject site: For the first time in the project area,off-season mangoes were harvested in themonth of October-December (2012 / 2013) andsold for a premium price of R50-70/kg throughthe technology intervention.

Execution of innovative techniques: Eightinnovative techniques were executed towardsproduction system, post-harvest management andvalue-added products development technology forKesar mango and Allahabad Safeda guava atfarmer’s field, processing industries and Consortium

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laboratories. More than 3300 and 1900 stakeholderswere trained for scientific production technologies,post-harvest management and processing of value-added products

The yield in Kesar mango increased by 30.75 percent (7-8.5 t/h) and that of Allahabad Safeda guava by207 per cent (18-20 t/h). There was an improvementin fruit quality due to enhanced water and fertilizer useefficiency, application of peclobutrazol in Kesarmango, micro-nutrient spray in Allahabad Safedaguava. The high yield and quality fruit productiontechnology has increased the average income by 82per cent and 312 per cent.

3.4.4.4 A value chain on ginger and gingerproducts (Lead Center- OUAT, Bhubaneshwar):

The project was undertaken in the Pottangi blockof Koraput and Daringbadi block of Kandhamal the twobackward and tribal dominated districts of Orissa.(i) Production improvement: A new high yielding

variety “Suprabha” introduced and the trainingand technical inputs provided increased the cropyield almost two times. An additional 15,000 tonsof HYV of Suprabha could be produced in theadopted villages during the five years ofintervention. More than 100 organic farmers ofDaringbadi block have been registered underorganic certification as per the APEDA guidelines.While the productivity of ginger increased by 32per cent in the project area, i.e. from 65 to 86.35q/ha, the production increased by more than10,000 tons in four years. Raising of gingerseedlings in polythene bags in the nurseryreduced the seed rate from 17 to 12 q/ha, with asaving of R20,000/ha, boosted the yield (as highas 170 q/ha) and reduced the water requirementfor ginger grown in rain-fed conditions.

(ii) Processing and value addition: Theevaporative cool chambers were promoted forthe storage of seed ginger and a portable typeevaporative cool chamber developed reducedpost-harvest losses to less than 12 per cent andthe distress sale. Process parameters for value-added products like dehydrated ginger flakesand powder, ginger candy, ready to servebeverage, paste, etc. were developed, and thelocal farmers were trained on the preparation ofthese products in scientific and safe manner. Theon-farm ginger washer and peeler developed

under the project helped to reduce the drudgeryand time of processing. Two primary processingfacilities were established in two locations underthe project, which supported the farmers toprocess their produce. A total of 78.14 tons ofdried ginger slices were prepared and supplied intwo seasons for sale in the domestic andinternational markets. Besides, secondary value-added products like ginger extract with more than20 per cent gingerol in water soluble and free-flowing powder form, ginger extract with morethan 30 per cent gingerol in free-flowing powderform and successive water extract of ginger (withthe trade name NR-Ginger) were developed anda secondary processing unit was established inthe premises of Natural Remedies PrivateLimited (Fig. 3.7).

Fig. 3.7: High value ginger products

(iii) Promotion of producers’ organizations: Twofarmer groups were formed in the name of‘Daringibadi Krushi Swayam SahayakSamabaya Ltd.’ & ‘Pattangi Krushi SwayamSahayak Samabaya Ltd.’ Both have beenregistered under the Orissa Self Help Co-operatives Act, 2001. Linkages were developedwith the traders and export houses. More than 75tons of dried ginger was prepared in the area andsold to the consumers/ marketing agencies. Atrademark- ODIZIN has been filed for registration.

(iv) Economic impact: A total of seven productiontechnologies and twelve processingtechnologies were developed and adopted. Thefarmers produced more than 15,000 tons ofginger and more than 75 tons of valued addedginger and generated more than R160 lakhsrevenue.Eleven workshops and 47 village leveltraining programmes were conducted on gingerproduction and processing, as well as capacitybuilding of Self Help Cooperative Societies.

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3.4.4.5 A value chain in major seed spices fordomestic and export promotion (Lead Center -SDAU, Sardarkrushinagar):(i) Seed production: Promising cultivars of

coriander and fenugreek for higher yield andbetter quality were identified. Seed productionprogramme was taken up in 54 ha for corianderand 37 ha in fenugreek. Demonstrations ofdifferent varieties of coriander and fenugreek wereconducted in 11.5 ha and 10.0 ha, respectively. Atotal of 5,14,791 kg of seed was producedthrough Seed Village concept.

(ii) Mechanization: The existing seed drill wasretrofitted to suit the need of growers of seedspices. The twin wheel hoe was introduced inseed spices for the control of weeds and theNavin sickle was introduced for the cutting ofspice crops. The walk-in type reaper (Fig. 3.8)was tested, introduced and popularized amongthe farmers to combat the shortage of labourduring the peak harvesting period.The existing thresher retrofitted for seed spices(Fig. 3.9) found wider acceptability. Low-costsolar drying structure was installed at the CRSS,Jagudan for drying of seed spices.

three layered paper bag; and for 500 g packages,triple layer-metalized PET + LDPE-laminatewere found to be the best with minimum changesin moisture content, microbial load, colour andessential oil content for a period of two years.

3.4.4.6 A value chain on cashew for domesticand export market (Lead Center - CEPCI,Ernakulam):

The sub-project was successful in developing sixproduction and 11 processing technologies. Thefollowing six were identified as the most significantinnovations:• Pollution preventing system (PPS) for drum

roasting cashew processing units;• New non-thermal technology for raw cashew

cutting and peeling;• Low-cost method for the extraction of Anacardic

Acid from raw cashew nut shell;• Semi-automatic pedal operated Cashew Nut

Sheller with twisting and splitting mechanism;• Development of Uniform Quality Standards for

cashew kernels; and• Development of 21 value-added products from

cashew kernels.(i) Pollution preventing system (PPS): A system

for reducing the effluents emitted through thedrum roasting unit’s chimneys wascommercialized. A PPS fabricating rural industrywas established in Parassala, Trivandrum, withthe contribution of R3 lakhs from the project. TheCompany was successful in making a smallniche of customers within Tamil Nadu andKerala. The sub-project generated R0.1 lakh andR1.3 lakhs as revenue from the sale of PPS andconducting various workshops, respectively.

(ii) Non-thermal technology: This technologycoupled with the anacardic acid extractiontechnology could make not only the cashewprocessing industry eco-friendly but also a highlyprofitable one.

(iii) Extraction of anacardic acid: A low-costmethod for the extraction of anacardic acid fromthe cashew shell and bio-catalytic enzymes fromthe wasted cashew kernels were developed.

(iv) Development of portable moisture meter:Two portable and non-destructible (Fig. 3.10)moisture meters developed as a capacitance-based technology and calibrated for raw cashewnut and kernels set a standard for the moisture

Fig 3.8: Walk-in type reaper Fig 3.9: Retrofitted thresher

(iii) Post-harvest technology: Three units of seedspices processing were installed under theproject got subsidy under the Food SecurityMission. A cryogrinding unit having a capacity of25 kg/ha was installed and utilized for training theentrepreneurs and exporters. One firm in Unjhaestablished its own commercial cryogrindingunit.

(iv) Value addition: Cryoground Coriander Powderwas developed under the sub-project. Linkageswere established for the preparation andmarketing of value-added products.

(v) Packaging: Standardization of the packaging forlong-term storage of coriander and fenugreekwas also done. For 50 kg packages of cumin,

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contents andfacilitated accurateprocurement of rawcashew nut by theprocessing industry.

(v) Quality standards:Colour and size-based gradingnorms for cashewkernels developedare now followed byall the buyers and exporters. Since clarityregarding grades was made available for betterquality kernels, the export trade has increased.

(vi) Value addition: Twenty one value-addedproducts from cashew kernels were developed.The flavoured cashew kernel bits are nowavailable in the KSCDC outlets. The value ofbroken bits of kernels has increased and there isrecycling of by-products.

3.4.4.7 A value chain on linseed: processingand value addition for profitability (Lead Center -BAIF, Pune):

The sub-project was implemented to accomplishbackward integration with the linseed growingfarmers in Vidharbha for better economic gain andforward linkage with the consumers for better healththrough a unique innovative “FLAX BIO-VILLAGE”concept.

Crop production: The improved linseedvarieties (PKV NL260) and package of practices haveresulted in substantial increase in productivity from235 to 820 kg/ha. The buy-back guarantee increasedfarmer’s income from R8,930 to 31,160/ha.(ii) Value addition: Innovative products such as

omega 3 eggs and omega 3 chicken weredeveloped through the use of omega-3 oilextracted with cold press technology. The oil

cake with 10-12 per cent of oil was formulated tomake a poultry feed premix that whensupplemented regular feed, omega-3 enrichedeggs with over 250 mg of omega-3 per egg wereobtained. Tender, tastier and juicy omega-3enriched chicken (300 mg omega-3/200g edibletissue) with better texture was successfullydeveloped. Innovative approaches to resourcehigh grade omega-3 fatty acid from linseed andenriched poultry, bakery and dairy products weresuccessfully demonstrated (Fig. 3.11).

(iii) Commercialization: Technologies for high gradeomega-3 oil, omega-3 soft gel, omega-3 layerfeed, and omega-3 egg were commercializedinitially through the Ensign Diet Care Pvt. Ltd;own ALVELTM brand was floated later for all theomega-3 products.

3.4.4.8 A value chain on lac and lac basedproducts for domestic and export markets (LeadCenter - IINRG, Ranchi):(i) Lac production: Seedlings (45,950 nos.)of

F.semialata were distributed to 53 farmers in 44villages and ber (3,785 nos.) in 19 villages ofRanchi and Khunti districts for demonstration oflac cultivation on plantation. About 4 kg ofF.semialata seeds were also distributed tofarmers in nine villages for raising about 1,50,000seedlings. The farmers have started laccultivation on the raised plantations of Ber andF.semialata (Fig. 3.12). Scientific methods ofhigh yielding lac (Kusmi) cultivation on ber waspromoted in three crop seasons involving 1,177farmers belonging to 96 villages in Ranchi andKhunti districts. Adoption of Kusmi lac cultivationon ber increased the production to 4,000 tons, asagainst 2,000 tons at the start of the project.

Fig. 3.10: Portable moisturemeter

Fig. 3.11: Omega-3 fatty acid and enriched biscuits

Fig. 3.12: Lac cultivation on Ber and F. semialata

(ii) Lac processing: A small-scale Lac ProcessingUnit (100 kg stick lac/day) was established at theIINRG Research Farm for training of farmers andabout 800 farmers and students were trainedunder the programme. Up-scaling trial of

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bleached lac preparation, on pilot plant scale,with improved bleaching agent was carried outwith 5 kg lot at the IINRG. The keeping quality ofbleached lac samples prepared with alternatebleaching agent indicated better life even afterstoring for six months at ambient condition.An improved process (filtration andsaponification) for aleuritic acid preparationincreased its yield (12-14 to 18%) and quality(melting point 95- 960C). Commercial trials weresuccessfully carried out (Fig. 3.13).

chrysanthemum varieties viz., Zambla, ThaiChen Queen and White Star, the Zambla varietyproduced very attractive flowers with longestvase-life (Fig. 3.14), whereas maximum plantheight (78.25 cm), stem length (70.25 cm) andflower diameter (14.60 cm) were recorded in thevariety White Star.

Fig. 3.13: Aleuritic acid preparation from lac

(iii) Value addition: Twenty Master Trainers trainedin making lac handicrafts by the BRIAT,Allahabad later trained 175 beneficiaries at theTraining-cum-Production Centres established atKhunti (in Khunti district); and Banaburu, Sodhaand Kataribagan (in Ranchi district). Forty ofthem produced handicrafts worth R4.86 lakhs.

(iv) By-product utilization: Demonstration on therecovery of improved quality lac dye from theeffluent of seed lac making unit was carried out.The firm manufactured quality lac dye in itsmodified lac dye plant, and it fetched a higherprice (R2,500/kg).

3.4.5 Value chains in horticultural crops

Value chains were developed for a number ofhorticultural crops including flowers, fruits,vegetables, plantation crop, medicinal and aromaticplants under thirteen sub-projects.

3.4.5.1 Protected cultivation of high valuevegetables and cut flowers- a value chainapproach (Lead Center – IARI, New Delhi):(i) Photo period regulation of Chrysanthemum

(during summer) under semi-climatecontrolled greenhouse: Production technologyof chrysanthemum for year-round cultivationunder semi-climate controlled greenhouses fromnursery raising to harvesting of flowers wasdeveloped and standardized. Among the three

Fig. 3.14: Protected cultivation of Gerbera andChrysanthemum

The Zambla and Thai Chen Queen varietieswere also found suitable for year-roundproduction; for off-season production duringsummer by manipulating the growingenvironment and by using GA3 @ 150 ppm twiceat 15 days interval.

(ii) Standardization of fertigation scheduling forGerbera and Chrysanthemum underprotected conditions: The stage-wise dosageof nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium wasdeveloped and standardized. The three majorstages were vegetative, flowering and harvestingflush and maintenance. The total quantity offertilizer calculated for fertigation in 1000 sq.mwas 17 kg N, 12 kg P and 17 kg K for Gerbera;and 21 kg N, 13 kg P and 19 kg K forChrysanthemum.

Estimation of carotenoid content in redpepper through enzymatic process: Redbellpeppers (Capsicum annuum) containing nearly 5-8 times higher carotene than carrots and tomatoesand ten times higher antioxidant activity remainsunexploited. An enzyme - mediated process foraqueous extraction of carotenoids was optimizedusing response surface methodology. Under theoptimal conditions, capsicum juice extracted withenzyme resulted in the highest juice yield (86.00%)and total carotene content of 50.43 mg/100 ml.Aqueous carotenoid rich concentrate (>86 mg/100ml) from the red capsicum showed remarkablestability of antioxidant activity and carotenoids at 10oCfor nine months with no appreciable change.

Crop production and protection: Two varietieseach of greenhouse tomato (Pant Polyhouse Bred

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Tomato-2 and Pant Polyhouse Bred Hybrid Tomato-1)and cucumber (Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber-2and Pant Parthenocarpic Cucumber-3) werereleased. Field level planting of a large number ofgrafted seedlings of greenhouse tomato variety GS-600 on an identified tolerant rootstock was doneunder highly nematode infested greenhouseconditions and grafted seedlings were grownsuccessfully up to fruiting and gave very good resultsin terms of resistance against the root knot nematode(Meloidogyne incognita), a serious endemic problemat CPCT greenhouses.

Technology standardization: Productiontechnology of parthenocarpic cucumber andcapsicum under insect-proof net houses for semi-aridconditions; off-season production technology ofChrysanthemum under naturally ventilatedgreenhouses for semi-arid conditions; productiontechnology of carnation for sub-temperate conditions;production technology of tomato and sweet pepper forzero energy naturally ventilated greenhousecultivation for sub-tropical conditions; graftingtechnology for seedlings of greenhouse tomato andparthenocarpic cucumber crops; and greenhouseproduction technology of tomato, capsicum,cucumber and carnation for sub-temperate conditionsof Uttarakhand were standardized.

3.4.5.2 Bio-pesticide Mediated Value Chainfor Clean Vegetables (Lead Center - CSKHPKV,Palampur):(i) Preparation of botanical formulations: Out of

sixty two formulations of botanicals (Melia 36 andEupatorium 26) and fifty one formulations ofTrichoderma in six value-added lots wereprepared and evaluated for upgradation. Fourvalue-added botanical formulations (Melia - 2,Eupatorium - 2) and two formulations ofTrichoderma were selected for validation andfinalized for commercial exploitation.

(ii) Commercial exploitation of botanicals: Thebotanicals viz., Melia and Eupatorium plantmaterials were successfully extracted throughthe SFE based Pilot Plant installed in the Bio-pesticide Laboratory (Fig. 3.15) and the extractswere formulated for small scale testing in thecommand area.The protocols for the commercial production oflocal strains of Trichoderma and ecotype ofTrichogramma were developed. Eight value-added products of vegetables, viz., cabbage

(dried and frozen), frozen cabbage basedmanchurian balls and cabbage koftas, pea(dried, frozen and canned) and cauliflower(dried) were prepared.

Fig. 3.15: SFE based pilot plant

(iii) Promotional activities: Fourteen vegetablegrowers adopted Trichogramma production in theform of entrepreneurship, who produced 30-50 ccparasitized corcyra eggs per week from 50cultured boxes and 450-500 cc in three monthcycle providing them approximately 1,000 stripsof trichocards @ R15/strip (imputed value).

(iv) Economic and social contribution: The bio-pesticide project enhanced income by R 6,550/beneficiary household. The economiccontribution of the project has been estimated atR8.69 lakh in the project area. Similarly, thecontribution to environment of the project wasR2.05 lakh in the project area. Thus, the totalcontribution of the project was estimated atR 32.26 lakh to the project beneficiaries.

3.4.5.3 A value chain on potato and potatoproducts (Lead Center - CPRI, Shimla):(i) Cloning: Triplex LFIA kit for simultaneous

detection of PVX, PVA and PVM was developedand validated using 44 randomly collected fieldsamples. The results were found comparablewith DAS-ELISA to it. The partial coat proteingene of ToLCNDV-potato was cloned for furtheruse in expression studies.The polyclonalantibodies prepared against CP of ToLCNDV-potato and PVX was purified from blood serum,and IgG-enzyme conjugate was prepared forELISA.

(ii) Seed production: Under the seed component,3,000 micro-tubers and 2,000 micro-plants wereproduced in vitro and these micro-propagules

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were planted under insect proof net house for theproduction of mini-tubers. Culture initiation andshoot multiplication procedures were optimizedfor all the varieties barring Kufri Jyoti. Chipsona-3could be successfully multiplied in the bioreactor.Multiplication of shoots in stationary cultures andother planned activities progressed well.

(iii) Baby potato cultivation: The cost of cultivationfor baby potatoes in double cropping (during onecrop season) was approximately R1,43,000/haand the net profit of approximately R1,44,500/hain one season. Potato Hybrid HT/03-704 andKufri Himsona (Fig. 3.16) grown as the secondcrop (late season) was found suitable in organo-leptic test. Baby potato samples were foundsuitable in organo-leptic test as well as qualityattributes.

three tons of Kufri Frysona after three months ofstorage were processed into French fries. Tuberdry matter (solid %) ranged from 21 to 23 percent; 70-86 per cent tubers were of 75 mm size,with acceptable internal/external defects andmaintained excellent French fry color and otherquality parameters required. Reducing the sugarcontent was found to be low in all the processingvarieties viz., Kufri Frysona, Kufri Chipsona-1and Kufri Surya.

3.4.5.4 Tomato processing prioritizations forglobal competence (Lead Center - MPKV, Rahuri):(i) Evaluation of hybrids: Commercial hybrids

were evaluated in the Kharif and Rabi seasonsfor their processing qualities. In the Kharifseason, Naina was found superior for higheryield (103.70 t/ha), whereas Vaibhav was foundsuperior for processing purpose, with a totalsoluble solid (4.70%), acidity (0.41%), ascorbicacid content (45.39 mg/100 g), lycopene content(5.03 mg/100 g), and yield (85.06 t/ha).In the Rabi season, out of the 29 hybrids,Abhinav was found superior for higher yield(109.38 t/ha), whereas the hybrid Vaibhav (Fig.3.17) was found superior for processing purpose,with a total soluble solid (4.81%), acidity(0.49%), ascorbic acid content (46.87 mg/100 g),lycopene content (5.75 mg/100g), and yield(97.75 t/ha).

Fig. 3.16: Production of baby potatoes

(iv) Livestock feeding: Digestibility trial/metabolictrial on animal feed was conducted incollaboration with the GADVASU, Ludhiana tostudy the effect of replacing cereals with potatowaste in the animal feed revealed that the controland test feed had comparable dry matter (DM)and organic matter (OM); but the crude protein(CP) of the test feed was higher by one per cent,even though the test feed contained one per centurea, as against two per cent in control feed andequal amount of mustard cake and rice polish.This indicated that dried potatoes had higher CPcontent, as compared to maize grain. The etherextracts (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), aciddetergent fibre (ADF), and cellulose along withtotal and non-fiber carbohydrates remainedsimilar in the two feeds.

(v) Commercialization: Commercial testing ofvariety Kufri Frysona was done in three lots. Fifty

Fig. 3.17: Tomato hybrid Vaibhav

(ii) Evaluation of genotypes: Out of the 32 promisinggenotypes of tomato, four were found better inrespect of qualitative traits, i.e. total solublesolids, acidity, lycopene content, sugar andascorbic acid content and high yield andprocessing qualities.

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(iii) Good Agricultural Practices (GAP): The GAPfor high productivity and fertigation for bettertomato production were standardized. More than2,000 farmers in 10 village clusters benefited byadopting the GAP and supplied 300 tons oftomatoes to the processors, which increasedtheir income by 18-20 per cent.

(iv) Value addition: The processing technologydeveloped was utilized by the AFPL, Shirwal toproduce new value-added products such astomato pickle, tomato chutney, pizza sauce, redgravy, brown gravy, and red pasta sauce. Theseproducts were not only of premium quality butalso cost-effective and affordable for the generalIndian masses. The packing was made veryconvenient with family serving size so that theconsumer could use the packet during meal.

(v) Marketing: Realizing the advantage of hybridsfor processing, the farmers overwhelminglyadopted. Procured 300 tons of tomatoes fromfarmer clusters and utilized for processing. Themodel of “Collaborative Farming HolisticServices” helped to bring in collaborationbetween the farmers and the processing industrywhich in turn, offered fair price to the former.

3.4.5.5 A value chain on enhancedproductivity and profitability of pomegranate(Lead Center - Akshay Food Park Ltd (AFPL),Bangalore):(i) Awareness creation and capacity building:

Twenty demo and 140 non-demo farmers weretrained on production, post harvest handling andmarketing aspects. About 20 officials of the StateDepartment of Horticulture working inChitradurga district were also trained. A websiteon pomegranate (www.pomegranatethesuperfruit.com)has been created, hosted and maintained.

(ii) Crop management: Three modules (withdifferent chemical dosage, application time) wereintroduced for controlling the bacterial blightdisease (BBD), out of which module-II was foundmore suitable and effective. By adopting themodule developed under NAIP, the incidence ofBBD was reduced by 20 - 70 per cent in demofarms and also increased the yield of marketablefruits by 1.0 to 1.5 tons per acre (Fig. 3.18).The percentage of marketable fruits increasedby 70 to 80 and the farm income increased with abenefit:cost ratio ranging from 5.57:1 to8.37:1.Sanitation and water management were

important in the management of diseases inpomegranate and also the effect of spraying andsoil application of Pseudomonas spp. andTrichoderma spp. showed positive indication ofdisease control in demo plots.

Fig. 3.18: Pomegranate fruits before and after NAIPintervention

(iii) Value addition: Marketing of arils separated fromcracked and low grade fruits was undertaken.Value addition to the unmarketable fruits wasmade through the production of quality wine andthe process is being standardized.

(iv) Creation of facilities: A Pomegranate Juice andConcentrate Processing Unit was established atHiriyur (project site). A Controlled AtmosphereChamber (15 ton capacity) was made availablefor use by the farmers or traders. The farmersstored pomegranate fruits in the cold store / CAstore.

3.4.5.6 A value chain on underutilized fruitsof Rajasthan (Lead Center - MPUAT, Udaipur):(i) Introduction of machineries: Need-based

machineries and process technologies weredeveloped for the commercial exploitation ofunderutilized fruits (custard apple, ber, jamunand aonla). Tools for safe harvesting weredesigned and fabricated. Nylon net platform wasalso developed for collection of Jamun and aonlato minimize bruising. Compact fruit grader foroblong fruits was developed with large-scale trialon ber, aonla and other similar small sized fruits.Protocols for storage and appropriate packagingfor long distance transport of these underutilizedfruits was also developed.Aonla processing plant was established withsize-based grader, fruit pricking machine,cabinet air dryer, fruit shredder, hydraulic juiceextractor and double jacketed steam-kettle forpulp processing and scaled up to automated pilotplant. Automatic custard apple scoopingmachine with the capacity of 100 kg/hr wasdesigned and developed. It was suitable for small

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entrepreneurs. The efficiency of pulpingmechanism was 70-72 per cent coarse/intactpulp recovery and 28-30 per cent fine pulprecovery. Prototype for ber destoning wasdeveloped in the form of hand tool which couldbe used for the removal of ber stones.

(ii) Value addition: Value-added products fromaonla, custard apple, ber and jamun weredeveloped. Custard apple processed productssquash and basundi were prepared. In aonla,various products like RTS beverages, candy, jellyand many more were developed. Technology forprocessing and value addition such asdehydrated products, preserve, candy, pulp,supari and beverages, etc. from different fruitswere standardized. Aonla fruit-based fruit cheesewas prepared with mixing of aonla, pineapple,papaya and guava. Ber fruit-based mixed fruitprotein enriched soft candy was prepared withmixing of ber, pineapple and carrot. Theprocesses and recipe for the preparation of mintfortified jamun beverage viz., ready- to-serve(RTS) drink and squash was optimized. The endproduct was evaluated for sensory quality andthe shelf-life was assessed under ambientcondition (Fig. 3.19).

Choisy.), Karonda (Carissa conjesta), Jamun(Syzygium cumini) and Jackfruit (Artocarpusheterophyllus) are some of the native under-exploited fruit crops, which are on the verge ofextinction because of deforestation and under-utilization. All of them are harvested on the vergeof rainy season (May-June) and almost 40 to 70per cent of the crop is caught in the rainy months(June-Aug) and hence, lost. The farmers andsmall-scale processors prepare different productslike amsul, agal, sarbat, syrup, jam, pickles, etc.

(ii) Value addition: Five traditional processingmethods for Kokum syrup, Kokum agal, Kokumamsul, Jamun seed powder, and Jackfruitleather(Phanaspoli) were standardized, andeight value-added products were developed.Thirteen technologies for the storage andpackaging of above-developed products werealso developed. Machineries such as KokumLiquid Concentrate Unit, Power OperatedJackfruit Cutter and Hand Operated JackfruitCutter were also developed (Fig. 3.20).

Fig. 3.19: Value addition in Jamun

(iii) Commercialization: Pulp extraction andpreservation technology was commercialized byinvolving some industries. As a first phase of trial,a local entrepreneur was involved for pilot projectevaluation. Post evaluation, the technology wassold to three industries and one NGO and a fewother industries have also shown their interest inthis technology. An NGO SRIJAN was alsoinvolved in the transfer of technology givingdirect benefit to tribal growers and collectors.

3.4.5.7 A value chain for kokum, karonda,jamun and jackfruit (Lead Center - DBSKKV,Ratnagiri):(i) Prevailing practices: Kokum (Garcinia indica

Fig. 3.20: Kokum concentrate plant & manual andmechanical jackfruit cutter

(iii) Capacity building: Different trainingprogrammes on standardized procedures andtechnologies developed, value addedtechnologies, storage of processed products andby-products, packaging of processed productsand by-products, and new processingtechniques and products were conducted.

3.4.5.8 A value chain on production of food-grade neutraceuticals for use as naturalantioxidants and food colorants (Lead Center –IARI, New Delhi):(i) Process development: Simple, cost-effective,

efficient, and improved bench scale processes(know-how’s) were developed for the extraction,

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purification, analysis and quality control of anumber of natural colorants from the agriculturalcommodities and their products, as under:Anthocyanin from black carrot and jamun juice,pulp and/or concentrate. Food grade naturalcolorant capsanthin from paprika and aflavouring agent capsaicinoids from red hot chilli;the GC/MS and LC-MS protocols werestandardized for quantitation of thecapsaicinoids, capsanthin, tocopherol, and sterolcontent in chili. Lycopene concentrate from freshtomato and/or tomato paste; varieties rich inlycopene content were developed at IARI whichcould be recommended to farmers, who wish tocultivate tomato crop as raw material to theindustry; protocols were also standardized foraccurate analysis and quantitation of lycopene indifferent tomato varieties, concentrates andtechnical materials. Phycocyanins from Spirulinabiomass, after extraction of the blue pigment, theremaining biomass could be appropriatelyformulated and used as protein supplement.Steviol glycosides from Stevia sp. (Fig. 3.21), thesweeteners were further purified with ionexchange resins and/or column chromatography.

3.4.5.9 A value chain on Seabuckthorn(Hippophae L.) (Lead Center: CSKHPKV,Palampur):(i) Plantation of seabuckthorn: About 350 farmers

of 25 villages planted 2,13,000 saplings ofimproved seabuckthorn cultivars in 100 hamarginal land in Lahaul.

(ii) Production technologies developed andadopted: Ten land races were identified andconserved in the Gene Bank. Two high yieldingcultivars were developed, one each of H.rhamnoides ssp. Turkestanica and H. salicifolia(Drilbu). Agro-techniques were improved for thespacing, pit size, pruning intensity, weed control,early application of nitrogen and use of FYM inplant basin. A model of silvipastoral system withimproved fesque/orchard grasses was alsodeveloped. About 8,00,000 saplings of grassesand forages were planted by farmers on themarginal land in Lahaul (Fig. 3.23). A harvestingtool “Clipper with handle” was developed, whichcollected 6.7 kg fruit/hr and given to 25 farmers.For the effective control of new pests, doses ofchemicals and the botanicals (Bioanjivini, etc.)were standardized to control various diseases.

Fig. 3.21: Natural sweetener from Stevia

(ii) Commercialization: Red guava nectar (Fig.3.22), a ready-to-serve (RTS) drink containingnatural acylated anthocyanin exhibitingcharacteristic pink color and imparting healthpromoting benefits to the drink. The Lead Centerhas entered into an MoU with two companies, fora total considerationof 15.5 lakh, whichare in the process ofsetting up the plantfor commercialproduction ofh i g h - v a l u eneutraceuticals andfunctional foods.

Fig. 3.22: Red guava nectar –A ready-to-serve drink

Fig. 3.23: Seabuckthorn raised on marginal land

(iii) Process technologies developed, adopted andcommercialized: Methodologies for thepreparation of value-added food products alongwith their storage and packaging technologieswere standardized. Technical staff of the Lahaul-Spiti Cooperative Society and Lahaul PotatoSociety, Raison was trained in proper semi-processing and processing of seabuckthorn thelatter has launched three food products inmarket.

(iv) Standardization of oil preparations for healthprotection: The seabuckthorn seed oil at thedose of 5 ml/dog and seed oil (1 ml/dog) andSucralfate drug standardized were used for the

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faster healing of gastric ulcer in dogs.Seabuckthorn doses of leaf extract (5%) and seedoil (2%) had strong anti-microbial properties. TheAIIMS, New Delhi found that doses ofseabuckthorn pulp oil (10 ml/kg) and seed oil (2 ml/kg) standardized, had significant cardioprotectiveeffect against myocardial injury in rats.

(v) Utilization of seabuckthorn waste: Developedfrom the vitamins and mineral rich seabuckthornleaves and fruit waste, the concentrate feedcrude protein in the milch animals could bereplaced with the crude protein of seabuckthornleaves up to 80 per cent, with enhanced milkproduction by 25.8 per cent and egg productionby 2.6 per cent.

(vi) Economics and market survey: Expectedincome from the seabuckthorn orchard andfodder at full bearing stage (6 years) per yearwas R26,880 per bigha. Running of the semi-processing unit would be highly profitable oncethe whole plantations (100 ha) would be underfull fruit bearing since 6th year onward.The Lahaul-Spiti Seabuckthorn CooperativeSociety, Keylong’s Semi-processing Unit inLahaul, purchased 14,083 kg fruits from 28farmers and paid them R4,95,775. The Societyearned R7,19,140 from semi-processing thefruits and sold the pulp and seeds to LahaulPotato Society; produced 2,170 bottles of juice,each of 650 ml, 4,139 bottles of RTS (200 mlcapacity) and 8,781 swash bottles (700 ml) andearned a total income of R6,71,011 by selling toconsumers in the Kullu market. Once all theseabuckthorn plantations (100 ha) start fullbearing of fruits (500 tons) from 6th year ofplantation, impact would be visible for the next 30years.

3.4.5.10 Avalue chain in coconut (LeadCenter - CPCRI, Kasaragod):(i) Crop production: Integrated crop production

technologies for coconut were demonstrated in250 ha area covering 534 farmers organizedunder 10 Community Based Organizations(CBOs). On seeing the success of the NAIPcluster farmers, the adjoining farmers startedpracticing the CPCRI technologies / innovationsin their field. Integrated disease management(IDM) of bud rot led to reduction in the diseaseincidence from 32.6 per cent in 2007 to 5.9 percent in 2009.

(ii) Capacity building: Training programmes wereconducted for crop production, protection, valueaddition and use of mechanical coconut climbingdevices. A SHG Unit was established for themass production of Trichoderma - a bio-controlagent in the Ajanur cluster, which was marketedby the Unit with the brand name “Ethiran”. Treeclimbing devices developed were used by manyyouth.

(iii) Value addition: Machineries like coconut testaremover, coconut milk extractor, indirect heatingvessel with automatic stirrer, and fermentationtank were developed for the cost-effectiveproduction of “Virgin Coconut Oil” (VCO). Theprotocol for the production of VCO byfermentation, hot process and intermediatemoisture content methods were standardized.The technology was commercialized to fiveentrepreneurs in the project area. Four WomenSHGs were established for the production andmarketing of value added coconut products likecoconut chips VCO, coconut water squash,coconut pickle, etc. The process for theproduction of vinegar from coconut water withacetic acid content of 5.0 - 5.5 per cent wasrefined.

(iv) Marketing: A supply chain was established forthe marketing of coconut products made by theSHGs. The protocol for tender and maturecoconut water beverage with suspended kernels(lemon flavoured) and marmalade type coco jamwas developed and standardized. Thepreparation of value-added products from theVCO meal was standardized, and its qualitystudies were also conducted. Developed thetechnology and fabricated a pollution-freecarbonization plant with a capacity of 6 t shells/day for the community-level production ofcoconut shell charcoal and activated carbon.About 15 t of activated carbon was producedfrom the plant.

3.4.5.11 A Value Chain on EnhancedProductivity and Profitability of Patchouli(Pogostemon patchouli) (Lead Center - JewargiAgro Food Park Ltd., Bangalore):(i) Introduction of patchouli:It was newly

introduced by the sub-project covering 31farmers identified for growing patchouli spreadover 15 villages in 4 clusters of Chitradurgadistrict of Karnataka.

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(ii) Variety: There are several ecotypes of patchouli.Based on ecotypes, Johore and Singapore arecultivated in Karnataka. While the Singaporetype grows up to one meter and yields more oil ofinferior quality, the Johore type yields lessherbage but a superior quality of essential oil. Thevariety from CIMAP, Bangalore- CIM Shrestayields 30 per cent more and is grown as amonocrop under open conditions.

(ii) Harvesting and yield: At the time of harvest after4.5 – 5.0 months of transplanting, the foliagebecomes pale green to light brownish and thecrop starts to emit characteristic patchouli odour.The herbage was harvested 20-25 cm above theground level. It was necessary to leave 4-6juvenile sprouting buds at the basal region for fastregeneration. Harvesting was done with the helpof a sharp secateur or shear.Subsequent harvestwas taken every 3-4 months. The first 2 to 3harvests of the newly planted plantation gavegood yield and high oil quality. Good crop yielded1.0 -1.5 tons of dry leaves per annum per acre.

(iii) Drying and storage of patchouli herb: Theleaves were spread out evenly on a hard surfaceunder shade allowing free circulation of air. Theleaves were mixed at regular intervals to ensureuniform drying. This was done for six days.Mechanical tray dryers at 40oC for 36 hours wereused. The dried leaves were made into bundles.All these were done to preserve the oil present inthe leaves.

(iv) Oil extraction and storage: The Process for oilextraction and storage were standardized.

a) Biotransformation of patchouli oil: Studiesindicated that the potential of rhizobial microfloracould be utilized to enhance the quality ofpatchouli oil using the principle ofbiotransformation. The method so developedmight be suitable for farmers due to its low costand low labour requirement. The fresh patchouliherbage required about 14 hours to dry from aninitial moisture content of 80 per cent (on wetbasis) to a final moisture content of 11-12 percent (on wet basis) in ASTRA Dryer. The meanessential oil yields were about 2.41 per cent inshade dried sample, 2.25 - 2.40 per cent in traydried samples and 2.24 per cent in samples driedin ASTRA dryer.

b) Installation of steam distillation unit: A PilotScale Steam Distillation Unit was installed at the

AICRP on Post Harvest Technology Scheme ofUAS, Bangalore. The economic analysisindicated that the extraction was viable and thecost:benefit ratio of patchouli oil distillation wasfound to be 1:1.26.

(v) Development of value-added products fromspent materials obtained during steamdistillation: Shade dried patchouli spent charge(ground) could be used advantageously in theincense stick production. It was found that thepatchouli spent charge powder could replacewood powder up to about 5-10 per cent level ofagarbatti masala mix. Substituting two-thirds of15 per cent of wood powder requirement withspent charge powder would help in theconservation of natural forest resource. Thequality of the incense sticks was very muchacceptable to the consumer.

3.4.5.12 A Value Chain on Selected AromaticPlants of North East India (Lead Center - CAU,Imphal):(i) Mass multiplication of planting material

undertaken with 8,33,500 quality planting materialof lemon grass, citronella and 21,000 scentedorchids developed and distributed to farmers coveringabout 18 ha area. About 1,000 plants of scentedorchids were propagated by the conventionalmethod and 20,000 plants of Zygopetalumintermedium, Aerides odoratum, & Coelogynenitida were developed through tissue culture.

(ii) Standardization of cultivation techniques:Adoptive trials to standardize the cultivationtechniques of the above crops were undertakento advocate the technology to the farmers underSikkim conditions.

Varietal selection: Two potential varieties viz.,Jor Lab C and Jallapallavi of citronella and twopotential varieties viz., Krishna and Arun in case oflemongrass were identified under Sikkim condition.

Chemical composition: The chemicalcomposition of citronella and lemongrass oil wasanalyzed. In the case of lemongrass, Alpha citral-41.89 per cent and Beta citral- 34.89 per cent; and inthe case of citronella, Beta citronellal- 26.15 per cent,Beta citronellal- 10.84 per cent, Beta citral- 11.73 percent, Geraniol- 15.89 per cent and Alpha citral- 13.87per cent were estimated through GC-Max. It wasreported that the quality of citronella oil may not beencouraging to the industries due to less Beta citral.

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Harvesting: First cutting of biomass to be doneafter 4 - 5 months of planting and the subsequentcuttings to be taken up at 2 - 3 month interval.Harvesting of leaves should be done about 20 cmabove the ground level to stimulate the growth ofsubsequent crop. If properly managed, three cuttingsmight be possible in the case of citronella andlemongrass from the second year of transplanting.The productivity of citronella and lemongrass was120-150 q /ha and 100-120 q/ha, respectively.

Mechanization: Complete package of improvedtools and equipment standardized/ developedincluded - tillage and interculture; land reclamation;dibbler-cum-marker from the locally availablematerial; slip remover; and power tiller operatedweeder. Due to mechanization, cost of cultivation wasreduced by 30 per cent.

Tissue culture technique: Scented Orchids ofZygopetalum intermedium, Aerides odoratum,Dendrobium chrysotoxum and Coelogyne nitida weredeveloped through tissue culture. These were anepiphytic fragrant and could be cultivated on woodenlogs and mounted on sidewalls of the poly house.Conventional propagation through cuttings of thismonopodial orchid was easy to achieve 20-30 cmlong cutting, with a few epiphytic roots placed on thewooden log and covered with white moss. This wasfixed in place by means of plastic or jute rope.(ii) Antioxidant properties: Methanolic extract

from stems and leaves of Aerides odoratum andAcampe papillosa were evaluated and freeradical attenuating abilities of stem extracts wereascertained by 2, 2 - diphenyl 1-picryl hydrazyl(DPPH) scavenging assay. The DPPHscavenging potential of the aqueous extracts ofthe plants ranged from 25 to 86 per cent. Thehighest inhibition of DPPH radical was observedin the aqueous extract of Aerides odoratum,followed by Acampe papillosa. Maximum amountof phenols and flavonoids were observed in thestem of Aerides odoratum, followed by the stemof Acampe papillosa. High radical scavengingactivity was observed in the stem of Aeridesodoratum.

(iii) Distillation of oil: Drying techniques fordistillation of essential oil from aromatic plantswas standardized. Shade drying of lemongrassand citronella for 12 hours up to a moisturecontent of 43.5 per cent (wet basis) was foundbest for the optimum yield of essential oil. A

steam distillation unit for essential oil extractionwas installed and farmer’s produce wasprocessed under buy-back programme (Fig.3.24).

Fig. 3.24: Citronella and Lemongrass essential oilextraction plant

(iv) Utilization of spent/de-oiled plant material:Incense sticks (bamboo-less & with bamboostick, cones and dhupbatti) were made utilizingspent/de-oiled plant material of targeted crops.Productions-cum-process technologies weredocumented. Two fragrances were developedand tested for incense stick, cones anddhupbatti.

3.4.5.13 A value chain on Aloe Veraprocessing (Lead Center – IIT, Kharagpur):(i) Physio-chemical and functional properties:

Antioxidant potential was estimated by DPPHassay, Reducing power assay, Metal chelatingassay, Superoxide radical scavenging assay,and Hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. Thephenolics and polysaccharide distribution, FTIRspectroscopy and spectroscopy 1H NMRassisted detection of acetylation of aloe vera gel(AVG) was also carried out. Flow behavior ofaloe vera gel with added gums was found out.

(ii) Separation of leaf layers: A multichannel(three) AVG filleting machine was designed anddeveloped, which was capable of simultaneousseparation of three distinct layers of leaf viz.,upper rind, proper gel fillet and lower rind. TheAVG filleting machine mainly comprised lowerrind filleting blade, upper rind filleting blade,lower and upper rollers, conveying channels,collecting trough and power transmissionsystem. This machine simultaneously separatesthe three layers of aloe vera leaf withoutcontaminating with the aloin.

(iii) Value addition: The various products developedinclude stabilized gel, aloe-based fruit beverageslike aloe-amla; -mango; -pineapple; -jamun; -sweet orange and dehydrated powder by differentdrying methods like drying, desiccant air drying,

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vacuum drying, freezedrying, foam matdrying for betterquality value-addedspecific end productsfrom aloe vera and itsby-products leading tonew agro-industrialactivities andadditional employment and income generation indry and wasteland commands. Aloe-based fruitjuices from amla, mango and pineapple wereprepared (Fig. 3.25). Different producer groupssold 33,000 liters of juices and 7,000 kg of jelly.Aloe vera gel powder prepared by freeze, foamand vacuum drying methods has great potentialin food, pharma and cosmetic industries. Actionwas initiated to commercialize the processtechnology for aloe vera gel powder preparation.

3.4.6 Value chains in natural fibres

Five sub-projects were devoted to natural fibres,which included pashmina, coconut, cotton, bananaand natural dyes for dyeing fibres.

3.4.6.1 A value chain on enhancedproductivity and profitability of pashmina fiber(Lead Center - SKUAST-K, Srinagar):(i) Improvement of pashmina goat productivity:

Pashmina goats were provided to 78 and 43beneficiary families in the traditional areas of Lehin Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh,respectively. Shelter provided to 115 farmersreduced the Pashmina kid mortality from 65 to 30per cent and increased yield up to 40 per cent.

(ii) Introduction of pashmina goats in non-traditional areas: Seventy six (9 Does and 1Buck) and twenty (5 Does and 1 Buck) pashminagoat units were distributed in the non-traditionalareas of Ladakh (Leh and Kargil districts) andHimachal Pradesh (Lahul and Kinnaur districts)with shelter, feed, health cover and training. Theaverage pashmina yield in Kargil ranged from 128g in Boodhkharbu to 182 g in Drass, with anoverall average of 160 g/animal.

(iii) Introduction of innovative charkha: Onehundred and five modified/ innovative charkhas(Table Top Paddle Operated NAIP Charkha)were fabricated and distributed to beneficiaryspinners in Kashmir, Ladakh and Palampur. Theinnovative charkha has proved to be efficient in

terms of reduction in spinning time by 73.5 percent and spinning loss by nine per cent, besidesdecreasing physical drudgery; and there was146% increase in income (R1,638 to 4,040)without deteriorating the quality of yarn.

(iv) Introduction of improved handloom: Handloomwith multiple shuttles was fabricated for multipledesign development and distributed among 27beneficiary weavers in the Kashmir Valley, whichresulted in increased net return of weavers by 28per cent over the traditional one.

(v) Introduction of improvised loom and warpingsystem: Five improvised warping systems wereinstalled on community basis increased netincome (28%), reduced weaving loss (from 23 to14%) and physical drudgery, saving warping time(250%) and cost (from R 100 to 50 per shawl).

(vi) Quality maintenance: Quality standards forpashmina shawl in terms of different qualityparameters from fiber to fabric, for shawls madeof hand spun, machine spun pashmina andpashmina blended yarns; and anti-mothchemical for pashmina fiber were developed. Atechnology for replacement of Nylon with PVA asa carrier fiber for spinning of pashmina onmachine for the development of machine spunyarn was developed.

3.4.6.2 Avalue chain on coconut fibre and itsby-products (Lead Center - NIRJAFT, Kolkata):(i) Jute - coconut fibre blended yarn (having

40% coconut fibre): Yarn prepared from pre-treated coconut fibre and jute blend (blend ratio,35:65) using glycerin and castor oil as spinningadditive was found to be much uniform, less hairyand softer.

(ii) Composite structured geotextiles of coconutfibre, jute and polyolefin: The system ofcomposite structured geotextiles combinedpositive attributes of structure and property ofthree types of fibres. Plain woven jute-polyolefingeotextiles layered with hand-knotted geonet ofunretted coconut fibre were made by the villagersin order to impart better protection to thecomposite geotextiles structure during bolderpitching and also protect loose cover-soil (inorder to reduce the soil erosion of theembankment and provide stronger shockresistance against flash flood). The compositegeotextiles were found to be highly suitable forriver-bank protection from flash flood or high tide

Fig. 3.25: Aloe + Amla fruitjuice

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rivers, for which patent has been filed.(iii) Development of bio-based prefabricated

instant grass carpeting: Application of 100 percent coconut fibre yarn as geotextiles andbacking material for the Mexican prefabricatedgrass carpet was done. Prefabricated instantgrass carpet was developed usingbiodegradable backing cloth made of jute andcoconut fibre. Instant grass carpet could begrown within 3 - 5 months. The backing clothcould be manufactured in the conventional textileprocessing system. Coconut fibre having moreresistance to degradation by soil would impartthe grass carpet sufficient strength for a longerperiod of time. It is transportable and easy toplace on soil base.

(iv) Value added diversified product: Fancy ladieschappal and other home furnishings, wallhangings, carpet makings, bags, and ornamentalslipper strap making were successfullydeveloped by a group of entrepreneurs usingornamental cloth of coconut fibre-jute blendingwoven in hand-weaving machine fitted withjacquard design system. The cloth is muchsuitable for furnishing materials.Application of coir pith filler (replacing the costlierCarbon black) for making of rubber-basedproducts viz., gaskets, gauntlet, blocks, pots,chappal sole, floor tiles for cattle sheds, mouldsfor making of lighter weight products, pavementblock mould, Hawaii chappal and development ofEPDM rubber compound using coconut fibre pithfor extruded rubber beading for window sealingwas carried out and was found to be useful andvery economical.

(v) Softening of coconut fibre: Formulation for thetreatment of unretted coconut fibre by commonchemicals at boiling for 1.5 - 2.0 hours to make itsofter for better handling was developed. Flexuralrigidity of fibre decreased even to the extent of 50per cent and thus, reduced the retting time from12 months to 2.0 –3 hours only (Fig.3.26). The fibre wasprocessed inmodern rattspinning as well asd e v e l o p e dm e c h a n i z e dspinning systems,

to make finer and softer yarn, for which patenthas been filed.

(vi) Grading of coconut fibre: Detailed physicalcharacteristics of coconut fibre of Kerala andBengal variety were studied to establish scientificmethodology for grading of the fibres. Length,fineness and strength of the fibre were identifiedas the key characteristics to segregate them intodifferent grades.

(vii) Spinning of jute-chemically treated coconutfibre blended yarn: Biggest drawback ofcoconut fibre preventing it from being used inmultifunctional diversified application because ofits inability to spinning to finer yarn are its hightextured rigidity and three dimensional curvedcontours. The coconut fibre became finer andsoftness got improved by about 50 per cent dueto sodium-based chemical treatments atelevated temperature which resulted in finerblended yarn for higher coconut fibre percentage,as compared to conventional system. Treatedfibres have been spun successfully into finer yarnwith jute at a blend ratio of 60:40 (jute: coconutfibre).

(viii) Mechanization of extraction of retted/unretted fibre: A novel fibre segregator machinewas designed, developed and fabricated tosegregate the fibre with respect to their fineness.For the extraction of fibres from the brown husk, anew prototype of modified energy efficientDisintegrator Machine was developed. It has anoptimum units of beaters arranged in a criss-cross manner. Each beater has two lags, thebase lag is secured to the revolving shaft and thetop lag is attached to it. The top lag has V-notched tip for easy tearing of epi-carp andintensified beating, which is replaceable, ifneeded, due to wear and tear. This will save bothmachine down-time and componentreplacement cost. The beater runs at 900 rpm bya 15 HP, 3-phase motor.

(ix) Defibreing: A novel fibre defibreing machine wasdesigned, developed and fabricated especiallyfor the green husk.

(x) Design and development automated Draw-gilling-attenuating machine: It is driven bythree individual motors through a panel box. Forthe preparation of blended yarn, jute fibre andcoconut fibre were processed separately inrespective carding machines. Since the coconutFig. 3.26: Softened coconut fibre

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fibre does not have the meshy structure like jute,it requires different types of opening and cardingmachines. The coconut fibre sliver thus producedis processed through gill drawing machine alongwith jute carded sliver in order to achieve suitableblend ratio of jute-coconut blended yarn (MoUhas been signed with industry).

(xi) Design and development of automated PLCcontrol Flyer spinning system: The spinningmachine specially designed for coconut fibrewhose parameters could be changed throughprogrammable logical control resulted in thereduction of downtime, less manpower andhigher productivity (MoU has been signed withindustry).

3.4.6.3 A value chain for cotton fibre, seedand stalks: An innovation for higher economicreturns to farmers and allied stake holders (LeadCenter - CIRCOT, Mumbai):

The present project was an attempt to strengthensome of the existing weak links as well as to fill upsome missing links, to increase the efficiency andeconomic competitiveness of all the stakeholders inthe chain.

Cotton production: Adoption of integratedcotton production technologies (ICPT) led to a meanincrease in productivity of 42 per cent and areaincrease from six to 352 acres of ELS. Higher price forkapas due to market linkage led to higher gross return(R45,914/acre), net return (R32,652/acre) andbenefit:cost ratio (3.50:1). With these improvedmethods of picking and storage, there was almost nocontamination and even trash levels in ginned cottondropped to about two from five per cent. Fibreproperties, mainly fineness, showed quite differencewith picking. Keeping different pickings separatelyfetched better price and industry got quality rawmaterial.

Fibre attributes: Lint samples were tested onHVI – fibre testing machines for measurement of fibreattributes, viz., 2.5 per cent staple length, per centuniformity ratio, micronaire for fineness and bundlestrength at 3.2 mm gauge length. Yarns spun weretested for yarn properties. There was no statisticallysignificant difference between yarns spun fromdifferent groups. However, statistically significantdifferences in physical properties between the groups.

Fabric properties: There were no significantstatistical differences observed between the fabrics

from different groups of a particular lot. However, it wasobserved that dye uniformity measured as opticalreflectance was better as compared to that observedfor general fabric woven using the similar yarn.

Bio-sourcing process: It was observed thatBOD/ COD levels in bio-scouring process were muchless, meaning, there was reduction in pollution.Dyeing of these yarns showed that dye uptake was onthe same level as that of normal process.

Extraction of linters: The CIRCOT developedtwo processes – one by using enzymes and the otherby using microbial consortium – to improve linteroutput along with reduction in the energy used. It wasobserved that linter output increased from 4.0 to 4.5-5.0 per cent of seed weight along with reduction inenergy used for delinting by about 10 per cent.

Oil extraction: Large scale trials of five tonseach were carried out in oil extracting mills. It wasshown that about 3-4 per cent additional oil could berecovered from the kernel reducing the oil content inthe cake by about the same margin. For the untreatedkernel, 18 to 21 per cent of the weight was recoveredas oil, while oil recovery for the treated sample was inthe range of 21 to 24 per cent of the kernel weight.

Utilization of cotton stalks: Under the project,some work was done in collaboration with CIAE,Bhopal on the conversion of cotton stalk intobriquettes. These were then used to produce gasused to run the generator. It has been found thatcotton stalk is a good source for this operation whichcan generate 100 kW per hour power output onfeeding 70 kg of briquetted stalk. Cost of production ofone unit (1kWH) energy worked out to about fiverupees, which is competitive.

3.4.6.4 Banana pseudostem for fibre and othervalue added products (Lead Center - NAU,Navsari):(i) Fibre extraction: Twenty four raspador

machines were installed and operationalized onfarmers’ fields at NAU, Navsari. From 64hectares of banana plantation, 41.58 tons of fibrewas extracted (NAU: 2.72 t and farmers: 38.86 t).Fibre quality of 25 varieties was evaluated and acatalogue on quality parameters was prepared. Adigital moisture meter was standardized thathelped in maintaining better fibre quality duringstorage.

(ii) Spinning: Spinning machine was procured andinstalled at CIRCOT and NAU and modified. Ten

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CIRCOT developed hand operated “CIRCOT-Phoenix Charkhas” were supplied to the NEHRegion. Softening trials were conducted forspinning of fibre to yarn. About 2.6 tons of yarnwas prepared in jute mills at Kolkata.

(iii) Weaving: A total of 350 m of different qualityfabrics were prepared and tested. Processeswere standardized for scouring, bleaching,coating, chemical treatment, printing andpigmentation of fabric. Trials were conducted atlaboratory and industrial scale; and coat, apron,gloves, caps, shoe (mojari), vertical blinds, etc.were prepared at laboratory scale. Utility bags(1000) and mats prepared at handlooms andindustrial scale. Three tons of non-woven fabricwas prepared. Processes are available forpreparing carpets and composites using non-woven fabric; and it can also be used in interiorsof automobiles and railway coaches.

(iv) Value addition:a) Vermicomposting using fibre waste:

Scutching waste-based vermicompoststandardized with scutching waste and dung in70:30 was found to be ideal. Two hundred andfifty tons was prepared from one acre unitestablished at the NAU. Pseudostem-basedvermicompost served as a cheaper alternativefor FYM or bio-compost. Demonstrations on 24farmers’ fields showed an increase in yield by 10-15 per cent. Pelleted vermicompost tested as fishfeed by substituting scutching waste-basedvermicompost up to 30 per cent of regular fishfeed reduced the cost by 10 per cent.

b) Pulp making: Pulp quality prepared from thebanana fibre was found good for preparingspecial grade paper, i.e. grease proof and kraftpapers. A handmade paper and board unit with100 kg per day capacity was commissioned atthe NAU. JK Paper has conducted trial on de-pithing of fresh banana pseudostem sheaths andstandardized the process for preparing bleachedand unbleached papers.

c) Utilization of sap for crop cultivation: Sapwithout enrichment tested on different crops(sugarcane, banana, papaya, and onion)improved the yield, quality and soil fertility.Enriched sap tested on wheat, paddy, mango,banana, vegetable nurseries, leafy vegetables,garlic, okra, cluster bean, cowpea, etc increased

yield (12-15%) and quality. Process forenrichment of sap was finalized resulting inproduction of 16000 litres of Organic LiquidFertilizer (OLF) and a process patent has beenfiled in five countries. An MoU was signed bythree parties with NAU for the production andmarketing of OLF on commercial scale.

d) Use of sap as adhesive: A process wasstandardized at laboratory scale for using sap asadhesive along with natural dyes like manjisthaand annatto in fabric dyeing. Good fasteningproperties were observed. The sap seemed to bea good natural adhesive in textile dyeing industry.

e) Candy and RTS preparation: Processes werestandardized for preparing candy (114 kg),ready-to-serve drink (RTS) and pickle (Fig. 3.27).Pilot scale unit was started at the NAU. Qualitytesting at CFTRI, Mysore and SICART, Anandshowed that the candy could be a good source ofK, Fe, digestible fibre, and vitamins B3 and B5.

Fig. 3.27: Candy and RTS drink prepared from banana

f) Preparation of fibre composite: Banana fibrecomposite using non-woven fabrics by theCIRCOT prepared in collaboration with SupremeNon-Woven Company, Vapi was found superior toexisting composite in car interiors. The trialconducted at MANTRA indicated that bananafibre fabric could be used for preparing fireresistant curtains.

(v) Commercialization: An MoU was signed withthree firms for commercial production andmarketing of Organic Liquid Fertilizer (OLF).Similar project has been sanctioned by theGovernment of Maharashtra to Tapti ValleyBanana Wine and Products Coop. Society Ltd.,Savda, Jalgaon (MS) under the RKVY. The fibreextraction from banana pseudostem and yarnpreparation activity was initiated in the North EastRegion by the ICAR Research Complex,Barapani.

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3.4.6.5 A value chain in natural dye (LeadCenter - ANGRAU, Hyderabad):(i) Production technologies: The cultivation

practices of indigo and marigold werestandardized in the ARS, Utukur of Kadapadistrict. Indigo responded well to the applicationof different organic fertilizers and phosphorus,and higher green yield was recorded (1,517 kg/ha) with split application of vermicompost.Around 150 farmers were trained in the improvedpackage of practices. After Indigo cultivationincreased to 2,000 acres and 700 farmers tookup cultivation.

(ii) Collection of natural dye sources: An attemptwas made to identify the potential natural dyesources available in the forests of AndhraPradesh and to develop their post-harvestpractices. Series of training programmes wereorganized to train the tribal SHGs inRampachodavaram and Chintapally inidentification, post-harvest and storage practicesof natural dyes to ensure the supply of qualitynatural dyes with high pigment content.

(iii) Processing technologies: Processingtechnologies such as dyeing cotton, silk andbanana fibre with natural dyes were developed.The eco-powders and eco-paints were alsodeveloped to provide safe colours and control theenvironmental pollution.

(iv) Dyeing textiles with natural dyes: Researchwas undertaken to standardize the naturaldyeing procedures with selected sources likeButea monosperma flower and gum Bixaorellana, Tagetus erecta, Eclipta prostrata,Indigofera tinctoria, Eucalypyus globules,Terminalia chebula, Arjuna terminalia,Caesalpinia sappan, lac dye, etc. for achievinggood and fast natural dyes on textiles. The dyeconcentration of all the sources was optimized inthe range of 2 to 10 per cent. In the case ofcotton, the yarn was pretreated with 20 per centMyrobalan to help in better colour retention.

(v) Characterization of dye sources:Characterization of the dye sources revealed thepresence of natural dye pigments such as bixin,butain, gallic acid, xanthophyll, quercetin,arjunnoside, haematein, indigoid, etc. Thesuitable wavelength for these pigments rangedfrom 400 to 680 nm. Their structures wereidentified. The bixa ovellana dye produced light

to dark orange shades on cotton and silk. Thecolours showed very fair to good fastness tosunlight.

(vi) Development of eco-colours: Natural dye-basedeco-colours were developed as an alternative tothe most hazardous synthetic Holi colours. Sixcolours were produced, validated and licensed totwo firms to supply around six tons in 2014.

(vii) Production of eco-paint: Fifty six shades ofeco-paints were developed using the natural dyeextracts and natural gums for painting idolsimmersed after the festivals, as the syntheticpaints cause pollution and kill the aqua bodies.

(viii) Creation of infrastructure: A pilot plant fornatural dye extraction was established at theRARS, Chintapally with a capacity of 6 to 10 kgof ready-to-use natural dye facilitated the tribaland farmer groups. Another pilot plant for Indigoextraction was established at the ARS, Utukurfacilitated the farmers to produce indigo cake.An ISO 9002-2008 certified “Natural DyeIncubation Centre” was established at theCollege of Home Science, Hyderabad tofacilitate dyers, weavers, artisans, entrepreneurSHGs, etc. to develop natural dye products onpilot scale and quality test the products.

(ix) Capacity building: Thirty women were trainedin dyeing with natural dyes and in makinghandicrafts were identified as skilled by GMRVaralakshmi Foundation for employment areearning R45,000 to 46,000 per month (Fig. 3.28).A group of weavers from Pochampally HandloomPark were trained in dyeing cotton with naturaldyes. The state government has planned toconvert 50 per cent of the production by the Parkto natural dyeing. The Silk Dyeing and Weaving

Fig. 3.28: Natural dye production by a woman SHG

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Unit at Hindupur facilitated dyeing of silk withnatural dyes and the dyer and 10 weavers wereable to earn 25 to 30 per cent more income permonth. A Cotton Dyeing Unit was established atKoyalagudem by a dyer, exported natural dyedIkat textiles and the income increased 3 to 5times. A Banana Dyeing and Weaving Unitestablished at Rajahmundry by an unemployedyouth facilitated extraction, dyeing and weavingof the textiles from banana fibre.

3.4.7 Value chains in dairy foods

Research work on dairy foods was done in twosub-projects.

3.4.7.1 A milk value chain in an unorganizedsector (Lead Center - TANUVAS, Chennai):(i) Introduction of community milking practices:

Farmers of the project adopted villages startedusing the milking machine, setting aside theinitial apprehension on the health of the animalsand were trained in production of value-addedproducts. The SHGs were given a creamseparator and a deep freezer for their unit. Theinterventions facilitated community milkingpractices in their village.

(ii) Bulk milk chilling: The Consortium Partner-SVVU, Tirupati developed the bulk milk chillersworking on gas to overcome power cut in theun-organized dairy sectors, are further underimprovement.

(iii) Value addition: Many value-added milkproducts were developed in Madras VeterinaryCollege under the processing sector. The in vitrostudies and also the viability of encapsulatedbacteria in plain and frozen yoghurt, concludedthat extrusion method of encapsulation ofbacteria using alginate (2.0 % w/v) + gelatin (2.0% w/v) + starch (0.5 w/v) as wall materialsprovided maximum viability of probiotics toconfer health benefits. Noni supplementation at7.5 per cent enabled low calorie healthy icecream formulation in oxo-biodegradable cups upto three weeks and got the highest scores foroverall acceptability. A novel milk bio-beveragenamed Biofevita developed had Vitamin A (�g)and Iron (mg) content of 13.95 ± 0.52 and 0.23 ±0.01 respectively, higher than milk due to valueaddition with beetroot and carrot juices and datesextract (Fig. 3.29). Curd incubator developedserved both as an incubator as well as

refrigerator, which could prepare curd in 5 to 6hours and store 50 cups of it. The modifiedbasket centrifuge developed under the NAIPscheme was able to remove more than 25 percent of moisture efficiently from chakka than theconventional process.

Fig. 3.29: Milk bio-beverage “Biofevita” by TANUVAS,Chennai

(iv) Innovative packaging materials: Oxo-biodegradable cups and sachets were developedfor packaging of milk and milk products. Arecanutsheath cups were developed for storing icecreams and Coconut powder cups weredeveloped for storing curd. The production costwas estimated as R1.40, 1.25 and 1.00respectively against R 0.25 for plastic cups(control). Sensory evaluation of the productsshowed a reduction in the storage period.

3.4.7.2 A value chain on composite dairyfoods with enhanced health attributes (LeadCenter - NDRI, Karnal):(i) Primary processing of cereals: Primary

processing line for pearl millet (kernel, grits andflour) with low lipase activity and barley (dulledgrains, semolina and flour) was developed. Thepearl millet was made shelf-stable throughmicrowave and hydrothermal interventions. Theunit operations for germinated pearl millet flourwas optimized.

(ii) Complementary food preparation: A low-costcomplementary food formulation and processingtechnology was developed. The complementaryfood contained whey - skim milk in the ratio of70:30, 20 per cent millet flour, malt extract, andmaltodextrin. The product met the standards aslaid down in PFA. Convenience mixes optimizedfrom pearl millet in the form of instant upma andhalwa dry mix improved nutritional properties interms of calcium and iron content, as comparedto similar products prepared from wheat. The drymix had a shelf-life of 6 months and ambient

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conditions. Composite pasta prepared from pearlmillet, barley, WPC 70 and CMC had improvedphysical properties. High fiber, low fat andprotein-enriched extruded snacks from pearlmillet and barley flour with milk proteinsdeveloped could be ideal snacks for children.Pearl millet (Bajra lassi) and Barley lassi withnovel starter bacteria having amylolytic,proteolytic and phytase activity increased shelf-life of the developed lassi (Fig. 3.30).Formulationand processing technology for large scalemanufacture of high â-glucan and protein-enriched barley biscuits was developed. Thebiscuit had 70 per cent barley flour with 1.82 percent crude fiber and 1.55 g/100 â-glucan content.

3.4.8.1 A value chain for clean meatproduction from sheep (Lead Center - NRCM,Hyderabad):(i) Feed processing: Two feed processing units for

production of “Complete Feed” were established,in the Nellore and Mahabubnagar districts ofAndhra Pradesh. About 242 tons of CompleteFeed was produced and distributed to thefarmers for intensive lamb rearing under theproject by utilizing 106 tons of crop residues.Besides, 84 tons of concentrate feed wasdistributed to the farmers for semi-intensiverearing. About 5,000 rams gained weight throughthe nutritional intervention, which enhanced theprofits of more than 200 farmers.

Establishment of slaughter house: One modelslaughter house established at the College ofVeterinary Science, Tirupati campus for reference toentrepreneurs and officials of the local bodiesincreased the awareness among the livestockfarmers on clean meat production.(iii) Value addition: Technology for the value added

product “smoked mutton hams” was developedfor the utilization of heavy weight rams. Inaddition, value added products were developedfrom the sheep byproducts like blood, rumen,bones, etc. Eighteen awareness workshops/training programmes were organized coveringvarious aspects of sheep value chain, whichbenefited more than 1,000 stakeholders.

3.4.8.2 A value chain on zona free clonedembryos for quality animal production from elitebuffaloes and pashmina goats (Lead Center –NDRI, Karnal):(i) Cloned embryo production: The technique

was standardized by developing Hand-Guided-cloning method in buffaloes and goats. Clonedembryos from both species are very demandingin their culture/growth outside the animal body.Their natural environment created in thelaboratory, where they normally grow, i.e. thereproductive-tract of a healthy buffaloe, resultedin optimized embryo-production rate. The freeze-thaw protocol was standardized, so that theembryos could be stored for long intervals and/orremain fit for transporting to long distances.Several vets and researchers (> 60) were trainedin the project for cloning in goats and buffalos.

Fig. 3.30: Pearl millet (Bajra) and Oat lassi

(iii) Establishment of dairy food processing unit:A composite dairy food processing unitestablished at Amritpur Kalan village in Karnaldistrict run by a SHG consisting of 14 womenearned R7,000 - 9,000 profit per month perperson. Another unit in Taprana village generatedR4,000 - 4,500 per month per member.

(iv) Promotional activities: Products display in 25exhibitions across the country and postersattracted more than 10,000 visitors. Organizedsix Entrepreneurship Development Programmes(EDP) to disseminate the developedtechnologies under the project, and transferredthree technologies to the entrepreneurs.

3.4.8 Value chains in livestock

There were three sub-projects under this theme.One was on sheep for meat production and the otherwas on novelty pork products. The third was oncloning in goat and buffaloes.

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Transfer of cloned embryo to recipient: Thebuffalo and goat cloned embryos weresimultaneously transferred to the estrus-synchronized recipient buffaloes and goats, whichacted like foster mothers and nourished the embryosto fully developed baby. Ten live-cloned-buffalo-calves have been produced, and three are survivingand healthy. One cloned and surviving goat (Noori)is located at the SUKAST Centre (Fig. 3.31).

(ii) Establishment of feed mill: A feed mill unit wasestablished with a milling capacity of 25 q ofcompound pig ration feed per day. Pig ration wasformulated for different categories of pigs with 25per cent replacement of wheat bran with driedwater hyacinth, and the productive, reproductiveand meat quality traits studied.

(iii) Artificial Insemination (AI): The AI techniquewas standardized by the NRCP, Guwahati. Boarsof Hampshire, Duroc and Ghongroo were trainedfor semen collection over dummy, and theejaculates were extended in GEPS extender forpreservation at 13-15°C and the AI wasaccomplished within 72 hours of preservation.Twenty two gilt/sow were artificially inseminated.Fifty two sows furrowed 384 piglets with anaverage litter size 7.38. Ninety pigs wereslaughtered yielding 2,671 kg of fresh pork and1,216 kg of value added products.

(iv) Establishment of Pig slaughter house andprocessing plant: The Department of FoodSafety, Government of Assam issued the licenseunder the FSSAI to the pig slaughter house andpork processing plant established. Regulardisposal of slaughter house waste in the AerobicWaste Disposal Pond maintained theenvironmental and social safeguard in the farmpremises. The CIPHET, Ludhiana successfullydesigned and developed three low-cost meatprocessing equipment viz., electrical stunner,meat transport vehicle and sausage stuffer.

(v) Value addition: The processing technologiesfor the value-added pork products like “Kharika”or pork stick (Fig. 3.33), very popular among thepork consumers of the North-East served as anappetizer or along with the rice-based mainmenu, and pork sausage were developedimparting ethnic taste and flavour with theincorporation of fermented bamboo shoot andbhoot jalakia, an extremely hot local chilli.

Fig. 3.31: Cloned pashmina goat “Noori”

Sex control: Sex control of the progeny throughcloning was indisputable and went as predicted, asenvisaged. Output seems to be normal, but outcomein terms of copying a normal-bull-calf using somatic-cells from progeny-tested buffalo-bull has to beachieved (although birth of live-calf has already beendemonstrated).

3.4.8.3 Avalue chain on novelty porkproducts under organized pig farming system(Lead Center - AAU, Jorhat):(i) Establishment of pig farm: With a view to

establishing the “Farm to Fork” concept, anorganized pig farm with a floor area of 11,000 sq. ftwas established. The farm produced superiorquality crossbred market ready healthy pigs ofaverage 70-80 kg live weight in seven months of age(Fig. 3.32) compared to 40-50 kg in traditional pigfarming.

Fig. 3.32: Cross-bred pig with pigletsFig. 3.33: Value-added pork products“Kharika” or pork stick

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3.4.9 Value chains in fisheries

Research work was carried out under this themein eight sub-projects on developing value chains infresh water (Carps and prawns, murrel) and marinefishes (Cobia, squid, shell fish, tuna, small pelagics).

3.4.9.1 A value chain on production and valueaddition in Indian major carps and prawns (LeadCenter - KVAFSU, Bidar):(i) Biodegradable artificial substrates:

Biodegradable artificial substrates (AS) acting asan effective in-situ biofilter reduced the quantityof accumulated ammonia by oxidation andincreased the carp growth by 30-40 per cent.Further, increased resistance to A.hydrophilacould be demonstrated in farmers’ fields in termsof immune response (antibody titer andexpression of immune genes) and protectionupon challenge.

(ii) Farmers’ level monoclonal antibody baseddiagnostic kits: Diagnostic kits were developedagainst three pathogens A.hydrophila, whitemuscle disease virus (WMDV) of prawn andAphanomyces invadans of Epizootic UlterativeSyndrome (EUS). The test kits, simple to use atfarmer level, require only 3-4 minutes forcompletion, 100 times sensitive and 20 timescheaper than I step PCR, and ideal for routineuse (Fig. 3.34).

immune histochemistry and high mucousantibody titer. The biofilm oral vaccinetechnology was transferred to Virbac AnimalHealth Care Ltd., Mumbai for further fieldevaluation and commercialization.

(iv) Development of vaccine to Lernaeacyprinacca: The Lernaea species wasconfirmed by PCR employing specific primers.Four enzyme candidates from gut/ gonads wereidentified by zymography for preparation of sub-unit vaccine. Furthermore, most potentialvaccine candidates were identified by de novotransriptome analysis using RNA transcript fromboth adult and larvae of the parasite.

(v) Indian Major Carps: The composition of IndianMajor Carps (IMC) revealed the three specieswere lean fish with fat content < 2 per cent, hadhigher content of acidic amino acids and lysine,histidine and arginine in appropriate proportion,but the n-3 fatty acids were limiting. The shelf-lifeof IMC packed in polyurethane boxes underchilled condition increased by 15 days. Themince meat without any fins and pin bones wasprepared from IMC. Mince of Catla gave betterproduct. Proteolysis of IMC meat by papain andflavorzyme yielded bioactive peptides with goodneutraceutical values. Fractionation of bioactivepeptides by using RP HPLC and gel permeationchromatography revealed that molecular weightwas in the range of 6,000-400 Da. The bioactivepeptides could exert higher antioxidant activities.The skin, bones and air bladders were used toprepare gelatin. Catla skin could yield highquality of gelatin on a par with mammaliangelatin. Incorporation of gelatin in the fish mince-based production could improve the texturalproperties. The technology for gelatin productionwas transferred to M/s. Millennium Exports Pvt.Ltd., Chennai.

3.4.9.2 A value chain on murrel productionin Tamil Nadu and Orissa (Lead Center - St.Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai):(i) Seed production technology: The HCG was

recommended to stakeholders for upscaling ofmurrel (Channa striatus) seed production in theirponds. A single breeding set of striped murrelinjected with HCG (2000 IU/kg) produced 8,000-12,000 eggs. A total of 1,07,889 murrel seedswere produced by the St. Xavier’s Collegebetween 2009 and 2012; the CIFA produced

Fig. 3.34: Diagnostic kits for pathogens

(iii) Standardization of A.hydrophila biofilm oralvaccine in murrel: Murrel (Channa striatus) ascarniovore fish model, fed with biofilm ofA.hydrophila (1010 cells/fish) for 20 days had highantibody titer (ELISA) and protection uponchallenge. Furthermore, impact of biofilm oralvaccine on gut immunity (GALT) in Rohu andCommon Carp could be demonstrated by

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2,63,258 murrel seeds from 2009 to 2013, andthe stakeholders produced 1,10,000 seeds.

(ii) Live feed culture and feed formulationtechnology: Rotifers were found to be anexcellent feed for rearing post larvae and fryespecially during the early stages, while thecladocerens - Moina and Daphnia wererecommended for advanced fry. For mass cultureof cladocerens, chicken manure wasrecommended as suitable medium at 700 ppm toproduce 10,000 individuals. Similarly, copepodsand rotifers were produced at 7,000 individualsand 10,000 individuals in fibre tanks of 10,000liter capacity. Since there was no readymadefeed for murrel in markets due to theircarnivorous, piscivorous and cannibalisticbehaviour, a diet was prepared.

(iii) Larviculture technology: It was noticed thatcannibalism was reduced at different stages byproviding prey of suitable size to the growing fish.Incorporation of herbs Phyllanthus niruri,bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Almond Terminaliacatappa, and Aloe vera in diet resulted in bettergrowth performance and immune-stimulation inC. striatus fingerlings.

(iv) Growout culture technology: Fifty two farmersof Tamil Nadu harvested 27.67 tons of murrelranging from 0.1 - 5.0 tons/ha/annum, with aprofit range of R30,000 to 15,00,000/ha/annum inlarge-scale murrel farming. The CIFA recorded aproduction of 1.0 -2.5 tons/ha/annum, fetching aprofit ranging from R1.25 to 3.12 lakhs/ha/annum.

(v) Murrel filleting technology: Filleting technologywas recommended to fish vendors to supply filletsto the consumers for preparation of ready-to-eatand ready-to-cook products. The CARE researchteam has filed two patents for Murrel Cookies andMurrel Dhal Powder (Fig. 3.35).

(vi) Medicinal value: Murrels are widely preferreddue to their medicinal value. Skin and intestinalmucus of murrel also exhibited antibacterialactivity. Studies using wistar rats showed fasterwound healing upon topical application ofChanna striatus crude extracts.

3.4.9.3 A value chain on fish production onfragile agricultural lands and un-utilized agro-aquatic resources in Konkan region ofMaharashtra (Lead Center – CIFE, Mumbai):(i) Reclamation of saline land through

aquaculture: A recently abandoned and lowproductive (0-15 tons/0.4 ha) sugarcane fieldwas reclaimed through an innovative integratedapproach using aquaculture and sub-surfacedrainage (SSD) system at Malkhed village inSatara district. Two units of each 4.20 ha with a0.2 ha pond shared by 10 and 11 farmers wereestablished during 2010. The ponds received theSSD water and utilized for carp culture (Fig.3.36).

Fig. 3.35: Murrel dhal powder

Fig. 3.36: Reclamation of saline land through aquaculture

The productivity of sugarcane increased from0-15 tons to 42.5, 57.5 and 64.5 tons/0.40 ha,with a net income of Rs. 85,000, 1,15,000 and1,29,500 during 2011, 2012 and 2013,respectively with no additional fertilizer. Fishproduction of 750-900 kg/0.2 ha was an addedincome.

(ii) Promotion of community activities: A‘Krushikranti Aquaculture Producer Company’was registered and SHG as was formed. Ninefarmers of Asta village in Sangli district formed anNGO and started carp culture in 4 ha area and

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realized 4.2 and 4.7 tons/ha/ annum from theabandoned sugarcane fields and earnedadditional income of R35 to 40/kg.

(iii) Carp seed production: Carp seed productionwas initiated with stocking spawn at Shere andGondi villages and demonstrated in stages -spawn to fry to fingerlings to yearlings. Thecorresponding net income obtained wasR10,293/0.10 ha, R89,175/ 0.40 ha, andR 4,55,538/ha, respectively.

(iv) Productivity enhancement of reservoirs /irrigation tanks:The College of Fisheries,Ratnagiri and Vatslya Mandir (NGO), Lanjamobilized the fishers to undertake fisheriesenhancement programme in selected reservoirsin Ratnagiri district to enhance the productivity ofreservoirs/ irrigation tanks. The fishers wereregistered as SHGs and ‘Navaladevi Aqua AgroProducer Company’ to carry out this activity.Nursery and rearing ponds were constructed inthe vicinity of a reservoir and fingerlings of > 10cm produced were stocked in the reservoirs atthe rate 1,000 / ha. The productivity of reservoirswas increased from 5.0 to 58-128 kg/ha.

(v) Value addition: Six Women SHGs formed todevelop value-added fish products fromfreshwater fish were trained by the College ofFisheries, Ratnagiri, developed frozen fishcutlets, shev, kurkure, frozen fish steaks andminced meat. Ready-to-cook items viz., cutletsand steaks got immense popularity among theconsumers. The women making cutlets ashousehold business, earned a net income ofR250-300/kg fish.

(vi) Capacity building: A large number of on-farmhands-on-attachment training programmes atthe demonstration sites and four trainingprogrammes of one week duration each at theCIFE, Kakinada Center on carp culture and carpseed production were arranged along with fieldvisits. In addition, farmer’s meets and workshopswere also organized along with the Officials ofLine Departments, Financial Institutes, Banks,etc. The College of Fisheries and Vatslya Mandirconducted training programmes to fishers andleasees of reservoirs on fisheries enhancement,carp seed rearing in the vicinity of reservoirs,harvesting, cage culture, etc. Women SHGswere trained in the preparation of value addedfreshwater fish products.

3.4.9.4 Export oriented marine value chainfor farmed-seafood production using Cobia(Rachycentron Candum) through ruralentrepreneurship (Lead Center - TANUVAS,Chennai):(i) Seed production: Cobia broodstock feed was

developed and the availability of conditionedbroodstock made the seed production of cobiaround the year possible. The conditioning dietwith cuttle fish or sardines supplemented withpumpkin (40 mg/kg feed) and mixed with Agaragar (20 mg/kg feed) fed to cobia adult fishes(3-4 kg) maintained in sea cages for six monthsresulted in ova size of 800 - 900 micron in femalebroodstock and condensed milt in male cobiabroodstock weighing 12- 13 kg.

(ii) Induced breeding and spawning: Successfulinduced breeding of cobia was achieved first timein India. Development of broodstock of cobia(wild-collected) was done in sea cages withspecial broodstock feed supplemented withvitamins, mineral mixture, cod liver oil, krill oil,etc. The techniques of larviculture, nurseryrearing and grow-out culture of cobia weredeveloped. Standardization of the techniques ofinduced spawning, larviculture, nursery and grow-out culture of cobia were done. Cobia was bred inthe Recirculation Aquaculture System (RAS) forthe first time in the country. Successful volitionalspawning of cobia in the RAS broodstock holdingcement tanks and off-seasonal spawning of cobiaachieved through thermal regulation in the RASfor the first time in the country. The F1 generationcobia was developed into broodstock at theMandapam Regional Centre of CMFRI and wassuccessfully used for breeding and seedproduction.

(iii) Pond culture: Land-based captive broodstockdevelopment in pond holding system wasachieved by the CIBA. For the first time, anattempt was made to study the feasibility ofdeveloping a viable broodstock of Cobia,Rachycentron canadum, an oceanic species bystocking them in small pond with seawater 24-32ppt. The fishes were stocked at the rate of 1 kgbiomass/cubic meter and fed with forage fisheslike oil sardine, tilapia and occasionally withsquids and crabs ad libitum. Entrepreneurs couldadopt this technology for broodstock development.Successful pond grow-out culture of cobia with

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positive benefit:cost ratio was achieved by theFisheries College and Research Institute (FCRI),Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu, with the production of 1 kgper sq.m at the stocking density of 0.25 fish perm2 (1fish per 4 sq.m) with an average weight of4.12 kg in a period of ten months.

(iv) Brackishwater pond culture: Effort made togrow cobia in brackish water pond where salinityranged from 4 to 20 ppt, showed that cobia couldtolerate salinity up to 5 ppt; the growth rate wasfound to be satisfactory where the fish attainedan average size of 2.43 kg in 11 months. Thisnew approach of Cobia farming in brackish waterlow saline ponds is a boon to the brackish wateraquaculture as a diversified species forsustainable farming.

(v) Sea cage culture: Sea cage culture of cobiawith formulated feeds was successfully achievedby the FC&RI. The cobia seeds were reared inthe concrete tanks up to 150-200 g size for aperiod of 2-3 months and then transferred to seacages at the rate of 4 per cubic meter. A slowsinking grouper feed (Uni President) was used.The feed conversion ratio (FCR) was 1.9.Production of approximately 8 kg per cubicmeter, with an average weight of 4.5 kg over aten month grow-out period was achieved. Seacage culture of cobia using trash fish wassuccessfully achieved by the CMFRI. Thefingerlings were stocked in grow-out cages afternursery rearing. The fish were fed with trash fishad libitum twice a day initially and later once aday. The grow-out fishes of cobia could reach anaverage weight of 2 to 3 kg in 6 months and 4 to 8kg in one year of culture period.

(vi) Value addition: The FC&RI developed fiveready-to-eat cobia fish products viz., Cannedcobia, Sous vide cook chilled cobia fish curry, Hotfilled chilled cobia fish curry, Cobia in retortpouches and Cobia pickle; four ready-to-cookproducts viz., Fresh and frozen cobia, Vacuumand modified atmospheric packaged products,Cobia macroni and Cobia noodles; and twoproducts viz., Collagen and Leather weredeveloped from cobia fish waste.

(vii) Impact: Four Fishermen Societies of coastalregions were involved in cage farming. Around50 farmers were interested in starting cobiaculture in ponds. Two rural industries and seven

SHG women in coastal regions were involved inthe value-added products business. Theeconomic rate of return was above 50 per centper household and above 60 per cent for thesociety.

3.4.9.5 Utilization strategy for oceanic Squidsin Arabian Sea: A value chain approach (LeadCenter - CMFRI, Cochin):(i) Modification of squid jigger: A commercial

fishing trawler MV Titanic was modified forcommercial squid jigging operations. Fivemechanical squid jigging machines with pullingpower of 90-100 kg were installed. An accessorygenerator and aerial lighting system comprising18, 1.5 Kw halogen lamps were set for lighting.The conventional Pablo boats used for pole andline fishing for skipjack tunas was modified into asquid fishing boat with lights. The lights werepowered by a 25 KVA petrol start and kerosenerun generator. Four incandescent lights of 500 Weach were used for attracting squids.Exploratory surveys using the converted squidjigger MV Titanic and FSI vessel MV Varshini,undertaken in the oceanic waters from 8°N to17°N latitudes and 64°E to 76°E longitudes(Eastern and Central Arabian Sea) during 2010-13 established that purse seining and gillnettingwith light attraction from the converted 20 m LOAcommercial fishing boats were the most efficientgears for exploiting oceanic squids in the ArabianSea. Three lat/long grids 13°N/71°E, 11°N/72°Eand 10°N/71°E had the maximum biomass ofoceanic squids among the 58 stations covered.The average biomass was 4.2 t/sq.km and themaximum was 92.8 t/sq.km.The total biomasswas estimated as 2.52 million tons and theannual fishable biomass (MSY) was estimatedas 0.63 million tons. Maximum abundances wererelated to areas with low SST (28.0-28.6°C), lowchlorophyll (<0.4 mg/m3), lower salinity (30.4-33.8 PSU), and high pH and dissolved oxygenvalues.

(ii) Value addition: Three Individually Quick Frozen(IQF) ready-to-cook and 3 ready-to-eat productswere developed, branded and test marketedsuccessfully. A novel squid ink-based sauce wasdeveloped and transferred to a privateentrepreneur under a MOU.

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3.4.9.6 A value chain on high value shellfishfrom Mariculture systems (Lead Center - CMFRI,Cochin):(i) Production technology: The first Seed

Production Oyster Hatchery and Training Centrewas established in Narakkal along the WestCoast and 75,000 oyster spat and 9,000 avgnosof cultchless spat of edible oysters wereproduced through spat settled on thepolyethylene sheet and the clam shell gritsprovided in the tanks; and a remote setting uniti.e. a seed production unit in a village about 25km from the hatchery and near to farms wasdeveloped.

(ii) Oyster production:The estimated farmedproduction was 4,700 tons during 15th Mayonwards up to 30th June 2013 season.

(iii) Depurated oyster production: Modified algalproduction systems for larval feed weredeveloped by the introduction of CO2 gas in themass culture systems. A depuration unit with acapacity of 3,000 oysters per run developed wasoperated by farmers supplying to high endrestaurants in Kochi city @ 500 oysters perweek. An oyster depuration display unit (DDU)was designed, fabricated and utilized for liveoyster trade in the major high end restaurants inKerala enhanced the consumer confidence andhelped farmers to get Rs 10 per oyster.

(iv) Drudgery reduction: An automated heatshucking unit was designed, fabricated andtested shucked 500 oysters per 3 minutes andreduced the drudgery of women farmers duringpost-harvest processing and also assured gritfree high quality oysters.

(v) Value-added products: Of the eight productsdeveloped by the NIFPHATT, three wereselected for large-scale production based on theconsumer preference survey. The products weregiven a trade name ‘’MUZURIS’’ based onhistoric significance of the farm location, and theproducts were packed in a professionallydesigned packets with information on nutritionalfacts and sample recipes in the cover.

(vi) Nectar utilisation technology: Based upon thistechnology developed under the project, twoready-to-eat oyster products were developedfrom Oyster Nectar viz., Frozen Oyster Soup andFrozen Oyster Rasam (Fig. 3.37). Oyster Nectar,which is lost in traditional method of heat

shucking has high nutritive value and constitutes30 per cent of its weight. It also gave a secondarysource of earning to the fisher man.

Fig. 3.37: Ready-to-eat oyster products

(vii) Technology commercialization: The QuilonSocial Service Society (QSSS), a Kollam basedprivate NGO, has adopted the oyster processingtechnologies developed under the NAIP schemeon high-value shellfish for processing yellow footclam (Paphiamalabarica).

(viii) Promotional activities: Three audio-visualproducts viz. one documentary on oyster farming(20 min duration), oyster cookery show withtraditional and continental products (2 sets of 20minutes duration) and an advertisementpromoting oyster consumption was preparedand telecast. A website(www.oysterandlobster.naip.org.in) was launched.

3.4.9.7 A value chain on oceanic Tunafisheries in Lakshadweep Sea (Lead Center -CMFRI, Cochin):(i) Awareness on yellowfin tuna fishing: Tuna is

the major exploited fishery resource in theLakshadweep Sea. Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonuspelamis) is the mainly targeted tuna resource.Introduction of the sub-project increasedawareness on deep sea high value yellowfin tuna(Thunnus albacares) in the LakshadweepIsland.

(ii) Introduction of improved fishing method:Modifications of Pablo boats for tuna longlinefishing operations were carried out to exploitoceanic tuna and tuna-like fish resources.Introduction of horizontal pelagic longlinersmade diversification from traditional pole and linefishing to longline fishing. Targeted fishing of highvalue yellowfin tuna was another achievementmade under the project.

(iii) Improved masmin production: Improvedmasmin production method developed under theproject reduced benzopyrene content andincreased the consumer acceptability. The

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masmin powder could be used as nutritionalsupplement in various culinary preparations; it isconvenient to use and is free of carcinogens likePolyaromatic Hydrocarbons, which is a majorproblem with the traditional masmin. Smokedmasmin flakes developed showed higher levelsof PUFA which play a vital role in attracting healthconscious consumers and at the same timeconvenient to use. Smoked tuna in oil wasanother value-added product developed whichhad longer shelf-life and consumer acceptability.

(iv) Value addition: Various value-added productswere developed from tuna meat (tuna kure (Fig.3.38), tuna burger, tuna roll, tuna papad, tunakebab, tuna waffer, tuna soup powder, tuna ball,and tuna sausage).

A durable, lighter, safe, hygienic, and easy-to-maintain FRP boat design was introduced forreservoir fishing. Prototype operation revealed30 per cent reduction in net setting and haulingtime.

(ii) Online fuel monitoring system: An online fuelmonitoring system was developed for assessingthe fuel consumption of a fishing vessel withrespect to speed and engine rpm. “Speed-Rpm-Fuel Card” was created using the monitoringsystem to train the fishermen to operate fishingboats optimally to achieve fuel efficiency. Thismethod was found to reduce fuel consumption by10 per cent without change in hardware. About150 fishermen were trained to use this methodfor low-energy fishing.

(iii) Standardization of gillnets: Gillnets for fivemajor species were standardized for optimalexploitation of reservoir fishes. Use of theprototype nets improved the earnings offishermen by 10-15 per cent without change ininvestment pattern. The technology has spreadto five reservoirs in Palakkad district benefiting182 fishermen.

(iv) Hygienic storage practices: Energy efficientchill rooms were developed and deployed atthree landing centres at Aroor andKaipamangalam to avoid distress sale byfishermen. Design for a cold chain system withhandling and storage protocol based on soundHazar Analysis and Critical Control Points(HACCP) standards was developed for retailing ofvalue-added products. This was speciallydeveloped to network small-scale processingunits into a large production-retailing system witha centralized quality and inventory control usingICT tools.

(v) Marketing of fresh fish: Appropriate modernretailing kiosk design and business plan weredeveloped. Designed, fabricated and deployedinnovative light weight and portable women-friendly fresh fish vending stations for environmentfriendly and hygienic street vending of fresh fish.Ten model units are now under operation inKollam town, Kerala.

(vi) Marketing of value-added products: Trialmarketing of twenty five high end products fromsmall pelagic fishes (Ready-to-eat & Ready-to-serve) standardized with appropriate packing forthe premium markets under the brand name

Fig. 3.38: Tuna Kure-value added product from tuna fish

(v) Women empowerment through SHGs: It wasan additional source of income as well asemployment generation.

(vi) Waste utilization: Utilization of wastes intovaluable products as silo fish feed, pig feed andpet feed was an achievement. Gelatin was yetanother product developed from the tuna skinwaste. These innovated products developedunder the project formed a new source of incomeand employment generation and reduced thepollution due to waste in the Island ecosystem aswell as in fish processing plants.

3.4.9.8 Responsible harvesting and utilizationof selected small pelagics and fresh water fishes: Avalue chain approach (Lead Center – CIFT,Cochin):(i) Propeller and FRP boat designs: Seven fuel

efficient propeller designs were developed for theseven existing ring-seiner design groups; and fivefuel efficient propeller designs were developed forthe five existing dol-netter design groups.Prototype operations revealed fuel saving of 21-28 per cent for the ring seiner; and 19-23 per centfor the dol- netter. Designs and productionprotocol was commercialized.

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‘FISHMAID’ and ‘DRISH’ through the KeralaState Coastal Area Development Corporation(KSCADC) in Kochi has received tremendousresponse from 2,917 consumers buying productsworth Rs. 1,47,327. The KSCADC under theGovernment of Kerala has signed a consultancyfor R10.0 lakhs to start 100 “FISHMAID” outletsthroughout Kerala under the business modeldeveloped by the project, in which the productiongroups of fisher women in coastal villages wouldbe networked for access to high value markets(Fig. 3.39). Around 1,200 fisher women would bebenefited from the venture initially.

meat of pelagic and freshwater fishes without pin-bones for production of value-added products wasdeveloped. The prototype trial revealed that thecost was 55 per cent less and yields 20 per centhigher and was successfully transferred inLudhiana and 70 farmers were trained. A methodwas perfected for concentration andencapsulation of Omega-3 from sardine and alsofor the preparation of fatty acid ethyl esters rich inn-3 Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA). Aninnovative technology for incorporating PUFA inpoultry feed was developed and a feedingprotocol was established for producing Omega-3enriched chicken meat and egg andcommercially produced on a trial basis.Perfected a process of organic manure throughsilaging of pelagic and freshwater fish waste andmarketing under a brand name “FERTIFISH”revealed 42 per cent higher acceptance of theproduct.

(viii) IP protection: The project has registered sixTrade Marks for FISHMAID, SEAFRESH,DRISH, FISHSTIX and FERTIFISH.

(ix) Entrepreneurship development: A uniqueentrepreneurship capacity building module wasdeveloped for technology transfer, consumerpreference, managerial and monitoring tools andskills, packing and storage, sales strategy, etc.Nine model rural industries managed exclusivelyby fisherwomen were established. More than 400women have already been trained. Seven modelrural units were established, where 75fisherwomen are gainfully employed. The projectcould motivate coastal women to acquireknowledge on innovative technologiesdeveloped such as Omega 3 enriched poultrymeat and egg, production of hygienically dressedand packed fresh fish as a convenient product,high quality packed dried fish, and value addedfish products.

(x) Promotion of rural industry: A rural industryunit, “SAMRUDHI” for the production of“SEAFRESH” promoted by the Quilon SocialService Society was started at Kollam. About 20women were employed in the unit, and 150 fisherwomen were trained. Snacks from reservoir freshwater fishes were developed and a businessmodel was demonstrated, and 15 tribal fisherwomen were trained in the production andmarketing strategies. A rural industrial unit was

Fig. 3.39: Ready-to–eat value added product“FISHMAID”

(vii) Post harvest technology: A hygienic fish dryingsystem for low- value fishes and the dried fishproducts were branded as “DRISH; a plantdesigned for the small and medium-scale fishvalue addition units with HACCP standards; asystem involving water purification, fly protection,improved & hygienic hanging lines and handlingprotocol to produce better quality dried Bombay-duck.A new linkage with NETFISH -wing of MarineProducts Export Development Authority, India(MPEDA) for scaling up and popularization ofhygienic bulk drying of Bombay-duck wasestablished. Two commercial-scale hygienicdrying yards at south Gujarat were established.A powered laminating machine for the productionof laminated Bombay-duck was developed forpremium markets and 270 fishermen weretrained. Appropriate high quality consumerpacking for Bombay-duck and branding(FISHSTIX) for the up-market consumers wascommercialized. A machine to easily pick the

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established in Chulliyar Dam, Palakkad and anoutlet, “FISHMAGIC” was started in the Palakkadtown, where six tribal fisherwomen wereemployed throughout. A rural industry for organicmanure production under the brand name(FERTIFISH) was established for demonstration,and one more Model Unit “Jaivasree” wasestablished at Munamabam, Kerala by a fivewomen group for organic manure productionunder the brand name ‘FERTIFISH’. These unitscreated employment for 75 fisherwomen. Twoprivate entrepreneurs have set up commercialproduction units of SEAFRESH for hygienic retailvending of fresh fish at Ernakulam.

3.5 Value chain models

The value chains developed can be broadlyclassified into five models with interventions made atpre-harvest and at post-harvest stages. Attemptswere also made to link the producer with the market.Model-1 is designed for export promotion, whileModel-2 caters to open market. Model-3 resulted invalue addition adopted by self-help groups andentrepreneurs. Model-4 aims for value addition andwaste utilization for adoption by self-help groups andthe industry concerned. Model-5 added value withnutritional security. The five models covering differentsub-projects are shown below.

3.5.1 Model-1

Production Technology => Post-harvestTechnology = >Domestic and Export markets

Coverage: Jasmine flowers, Dry flowers, Mango

and Guava, Marigold product, and Ginger product.

3.5.2 Model-2

Production Technology = > Post-harvestTechnology = >Open market

Coverage: Rice, Minor millets, Bio-pesticide,Meat, and Pig.

3.5.3 Model-3

Production = >Post-harvest value addition =>SHGs/ Entrepreneurs/ Open market

Coverage: Maize, Saffron, Potato, Coconut,Linseed, Biomass, Pashmina, Milk, Major carps,Small pelagics, Cobia, Tuna fish, Oceanic squids,Shell fish, and Murrel.

3.5.4 Model-4

Pre-/Post-harvest Technology=>Value addedProducts/Processes=>SHGs/ Enterprises/ Industry

Coverage: Small millets, Banana, Agro-forestry,Protected cultivation, Cashew, Seabuckthorn, Sweetsorghum, Cotton fibre, Coconut fibre, Natural dyes,Lac, and Wild honey.

3.5.5 Model-5

Value added Products / Processes = >SHGs/Food Industry

Coverage: Sorghum, Food grains forneutraceuticals, Tomato, KKJJ, Custard apple, Dairyfoods, Natural food colourants, By-products of millingindustry, Prosopis juliflora, and Aloevera.

❏❏❏❏❏

COMPONENT 3

SECTION-4

4.1 Rationale

The performance of agriculture intransforming the country from subsistence inthe mid-1960s to self-sufficiency during the1990s is quite remarkable. However, thedisadvantaged regions did not gain muchfrom the development efforts in the past andthey continue to draw less attention from thepublic institutions than what is due to them.Malnutrition, in women and children,continues to be a cause for worry; farms areshrinking in size; and the natural resourcesare depleting and degrading at an alarmingrate. Hence, a balanced regionaldevelopment assumes special significance inthe planning and development process. Withthis background, component-3 "Research onSustainable Rural Livelihood Security(SRLS)” was included as one of the majorfocus areas of the National AgriculturalInnovation Project (NAIP).

4.2 Objectives

The overall aim of the component was todevelop viable, replicable, sustainable and upscalable livelihood models for the vulnerablegroup of rural society living in thedisadvantaged districts. Specific objectives ofthe component included the following:• To improve the livelihood security of the

rural people living in selecteddisadvantaged regions through technology-ledinnovation systems.

• To build social capital for better ownership andsustainable model of rural development.


The Planning Commission has identified 150disadvantaged districts covering 27 States (Fig. 4.0)and 13 Agro-climatic Zones of the country. Out of the150 districts, 91 were covered under this componentof the NAIP.

Thirty three sub-projects were approved andfunded for implementation in the selected districts.

Besides, three more sub-projects funded by theGlobal Environment Facility (GEF) were implementedin 11 districts (Annexure 10).

4.4 Innovative features of the approach followed

Component 3 was conceived to meet thechallenges of providing livelihood and nutritionalsecurity to the poor people in the backward regions ofthe country with the following innovative features:

4.4.1 Consortia approach

The 33 sub-projects were approved andimplemented in consortium mode. The partners were

Fig. 4.0: Map of disadvantaged districts in India

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39 ICAR institutions, 43 SAUs, 66 Non-GovernmentOrganizations (NGO) and 35 others including GeneralUniversities, Indian Institute of Technology, State andCentral Government Organisations and InternationalOrganizations in India. The InternationalOrganizations were also partly supported by theInternational Fund for Agricultural Development(IFAD). The major technological backstopping wasprovided by the scientists from the ICAR Institutesand SAUs while the NGOs provided support in socialmobilization, implementation of project activities etc.

4.4.2 Social inclusion

The component involved the participation oflandless, small and marginal farmers, rural women,Scheduled Castes (SC) and Schedule Tribes (ST).The sub-projects covered 20 districts with a tribalpopulation of more than 50 per cent, and another 14districts with 25 - 50 per cent tribal population.

4.4.3 Institution building

The sub-projects were planned in a participatorymode, where all the beneficiary famers were involvedat every stage of planning and implementation. Foreffective implementation, the following institutionalarrangements were evolved:• Village Level Committees;• Cluster Level Committees;• Self Help Groups (SHGs)/ Commodity Interest

Groups(CIGs);• Farmer Business Group (FBG); and• Agricultural Producer Companies (APCs).

For the purpose of implementation, the targetdistricts were divided into clusters consisting ofcontiguous villages. The identification ofbeneficiaries, interventions selection and servicedelivery was done through these committeesensuring transparency and post-project sustainability.A number of SHGs and CIGs were also formed tofacilitate procurement of the inputs, marketing,sharing the benefits, etc. In all, 3,113 SHGs and sevenAPCs were formed.

4.5 Baseline survey

Every consortium conducted the baseline surveyto determine the pre-intervention status by covering15per cent of the target families. Structured formatdeveloped by the respective consortium and vetted by

the M&E Consultant was used to collect the desiredinformation through Rapid Rural Appraisals (RRA) andParticipatory Rural Appraisals (PRA) and personneldiscussion with the participatory farm families.


Major interventions undertaken by the Consortiahave been grouped under the following heads:• Natural resource management;• Crop interventions;• Horticultural interventions;• Livestock including cattle, goat, pig, sheep, and

poultry;• Aquaculture;• Mechanization and value addition;• Other income generating activities;• Development of value chain approach; and• Identification of high pay-off interventions.

Salient achievements made by the sub-projectsare highlighted below:

4.6.1 Natural resource management (NRM)

Rapid depletion of water and deterioration of soilquality were the two serious concerns. Hence, theNRM-based interventions included rain waterharvesting, improving water use efficiency, integratednutrient management (INM), vermicomposting andapplication of Farm Yard Manure (FYM), etc. Landshaping and bunding, conservation agriculture forirrigated and rainfed farming, management ofdegraded/ problematic soil, etc. were alsodemonstrated. A brief summary of the efforts made onconstruction of water harvesting structures and theirefficient use is given below:

4.6.1.1 Ramakantnadi kund: During thesummer season whenthere is no flow of waterin the river, the farmersused to dig pits in thesand and lift waterthrough pump sets forirrigation of Rabi cropsin Dumka and Jamtaradistricts of Jharkhand.Removal of sand, everytime, to save the foot valve from getting clogged is a

Fig. 4.1: Ramakant nadi kund

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labour-intensive operation. “Ramakant nadi kund”, acircular structure of iron, was designed andconstructed with both the ends open. Some holeswere made on its sides and it was sunken in the sandin such a way that only 20-25 inches of it remainedabove the ground (Fig. 4.1). When the wateraccumulated in the kund, it was pumped for irrigation.There was no need to remove sand every time andthereby saving labour. This unit was cost effective(s2,600), portable and accepted by the farmers.

4.6.1.2 Pitcher irrigation: This method wasdemonstrated in orchards for judicious use of water.The earthen pots, having a small hole at the bottomwith a small thread, were sunken near the root of theplant in the orchard. The pot was filled with water andits mouth was covered to minimize the evaporationloss. The water dropped very slowly and irrigated theplant regularly. A pot of 5-6 litre capacity could provideirrigation to the plant for 6-7 days, thereby saving lot ofwater.

4.6.1.3 Sustainable use of groundwaterthrough community and pipeline networking:Thisintervention was undertaken in Ibrahimpur cluster,District Ranga Reddy one of the driest regions ofTelengana. An area of 45 acres owned by 18individual tribal farmers and seven borewells wasdeveloped through net working of these wells andmaking water available to non bore well owner also,leading to sharing of groundwater among all thefarmers for protective irrigation during Kharif and Rabiseasons with a common understanding of not growinghigh water demanding crops during Rabi . The annualfamily income of the farmers owning the bore wellsincreased from s17,572 (before water sharing) to25,814 (after water sharing) per acre, while that offarmers without bore wells increased from s6,818 to22,364 per acre before and after sharing of water,respectively.

4.6.1.4 Recharging of open wells andrainwater harvesting through farm ponds: Keepingin view the large number of defunct wells a massivecampaign was undertaken to recharge the open wellsin the Duphad cluster of Nalgonda District(Telangana). Over 30 of the 45 defunct wells wererecharged by diverting the runoff through a PVC ductto the open wells (Fig. 4.2). The area under protectiveirrigation increased from 4 ha to 26 ha.

Fig. 4.2: Rainwater harvesting and rechargingof wells

4.6.1.5 Contour trenching: Contour trenches,introduced in the Karwadi-Nandapur watershed inNanded district, helped rainwater harvesting,increasing the groundwater table from 3.35 m in 2009-11 to 0.60 m in 2010-11. The deposition of soil incontour trenches and other structures was recordedas 4868.95 tons which otherwise would have lost. Thereduction in runoff was 36.14% of the total rainfallreceived during the year 2010-11.

Increase in productivity of crops grown in Kharif,Rabi and summer seasons was observed due to soiland water conservation measures and cropproduction technologies. Increase in the area underRabi crops increased due to ground water availabilityand the cropping intensity increased by 29 per cent.

4.6.1.6 Use of HDPE pipes: MPUAT, Udaipurprovided 4.75 lakh meters HDPE quick connect pipesto 4,471 families for the conservation of preciousirrigation water. This intervention increased theirrigated area by 916 ha in addition to increase in thecropping intensity. An arrangement was devised toshare the pipes for carrying water to the fields of allparticipants.

4.6.1.7 Micro- irrigation system (MIS): Thisintervention was promoted in the operational areas ofthe project in Gujarat, (Fig. 4.3). It increased the areaunder irrigation from 17.80 to 159.41 ha, and alsodecreased the cost of labour/ha varying from s300 to350 and s1,050 to 1,400 in the case of sprinkler anddrip irrigation systems, respectively. Since the netbenefit/farmer/ha was comparatively more, in dripsystem it was recommended to popularize thissystem of irrigation by the extension agencies.

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• Construction of open dug-wells to collect andrecycle water lost by percolation to undergroundwhich remained filled up to rice harvest andsupplied water to Rabi crops and vegetables; and

• Construction of mid-land OFRs and dug-outditches in lowlands also tap shallowgroundwater, which remained filled up to riceharvest and served Rabi crops and vegetables.Hundred and eighty four soil conservation andrainwater harvesting structures were constructedin the Bastar region, benefiting 390 ha area andhelped 658 farmers in ground water rechargeensuring an additional income of R6,000-10,000per family.

4.6.1.10 Indigenous drip system in Badi forvegetable cultivation: A low-cost indigenous gravityoperated drip system in badi farming condition wasdeveloped (Fig. 4.5) which received wide acceptanceamong farmers.The impact of the system was asfollows:• Increased income from s5,000-8,000/annum/

badi/family;• Saved post-rice crops (vegetables) from water

stress;• Increased field water use efficiency by 75 to 85 %;• Saved water (25 to 35%) over flood irrigation; and• Increased yield (35 to 40%) over flood irrigation.

Fig. 4.3: Drip irrigation intervention in farmers’ field

4.6.1.8 Desilting of water bodies: Desilting offive water bodies was taken up in backward districts ofTelengana and Andhra Pradesh. Over 1,100 tractorloads of silt were excavated. The villagers, informed ofthe advantages of silt, collected silt on their own andapplied in over 60 acres of their fields. The desiltingcreated an additional 2,250 cu.m rainwater storagecapacity that raised water table in the bore and openwells in the vicinity.

4.6.1.9 Rainwater management for droughtalleviation and crop diversification: Integration offarm pond for water harvesting, stop dams with liftsystem, stop dam model with gravity irrigation throughpipes, diversion of seasonal and perennial streams,concealed lift irrigation model etc. were the successfulinterventions introduced in the project area by IGKV,Raipur. The activities included:• Collection of runoff rainwater through a

continuous series of ponds, shallow dug wellsand ditches on watershed basis;

• Construction of On Farm Reservoir (OFR) athigher aspect of the rice landscape, and thus therice fields down the slope were continuouslygetting seepage from these OFR (Fig. 4.4);

Fig. 4.4: On farm reservoir

Fig. 4.5: Indigenous gravity operated drip systems

4.6.1.11 Water harvesting structures andconveyance: Interventions viz. Construction of CheckDams (CD) (Fig. 4.6), Water Harvesting Bunds (WHB)and use of plastic delivery pipes were tried inSonebhadra and Mirzapur districts of Uttar Pradeshhaving a large number of perennial rivulets to developwatershed-based farming system modules. EightCDs and 24 WHBs were constructed by the DPAP,

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Department of Soil and Water Conservation, UttarPradesh, accompanied with the 27812 m 2.5" PVCwater delivery pipes and 44 diesel engine pumps haveextended 398.6 ha area under irrigation, benefitting3,400 farmers. It was also observed that averagewater table increased by 1.12 meter and the netirrigated area increased by 40.3 per cent.

4.6.1.14 Water resource development in theNorth West Himalayas: Considering the

Fig. 4.6: Check dams and water harvesting bunds

4.6.1.12 Water resource development in theNorth East hilly regions: The ICAR RC for NEHRegion has reported following major natural resourcemanagement activities in the project area of Mon,Saiha, N. Sikkim, S. G. Hills, Tamenlong, Dhalai andTamenlong (Table 4.0).

Activities Achievements

Terracing for land • Terraces were constructed for the improving soil and water conservation for higherdevelopment productivity (Fig. 4.7) in 62 ha area in N. Sikkim, Mon & Saiha. In Mon, the average

productivity of high yielding variety Lampnah and Shahsarang-1 was 3.9 t/ha, asagainst 1.2 t/ha with the local variety.

Rehabilitation of Jhum land • Converted 190 ha of Jhum land into silvi-horticultural land use system at Saiha,Upper Subansiri, Mon and Tamenlong.

Establishment of rainwater • Constructed tanks/tanks with azolla-32 (Fig. 4.8), channels-8 and jalkunds-57 for theharvesting structures cultivation of off-season vegetables in Mon, Saiha, N. Sikkim, S.G. Hills & Tamenlong.

• A simple, transportable and low-cost modified Thai Jar structure was constructed tostore water for use during the off-season to grow vegetables, etc. (Fig. 4.9).

Table 4.0: Water resource development in the NEH region

Fig. 4.8: Tanks for azollaculture

Fig. 4.9: Thai Jar forwater storage

Fig.4.7: Soil and water conservation throughterrace – before and after

Fig. 4.10: Drip irrigation with mulch

4.6.1.13 Micro irrigation with crop residuemulch: The farmers in the Mewat area weremotivated to shift from flood irrigation to microirrigation system combined with mulching to improvethe water use efficiency, reduce the cost and intensiveagriculture by growing vegetables like tomato (Fig.4.10). The micro irrigation system with mulch reducedthe water requirement to 1/8th of furrow irrigation withmulch.

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predominance of rained agriculture (85%), 197 waterharvesting structures with varying sizes (25 to 100cu.m) were made. Two masonry tanks equipped withdrip irrigation systems were constructed at the headof the cultivable lands in the Hadiyagaon cluster ofChampawat district for vegetable cultivation. Twelveha covered under the micro irrigation system, resultedin increased (220%) crop production, and 26.7 hawere covered under fodder crops. Other watermanagement activities introduced in the project areaare highlighted below.(i) In-situ moisture conservation techniques:

Under medium rainfall, dissected topographyand very steep sloping terrain (28 to 54 %) areasstaggered contour trenches were constructed in16 ha and 6 ha non-arable areas in Jamnikhal andHadiyagaon clusters respectively.

(ii) Drainage line treatment: Check dams wereconstructed in Hadiyagaon and Jamnikhalclusters to address the problem of decliningwater yield of streams owing to erratic rainfalland the run off away downstream withoutinfiltration to recharge the streams. A cut-off wallequipped with intake well was constructed inHadiyagaon cluster and the water collected atthe structure was conveyed by a small channel(Guhl) constructed under the MGNREGA.

4.6.1.15 Land and soil management: Soilanalysis for macro and micro nutrients were done andneed-based fertilizer application was recommended.Application of bio fertilizers was promoted throughenhanced use of compost, vermicompost, azolla, etc.Some of the major efforts made on soil managementare as follows:(i) Land shaping and terrace riser protection:

Breaching of terrace is a common phenomenonin the rainy season in both the clusters, whichaggravates the soil erosion. Practicing terraceagriculture on very high steep slope (>30%), anintervention, i.e. stone riser, demonstrated onthe farmer’s field in the Jamnikhal andHadiyagaon clusters to overcome the breaching ofterrace risers, increased the productivity by 20-30%.

(ii) Vegetative conservation measures: Vegetativebarrier (Napier grass) was introduced in theHadiyagaon and Jamnikhal clusters during 2008-10 in order to minimize the effect of raindrop andsheet erosion. Cuttings and clumps of Napiergrass was planted along the shoulder bund of theterraces and on the risers, too.

(iii) Management of salt affected soils: Reclamationof salt-affected soil was the key interventiondemonstrated in the Muzaffarpur district of Bihar.Hundred and eight ha salt-affected soil wasreclaimed by the application of Gypsum @ 4-8 t/ha along with some organic amendments likedaincha as green manure @ 20 kg/ha and itsincorporation at 45-50 DAS prior to ricecultivation. This increased the productivity of riceand wheat by 22.2 to 27.8 per cent, besidesimproving the soil health by bringing down the pHfrom 8.3-9.2 to 8.1-8.4 and EC from 2.3-5.8 to1.8-4.1 dSm-1 (Fig. 4.11).

Fig. 4.11: Management of salt affected soils

(iv) CSR-BIO – A boon to commercial crops insodic soils: Endophytes from the rhizosphere ofgrasses at pH 9.8-10.4 were isolated andevaluated for their salt tolerance, nutrient uptakeand resistance against soil-borne diseases. Twoisolates of Bacillus viz., B. pumilus and B.subtitis and one isolate of Trichodermaharzianum showed promising results. While theBacillus spp. increased the nutrient uptake bythe plants (21-34%), the Trichoderma spp.controlled the soil borne diseases. The K uptakeby plants was higher than Na and thus, impact ofsodicity on the plant was negligible. The large-scale validation and interventions on variouscrops showed 10-24 per cent higher yield, no wiltand controlled the false smut in paddy. A very low-cost patented common media developed byusing the naturally and commonly availablewaste by-products, besides supporting thegrowth of Bacillus and Trichodermasimultaneously, became a rich source ofnutrients for foliar spray.

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(v) Reducing soil erosion through bambooplantation: CSAUAT, Kanpur planted bamboosuccessfully above the stream and on steepslopes to control soil erosion and also planted28,500 bamboo seedlings along the river bankand in wasteland for soil and water conservationand for entrepreneurship development.

vi) Zero tillage: The technique was demonstratedin wheat, gram, pearl millet, and cluster bean in750 ha in Mewat district (Fig. 4.12). An additionalincome of s15,590 per acre was reported due toreduced tillage requirement and timely sowingresulting in higher yield and lesser waterrequirement. UBKV, Coochbehar reported thatZero tillage was successfully demonstrated inwheat and lentil with benefit cost ratio of 1.96:1 inthree backward districts of North Bengal. Zerotillage in mustard was demonstrated in 480 ha inNE area with an annual saving of 5,000 litres ofdiesel (from 96 ha), and reduced pollution.Income from zero tillage in mustard wasestimated at s16,570/ha, as compared to thepre-intervention income of R8,500/- only. Thetechnique was successfully demonstrated in 76ha for wheat in Muzaffarpur and Sheohar districtsof Bihar, and in 361.5 ha for rapeseed (M-27) inthe NEH region.

a group of landless women (Fig. 4.13). Nearly 102 tonsof vermicompost was produced and sold generated anincome of over s6 lakhs and 3000 mandays of work.

Fig. 4.12: Intervention through zero tillage

(vii) Vermicompost and community-basedvermicompost units: Farm wastes were utilizedto produce vermicompost through well-conceivedtraining programmes. A total of 7,356vermicompost units constructed with an annualproduction capacity of 15,500 tons replacing1,127 tons of urea over an area of 22,545 ha,increased productivity, improved soil health, etc.

Community vermicomposting was promoted inKadapa district of Andhra Pradesh as an enterprise by

Fig. 4.13: Cottage-scale vermicompost unit

Cottage-scale vermicompost production wastaken up as one of the important backyard-basedwomen group-focused income generating activity atthe operational clusters in North Bengal. It couldensure steady recycling of the bulk bio-input in the localhomestead horticultural production environment. Theeconomic analysis indicated that both total productionas well as net return from the vermicompostproduction has steadily increased over the years.During 2008-09, the production was 25.08 tons from10 units and the net return was s7,524/unit, whichincreased to 124.57 tons from 50 units and a netreturn of s9,342/unit during 2013-14.

A community biogas-cum-vermicompost unitwas constructed and demonstrated in the Nalgondadistrict through convergence with the Non-Conventional Energy Development Corporation ofAndhra Pradesh (NEDCAP) as a model for solvingthe rural energy problems and generatingemployment (Fig. 4.14). A large biogas unit of 85cu.m capacity, required about 950 kg of dung every

Fig. 4.14: Community biogas plant unit

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day to produce about 50 cu m of gas to support 50households. The excess gas was used for running a15 kva generator for two hours a day enough toenergize the pumps used for lifting, storing andsupplying drinking water to the community.

The slurry available @ 5 tons/week was used forlarge-scale vermicomposting along with weedbiomass and crop residue turned into three tons ofexcellent vermicompost after 40-45 days and wassold to vegetable cultivators.

A system was put in place to collect 35 kg ofdung/family/ day and feed to the biogas unit. Eachhousehold was to pay a minimum monthlycontribution towards the maintenance and repair. Auser group was formed to take care of the operationand maintenance. Two persons were engaged onwage basis for assisting the user group in collectingthe dung, feeding the biogas and vermicompostunits.

Another community biogas-cum-vermicompostunit was developed as a model for offering solution tothe rural energy problems at Bastar throughconvergence with the Office of the Jilla Panchayat,Government of Chhattisgarh (Fig. 4.15). This uniquemodel was replicated in 12 villages to adopt on acommunity basis required about 750 kg of dungevery day to produce 35 cu m of gas for 30households. The slurry from the unit @2-3 tons/week, after 35-40 days, turned into 1.5-2.0 tons ofvermicompost. The model recycles the waste andsaves fuel wood contributing to save carbonemissions.

mounted on the top of the digester to store the biogas. It has two layers, the outer layer made up ofPVC and the inner layer made up of rubber orHDPE. Gas valves and safety valves have beenprovided for secured operation. Rubber balloonscoated with polypropylene and having a safetyvalve, inlet and out let could also be used as gasholder. It could be hung on the wall or roof of thehouse.

4.6.2 Crop interventions

Agriculture continues to be the major source oflivelihood in these backward districts. However, thecrop productivity and income were low as observedfrom base line surveys. Therefore, major effort was onidentification and introduction of suitable cropvarieties with location-specific managementpractices, and diversification to vegetable and othercash crops for realizing better remuneration. Nutri-gardens were established across the clusters toimprove the nutritional security amongst the farmers’families. Some of the major crop interventionsintroduced included:• Introduction of improved varieties;• Intercropping;• Crop diversification; and• Seed production.

Major achievements made in crop production arehighlighted below.

4.6.2.1 Maize(i) Utilization of upland fallows for maize

cultivation in Bastar: The uplands in Bastarcover about 55 per cent of the cultivated areawith limited cultivation of upland rice, millets andniger. Most of the uplands are left fallow. The

Fig. 4.15: Community vermicompost unit

(ix) Low-cost Gobar (balloon) gas: SmokelessGobar (Balloon) gas was promoted to replace thelocal Chullah in the Gondia district ofMaharashtra. The dome shaped gas holder was Fig. 4.16. Maize cultivation in Bastar

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technology of rainfed upland maize cultivationcomprising the use of improved varieties,balanced fertilizer application and sowing in linesdemonstrated (Fig. 4.16), resulted in an averageyield of 3.5-4.5 t/ha. The technology has spreadin the neighboring 15-20 villages covering anarea of approximately 500-550 ha. Thedemonstrations were shown to farmers from allthe blocks covering Bastar, Dantewada,Narayanpur and Bijapur districts through linkagewith the ATMA.

(ii) Introduction of hybrid maize in Rajasthan:MPUAT, Udaipur focused on enhancing theproductivity of existing major crops withemphasis on replacing the local cultivars withHYVs (High Yield Varieties) and hybrids. Theconsortium introduced hybrid maize in 6,945 hathrough 30,570 demonstrations. Average yieldunder the demonstration plots was 33.26 q/haagainst 14.67 q/ha for the traditional varieties,showing 97.6 per cent increase in the yield. Thedemonstrations gave an additional production of12,981 tons of maize with an economic benefit ofs14.28 crores. Spurred by the success, theGovernment of Rajasthan launched the GoldenRays Programme and provided hybrid maizeseed to eight lakh tribal farmers improving thecrop yield (69%), income (104.6%) and arrestingthe migration.

(iii) Intercropping in maize in Jharkhand: Maizeand pigeon pea are the major crops cultivated inPakur and Sahebganj but as monocropping.Gramin Vikas Trust (GVT), Ranchi motivated thefarmers to go for intercropping. After thisintervention, the farmers gained profit, becamewell aware of the intercropping system andappreciated the innovation.

(iv) Maize-based intercropping in Jhabua andDhar: The prevalent maize crop was tested asintercrop with soybean, black gram, green gram,pigeon pea and cotton under the improved cropproduction technology in Jhabua and Dhardistricts of Madhya Pradesh. The interventionsincluded improved variety, IPNM and IPM forenhancing the livelihood by increasing theproduction and productivity. The results ofintercropping viz., maize + soybean, maize +pigeon pea and maize + cotton showedencouraging results and were continued.The area under maize + cotton, maize + pigeon

pea and maize + soybean has sharply increasedfrom 27, 9 and 26 ha to 106, 86 and 198 ha,respectively. The average net income under themaize + cotton and maize + pigeon peaintercropping systems was increased by Rs.7,635/ha, while in the case of soybean + maizeintercropping an average increase of s3,580/hawas recorded (Fig. 4.17).

Fig. 4.17: Maize based intercropping

(v) Effect of intercropping on fodder yield andquality of maize in Siaha (Mizoram): Thoughmaize possesses most of the characteristics ofan ideal type of forage plant and has the potentialto supply large amounts of energy-rich forage,the protein content is low. Hence, intercroppingof maize with common bean, turmeric and rosellewas advocated. The intercropping of maize withcommon bean showed better dry matter yield,high crude protein content, reduced NeutralDetergent Fiber (NDF) and Acid Detergent Fiber(ADF) content and better harvest index, therebyindicating a better cereal-pulse crop mixture inimproving the forage quality and maize yield.

(vi) Maize cultivation in Jhum land (Mon,Nagaland): Maize is commonly grown as mixedcrop in the Jhum field and is one of the staplefoods. However, the production was very low andtook long time (6 months) to come to harvest.Hence, a short duration maize crop (All Rounder)was introduced. The shelling of maize by handwas time consuming and strenuous to thewomen. Manual sheller and powered maizegrinder were provided which benefited thevillagers as a whole. This has enhanced theproduction of maize used as food and feed.

(vii) Promotion of HYVs and Hybrids: The SDAU,Sardar Krushinagar promoted the use of HYVs ofvarious crops in Banaskantha, Dahod and Dangs

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districts of Gujarat. The introduction of HYV ofmaize increased the income by 67.21 and 55.70per cent in the Banaskantha and Dahod districts,respectively. The introduction of maize hybridsGM-6 and Ashoka-28 in the backward districts ofTikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Betul, and Mandla inMadhya Pradesh by the JNKVV, Jabalpurincreased the yield by 35 per cent.

4.6.2.2 Rice(i) SRI method in West Bengal: In drought-prone

Purulia District of West Bengal, SRI method ofpaddy cultivation was demonstrated, in the Aritavillage to improve the productivity of rice, by theBCKV, Kalyani (Fig. 4.18). Seeds of Lolat andGontra Bidhan 1 @ 600 gm/bigha (0.13 ha) weregiven to 180 rice farmers in 30 ha area. More than85 per cent farmers were satisfied with themethod due to the increase in productivity.Against an initial average productivity of 2t/ha theaverage productivity increased to 5 t/ha andincome by s15,712/ha/year.

total number of beneficiaries was 2,500 and thelevel of adoption in the cluster villages was 75 percent. The net return was s44,754/ha, with abenefit-cost ratio of 3:1.

(iii) Promotion of HYV of rice: ICAR RC for NEHRegion, Barapani covered an area of 424 haunder HYV rice involving 1,776 beneficiaries andachieving a net income of s23,000/ha/year. Theaverage productivity of HYV was 3.8 t/ha asagainst 2.4 t/ha with local variety. One hundredand seventy two terraces were constructed witha net cultivable area of 4.9 ha. The averageproductivity of local variety in the Mon district was2.1 t/ha and after the introduction of Naveenvariety in SRI, it has increased to 3.7 t/ha. In theSouth Garo Hills, the average and the highestyields with Ranjit variety were 48 q/ha and 56q/ha, respectively.

(iv) Restoring paddy cultivation in Wayanaddistrict of Kerala: Wayanad once had about30,000 hectares of paddy cultivation which camedown to 12,000 hectares. The remaining areahas been substituted by banana or arecanut orother non-farm activities resulting in ecologicaland social problems. Farmers gave up ricecultivation because of low profitability, highlabour cost and low productivity. Systematicefforts for reviving paddy were taken up as a partof this project (Fig. 4.20). The major interventionsintroduced were:

• Popularizing soil test-based INM;• Cultivation of vegetables, pulses and oilseeds in

paddy fallows;• Screening of varieties for disease and pest

resistance/tolerance and also to grain shedding;• Introduction of bio-control measures to reduce

the harmful effects of pesticide and cost ofcultivation; and

• Mechanization of farm operations.

Fig. 4.18: System of Rice Intensification (SR) inWest Bengal

(ii) Dry line sowing technology: Dry line sowing ofpaddy by tractor drawn seed-cum-fertilizer drillwith post-emergence application of herbicide inVindhyan region of Uttar Pradesh (Fig. 4.19) gavea consistent yield ranging from 40-50 q/ha. The

Fig. 4.19: Dry line sowing of paddy Fig. 4.20: Restoring paddy cultivation in Wayanad

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Nine hundred and eighty five families covering anarea of 390 ha were benefitted. Soil-test basedfertilizer application along with blast resistant,non-shedding variety- Athira (PTB 52) provided 16per cent increase in productivity that helped toprotect and restore the paddy areas decliningsteadily over time all over the state.

(v) Change in cropping pattern: The sub-projectintroduced new variety of crops like rice, maize,arhar (pigeon pea), kulthi (horse gram), wheat,mustard, linseed, lentil, and gram (chick pea) toenhance the productivity of selected villages inthe project area. About 1240 farmers covering3,789.4 ha were involved in the endeavour tochange cropping pattern.Through this intervention, the productivity ofcrops has increased from 13 to 32 per cent.Approximately, each farmer gained an additionalincome of s1,800/ha from wheat, s20,640/hafrom SRI paddy, s13,120/ha from maize, s280/ha from mustard, s1,800/ha from pigeon pea, ands3,550 from chickpea cultivation. Training wasprovided in crop cultivation and other alliedactivities like animal husbandry and foodprocessing and 3, 682 farmers got benefited.

(vi) Advancing rice nursery establishment usingcommunity approach: In the rainfed backwarddistricts of Maharashtra, establishment of paddynursery in June as against the current practice ofseeding in July or waiting till adequate onset ofthe monsoon was the major interventionintroduced by the NBSS&LUP, Nagpur to utilizethe rainwater optimally.Community nursery was raised in each village toovercome challenges thrown by the late onset ofmonsoon, utilizing lone tube well in each village.The results of interventions indicated substantialincrease in paddy yield. The yield advantageranged from 56 to 112 per cent. The seed cost ofpaddy was reduced significantly by s2,000/ha.

4.6.2.3 Pulses and oilseeds(i) Transplanting of redgram in Bidar: Cultivation

of an improved variety of Redgram (BSMR-736)with transplanting and dibbling was introduced in310 ha by the UAS, Raichur in Bidar district. Theaverage yield under the transplanting technologywas 40 q/ha (irrigated) and 22.5 q/ha (rainfed), asagainst an average yield of 20q /ha and 8.42 q/ha,respectively under the conventional dribblingmethod (Fig. 4.21). The estimated income under

rainfed and irrigated conditions was s66,125 ands1,28,625 per hectare, respectively. Thisinnovative technology has now spread to anestimated 700 ha area in Bidar and more than3,000 ha in the neighbouring districts. This hasalso led to setting up of new redgram processingunits in the area.

Fig. 4.21: Transplanted redgram in Bidar

(ii) Varietal replacement in pulses: Thisintervention introduced by the UBKV,Coochbehar in Uttar & Dakshin Dinajpur, Maldaand Murshidabad districts of West Bengal,produced good results in terms of yield andincome to the farmers. The green gramproductivity increased from 0.56 to 0.875 t/ha,with an enhanced income of s20,475/ha from anarea of 21.38 ha. The blackgram grown in anarea of 10.28 ha resulted in an enhanced incomeof s17,500/ha and productivity improvementfrom 0.4 to 0.75 t/ha. In the case of lentil, thefarmers encashed s18,000/ha more whencultivated in an area of 9.36 ha, with productivityincrease from 0.95 to 1.25 t/ha.The seed replacement intervention introduced bythe JNKVV, Jabalpur in soybean with hybridvarieties JS 93-05, 97-52 and JS-335 increasedthe yield by 25 per cent (baseline yield 8-10 q/ha)in Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur, Betul and Mandladistricts of Madhya Pradesh.

(iii) Area expansion under legumes: In thedisadvantaged districts of Hardoi and Fatehpur,the area under legume cultivation was almost nil,which has now grown to 234 ha by thepromotional efforts made by the CSAUAT,Kanpur. Procurement, processing and marketingactivities were introduced to 65 households,which generated an annual income of s15,000 toeach family. Due to assured availability of seed,

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the farmers who were not growing cash crops likesesamum (til) earlier have now started growingthe crop successfully in the project area.

(iv) Improvement in nutrition: Increased pulsesproduction due to the intervention of BHU,Varanasi resulted in the improvement of nutritionthrough increased consumption of pulses (from25 to 33.3 g/day/person) in Vindhyan region ofUttar Pradesh. Similarly, pigeonpea cultivation inthe backward districts of Jharkhand covering anarea of 40 ha benefitted 212 people with a yieldof 13 q/ha. The income of each beneficiary wasimproved by s9,811/annum.

(v) Productivity enhancement through cropdiversification, IPNM, IWM, IPM techniquesand intercropping: Maize-based monocroppingwas predominant in the project area of Dhar andJhabua districts of Madhya Pradesh with lowyield and income. Pigeonpea, greengram andblackgram were mainly grown as intercrops withmaize. Crop diversification, involving soybean,maize, wheat, gram, mustard, cotton,blackgram, and pigeonpea was promoted toincrease the productivity, cropping intensity andincome per unit area. The interventions likeimproved varieties; use of quality seed; IPNM,IWM and IPM techniques; intercropping andcapacity building were demonstrated. Sixhundred and nineteen ha was covered in 1,651farmers’ fields. Improvement in the productivity ofvarious crops resulted from these interventionsover the baseline yields ranged from 37 to 60%.

(vi) Zero tillage: The zero tillage practice coveringan area of 128 ha for M-27(hybrid mustardvariety) was introduced by the ICAR RC for NEHin the Dhalai and Tamenglong districts to 404beneficiaries increased the productivity ofmustard to 0.7 t/ha, as against 0.4 t/ha of thelocal variety, and the farmers earned a netincome of s7,000/ha/annum.

(vii) Groundnut as a viable second crop in WestBengal: The introduction of groundnut in theKharif season in West Bengal generated goodreturn at the farmer’s level. The improvedpackage of practices in Rabi groundnutincreased the production from 2 to 3 t/ha.Groundnut has become a viable second crop forthe small and marginal farmers. Eight hundredand two farmers have started cultivating theKharif groundnut in 90 ha of land and 2,106

farmers are growing Rabi groundnut in 232 ha.Similarly, the Kharif groundnut was introduced inthree districts of Orissa, viz., Kandhamal,Kalahandi and Dhenkanal in place of upland ricein 49.55 ha involving 421 farm families. Theaverage yield was 12.36q/ha, with a net return ofs14,040/ha and a B:C ratio of 1.77. It gave anadditional net return of s9,112/ha over theirexisting practice of upland rice cultivation.

(viii) Promotion of groundnut in NEH region: Theintervention on groundnut (ICGS 76) in the Dhalaiand Tamenglong districts of NEH region by theICAR RC demonstrated to 187 beneficiariescovering an area of 18.3 ha, yielded 0.84 t/ha, asagainst the initial level of 0.3 t/ha. Farmersearned a net income of s6,000/ha/annum.Similarly, groundnut was introduced as a newcrop by GVT, Ranchi in 9.3 ha area involving 73beneficiaries in Sahibganj and Pakur districts ofJharkhand. It yielded 10 q/ha and increased theincome of farmers by s13,940/ha/annum.

(ix) Multicropping with groundnut: In Chitradurgadistrict of Karnataka, monocropping was one ofthe major constraints in improving the livelihoodof rural households. Hence, multicropping ofgroundnut and castor recommended by the UAS,Bangalore resulted in 16 per cent increase in theincome (s2,240), whereas groundnut withpigeonpea gave 65 per cent increased income(s7,350).

(x) Linseed production in Maharashtra: Dr.Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Collegeof Agriculture (PDKV), Nagpur has developed animproved production and protection practices forlinseed. Three hundred farmers in the Yeotmal,Chandrapur and Gadchiroli districts took up

Fig. 4.22: Improved linseed cultivation - Maharashtra

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linseed cultivation. Key interventions introducedwere the use of recommended varieties oflinseed, proper sowing time and adoption of plantprotection measures (Fig. 4.22). Medium to deepsoil having pH 6.5 to 7.5 was found to be good forlinseed cultivation. Performance of improvedvariety of linseed is given in table 4.1.

4.6.3 Organic farming

4.6.3.1 Promotion of organic ginger and turmericin the NEH region: Organic ginger and turmericwere introduced in Odapada and DhenkanalSadar clusters, and the varietial substitution wasundertaken in G. Udayagiri and Khajuripadaclusters. The average yield of ginger was 212 q/ha leading to a net return of s450000/ha. Underthe leadership of ICAR RC for NEH, Barapani(Meghalaya), 65 farmers in the Bichhiwaracluster collectively started organic turmericcultivation, and the ITC procured the produce @s32/kg. Organic farming promoted covered 116ha involving 196 beneficiaries under ginger(Baishey) and turmeric (Lakadong) cultivation inSiaha, North Sikkim, Dhalai, and Tamenglongdistricts. The yield of ginger and turmeric was 6.3t/ha, as against 1.4 t/ha of the local variety. Thebeneficiaries earned a net income of s73,000/ha/annum.

4.6.3.2 Organic farming certification programme:The programme was implemented with 506farmers/ beneficiaries in the Wayanad districtwho started processing and marketing of“Organic Products”. The farmers practicedorganic farming in 910.8 acres (185 IC 03Farmers, 157 IC 02 Farmers and164 IC 01Farmers); 22 villages were converted to organicfarming; it resulted in the production of 27 tonsvermicompost, 100 litre vermin wash and 30 tonsof fortified compost per year. These activitiesenabled the farmers to get premium price for theorganically produced 85.0 tons of ginger (@

40%), 8.3 tons of turmeric (@ 30%), 24.0 tons ofgreen pepper (@ 40%), 12.3 tons of black pepper(@ 25-35%) and 74.0 tons of coffee (@ 20-30%).

4.6.4 Horticultural crops

4.6.4.1 Onion cultivation(i) INM and IPDM in the Onion crop: Sixty two

households were selected for Integrated NutrientManagement (INM) demonstrations (1 acre) inthe onion crop (Fig. 4.23) in Chitradurga district ofKarnataka. The farmers were provided seeds ofthe Arka Kalyan variety of onion and based onsoil test, they were recommended to applySulphur (Gypsum @ 500 kg/ha), Zinc (ZnSO4 @12.5 kg/ha) and Boron @ 2.5 kg/ha. Theproductivity of onion increased by 15 per cent.With an expenditure of Rs.1, 100/acre, the netreturn was s28,110/acre. Thus, the new varietyArka Kalyan and micronutrient applicationtechnologies proved to be technically feasibleand remunerative. It also generated an additionalemployment of 15 man-days/ha.

Particulars Baseline Improved Varieties

Practice Use of old varieties with no inputs Use of improved varieties (NL-97 and PKV-NL-like fertilizer, irrigation, plant protection,etc. 260) and adoption of recommended package of

production and protection practices

Yield 235 kg /ha 820 kg/ha

Table 4.1: Performance of improved linseed varieties in Maharashtra

Fig. 4.23: INM and IPDM in onion - Karnataka

For the sustained activity after the project period,the following two Onion Growers Associationswere formed:

1. Sri Guruthipperudraswamy Onion GrowerAssociation-Sanikere, Challakere: It has takenup onion cultivation in 12 ha area during 2013-14,and produced 120 -144 tons of onion with INMand IPDM (Integrated Pest and DiseaseManagement) practices and realized an income

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Rs.30 lakhs (traditionally, they used to get 7.2-8tons/ha and realize an amount of s21.6 to 24lakhs).

2. Onion grower association- Bassappanmalige,Hiriyur: It has taken up onion cultivation in 60 haarea during 2013-14 and produced 1,500 tons ofonion with INM and IPDM practices and realizedan income of .4 crores (traditionally, they usedto get 8 tons/ha and realize an amount ofR3 crores).

(ii) Crop diversification with onion: This led to aboon to marginal farmers, who switched over toonion, for sustainable livelihood. A group of eightfarmers from the Laghadwal village cultivatedcommercial onion crop during the summerseason, 2010-11. Two varieties- ‘N-2-4-1 and AgriFound Light Red’ of onion were cultivated withrecommended technology on 7.2 ha area. Theaverage productivity of onion was 200.1q/ha, witha net income of s1,02,765/ ha.

4.6.4.2 Vegetable cultivation in Rajasthan:Introduction of hybrid vegetable cultivation in fourdistricts of south Rajasthan, viz., Udaipur, Dungarpur,Banswara and Sirohi has made significant impact onlivelihood of the families. Number of farmers haveadopted hybrid vegetable cultivation and diversifiedtheir agriculture. The farmers earned maximumincome from okra in the Zaid season, followed by chillicultivation. Okra cultivation was taken up in 142 haarea with 912 families and it paid a dividend of s140lac (@ 0.98 lakhs/ha). Chilli was taken in 84 ha and onan average, each family earned s23,000 from 0.2 haland. More than 50 per cent families adopted hybridtomato cultivation in the Abu Road cluster of Sirohi.The ITC signed a MoU for the procurement of chilli andturmeric cultivation in the Banswara and Dungarpurdistricts. Seed replacement of vegetables in 217.37ha area covering 1,884 households resulted in anenhanced income of s75,000 to 1.5 lakh/ha, with atotal income of s243 lakhs.

4.6.4.3 Vegetable cultivation on the riverbed:Eleven landless families in the Barabanki andRaebareli districts were practicing one crop ofvegetables on the river beds and earning s10,000-15,000 annually (Fig. 4.24). An intervention was madewith varietal improvement, agronomic practices, CSR-BIO, rural poultry, and diesel engine for irrigation. Theexpanded cultivation stretch was more than 8 km,double crop in a year and the profit was above s1.75

lakhs per family. By 2011 itself, more than 42 familieswere earning their livelihood through this intervention.

Fig. 4.24: Vegetable Cultivation

4.6.4.4 Impact of CSR-BIO on increasing theprofitability of horticultural crops: The profitabilityof the CSR-BIO formulation in commercial crops liketomato and banana with its impact on reducing use ofchemical fungicides toxic to the environment wasassessed with adopters and non-adopters in twomajor banana and tomato growing areas of theBarabanki district (Trivediganj and Haidergarh) duringtwo growing seasons in 2011-12 and 2012-13 (Fig.4.25). Results showed an overall increase in yield upto 22.43 and 15.62 per cent and profitability to 20.11and 17.39 per cent in banana and tomato,respectively. The use of plant protection chemicalswas 47.33 and 33.36 per cent lower than the non-adopters.

Fig. 4.25: Application of CSR-BIO formulationin Banana

The mean banana yield obtained by adopterswas 31.53 kg against 27.27 kg by non-adopters. Themean expenditure incurred was s0.64 lakhs ands0.70 lakhs and gross income realized was s2.78lakhs and s2.36 lakhs per acre, respectively.Adopters used chemical sprays 7.33 times, while thenon-adopters sprayed 11.07 times.

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In the case of tomato, the adopters obtained amean yield of 19.64 tons / acre, while the non-adopters obtained 16.05 tons / acre. The meanexpenditure incurred in the production was s37,000among the adopters and s41,000 by non-adopters.The gross return obtained was s2.21 and s1.84 lakhsby the adopters and non-adopters, respectively.On an average, 6.53 sprays were given by theadopters, while the non-adopters used 12.40 sprays.

4.6.4.5 Multi-tier Horticulture in North Bengal:Women-led multi-tier horticulture (Fig. 4.26) under thehomestead-based backyard/courtyard/pond dykeproduction technology was introduced in NorthBengal. The technology had two core components: i)a low-cost three-tier scaffold structure for utilization ofthe vertical space and ii) round the year growing ofmiscellaneous seasonal vegetables. Standardizationof the scaffold structure was done to ensure theavailability of sunshine. At the bottom, crops like chili/hybrid tomato/ coriander/ green fenugreek/ redamaranthus, etc. were placed. At tier-1 (i.e. over 4'

technology evoked huge response by registering444.7 per cent enhancement of area leading to acommendable 96 per cent per capita increase ofvegetable consumption in daily diet (257g/caput/day).The other tangible impact was the horizontal spread ofthe technology to 10.81 ha through farmer ledextension.

4.6.4.6 Introduction of high value vegetablecultivation under three-tier system: Three modelswere introduced in the backward districts of Bihar bythe ICAR RC for ER at Patna, enabling farmers togrow three different vegetables on the same piece ofland (Table 4.2). The area under the three-tier systemincreased from 72 to 220 ha. The cost-benefit ratio ofthe three models was 1:3.78, 1:3.22 and 1:2.53,respectively.

4.6.4.7 Farmer innovated irrigation techniquefor vegetable cultivation: Jhabua district in MadhyaPradesh with undulating topography, fragmentedholdings, rainfed farming, shallow and eroded soils,low and stagnant crop productivity and low income ischaracterized by monocropping with maize,blackgram and wheat. An attempt was made tointroduce vegetable cultivation in this district.

Under acute water shortage,to save the vegetable crops a 35-year old farmer, Shri Ramesh,with the advice of project staff,developed an innovative irrigationtechnique using disposed salinebottles. The farmer purchased 6kg of disposed saline bottles @s20/kg. A hole was made at thetop of the bottles for filling waterand the discharge was regulatedby the existing controller in theglucose regulator system. Thesebottles filled with water were hung from top with thehelp of a stacked plant (Fig. 4.27), saved the crop fromdrought and gave a net profit s15, 200 from 0.1 ha

Fig. 4.26: Multi-tier Horticulture in North Bengal

Table 4.2: Yield and income enhancement under three tier Horticulture system

Model Upper Tier Middle Tier Lower Tier Yield (Q/ha) Income (R/ha)

I. Bitter gourd Cowpea Elephant Upper 273 + Middle 3,60,000(cv. Palee) (Pusa Komal) foot yam 120 + Lower 350

II. Pointed gourd Okra Cucumber Upper 195 + Middle 2,29,000(cv. Dandari) (Parbhani Kranti) (Kareena) 135 + Lower 113

III. Pointed gourd Okra Amaranthus Upper 203 + Middle 2,25,000(cv. Dandari) (Okra Anamika) 121 + Lower 77

wides caffold), broad leave cucurbitaceous crops likebottle gourd/cucumber/ash gourd/ ridge gourd, etc.were grown. At tier-2 (i.e.over 2' wide roof of thescaffold), short leave vines like bitter gourd/ basella,etc. were taken. With the average annual cost ofmulti-tier in 720 sq. ft area (1 katha) being s446, the

Fig. 4.27: Aninnovative irrigationthrough used salinebottles

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land. It showed that a tribal farmer could get abouts1.50 to 1.70 lakhs/ ha in one season of vegetablecultivation by this new innovative technique.

4.6.4.8 Hybrid vegetable cultivation: Onehundred and twenty five hectares involving 2,100beneficiaries was brought under hybrid vegetablecultivation by the ICAR RC for the NEH Region withvegetables like potato, tomato and cucumber in all thesites. The average yield of vegetables recorded was7.0 tons/ha, as compared to 3.0 tons/ha with the localvarieties and the farmers earned a net income ofs 84,000/ha/annum.

4.6.4.9 Livelihood security throughpromotion of vegetables and spices cultivation:Vegetable crops like tomato, ladyfinger, bitter gourd,sponge gourd, pumpkin and chilli, and spices likeonion, garlic, ginger and coriander were introducedand promoted in 396.9 ha area involving 1,104farmers in Dhar and Jhabua districts. The areacovered was 235.8 ha (with 656 farmers) and 161.1ha(with 448 farmers) under vegetables and spices,respectively. The major interventions introduced wereridge sowing, drip irrigation and fertigation, polythenemulching, nursery management techniques, stakingin tomato, improved varieties/hybrids, and improvedproduction technologies.

In vegetable crops, the productivity observedwas 34.05, 16.67, 16.20, 10.15, 14.65, 12.50, 3.20,37.10, 9.80, and 15.95 t/ha in tomato, brinjal, lady'sfinger, bitter gourd, sponge gourd, pumpkin, clusterbean, watermelon, cauliflower and cabbage,respectively. Similarly, the productivity of spice cropswas 18.66, 14.79, 11.70 and 9.18 t/ha in onion, garlic,chilli and coriander, respectively. The interventionresulted in the production of 5,508 tons vegetablesand 2,391 tons spices with a net profit of s546.42lakhs, as against s312.32 lakhs in vegetables ands234.20 lakhs in spices under traditional cultivation.The average income due to the cultivation oftraditional crops and chilli was s0.218 lakh/ha, whichincreased to s1.436 lakh/ha with the introduction ofvegetable and spices.

4.6.4.10 Watermelon cultivation: Riverbankwatermelon cultivation has been an intervention withhigh impact in Orissa, involving 72 households in 28.8ha area. Subsequently, 78 more households haveadopted this technology as a lateral spread.

The total production of watermelon,765 tonsvalued at s44,55,000,was marketed in different cities

within and outside Orissa (Fig. 4.28).Besides, thedomestic consumption also accounted for about ninetons. Linkage was also established with MahalaxmiVegetable Supplier, Kuakhia and Jajapur for marketingof the produce in the distant markets. Now,watermelon cultivation in the area has become asource of livelihood for the farmers and wage earningfor women from the surrounding villages. In the Gondiacluster of Maharashtra, cultivation of watermelon indrying tank beds by using gravity irrigation resulted inan income of s2 lakh (50 tons from 5.4 ha).

Fig. 4.28: River bank cultivated watermelon

4.6.4.11 Tuber-based farming system: Eighthundred and three quintals of foundation seed (K.Pukharaj & K. Kanchan) and 1400 quintals ofprocessing potato were produced from 4 ha each,involving 110 small and marginal farmers in thedisadvantaged districts of Munger, Vaishali,Darbhanga and Samastipur. Breeder seed productionof potato varieties K. Kanchan, K. Pukharaj, K. Jyoti inRosera and Pusa cluster involved 72 farmers. Theaverage cost: benefit ratio (1:3) was superior to thetraditional cultivation (1:2). The yield of potatoincreased from 12 to 21.2 t/ha, and the incomeenhanced to s1,47,200. Forty four ha of land wasdeveloped for tuber crops-based farming system inDhalai, Mon and Upper Subansiri districts.

Crop diversification was taken up in an area of1408.28 ha in the Kandhamal district. Farmers of thearea switched over from upland rice to high valuecrops viz., runner bean, cauliflower and radish duringthe Kharif season and garden pea and potato in lieu ofmustard in the Rabi season in the Khajuripada andG. Udayagiri cluster of villages. The farmers ofDhenkanal district raised groundnut in place of uplandrice in the Kharif season and high quality watermelonin land beside river Brahmani. The farmers in

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Kalahandi raised cotton in place of upland rice in theKharif season and onion in place of greengram duringthe Rabi season. Rice, watermelon, runner bean,groundnut, cauliflower, onion, cotton, garden pea, andpotato gave a net return amounting to s744.25 lakhsfrom diversification to these nine crops.

4.6.4.12 Introduction of tuber crops inbackwad districts of Odisha.(i) Elephant foot yam cultivation: During 2009-

10 to 2013-14, a non-acrid ‘Gajendra’ variety ofelephant foot yam was introduced in 2.52 hacovering 252 households in Odisha (Fig. 4.29).Not-preferred for grazing by animals, this cropwas well suited to the marginal soils. The varietyrecorded an average tuber yield of 34.6 t/ha, witha net return of s3,690/household. Eighty eighttons of crop was produced and it generated 567man-days of employment. 4.6.4.13 Vegetable cultivation in backward

districts of Gujarat: Vegetable cultivation waspromoted in the Vagadadi and Sanali clusters ofBanaskantha district. Hundred and twenty fivefarmers cultivated vegetables in 30 ha, resulting in15-85 per cent increase in the annual income of thefarmers. The farmers of the nearby villages alsostarted cultivating vegetables with the technicalsupport from the project. A mini cold room with astorage capacity of 10 tons for storing the vegetableswas constructed with the collaboration of Bayer CropScience Ltd., as a demonstration unit in Vagadadivillage which helped farmers in storing the vegetablesfor a maximum period of seven days and realizing5-12 per cent higher price.

4.6.4.14 Livelihood and income generationthrough homestead garden (Badi): The badifarming covers 5 per cent area of the total area ofChhattisgarh. Most of the farmers have ‘badi’ in theirbackyard, but they used to grow vegetables for theirown consumption only. Various integrated farmingsystem models were applied in the operational area toincrease the income and livelihood from homesteadgarden (badi). A modified indigenous gravity operateddrip irrigation system was introduced successfullyunder badi farming condition as a source of livelihoodsecurity.

4.6.5 Seed production

Every consortium attempted to produce therequired seed at the village itself making buy-backarrangements wherever possible. Around 2,146 haarea was brought under improved seed production and

Fig. 4.29: Introduction of elephant foot yamcultivation

(ii) Yam cultivation: During 2009-10 to 2013-14, ashort-duration and drought resistant ‘OrissaElite’ variety of greater yam was introduced in6.78 ha covering 339 households in threedistricts of Orissa. As estimated 155.3 tons oftubers was produced and it generated 1,627man-days of employment. The variety recordedan average tuber yield of 22.9 t/ha, vis-a-vis 18.5t/ha by the traditional varieties. It also gave a netreturn of s4,035/household.

(iii) Sweet potato cultivation: During 2009-10 to2013-14, high yielding varieties of sweet potatolike Kishan and Kalinga and orange fleshedsweet potato varieties like ST14 were introducedin 11.42 ha covering 255 farmers. The sweetpotato tuber yield recorded 10.5 t/ha, which was2 t/ha higher than the traditional varieties. The

Fig. 4.30: Sweet potato cultivation

above HYVs resulted in a net income of s1,980/household (Fig. 4.30).

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would provide post-project sustainability to the cropproduction programme.

4.6.6 Livestock, poultry and aquacultureinterventions

Considering the vagaries of nature that includeddroughts, floods, uneven distribution of rainfall, cropproduction has its own uncertainties and so is theincome of most vulnerable sections of the society.Introduction and management of location-specificimproved breed of goats, sheep, pigs, and poultryprovides a viable alternative for the livelihood of therural people. Some of the salient achievementsreported are:

4.6.6.1 Interventions in poultry: Rural poultryproduction was introduced across all the clusters foralleviation of poverty for all categories of farmers. Itwas reported by the IVRI that azolla in situ cultivationand feeding reduced the cost of poultry feed for deeplitter and thus, optimizing the profit (Fig. 4.31). Ruralpoultry was also able to control pest and diseases inthe newly planted guava and banana orchards thusreducing the damage as well as the use of chemical

(i) Conservation and strengthening of localbreeed: An Indian poultry breed, ‘Kadaknath’native to Jhabua district of Madhya Pradesh,famous for its meat quality, texture and flavourbears special medicinal value in homeopathy, isreared mainly by the tribals in the districts Jhabuaand Dhar. Due to its meat and medicinalprosperities, this bird is in high demand. However,it was observed that it was under threat ofextinction and genetic erosion. An attempt was,therefore, made for the conservation andpromotion of this race (Fig. 4.32).

pesticides. The cost: benefit ratio for the backyardbreed worked out to 1:5. The family income enhancedby s15,000-25,000 per year.

UBKV, Coochbehar concluded that theconsumption of poultry birds has increased acrossthe clusters and also awareness of the poultryhousehold to attend the health camp due to thetechnological backstop provided by the projectinterventions. There was no significant variation ofmortality of poultry birds over the years and a relationcould be drawn between mortality and theconsumption pattern of the beneficiaries due to thelack of communication facilities to this cluster fromthe main land.

Fig. 4.32: conservation and promotion of ‘Kadaknath’

It was observed that unscientific rearing, slowgrowth on natural feeding (186 days sexualmaturity) and high mortality (more than 50 percent) before maturity affect the survival, growthand productivity of this breed. In an effort toconserve this breed, ten tribal farmers wereselected for this programme. A suitably designedlow-cost shed and 100 ten days old chicks weremade available to each beneficiary and briefedon technologies for scientific poultry production,balance feeding, handling of feeder and drinkers,health management, and marketing. Timelyvaccination was also done for the control ofranikhet (F1/B1), lasota and R2B and gumborodiseases. Deworming was performed at 55 daysage. The beneficiaries used low-cost poultry feedcomprising grain, bran, cake calcite, salt,minerals and vitamins, etc. for 2500 cal./kg withprotein (16%), calcium (1%) and phosphorus(0.4%).This new ‘Kadaknath’ production technologyreduced the mortality rate from >50 to 10-12 percent. The birds attained saleable weight of 1.10kg in 105-120 days and the meat was sold @

Fig. 4.31: Azolla in situ cultivation for poultry feed

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R 300 to 350/kg. An individual beneficiary got anet income of s90,000 to 1,05,000/annum. Thenumber of low-cost poultry sheds has increasedto 162. A hatchery was further supported by theproject to ensure supply of chicks (Fig. 4.33).

poultry rearing is high mortality due to poorbrooding and feeding management. In theseareas, temperature fluctuation within a day ismost common and the chicks during 1 to 15 daysof age are highly susceptible. BAIF, Haridwartook up activities in the Mudiyani cluster ofChampawat district for the enhancement offamily income through backyard poultry rearing.Initially, five households were motivated forpoultry rearing with improved breed and feedmanagement on trial basis. Following are themajor activities undertaken by the sub-project.

a) Modification in poultry house: Dueprecautions were taken at the time of poultryhouse construction to overcome temperaturefluctuations. The poultry house was of4.25x3.66x2.4 m dimension with enough sunlight. The size of the iron mesh window wasreduced to decrease the movement of cold air.The windows were covered with gunny bags innight to protect internal heat (Fig. 4.35) and fieldin the neighbourhood was ensured forscavenging.

Fig. 4.33: Hatchery for supplyof ‘Kadaknath’ chicks

(ii) ‘Nirbheek’ poultry- a success in the backwarddistricts of Rajasthan: MPUAT, Udaipur provided2,348 units (16+4) of 6 weeks old Nirbheek/Pratapdhan birds to resource-poor farmers foradditional income generation in the adoptedvillages (Fig. 4.34). This intervention gave anaverage income of Rs.6,887/annum by the sale ofeggs (s5-8 per egg) and cocks. Recently, theMPUAT developed a triple-cross breed ofbackyard poultry ‘Pratapdhan’ having theproductivity better than ‘Nirbheek’. In 2013-14,Pratapdhan breed was provided to the farmers. Itsupported their nutrition and also provided anadditional income worth s16.25 million in theoperational area. To ensure regular supply ofimproved birds and sustain this intervention, ahatchery was established at the KVK, Banswarawith NAIP support.

Fig. 4.34: Introduction of ‘Nirbheek’ poultry

(iii) Backyard Poultry- A successful interventionin the hills of Kumaun region: In the hilly areaof Uttarakhand, the major problem faced in

Fig. 4.35: Modified poultry house

b) Brooding management: A hover like structurewas designed by using local material to maintainthe temperature for brooding during the first twoweeks. A long iron sheet of 3.05 m length and 0.9m wide was placed at one corner of the poultryhouse at a height of 0.45 m. Three bulbs of 200W were placed under the iron sheet at equaldistance. This provided heat to iron sheet andmaintained the temperature in the covered space(Fig. 4.36).Thus, light and heat were evenlydistributed. A kerosene stove was kept stand by

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to overcome power shut down or low voltage. Thechicks would go under the iron sheet and getheat and warmed up preventing mortality.

poultry rearing are major factors responsiblefor the success.

• The farmers have adopted the technologyin a large scale, and this technology hasseen horizontal transfer among differentstakeholders.

(iv) Low-cost poultry cages in Hoshiarpur:Specially designed poultry cages were fabricatedby utilizing the locally available raw materials likebamboo in the Hoshiarpur district. Each cagemeasuring 2.75mx1.5mx1.37m and costingaround s2,500-5,000 could house 35-40 adultlayer birds (Fig. 4.37). These cages could beinstalled anywhere including rooftop and therewas no need for any other infrastructure. Fourdemonstration units of bamboo made cageswere initiated with birds of the RIR breed. Eachunit had at least 50 birds. These birds startedlaying eggs at 19-20 weeks of age. Because ofthe coloured shell, each egg fetched s10 to thefarmers. Each farmer, on an average, earneds250 per day.

Fig. 4.36: Locally developed structure for broodingmanagement

c) Feeding management: Most of the rearing costin poultry is on feeding. In the hill areasavailability of proper and suitable feed is verydifficult. Hence, emphasis was laid on providingconventional feed found in sufficient quantity inthe surrounding area. The locally available feedincluded grasses especially Bichuu grass, wastefruits (pear), leafy vegetables, brinjal, ghingharoo (a wild fruit), pumpkin, sponge gourd,vegetable waste, etc. The area was highlyaffected with white grub insect. Insect traps wereprovided to the farmers and the trapped insectswere crushed and spread in the poultry house.Higher proteins from those trapped insectsaccelerated the growth rate of the poultry.

d) Successful outcomes:• Modifications in poultry house structure

provided protection to these birds from coldair and maintain the temperature inside.

• Brooding management provided a microenvironment that helped in reducedmortality of the chicks from 50 to 10 percent.

• By feeding management, cost was reduced.• The net profit went up to s5,000 per unit of

100 birds.• Introduction of poultry in hilly areas is a

good alternative for improving the livelihoodin a sustainable manner.

• Easy access to market, availability of healthservices, timely advise to households in

Fig. 4.37: Low-cost poultry cages - Punjab

(v) Introduction of chicken & duck in Jharkhand:Improved breeds like Divyayan Red, Vanaraja andGramapriya with very good scavenging habit andrequiring least management were introduced.These laid 125-150 eggs/ year, as compared to‘Desi’ birds (40-50 eggs) and attained 1.5 kg ofbody weight at 12-14 weeks against desi birdsattaining 900-1000 g body weight at the sameage. The Khakhi Campbell ducks introducedcontributed higher number of eggs in comparisonto desi ducks (Fig. 4.38). Thus, it improved thefamily income of the farmers by the sale of eggand meat. A total of 6,700 poultry birds were

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introduced among 670 families. By maintaining 8hens and 2 cocks, the farmer earned s4,540/family/annum, and by maintaining the samenumber of ducks the farmers also earned s1,650/family/annum.

against 10-12 kg for the local breed at the sameage. Price realized was s100/kg live weight.Thus, the Osmanabadi goats gave them betterreturns. A total of 1,353 households got benefittedby earning an annual income of s7,200 perhousehold.

Fig. 4.38: Introduction of improved breeds of chicks andducks- Jharkhand

(vi) CARI Model of backyard poultry and duckrearing in Orissa: In the adopted villages ofKeonjhar, Sambalpur and Mayurbhanj, 1,954households were selected for the CARI Model ofbackyard poultry rearing. The unit, comprising of22 numbers of day-old chicks (CARI Devendra)with initial feed for brooding period, feeder andwaterer including primary shelter were providedto the selected beneficiaries. Mass vaccinationof poultry and periodic vaccinations were madefor the prevention of Ranikhet disease and bettersurvival rate of the livestock. On an average, thefarmers earned s11,000/household/annum bythe sale of eggs and poultry meat, with anadditional annual employment of 90 man-daysper household, respectively.A unit of 20 day-old ducklings (Khaki Campbell:a native cross) with little feed and shelterprovision could be able to generate an averagenet income s11,000 for 1,015 households.

4.6.6.2 Interventions on goatery:(i) Goat Bank in Maharashtra: Six hundred and

thirty pure Osmanabadi goats were inducted forbreed improvement of the local non- descriptgoats. The goats were given to selectiveparticipants with an understanding that theywould give one female kid born, to the other non-recipient family for each goat they received, andthis cycle would go on (Fig. 4.39). The ‘GoatBank’ approach was adopted for sustainability.With proper management practices of feeding,deworming and weight monitoring, theOsmanabadi goats gained an approximateweight of 15-18 kg at the age of 12-15 months, as

Fig. 4.39: Establishing goat bank - Maharashtra

(ii) Successful Intervention in Raebareli andBarabanki: Base line survey revealed that thegoats found in the area were non-descript andless productive with milk yield range of 200-300ml/day. Most of the goat keepers had 3-6 goatswith an average flock size of 3.2 and 2.8 in theBarabanki and Raebareli districts, respectively.Space was highly inadequate and the mortalitywas high due to lack of health measures. Thegoat keepers were earning s800-1,500 per goat/annum, and sold their goat at the doorstep.Bucks were mostly castrated, as it can bemanaged easily in grazing and housing and gotbetter price.Four hundred and forty eight high potentialBarbari and Sirohi goats were provided to morethan 150 beneficiaries belonging to the landless,small and marginal categories to ensure theirlivelihood. Seventy four high quality breedingbucks of Barbari and Sirohi breeds wereprovided to farmers to improve the existing non-descript goats and were sensitized forsupplementary feeding and health care of thestock.Average mortality in young kids (up to 3 monthsof age) was 16.4 per cent; however, the mortalityin adult was 8.4 per cent. More than 90 per centgoats were sold for meat to the butchers.

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Average annual gross income from the non-descript goats under extensive managementsystem was s2,465 per goat. Overall, the incomeper Sirohi goat was s4,000 per year through thesale of milk and kids, and the net profit per goatwas s2,925, which was 28 per cent higher thanthe non-descript goats.

(iii) Integrated goat + vegetable / floriculture /millet farming: Annamalai Universitydemonstrated the technology, in the uplandclusters of backward districts of Tamil Nadu,involving goat rearing and penning. Traditionally,farmers reared goats exclusively on herbs andvegetation available on social and ranching sites.The farmers were trained under the project, torear goats, graze them on the weed vegetation(mostly perennial grasses like Cynodon dactylonand sedges like Cyperus rotundus) thatpredominate the cropped lands during the off-season. Simultaneously, collecting the goatmanure during the off-season and incorporatingthem for the crops (millets/ vegetables/ flowers)during the rainfed seasons complimented thecrop. This helped control of perennial weeds.However, these goats (reared @ 4/acre or 10/ha)were fed with tree loppings and other freely andeasily available forages during the croppingseason. Early sexual maturity, low age at firstkidding (10-14 months) and multiple kids in well-managed goats contributed for a rapid rise ingoat population. Hence, the farmers were trainedto sell the goats attaining the weight between 15and 20 kg after 18 months.

(iv) Breed improvement of goats in Rajasthan:The livelihood of landless and marginal farmers isdependent on goat rearing in four backwarddistricts of Rajasthan having a large number ofnon-descript desi goats. The income from goatsis low due to low productivity. Hence, 288 bucksof Sirohi breed were provided as communityinput for upgradation of the local breed. TheSirohi breed gives higher milk, faster weight gainand more twinnings (Fig. 4.40). More than 14,000

progenies of cross breed goats were seen in theproject area. In Jhadol cluster, 2,298 progenieswere reported from 16 breeding bucks. Farmersgot good income by the sale of Sirohi breedmales (s3,000-7,000 from 9 to 12 months oldmale). Within 2-3 years, maximum goats in theoperational area would have Sirohi breedcharacteristics. Farmers have started castrationof the local bucks. Further, 136 goat units (2goats + 2 kids) were provided to the landless/Below Poverty Line (BPL) families/ widows andthey got an average income ofs16,000 per year.

(v) Upgradation of local goats Karnataka: Fourhundred and eighty does and 240 bucks ofOsmanabadi breed were introduced to 24livelihood groups at the rate of 2 does permember and one buck per group in Bidar district(Fig. 4.41). The bucks were managed by thelivelihood group members on rotation basis.Thus, the 24 livelihood groups acted as focalbreeder groups for the Osmanabadi breed in thearea. So far, the focal breeder groups supplied480 Osmanabadi bucks to the other goat rearersto upgrade about 8,880 goats of 370 goat rearinghouseholds. It generated an income of s1,35,000for the 240 focal breeder group members ands40,000 for the rest of the goat rearers (372households).

Fig. 4.40: Breed improvement of goats - Rajasthan

Fig. 4.41: Upgradation of local goats - Karnataka

(vi) Integrated goat rearing management inBundelkhand: Nine hundred and nine highpotential and pure-bred goats (Sirohi andJakhrana) were provided to 364 poor farmersand farm-women in Mahoba and Hamirpurdistricts. Fifty two superior adult breeding bucks

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of Jakhrana, Sirohi and Bundelkhandi wereprovided to 51 beneficiaries of 16 villages toreplace the non-descript goat. More than 11,400goats were vaccinated and 10,300 weredewormed. Different types of goat feeder (80) fordifferent flock sizes were distributed to enhancethe supplementary feeding and wastage.Forty one low-cost goat shelters-cum-housewere designed and constructed for 41 poorpeople on cost sharing basis in seven villages ofthe area. Many adopted the models withmodification as per the available space andbudget. It was observed that morbiditydecreased by more than 35 per cent. Goathoused in human dwelling or with large ruminanthas also decreased by 12 and 7 per cent,respectively.Prophylactic measures and simple breeding(buck and pure-bred females), feeding (greenfodder and concentrate mixture @ 250 g/dayduring critical stages/ages/conditions) andpackage of management practices have made agreat impact on survival rate(>250%), weightgain (140%), and milk yield (>100%).Project beneficiaries earned an additionalincome of s18,300/annum over the baselinevalue. In addition, increase in body weight of kidsand milk yield and superior germplasm (progeny)of Jakhrana and Sirohi breed fetched better (15-20% more) price. Kidding interval and abortionrate also decreased by 20 and 50 per cent.These interventions provided 90 to 365 daysemployment to the households, with an averageof 182 days/annum.

(vii) Improved goat rearing in NEH region: A smallgoat demonstration unit was established with theaim of studying the adaptability at hilly agro-climatic region. Assam Hill goats (10 nos.) wereprocured @ s1,500/goat and maintained at low-cost bamboo house under semi-intensive system(Fig. 4.42). The goats were allowed for grazingduring day time and were given minimum home-made concentrate supplements. The survival ratewas 80 percent during the first year. Twelve kidsborn were retained till matured in 7-8 months.Later, six were sold in the market @ s2,000 peranimal and the farmers earned s12,000, andanother six each weighing 10.5 kg having amarket value s5,750/- were used for homeconsumption. Presently, the farmers are

maintaining a stock of 10 goats comprising 4each male and female and 2 kids worth s35,000.Thus, the total income was estimated ats62,750 and the net return was s42,750 in thespan of two years.

Fig. 4.42: Improved goat rearing - NEH region

(viii) Introduction of Beetal bucks in Jharkhand:Most of the farmers in the project area (Sahibganjand Pakur) keep Black Bengal desi goatssmaller in size and low meat producers. OneBeetal buck was introduced in each village of theproject area (Fig. 4.43). It was found that the bodyweight of the one year old crossbred kid (BlackBengal x Beetal) was higher (18-20 kg) incomparison to the Black Bengal kid (10-12 kg).This gave a direct gain of 6-8 kg meat fetching anadditional income of s7,280/annum.

Fig. 4.43: Introduction of Beetal bucks - Jharkhand

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4.6.6.3 Interventions on piggery:(i) Pig rearing in backward districts of Assam:

Pigs are key component in the farming system inKarbi Anglong and Kokrajhar districts and theyplay a major role in the rural livelihood. Samplefarmers in all the clusters of these districts usedlocal breed. Inbreeding depression in pigs wascommon in all the villages. The local sow wascrossed with a male Hampshire breed and itsuccessfully produced 14 improved piglets in twofurro wings. On an average, an additional incomeof s64,800 could be obtained through thisintervention. It has been reported by AFPRO,Guwahati that within a year of supplying of 925pigs, the first progeny of 900 crossbred pig hadalready been achieved.

(ii) Improved pig farming in NEH region: Sevenhouseholds and four SHGs were provided with55 crossbred piglets of Hampshire. Theintervention was found to be economically viable,as it increased the productivity of the animals upto 250 per cent. On an average, s13,500 wasobtained in each unit with an annual grossincome of s22,500. Among the targeted farmers,42 per cent were employed as pig farmersbecause of the intervention. Sixty per cent of thebeneficiaries and neighbours started adopting thetechnology, seeing the profitability andmarketability.

(iii) Introduction of improved breed of pigs inJharkhand: Desi pig rearing was a commonpractice among the tribal population, and itgenerally has slow growth rate, small litter sizeand prone to high incidence of skin diseases.Hence, the improved T&D breed of pig was

introduced in the project villages. Altogether, 373piglets were introduced to 93 households (Fig.4.44). The improved pigs attained a highergrowth rate (70-80 kg in six months); a larger littersize (8-10), and less skin disease compared todesi. A farmer could earn s13,330/annum bymaintaining two sows and one boar. Piggery wasmore profitable when the farmer had access tohotel waste or ability to reduce the cost offeeding. A unit of 3 piglets (2 sow + one boar)could be managed by a small/ marginal farmer.

(iv) Pig rearing in Hoshiarpur: Two younginnovative farmers of the village Koi startedpiggery after obtaining requisite know-how fromthe GADVASU, Ludhiana. They made sty withlocally available material (Bamboo, Sarkanda,etc). The pigs (sow-12 and boar-4) reared underthe guidance of the experts gained an averageweight of 64.26 kg in seven months (Fig. 4.45).All these pigs were kept on swill (kitchen waste).The local pigs gained about 50 kg of weightduring the same period when kept on swillfeeding. The improved management led toincrease in income by 28 per cent.

Fig. 4.44: Introduction of improved breed of pigs injharkhand

Fig. 4.45: Pig rearing - Hoshiarpur

4.6.6.4 Interventions on cattle: Cattle are anintegral part of the livelihood in the backward areas.However, not much attention has been paid to theproductivity of animals. Simple interventions brought avery visible change in the mindset and development ofthe area. Major interventions and their impact on thelivelihood are:(i) Mastitis control and development of

technology: Mastitis is a major threat to dairyventure, particularly when Friesian semen isused for germplasm improvement. The

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crossbreds with pendulous udder are more proneto the condition. The situation becomes seriouswhen the dairy unit is the major source oflivelihood and the animal develops mastitis eitherin one or all quarters. The standard treatment isparental antibiotic along with intra-mammaryinfusions. Cost of treatment is around s1,000and the milk restoration is only up to 60 per cent.The aetiology is diverse and in 70 per cent casesinfection enters through the teat canal. Themaximum prevalence is observed within the firstfortnight of calving.An effective, economical and simple technologywas developed to prevent and treat clinical andsub-clinical mastitis and was commercialized.The cost was drastically reduced and there wasno need for skill, as it was administered orally injaggery or bread. Many dairy units used to spendbetween s15,000 and over s90,000 on mastitistreatment and still some developed fibrosedudder. With the present formulation, theexpenditure was negligible and not a single caseof fibrosed udder was reported where there wasan incidence of 15-20% every year.

(ii) Infertility control: Infertility/anestrous is a majorproblem severely affecting the profitability ofdairy ventures. It results in prolonged inter-calving period and thus lesser number oflactations in its productive life. The commonremedies are area specific mineral mixture (15-20 days feeding), special supplements,commercially available estrogenic substancesfor inducing the estrous, hormonal interventionsas follicular stimulating hormone, GonadotrophinReleasing Hormone (GNRH), LuteinizingHormone (LH), prostaglandins and HumanChorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG); but the resultsare inconsistent and unsatisfactory. Keeping inview the lower success rate, two formulationsbased on new concept and research findingsunder the sub-project were developed. Thepresent formulation stimulated follicular andCorpus Luteum (CL) developments and thus,corrected the cycle in the body which may behelpful in the subsequent pregnancies and thecost is as low as mineral supplementation.More than 16,000 bovines were given the presentinterventions and were evaluated for the inter-calving period, improved calves borne and milk

production. The inter-calving period wassignificantly reduced compared to the base linesurvey of 27.7 months. The present formulationinduced the estrous through corpus luteum andfollicular development, besides checking therejection of pregnancies during the first month.Timely insemination, care and observing estrousimproved the inter-calving period. The total costof estrous induction in three subsequentpregnancies averaged around s80 perpregnancy that enhanced the number oflactations (around 55-60%) by 68 per cent.

(iii) Value chain on cattle development inbackward districts of Maharashtra: BAIF,Pune demonstrated the programme in fivebackward districts of Maharashtra. Interventionfor livestock development was an effort towardsimprovement of the genetic potential of thelivestock through systematic breeding andemphasis on improving the livestockmanagement capacities of the participantsthrough capacity building. Value chain-basedapproach was taken right from production to sale.Services for artificial insemination and preventivehealth services were provided at door-stepthrough Cattle Development Centres. Trainingswere provided on clean milk production, cleanshed, and fodder cultivation/demonstrations.Mineral mixture was provided to take care ofanimal nutrition and milking machines were alsoprovided to a few farmers. Two bulk milk coolerswere installed and linked with local dairies toassure the purchase of milk (Fig. 4.46).

Fig. 4.46: Bulk milk coolers – Maharashtra

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A feed mix unit consisting of a grinder and amixer was established at the local level to ensurequality feed for the cattle. It provided services forgrinding maize which was used as the major feedfor cattle. So far, it has ground 22,226 kg @s1.20 per kg, generating revenue of s25,187.Cattle feed was prepared by mixing maize, wheatbran, rice bran, cotton seed cake and tur chunialong with BAIF’s mineral mixture. Feed waspacked in bags of 45 kg and sold @ of s800 perbag. The milk yield of cows fed with the feedincreased by two liters. The feed mix facility wasinstrumental in strengthening the value chain onlivestock development, as well as a source ofincome for a people’s institution.Some of the major achievements were asfollows:

• Families benefitted from livestock developmentinterventions: 15,493.

• Improved calves born: 5,231.• Increase in workdays for crossbred cattle

rearing: 40/annum.• Estimated income from milk yield 1,600 litre

@s18/litre: s28,800, as against s7,000 from thelocal cow

• Asset creation: 2424 crossbred heifers @30,000/heifer: s7.27 crores.

• Milk marketing through bulk milk coolers: 3600litres per day.

(iv) Conservation of Deoni breed of cattle: Fourcluster-level community-managed AI Centreswere established in 2008-09 at each taluk as inBidar district to provide services for six villages ineach cluster to conserve the Deoni breed ofcattle and local non-descript cattle and dairyanimals. Two unemployed youth from clusterwere trained in AI service for three months andinitially served under the Assistant Director,Department of AH and VS for another threemonths. Later, they were allowed to work underVLCC as AI workers (Fig. 4.47). Guidelines wereprepared for the AI workers. Semen straw, LN2and other accessories were supported during theproject period, and later by the VLCC/KMF onMoU basis.These four community-managed AI Centresstarted functioning independently since inceptiongenerating 4206 progenies over the projectperiod, creating an asset value of more thans 90,000/- per household and increasing the milk

yield (346 litres/lacation) more than three timesand doubling the average income (s17000 /perlactation) in the terminal year. This has led to theestablishment of 13 Village Milk ProducerCooperative Societies (VMPCSs) in the project area.

Fig. 4.47: Conservation of Deoni breed of cattle – Bidar

(v) Supplementation of mineral mixture:Minerals are inorganic components present inthe animal feed. Although the feed ingredientsused in the preparation of the concentrate rationof dairy animals contain minerals, they are notsufficient to meet the needs of the animal. Hence,they are supposed to be added to theconcentrate ration of the animals in the form ofmineral mixture. Accordingly, it was supplied inthe packs of 1,250 g each. When the farmersrealized the importance of mineral mixture interms of increased milk yield and improved bodyweight, they started buying it in the packs of 5and 10 kg.

(vi) Supplementation of uromin licks (UMMB):Most of the dairy animals were raised onroughage diet in the sub-mountainous zone ofPunjab. Wheat straw, maize stovers, rice straw,and millet stalks constituted the bulk of drymatter. Supplementation of Urea Molasses Multi-nutrient Blocks (UMMB) in the diet proved a boonfor the animals in Kandi belt. The UMMB is abrick shaped lick of 3.00 kg providing slowreleasing urea nitrogen along with 16 essentialminerals (Fig. 4.48). The Uromin lick couldsupply 30-40 per cent of protein and more than 75per cent of the daily mineral needs of dairyanimals. Its regular use could improve thereproductive performance of the cattle with betterconception rate. The farmers were trained to

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prepare the UMMB at their own farm. It wasobserved that UMMB supplementation led to anincrease of 0.5 kg milk yield daily. (Fig. 4.48:Supplementation of uromin licks )

(viii) Improving fodder availability throughintroduction of improved varieties of foddercrops: Before the start of NAIP, farmers of Kandiregion (Hoshiarpur) were growing non-descript cultivars of fodder crops of maize andbajra in the Kharif season, and berseem and oatin the Rabi season. The yield was very low (130-150 q/acre). Seeds of improved varieties of foddercrops like maize (J-1006), millet (PCB 164)guinea grass (PGG 1), and stem cuttings ofNapier bajra hybrid (PBN-233) in the Kharifseason (Fig. 4.50), and berseem (BL 10 and BL42), oats (Kent) and rye grass (Punjab RyeGrass No. 1) in the Rabi season (Fig. 4.49) wereprovided to the beneficiary farmers under the sub-project. Farmers were apprised of variousproduction techniques of fodder production forimprovement in the yield and quality of greenfodder.

Fig. 4.48: Supplementation of uromin licks

(vi) Supplementation of complete-feed blocks:When the fodder availability is limited, the bestway to provide balanced ration to the milchanimals throughout the year is by using fodderhay to make complete feed bocks. It is acompact feed, easy to transport and store. Theseblocks improve the utilization of crop residues;increases milk production and reduces thedrudgery in animal feeding. The complete feedblocks were prepared by mixing 43.0 kg wheatstraw or paddy straw; 45.0 kg concentratemixture, 7.00 kg molasses, 0.50 kg urea, 0.50 kgsalt, 1.00 kg mineral mixture, and 0.30 kgcalcium oxide. Ten or fourteen kg mixture waspressed into a block-making-machine and packedin plastic bags (Fig. 4.49). It was fed directly to theanimal after removing the plastic bag.

Fig. 4.49: Complete feed block

Fig. 4.50: Introduction of improved varieties offodder crops

The green fodder availability per household perday increased from 0.41 to 4.36 kg in thesummer season and from 27.27 to 48.63 kg inthe rainy season. There was 18.1 per centincrease in the yield of maize fodder from 116quintals per acre to 137quintals per acre. Guineagrass provided 3-4 cuttings in irrigated and twocuttings in rain-fed conditions contributing to thegreen fodder yield of 75-100 quintals/ acre in eachcutting. An additional area of about 9.50 hectaresof fallow land was also brought under cultivation ofdifferent fodder crops.The introduction and demonstration of fodder like‘Sudan grass’ was taken up by the ICAR RCER,Patna. The farmers were provided with 10 kg of‘Sudan grass’ seeds. MPUAT, Udaipur providedquality nutritive fodder by introducing HYVs offodder like bajra (Rijka Bajari), lucerne andberseem in 627.7 ha area with 1,238 farmfamilies to cater to the needs of milch animals

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round the year. On an average, the farmersharvested 850 q/ha of green fodder. The mineralmixture given to 5,160 milch animals resulted inincreased milk yield by 400 - 450 ml/animal/day,giving an additional income of Rs. 100 - 250 permonth per animal. By this intervention,approximately 25 per cent saving of fodder wasreported by 1,860 mangers constructed for stallfeeding and preventing wastage. UAS, Raichurproduced 950 tons of fodder through introductionof improved varieties of fodder crops and savedmore than1,200 tonnes of fodder in terms ofwastage.IGFRI, Jhansi was successful in developing apasture in non-arable land covering an area of 65ha in Jhabua district. Average productivity offodder crops introduced by RSKVV, Gwalior was626-710 q/ha in berseem and that of oats was450-532 q/ha in different villages.

(ix) Fodder conservation through silage making:Most of the beneficiaries especially in Talwarablock used to feed maize stovers to their animalsduring winter. The stovers are not nutritious andare often deficient in vital nutrients. So, there wasan urgent need for the preservation of nutrientsfrom green forages available during the flushperiod, and make them available for feeding thelivestock during the lean period so that animalscould be sustained for profitable dairy farming.For small size of the dairy farms in the area, thetechnique of preparing silage in polybags wasdemonstrated (Fig. 4.51). Silage preparation inbags had advantages like less storage losses,better quality silage and lower cost (14-18%) incomparison with pit silage. In addition, the bagscould be sealed easily; harvesting could bespread over longer periods, making it ideal forsmall farms.

(x) Low-cost silage production in polybags andplastic drums: Smallholders in Chitradurgawere encouraged to make silage in polybags andplastic drums to ensure better feeding oflivestock even in lean months. Silage wasprepared, in limited quantities, by using the greenfodder cultivated by the farmers in polybags andplastic drums. As this technology was of low costand easy to practice, it readily gained popularityamong the farmers. Twelve smallholders haveadopted this technology. Usage of silageimproved the daily milk yield by half-a-litre peranimal, giving an extra income of s11.50 per dayper animal. Better feeding in lean monthsensured improved health status of the animals.

4.6.6.5 Aquaculture interventions:(i) Income generation through ornamental

fishery: Ornamental fishery was considered aviable option for additional income generation forwomen in Chitradurga district. Six SHGs wereinvolved in ornamental fish rearing. Exposurevisits and interaction with experienced farmersand the aquarium shops were organized by theUAS, Bangalore for the SHG women members.Women farmers in 40 SHGs were trained inornamental fisheries. Each farm women wasprovided with a circular cement tank of 500 litreswith a stocking density of 100 ornamentalfingerlings of varieties-Molly, Guppy and Swordtail with a survival rate of 85 per cent (Fig. 4.52).The farmers, on an average, incurred anexpenditure of s60 towards procuring thefingerlings and s60 towards the feed cost. Withina month and a half, the units fetched a grossreturn of s425 per tank (market price @ s5 per

Fig. 4.51: Fodder conservation through silage makingFig. 4.52: Ornamental fishery through SHG -Karnataka

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fish) fetching a net return of s305 per tank. Thebenefit: cost ratio worked out to 3.45:1. Overall,benefit from the sub-project (Rs.8883*80households*3 years) was s21.31 lakhs.

(ii) Income generation through aquaculture inMayurbhanj, Keonjhar and Sambalpur ofOrissa: Induced carp breeding throughinstallation of Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP)hatchery unit, semi-intensive carp poly culture inthe ponds, ornamental fish culture through FRPproduction unit in public private partnershipmode, seed rearing and integrated carp with duckfarming were introduced by CIFA, Bhubaneswarin the project area. The successfulimplementation has added to the income andemployment, as well as to the development ofnatural resources for better productivity in thevillage areas of the adopted cluster. The salientachievements included:

• Induced carp breeding is one of the proventechnology for successful breeding andspawning of carp seed through the establishmentof FRP carp hatcheries (Fig. 4.53). Twelve FRPhatcheries, each having the capacity to produce10 lakhs spawn per operation were installed inthe villages for the enhancement of productionand availability of quality carp seed in the region.In all, 365 lakhs spawn were produced, with anincome of s10,000 per cycle/household. Seventynine farmers benefitted through this intervention.The technology generated 90 man-days ofemployment for the adopting farm families in therural and tribal villages.

• As a completely new intervention, theornamental fish breeding and culture is aninnovative technology attractive to the women

group in the rural areas. Over 20 lakhs ofornamental livebearers such as Guppy, Molly,Sword tail, Platy, Rosy barb, etc., were producedthrough installation of 30 FRP production units inthe adopted rural and tribal villages.

The technology was implemented in public-private partnership mode involving 264 farmersin 24 SHGs including 18 women SHGs and 6individual units in the breeding, rearing andselling of ornamental fishes (Fig. 4.54). Thetechnology could generate an income of Rs.70,650/unit/2cycles in 8 months. “Buy a fish-save a family” concept enhanced the sale ofornamental fish in the locality.

Fig. 4.53: Induced carp breeding

Fig. 4.54: Ornamental fish breeding and culture

• Scientific carp poly culture was adopted by1,656 farmers in 150 ha water area forenhancement of pond productivity, as well as forenhancing the income for the farmers. Thetechnology could generate 100 man-days for theadopting farm families, with an averageproductivity 2.38 t/ha/annum and generated anaverage income of s22,250/household/annum.

• Integrated fish cum duck farming, a totallynew venture in the project area was adopted in20.2 ha water area by 137 farm families for theintensification of farming and enhancement ofincome. Improved breeds of duck (cross ofindigenous Kendrapada and Khaki Campbellvariety) were provided. The farming couldgenerate an average income of s30,000/household/annum from the fish and s11,000/household/annum from the duck (meat andeggs). It also generated an additionalemployment of 125 man-days for the farmfamilies.

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(iii) Income generation through aquaculture inSamastipur: The ICAR RCER, Patna reportedthat three pen enclosure using HDPE net andbamboo poles were fabricated and installed inthe Chaur area for raising fry to advancedfingerling stage for stocking in the open water. Aportable eco-hatchery was established on thebank of the water body to cater to the seedrequirement. Three hectare Mann at Kalwara ofRosera block having 52 beneficiaries wasconverted into fish pond and other three hectareland on the upper side of pond was used for IFS.This model resulted in a net income ofs2,10,000, which showed 700 per cent increasein income. Employment generated in man-dayswas 160 by fishing and 200 by the construction ofdam.

(iv) Ornamental fish culture in Rajasthan:Ornamental fish breeding and culture could be apotential source of employment and additionalincome to women. The sub-project created thispossibility by establishing ornamental fishbreeding and rearing unit at the KVK inBanswara for demonstration and training. Theunit consisted of a pucca shed with 40 FRP tanksand an aquarium. Hands-on trainings wereorganized and technical support was provided topotential entrepreneurs. In order to encourageand provide them self-confidence, farmer groupswere formed and FRP tanks were given to them.Women groups established units in theirbackyard and used to work collectively.For the first time, three ornamental fish salecounters were established in Banswara.Members of the women group have establishedlinkages with these retail outlets for the supply ofornamental fish reared by them. Fabrication ofglass aquaria has also been started by thesewomen. Income through ornamental fish culturewas in the range of s1,000-1,500/month. Theincome was doubled when fabrication and sale ofaquaria and maintenance was also undertaken.

(v) Fish processing and value addition inRajasthan: A well-designed processing unit forpre-processing activities, packaging and valueaddition, with modular kitchen equipped withrefrigerator, freezer (-200C), kheema makingmachine, fish dressing tables, etc. wasestablished at the KVK in Banswara. Hands-onexperiential trainings on fish processing and

preparation of products such as pickle, chakli,papad, cutlet, etc. (Fig. 4.55) were imparted totribal groups (122 beneficiaries) from 11 NAIPvillages and Banswara town.

Fig. 4.55: Fish processing and value addition

(vi) Pond-based farming system:• Integrated makhana - fish - singhara system:

Traditionally, makhana is grown as a sole crop inDarbhanga district in Bihar, and the water bodyfor the makhana crop is utilized only for sevenmonths. By integrating makhana with fish andwater chestnut, these water bodies could beused throughout the year. This innovation wastried in an area of 50 hectares with 96beneficiaries in the Darbhanga Sadar Block (Fig.4.56). The integration of fish with the aquaticcommercial crops, i.e. makhana (Euryale feroxSalisb.) and water chestnut (Trapabi spinosaNatans.) enhanced the income and alsogenerated employment.

Fig. 4.56: Integrated makhana-fish singhara system

• The outcome of the intervention revealed thatmakhana as a primary crop gave a total net profitof s7,90,636 with an employment generation of9,437 man-days per year. The fish as asecondary crop integrated in makhana pondsoffered an additional net income of s4,65,677with an employment generation of 889 man-daysper year, whereas the water chest nut taken as atertiary crop generated an additional net incomeof s25,010 with an employment generation of 335man-days per year.

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• Integrated aquaculture-horticulture system:Integrated pond-based system was demonstratedby the ICAR RC NEH Region in the fields of 23farmers under the project covering 3.25 ha waterarea for aquaculture activitiesand 6.24 ha landarea for horticulture practices. After theintervention, the economic status of the farmerswas enhanced by the increase in productivity(Table 4.3).

module, out of which 0.27, 0.03, 0.13 ha wasallocated for rice, fish pond and vegetables,respectively (Fig. 4.57). The fish were cultivatedboth in the rice field and in the pond. Thevegetable cultivation was practiced on the dykessurrounding the pond area. The householdsparticipating increased from 86 to 479, areacovered increased from 10.98 ha to 253.87 haand the net income from s6,100/- to s31,800/-.

• Pig-fish-vegetable farming system: Anintegrated ‘Pig-Fish-Horticulture’ model,released by the AAU, Jorhat involving two sows ofindigenous breed and one exotic boar(Hampshire) along with homestead pond of 450sq.m, was demonstrated in Lakhimpur, KarbiAnglong and Kokrajhar. Two months old pigletswere reared for six months. Thus, two batches ofpigs were reared in integration with one batch offish in a year. Fertilized pond water enriched withblue-green algae due to addition of pig sty sludgewas used for irrigating horticultural crops such asokra in the Kharif season and cabbage in theRabi season cultivated inthe marginal areameasuring 1000 sq.m on the bank. Fish specieslike Catla, Rohu, Mrigal, Grass Carp and SilverCarp were released in the ponds @ 8,888numbers/ha. Semi-permanent pig-sty wasconstructed on the pond embankment (Fig.4.58). The sludge of the sty flew to the fish pond

Table 4.3: Productivity of aquaculture – horticulture system

Item Before One Year Two YearsInter- After After

vention Inter- Inter-vention vention

Fishery 640 1204 2600(kg ha-1 y-1)

Fishery 51250 96350 208000(Rha-1 y-1)

Horticulture 625 980 1625(kg ha-1 y-1)

Horticulture 6250 9675 19500(Rha-1 y-1)

• Agriculture – aquaculture – horticulturesystem: AFPRO, Guwahati introduced rice-fish-horticulture model to the farming community inthe Dhemaji district of Assam. This scientificapproach of farming was introduced with theexisting pond (after renovation/reclamation) withHYV of rice in the main field, followed byhorticulture crops like cabbage, cauliflower,knolkhol, brinjal, okra, potato, and french bean.This technology was adopted not only by thefarmers already having the pond but by otherfarmers by excavation of new pond. The unitarea of 0.43 ha was considered suitable for this

Fig. 4.57: Agriculture – aquaculture – horticulturesystem - Assam

Fig. 4.58: Pig - fish vegetable farming system - Jorhat

when flushed during washing of the pigs. Amechanism was devised in the drain forcontrolling the flow of pig sludge to preventdeterioration of water quality in the fish pond.While intensive care in terms of feed and health

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was taken for pigs, the fishes were not given anyadditional feed or extraneous fertilizers. Pigsludge was recycled for fulfilling the feedrequirement of fish.With this technical intervention, farmers wereable to produce 14 piglets (in two furrowings peryear) compared to 9 from baseline value.Farmers were also able to produce 2.80 tons offish, 2.50 tons of cabbage and 2.40 tons of okraper hectare of land. The integrated pig-fish-vegetable system resulted in an income ofs1,33,025, with a benefit:cost ratio of 3.5:1 andextra labour of 159 man-days, as against anincome of s19,200, with a benefit:cost ratio of1.4:1 and extra labour of 45 man-days under thetraditional piggery.

• Animal - aquaculture - horticulture model:Livestock rearing, specially piggery andbackyard poultry, is a part and parcel of thelivelihood activity of farmers in the tribaldominated Dhemaji district of Assam. As per thebaseline survey, income from livestock per yearper household was s8,540 and s9,420 forpoultry and piggery, respectively. As a part of theNAIP, the AFPRO, Guwahati had introduced IFSwith three sub-activity based modules such asPoultry-Fish-Horticulture and Dairy-Fish-Horticulture. Adoption of any module was basedon farmers’ choice and its feasibility. This IFSmodule was introduced with improved pig breedslike Ghongroo and Black Hampshire and thepoultry breed Kroiler. A suitable unit area of IFSmodule was 0.26 ha in which pond of 0.045 hawater surface area was integrated with livestockunit area of 0.04 ha to 0.06 ha (poultry or piggery,respectively) for recycling of animal waste asfeeds and fodder was produced to reduce theinput cost. Seasonal vegetables like cabbage,bean, gourd, etc. were also cultivated in an areaof 0.10 ha. Some parts of animal waste andfertilized pond water were also utilized to enrichthe soil fertility in the cultivated area. The poultry-fish-horticulture system yielded a net income ofs28,560 against s8,540 in traditional farmingand the respective figures for pig-fish-horticulturesystem was s30,992 and s9,420.

• Pig-fish integrated farming system in NEHregion: Pig-fish integrated farming system is oneof the most popular farming systems in NorthEast. Considering the availability of pig and water

body at the farm, pig-fish integration wasintroduced in one of the farmers’ field by the ICARRC NEH Region. About 200 sq meter of low landarea was renovated and used for fish rearing, anda small low-cost pig sty was built at the upperbund of fish pond (Fig. 4.59). About 500 fishfingerlings @s2 per fingerling of Rohu, Catla andGrass Carp were released into the pond, and twopigs of 2 months old Ghongroo breed @s1,800per pig were procured. The total expenditure wass5,000 including the cost of fingerlings, pig andtransportation. In this system, supplementaryfeeding was not provided for fish culture and pigswere maintained under low-input system withlocally available tree leaves, grasses and grainresidues from the farm. Fishes were harvestedand the total catch was 25 kg. The farmersearned a net income of s11,150 from the pig-fishintegrated unit.

Fig. 4.59: Pig - fish integrated farming system - NEH

• Integrated rice-fish-poultry: An innovative modeof integrating fish culture and poultry rearing wasdesigned and demonstrated by the AnnamalaiUniversity to enhance the income of rice growersin the backward districts of Tamil Nadu. Fish polyculture was taken up in trenches (1*0.5m)running along the border of rice fields occupying10 per cent rice area and broiler birds housed incages installed in the rice field. The bottom of thecages were made of wire mesh (0.5 sq. inch) soas to leave the broiler waste, straight to the ricefield wherein a 5 cm water column wasmaintained, allowing the poultry waste to getdissolved and to serve both as manure to the fieldas well as feed for the fishes (Fig. 4.60). Catla,Rohu, Mrigal, Common Carp and Grass Carp inequal proportion with a stocking density of 2000fingerlings per ha was used. The fishes were ableto swim in the rice field and feed on the pests andweeds.

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The net income obtained through the adoption ofRice + Fish+ Poultry farming was s31,200,26,100 and 17,300 per household (200 sq.m) peryear, respectively.

vegetables (French bean, chilli and knolkhol)were cultivated in the rice field to utilize the fieldenriched by the fish.With this technical intervention, farmers wereable to produce 4.62 t/ha of rice, as compared to2.97 t/ha (baseline value) from the monoculturerice. In addition, they got 1.52 q/ha fish. Farmerswere also able to produce French bean, knolkholand chilli @ 4.51, 5.45 and3.52 t/ha, respectively.The IFS of Rice-Fish-Vegetable resulted in agross income of s38,600, benefit: cost ratio of3.06:1 and extra labour of 60 man-days asagainst the traditional method of ricemonocropping (income of s6,660, benefit: costratio of 1.44:1 and extra labour of 14 man-days).

• Enhancement of livelihood security throughintegrated fish farming in polytanks:Traditionally, earthen and cemented tanks areused for carp culture. While the earthen tanks arenot very successful due to water loss, thecemented tanks are expensive and not suitablefor fish culture due to poor water quality and lowproductivity. Poly-film lined pond retains waterround the year and provides good environment forcomposite fish culture (Fig. 4.61). Three clustersof the villages viz., Dharauj, Gamod-Makot andMudyani in Champawat district were selected byAAU, Jorhat covering 33 beneficiaries and anarea more than 3000 cu.m. The tanks werestocked with the fingerlings of Silver Carp, GrassCarp and Common Carp with a recommendedrate of 3/cu.m in a ratio of 30, 30 and 40 per cent,respectively. Fish produced in these ploy-linedtanks gave higher income to the farmers ascompared to the earthen tanks. Fish wasintegrated with onion, tomato and cabbage for theyear round vegetable production. Net incomefrom fish production per cu.m of water was

Fig. 4.60: Integrated rice-fish-poultry – Tamil Nadu

The striking success of this farming systemhas made 392 other farmers (other than the 838identified development partners) to adopt this intheir holdings. Further, 12 of the identifieddevelopment partners have extended thetechnology from the project supported 200 sq. Marea to half an acre (2000 sq.m) of their holdings.The State Planning Commission of Tamil Naduhas accepted the technology for upscalingthroughout the state. The State AgricultureDepartment also has started sending batches of50 farmers, for training through its ATMA schemeand so far six batches have been trained.

• Integrated rice-fish-vegetable farming systemmodule: Integrated rice-fish farming wasdemonstrated in the main rice field followed byvegetable crops viz., French bean, chilli andknolkhol in a total area of 160 ha to improve theincome of resource-poor farmers practicingmonocropping of rice in the remotely locatedLakhimpur, Kokrajhar and Karbi Anglongdistricts. A unit area of 2,600 sq.m was put underthis module for each selected beneficiary. Sixhundred beneficiaries were selected from sixclusters per year. Major emphasis was given toreplace the existing low yielding local ricevarieties with HYVs like Ranjit, Gitesh, Jalashreeand Jalkunwari depending upon the riceecosystem. Trenches were made on the sides ofrice field to a depth of 0.6 m and 0.6 m width toaccommodate the fish species (Rohu, Mrigal,Catla, Common Carp and Silver Carp) at therecommended rate of 400 fingerlings per 2,600sq.m. After harvesting of the rice crop, Fig. 4.61: Integrated fish farming in polytanks

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reported as s76.50. Besides, vegetables providedadditional source of nutrition and income.

4.6.7 Farm mechanization and value addition

Farm mechanization and post-harvesttechnology were successfully demonstrated forlivelihood improvement by various consortia. Capacitybuilding for proper selection and use of farm machineswere extensively provided. Village level artisans forfabrication and repair of farm machines and serviceproviders for operating machinery like laser levellerswere trained. A custom hiring centre was establishedby the OUAT, Bhubaneswar. Improved hand toolswere provided, particularly to rural women, fordrudgery reduction in day-to-day activities.

4.6.7.1 Introduction of multicrop thresher (10HP) and power sprayer in Bidar district: UAS,Raichur introduced multicrop threshers (10 HP) andpower sprayers for income generation in Bidar districtof Karnataka. It helped in:• Increasing the employment opportunity by 180

man-days/year to 240 members;• Increasing the average income to Rs. 20,700 to

32,050/month/group (during the season);• Making accessibility to mechanical threshing

easy for the farming community; and• Reducing the migration by 25 per cent.

4.6.7.2 Introduction of power tiller, pumpsand power sprayer in backward districts of Orissa:Considering the non-affordability of small and marginalfarmers to purchase costly farm implements, theconcept of Custom Hiring Centre (CHC) was adoptedby the OUAT, Bhubaneswar. One CHC in each clusterwas established and strengthened with variousmachineries. The Centre provided services ataffordable price for timely execution of farmoperations. The machineries were operated by youngtrained farmers. Twenty operators have beenthoroughly trained to operate the power tillers in sixdifferent clusters.

The cultivated area of the participating farmers inall the six clusters increased by 41.82 ha (32 per cent)during both the Kharif and Rabi seasons due to theuse of power tillers, as compared to the use ofbullock-drawn implements. Cropping intensity in thesix clusters has increased by 18 per cent, ascompared to traditional farming, due to cultivation bypower-tiller, and irrigation by multi-fuel pump sets andtreadle pumps.

4.6.7.3 Introduction of power tiller, pumpsand power sprayer in the Dhemaji district: AFPRO,Guwahati assisted in establishing three power tillers,13 pumpsets and 15 sprayers units for custom hiringin the Dhemaji district of Assam, and covered 815 halogging 1935 hours.

4.6.7.4 Introduction of power tillers in North –West Himalayas: Due to undulating terraces andsmall size fields in the Chamba district, bullocks areused for cultivation and other farm activities. But dueto the scarcity of fodder, it has become difficult tosustain this system. Hence, two power tillers wereintroduced in two different clusters for the first time inthe area as an alternative power source (Fig. 4.62). Inthe Chamba Cluster, it was observed that the totaltime devoted for field preparation was 1,583 hoursand the net earning was s2,81,970.Similarly, thefarmers earned a net income of s4,70,842(3360 hrs),respectively in the Sihunta and Chamba clusters.

In Dharonj cluster, power tillers weredemonstrated and made available to the farmers onhiring basis (s300/day + diesel). During the Rabi 2010and 2011, 36 days were devoted for field preparationbefore the sowing of various crops viz., wheat, peaand lentil and transplanting of onion in the cluster. Itwas observed that introduction of power tiller reducedtime and cost for the farmer in field preparation andthus improving the farmer’s income (Table 4.4).

Fig. 4.62: Introduction of power tillers - Himalayas

Performance Parameter Bullock Power Tiller

Man-days 144 36

Hiring charges/ day (in R) 400 500

Total expenditure (in R) 57600 18000

Monetary Saving (in R) — 39600

Table 4.4: Income generation using power tiller in Dharonj cluster

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4.6.7.5 Laser land levelling in Mewat districtof Haryana: Laser Land Levelling (LLL) is a veryeffective technology and has attracted the attention offarmers as well as development agencies of theMewat district. CCS HAU, Hisar undertook laserleveling in of 518 acres (Fig. 4.63). There was 5.3 percent increase in cultivated land by adopting the laserleveller. Increase in the income due to growing bajraafter the LLL was estimated at s10,565/ha along with32.2 per cent saving of water.

with a net return of s11.33 lakhs and a benefit:cost ratio of 2.40:1.

Fig. 4.63: Laser land levelling - Haryana

Fig. 4.64: Areca leaf plate making - Karnataka

(ii) Arecanut slicing machine: Areca slicing neededan initial investment of s36,000, and was found togenerate an additional employment of 96 women-days per annum. Using this machine, the totalcost incurred in slicing 48 quintals of raw arecawas s7.05 lakhs per annum, while the gross andnet returns were s9.07 lakhs ands2.02 lakhs, respectively and the benefit: costratio was 1.28:1.

(iii) Arecanut chipping machine: Areca chippingneeded an initial investment of s36,000 and wasfound to generate an additional employment of 96women-days per annum. The total cost ofchipping 48 quintals of raw areca was s7.05lakhs per annum, while the gross and net returnswere s8.47 lakhs and s1.41 lakhs, respectivelyand the benefit: cost ratio was 1.20:1.

4.6.8.3 Starch extraction from tuber crops:The manual process of starch extraction from arrowroots involves much drudgery to extractors. Hence,three mobile starch extraction machines wereinstalled in the project in Orissa. The starch recoverywas 5-6 per cent higher than traditional methods alongwith crushing efficiency of 20 kg/hour.

Through these starch extraction machines17,250 kg tubers of arrowroot and cassava werecrushed and 2,500 kg starch was extracted and soldto KASAM, NGO at Phulbani. Around 800 kg morestarch valued at s80,000 was recovered due to theuse of machine apart from the reduction of drudgery.

4.6.8.4 Leaf plate making machines inGodda: Sal leaves are available in plenty in Goddadistrict. Traditionally, the leaves are used for makingplates manually generating low output and income.Hence, leaf plate making machines were introduced inthe Godda district. Seventeen machines, each

4.6.8 Post harvest technology and value addition

4.6.8.1 Agro processing unit for livelihoodimprovement in Bidar: Participatory rural appraisaland baseline survey of the adopted villages indicatedthat the processing and value addition of pulses wasalmost zero. Hence, livelihood improvement of thebeneficiaries was considered through theestablishment of a Rural Agro Processing Centre. Awoman SHG, “Santoshi Mata Food ProcessingGroup” consisting of 10 members formed introducedMini dal mill, Vermicelli machine, Chilli poundingmachine, and Flour mill. The farm women, earlier dailylabourers, could now earn R35,800/month during theseason.

4.6.8.2 Areca processing units in Chitradurgadistrict by UAS, Bangalore:(i) Areca leaf plate making: The areca leaf plate

making machine, a relatively capital intensiveactivity,required an initial investment ofs3,00,000 on machinery (Fig. 4.64). The sub-project generated an additional employment of1,800 women-days per annum to the ruralwomen. The annual gross return from the activitywas s19.44 lakhs from 8.64 lakhs leaf platesproduced, while the annual cost was s8.39 lakhs

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costing s17,000 and an average capacity of making500 leaf plates/day, were provided to the beneficiariesin SHG group mode (Fig. 4.65). They earned s60 per100 pieces, as compared to s20 per 100 piecesearned earlier. Net income from each machineworked out to s0.68 lakh per year. The capacitybuilding and market linkage (with an NGO ESAF,Dumka) enabled them to diversify their products,wherein raw material requirement would be less andprice of the plates would be high. Such a linkagehelped the Mohali communities of Godda to earns7,800/household per year.

4.6.8.7 Turmeric production and processingat Saiha in Mizoram: Turmeric cultivation waspromoted at Siaha in a value chain approach. An areaof 140 ha was covered under turmeric cultivationinvolving 148 households. Turmeric productivity was9.6 t/ha/annum. A turmeric processing unit wasestablished to boost value addition to the locallyproduced turmeric (Fig. 4.66). Three SHGs (32members) in Saiha district were involved in turmericprocessing. Four hundred kg of dried turmeric wasprocessed per month and sold @ s10/100g packet.

Fig. 4.65: Mechanized leaf plate making -Jharkhand

4.6.8.5 Primary processing of rice in Assam:AFPRO, Guwahati introduced 19 rice mills in Dhemajidistrict of Assam for primary processing of rice. Asestimated, these machines were used for milling 5.3lakhs kg of paddy/year. The estimated gross incomewas s5.3 lakhs per year.

4.6.8.6 Primary processing and trade oftamarind: A large quantity of tamarind is collected bythe community and sold raw to middlemen at a verylow price of s7/ kg in the Bastar region. It was decidedto assign the process of collection, procurement andprocessing to different groups. These groupsorganized the entire chain of activities with the help ofvillagers and distributed the profit to the stakeholders.On an average, each family of the collection groupobtained s8,200. The procurement group earned aprofit of s48,000 per group selling to the processinggroup. The two processing groups processed 1,700 qof tamarind and earned a profit of s27,000 per group. Atotal of s3.4 lakhs was distributed to 92 familiesinvolved in processing and 4,350 man-days ofemployment was generated.

Fig. 4.66: Turmeric production and processing – Mizoram

4.6.8.8 Large cardamom curing at NorthSikkim: Large cardamom plantation is common inNorth Sikkim area. The traditional bhatti for curing ofcardamom is inefficient. Curing is completed throughimproved bhatti by indirect heating process at atemperature of 50 + 5 0C in the Indian CardamomResearch Institute (ICRI), Gangtok. The cured productretained high oil content with attractive aroma, flavourand colour not possible in the direct heating processin traditional bhatti.

Hence, 30 units of the ICRI improved bhatti wereintroduced in the area (Fig. 4.67). The cost ofinstalling the ICRI bhatti was around s28,000, with anexpected life span of 10 years. Besides, curedcapsules fetched higher price of around s50 to 100 perkg in the auction market which was conducted by theNARAMAC, Government of India with the help ofSpices Board (Marketing). Around 100 farmers werebenefited from the ICRI improved bhatti.

Fig. 4.67: Cardamom curing - North Sikkim

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4.6.8.9 Bamboo handicraft: Bamboo craft wasconsidered a viable option for enhanced livelihood inthe Godda district. The intervention was introduced to130 beneficiaries in the district. Prior to theintervention, they were producing only 1-2 pieces ofbasket, and were earning an income of s40/day.Capacity building of the beneficiaries was done andthe simple tools were provided.

Items like round box set, oval box set, hanginglamps, floor vase, pen stand, chocolate box set, dustbin, laundry bin, fine bamboo mats, etc. wereprepared by these beneficiaries (Fig. 4.68). A markettie-up with ESAF, Dumka was developed for sale ofthese items. The average income per farmer permonth was estimated as s2,800. District authoritiessanctioned one shed for the SHG members of thisactivity to promote their livelihood.

project area, tasar sericulture was introduced with theobjective of generating employment opportunities atthe local level (Fig. 4.69). The focused activities wereproduction of quality disease-free laying, rearing ofworms and reeling linked to the local weavingcommunity. The fabric was marketed through theBAIF.

Fig. 4.68: Bamboo handicrafts

4.6.8.10 Introduction of storage bins: Storagebins were introduced by several consortia for thestorage of grain and seed. This intervention was highlyadopted by the farmers wherever introduced. Theestimated saving of grain as given by the MPUAT,Udaipur and AFPRO, Guwahati is given in thetable 4.5.

Lead Center Units Remarks

MPUAT, 10,700 Saved 21,400 q; savings ofUdaipur grain per year worth R32 lakhs

AFPRO, 110 11 tons of seed were savedGuwahati from flood

Table 4.5: Magnitude of grain saving by storage bins

Fig. 4.69: Tasar sericulture - Maharashtra

Fig. 4.70: Lac cultivation on Palas and Ber - Jharkhand

4.6.8.11 Tasar sericulture-A sustainableoption for livelihood: Gadchiroli district is rich innatural resources with 78 per cent forest cover.Considering the vast forest potential available in the

The intervention benefitted 256 BPL families asan additional source of livelihood. It providedemployment for 120 days and generated an income ofs8,000. About 100 acres of forest were conserved bythe participant families. These activities were takenduring the post-rainy season when they migrate afterthe Kharif crop, and none of the participants migratedto nearby cities in search of work. The programmewas expanded to four blocks of Gadchiroli andChandrapur districts.

4.6.8.12 Lac cultivation for livelihoodimprovement: The palas and ber trees, found inabundance in the project in Dumka and Jamtaradistricts in Jharkhand, are generally cut for use asfuel. Farmers were educated to use these trees for laccultivation, which could fetch extra income from theunused trees. The trees located on the border of rice

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fields were also utilized successfully for lacproduction without any adverse effect on paddy. Morethan 10,100 palas trees were inoculated in all theadopted villages with brood lac by the farmers (Fig.4.70). An income of around s8.57 lakhs wasgenerated by 148 households. Besides, it alsogenerated 2,300 man-days of employment. During thethree consecutive droughts since 2009, the adoptersdid not migrate in search of livelihood.

In the Betul district on Madhya Pradesh, 100farmers were selected for lac cultivation and about2,000 palas trees were inoculated by Rangeni lacinsect. The farmers got an additional net income ofs6,200 per plant, which was earned during extra timeby the family members.

4.6.8.13 Income generation through ropemaking - A success story: Farmers supplementedtheir income by making ropes from the locallyavailable grasses like Babbar, Munj and lemon grass.They used to make about 2-4 kg of rope in a day byusing locally made hand-operated wooden machineknown as Killi. The ropes were marketed through localtraders @ s40/kg for Munj rope and s25/kg for Babbargrass rope. The farmers could earn up to a maximumof s2,400 per month.

Twenty foot-operated “Rope Making Machines”were provided by GADVASU, Ludhiana in the projectarea (Fig. 4.71). Though these machines were footoperated, they could be made to run on electric motoras well. These machines could be easily operated bywomen as well as old people, as these wereergonomically designed. These were sturdyand required minimum maintenance. Their cost wasquite low (s4,500 per machine). These were easilyaccepted by the beneficiary farmers who startedmaking 7-8 kg of superior quality rope in one day, or210-240 kg of rope per month.

This innovation generated an additional income ofs2,400 per month per family. The ropes were usually

sold in the local market where they were used formaking cots. The persons who were engaged in cotmaking also earned handsome income.

4.6.8.14 Pickle making from jackfruit andother underutilized NTFPs: Jackfruit trees are foundin abundance in and around the forest areas of thevillages selected in the Godda district of Jharkhand.Each tree yields about 70 to 90 kg of fruits and peopleeither consume or sell them in the market at throw-away prices. The areas with high concentration ofjackfruit were identified and their value addition wasintroduced by making pickles for commercialization.One hundred and seventeen members of nine SHGswere involved in pickle making from jackfruit and otherfruits available in the forest areas. The members wereprovided training on processing and preservation of thejackfruit and other NTFPs for pickle making.Marketing tie-ups were explored. About 1.95 tons ofthe pickle was prepared with an estimated sale priceof Rs. 1.17 lakhs. The promoted brand for sale of theproduct is “Yogini”(Fig. 4.72).

Fig. 4.71: Mechanized rope making from local grasses

Fig. 4.72: Pickle making from underutilizedNTFPs – Jharkhand

4.6.8.15 Modified pit loom for enhancedincome: The rural women in the Sripur village of ItaharBlock, Uttar Dinajpur produce “dhokra” (a coarsefabric used as bedcover, curtain and other domesticpurposes) by weaving jute hand spun yarns in anoutdated weaving system, a time consuminglaborious process. They sell the “dhokra” in localmarket at a price of s 200-300/-. Modified pit loom(handloom) is generally used to produce improvedquality of fabric of different varieties. Ten hand loomswere set-up in four sheds and thirty days training onoperation was conducted for the women. A net incomeof s60 was obtained by the use of modified pit loom,as against an income of s20/- obtained by thetraditional system. A comparative study for operationof two looms by one operator is Table 4.6.

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4.6.8.16 Mushroom production - Wideadoption for livelihood:(i) Paddy straw mushroom cultivation:

Mushroom cultivation is a low-cost and short-duration enterprise for upliftment of rural livelihoodincluding farm women and SHGs. Rice-basedcropping system is the predominant productionsystem in Orissa. Enough straw is available formushroom production. The climate is alsocongenial for growing paddy straw mushroomduring the Kharif (8 months) and Oyster (Dhingri)mushroom during the Rabi (4 months) seasons.The Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) wasutilized for preparing vermicompost. Eighteenmushroom sheds were constructed (Fig. 4.73).Each shed had a capacity to accommodate 120paddy straw mushroom beds and 225 oysterbags.

bed/bag. One spawn unit per cluster wasestablished for regular availability of qualityspawn materials for sustainable mushroomproduction. These units produced 28,800 spawnbottles (paddy straw 19,200 + oyster 9,600).This resulted in horizontal expansion andproduction of fruiting bodies amounting to 34.5tons (paddy straw 18.2 tons + oyster 16.3 tons).

(ii) Improving nutritional status throughmushroom production: This intervention wassuccessfully demonstrated in Champawat(Uttarakhand), Chamba (Himachal Pradesh) andKupwara (Jammu &Kashmir) districts by VPKAS,Almora. It resulted in an average income ofs4,800 to 309 farm families with 8-10 daysemployment per year. The estimated productionand gross income was 247 q and s18,52,500respectively.

(iii) Oyster mushroom cultivation: Mushroomcultivation has become popular both in theproject villages, as well as in the non-projectvillages after getting trained by the successfulfarm women of the project villages. One hundredand seventy seven farm women were engaged inmushroom production either individually or in agroup. The input cost was s24 for three bundlesof mushroom spawn and the return was s200/bundle.One hundred and twenty eight tribal womenfarmers were engaged in oyster mushroomcultivation in the project villages (4.74). Theyharvested 1-2 kg per bag and the produce wassold @ s80-120 per kg. It was found thatmushroom production was more on wheat strawthan on paddy straw. Twelve women of GulabBaha SHG of Karela village of Jama block inDumka district produced a maximum of 678.85kg oyster mushroom from 446 inoculated bags

Table 4.6: Performance of old and modified looms

Item Old System New System(Pit Loom)

Dhokra (Jute/Jute) 40-50 hrs 8-10 hrs

Dhokra (cotton/cotton) 90-100 hrs 25-30 hrs

Net income per day 20 60 (in R)

Fig. 4.73: Mushroom shed in participant’s field

Three hundred and thirty two households wereinvolved in mushroom cultivation and 17,850spawn bottles (Paddy straw 12,180+ oysters5,670) were provided to the beneficiaries. Posttraining provided on mushroom production,preservation and processing. Mushroom fruitingbodies amounting to 21.6 tons (Paddy straw 12tons + oyster 9.6 tons) were realized. Thebeneficiaries could get a net return of s40 per Fig. 4.74: Harvested oyster mushroom

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which was sold @ s120-130/kg valued ats83,146/-. Regular production and consumptionof oyster mushroom and green vegetables hadimpacted positively on the health and nutrition ofthe members of farm families.

4.7 GEF funded sub-projects

GEF supported activities mainly focused on landdegradation, biodiversity conservation and adaptationto climate change through improved land andresource management

4.7.1 Salient achievements

The core activities, which were addressedthrough three sub-projects, resulted in sustainedimprovement in the incomes and well-being of farmfamilies in the rain-fed, hilly and mountain, dry land,tribal and coastal areas left behind in the developmentprocess earlier. Major achievements of individual sub-projects are highlighted below.

4.7.1.1 Harmonizing biodiversity conservationand agricultural intensification throughintegration of plant, animal and fish geneticresources for livelihood security in fragileecosystems: The sub-project was executed in threedisadvantaged districts viz., Chamba in HimachalPradesh, Udaipur in Rajasthan, and Adilabad inAndhra Pradesh. It primarily aimed at enhancing thelivelihood security of farming communities throughconservation and use of traditional crops, livestockbreeds and fish resources in subsistence farming.

Inventory of genetic resources, farming systems,and exploring benefit enhancing or “add value”interventions were the major activities addressedunder the sub-project. About 1,000 farmerhouseholds were initially involved in various projectinterventions from each district.• About 2,500 landrace accessions of various

crops were assembled, characterized andunique types identified. Accessions with desiredunique traits identified and proposals of about 30landraces have been finalized for registration.Besides, registration proposals of 15 farmervarieties in eight crops have been submitted tothe PPV&FR Authority for registration. Twentysix Community Seed Banks (CSBs), with acapacity to store about 15-20q seed, wereestablished for administering seed storage andsupply. Ten PBRs were developed and duly

linked with the CSBs. Suitable interventions weredemonstrated for the farmers to continuecultivating important landraces like red rice,Chambarajmah, local maize, sorghum, pigeonpea, green gram, black gram and others.About 5,000 animals comprising goats, sheep,cattle and buffalo were inventorized andcharacterized. Inventorization of managementpractices, and morphology and body biometry ofbuffaloes, cattle and goats was done in Udaipur.Similarly, breed characterization data wererecorded for goat and cattle in the Adilabaddistrict.Elite strains of extinct native breeds wereidentified and distributed among the farmers ascomponent of breed improvement interventions.Two hundred and forty six breeding bucks, 40rams, 28 cattle bulls and 12,283 native poultry(cock, hen and chicks) were distributed amongthe native farmers besides 5,250 AI doses. Breedimprovement interventions together with healthand feed management interventions, forexample, resulted in income enhancement froms3,200-20,000 per participating farmerhouseholds for different interventions in Udaipurdistrict.

• Exploratory surveys, conducted on 15 rivers ofChamba district revealed a total 20 fish speciesrecorded, against 12 species previously known.There was evidence of presence of Garraorientalis, previously not known from India butfrom China. A putatively new species, (Garra sp.nov.) is likely, but confirmation will require furthertaxonomic assessments. Labeo dero wasconsidered as potential indigenous species oflower Chamba and was cultured in captivity inBhatiyat block through collection of wild seed.The trials on mono-and mix-culture of rainbowtrout and snow trout at farmers’ ponds/tanksconstructed under the project at Bhandal inSalooni block revealed that both the speciescould be cultured in mono-and mix-culture inraceways.

Exploratory surveys were conducted on 10 riversand 6 reservoirs/lakes of Udaipur district and a total of47 fish species were recorded. The explorationdiscovered a fish species (Labeo sp. nov.) putativelynamed as L. icarae), morphologically distinct fromother congeners of the gonius subgroup under genusLabeo namely, L. gonius, L. boggut and L.

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dussumieri. The Labeosp. nov. was propagated anddemonstrated where this underutilized fishcontributed additional income source. Two indigenousfish species (Labeosp. and Puntiussp.) wereidentified for their promotion in fish farming systems.Before the project, the seed of these species was notavailable in Rajasthan. The captive breeding protocolfor these species had been standardized includingprotocol for sperm cryopreservation protocol and goodquantity of fish seed was produced. The seedproduced under captive conditions was reared up tofingerlings stage and stocked in four water bodies inthe district to evaluate the performance of indigenousfish species in culture fishery. The indigenous speciescontributed 1.1 to 3.7 tons additional fish production.An additional profit of s0.66 to 2.22 lakhs (i.e. s0.038lakhs per ha) was contributed by this speciesintroduced in culture systems. Overall, s0.013 to 0.23lakhs/family/year was gained by 106 families throughfish production.

Godavari drainage system including riverGodavari and its nine tributaries and reservoirs wereexplored. Mahseer, Tor tor was found in PengangaRiver which has been the first report from this region,as this mahseer is so far known from the Indus,Ganges (including the sub-Himalayan range),Brahmaputra and Narmada river systems in India. ABagrid catfish Rita sp.nov., from river Pranhita ofGodavari drainage system, was identified anddistinctive features from its closely related R.Kuturnee were discriminated.

Technological intervention included fish seedproduction, grow out in beneficiary farms byintegrating with poultry and horticulture. To restore thelocally important fish species and grow them forbreeding purpose and further to distribute the seedsof these species to the local farmers of Adilabaddistrict and to the nearby rivers, a cage was setup atKadem reservoir near Khanapur Mandal of thedistrict. Brood stock of six fish species, includingLabeo fimbriatus, L. calabasu and Clarias batrachusindigenous for this are aware reared for domesticationin the cage. Breeding of L. fimbriatus and L.calabasuwas done in two seasons. In this process, L.Fimbriatus failed to breed while L. calabasu bred. Theseeds produced from the fish were distributed to thebeneficiary farmers of the project.

Similarly, for fish breeding and availability of fishseed, Indian major carp hatchery has been setup atfour places viz., Pembi (Khanapurmandal), Jheri

(Keramerimandal), Nazrulnagar (Bheeminimandal)and Indravelly in Adilabad district, and fish farmingwas successfully demonstrated.

4.7.1.2 Strategies for sustainable managementof degraded costal land and water for enhancinglivelihood security of farming communities: Thesub-project was executed in the Sundarbans region ofGanges delta (West Bengal) and Tsunami affectedAndaman & Nicobar Islands by covering 32 villages in12 clusters in four districts (2 in West Bengal and 2 inAndaman & Nicobar Islands). It was implemented ineight clusters representing seven blocks in the South24 Parganas district and one block in the North 24Parganas district; and in 4 clusters in the SouthAndaman district, and Dashrathpur in Rangat andDeshbandhu gram in Diglipur in the North & MiddleAndaman district of Andaman & Nicobar Islands.• About 349.58 ha of land in the Sundarbans and

Andaman & Nicobar Islands was transformed tomulti-cropped land with integrated crop and fishcultivation through the implementation ofdifferent land shaping techniques like farm pond,deep furrow & high ridge, paddy-cum-fish, broadbed & furrow, three-tier system, paired-bedsystem, and drainage improvement network.

• About 12,06,073 cu.m of rain water washarvested under various land shapingtechniques adopted in 342.39 ha area broughtunder multiple cultivation of crops and fishes. Thecropping intensity has increased up to 240 percent and the income of beneficiary farmers hasincreased by manifolds.

• Raising of land and creating water harvestingfacilities reduced the problem of drainagecongestion and salinity build up and along withincrease in the availability of fresh water forirrigation helped the farmers to grow multiple anddiversified crops in lieu of mono-cropping of rice.

• In three years of implementation of land shapingtechniques employment to the extent of 66,000man-days was created in the project area.

• About 20 ha was brought under brackish wateraquaculture through shaping of saline and notsuitable for crop cultivation into shallow-depthponds. New crops and improved varietiesintroduced in 387.7 ha area for sustaining the foodsecurity and economic growth has increased theproductivity, employment, food and nutritionalsecurity, soil health, and farm income.

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• Through technological interventions about 121.2ha of degraded land were brought under improvednutrient management by green manuring withSesbania, fertilizer application on soil test basisand vermicomposting.

• More than 6,000 farmers from the project areaparticipated in 133 training programmes/exposure visits.

• Four Rural Technology Centres (RTCs) wereestablished in the Sundarbans region for thedissemination of improved technologies.

• A sum of s99.45 lakhs has been generated assustainability fund to ensure continuedtechnological upgrading and handholding of thebeneficiary farmers.

4.7.1.3 Strategies to enhance adaptivecapacity to climate change in vulnerable regions:Various technological interventions suiting to theprevailing land and water resources were implementedto enhance crop productivity, higher and efficient useof land and water resources in sustainable mannerunder climate variability and change situation. Themajor interventions were: heat-stress /drought-tolerant varieties; water logging-tolerant rice varieties;crop/ livelihood diversification; quality seed productionand supply through Community Seed Bank (CSB);small-scale water resources development/ renovationof the existing soil/water conservation structures;water saving technologies; support to women SHGs;vaccination and supply of medicines, mineral mixtureand green fodder and dietary supplements forlivestock; establish, equip and self-sustain RuralResource Centers (RRCs); and stakeholders’ trainingon climate change adaptation.

Remote Sensing derived drought index,“Vegetation Condition Index” (VCI) was used fordeveloping drought early warning in the selected fourdistricts. The adaptation strategies using locallysuitable efficient technological interventions for:i) cropproduction, on-farm testing of crops including changeof crop variety to go with the nature of climatic risks(early and terminal heat stresses and/or inundationand submergence); ii) agronomic adjustments (heat/flood resilient crop varieties, change in planting dateswith weather forecast, reduced tillage in conservationagronomy, raised bed cultivation, water savingtechnologies, integrated plant nutrient/pestmanagement, etc); iii) crop diversification; iv) changein the cropping system and intensity; v) small-scalewater resources development (deepening of wells,

renovation of ponds), rejuvenation of water harvestingstructures and improving irrigation efficiency withsprinkler, rain gun and drip; vi) integration of differentfarming systems; vii) discreet livestock health andnutrition management; and viii) diversification inlivelihood, etc. were worked out through participatoryresearch for recommendation as adaptation optionsfor livelihood security.

In drought prone districts, changes in land usepattern, crop mix with staggered maturity andresources use pattern and crop rotation have a greatpotential for risk adjustments. Attempts were alsomade on alternate livelihood options to enhance thefarm family income through off-farm and non-farmbased interventions. These endeavours resulted inenhancement of the farmers’ adaptive capacitythrough acquisition of knowledge, skills and theconviction about the potential of the technologies forachieving sustainable livelihood in future.

Weather and climate information played animportant role in successful implementation of thecommunity-based adaptation initiatives in theselected districts and the local community was able toaccess these information through mKRISHI basedmobile technology. The community could identify theiradaptation needs and priorities, assess the resourcesgap in knowledge, technology and skill and acquirethe resources either from the project and othersources; and protect the assets and take necessaryaction during these period. Mewat experience duringthe 2012 drought was a good example of adaptationstrategies (drought contingency plan as preparednessfor risk prevention at the community level) thatincorporated both scientific knowledge of climatechanges supported through the project scientists,weather forecasting/monitoring through mKRISHI,and local knowledge on agriculture and livelihood riskassessment based on the bio-physical as well associo-political environmental change from the pastexperience.

The major outcomes of the sub-project arehighlighted below:• m-KRISHI Technology: Innovative services

called mKRISHI® Agriculture and mKRISHI®

Fisheries were developed and commercialized inthe PPP mode. The technology is being patentedand is capable of providing immediate, short-term and long-term solutions to the beneficiariesin the identified clusters at selected villages.

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• mKRISHI® Agriculture: It was able to connect3,000 farmers from 62 villages in Dhar, 43 inGanjam, 17 in Mewat, and 25 in Raigad districts.Over 5,000 queries were raised on the platform,with 80 per cent of them responding within a day.Right kind of the dissemination helped thefarmers to take a right decision.

• mKRISHI®Fisheries:, The fishermen in thecoastal areas of Raigad district in Maharashtracould make targeted catch of fish with the use ofmobile-based advisory, enhanced harvest bymore than 50 per cent and saved fuelexpenditure on motorized and mechanicalfishing boats. Fifty six FishermenCo-Operative Societies of Raigad are availing theservice.Services offered: i) Wind Speed and DirectionAdvisory; ii) Wave height (newly added); iii)Potential Fishing Zone Advisories – forecastingthe date and the possible fishing zones, byINCOIS; iv) Send Alert – Tsunami, Storms,Surges, Floods, and Drought; v) Fish rates atMajor Landing Centres in the State; and vi)Weather forecast (rain, cloud and temperature).Impact of the technology: It had great impactby forecasting life threatening squally weatherconditions four days in advance and four times aday. It served as an effective Early WarningSystem (EWS) that also saved unnecessarywastage of ice, fuel and manpower.MKRISHI® Fisheries Service mobile handsetswere distributed to 226 beneficiaries in 56Fishermen Cooperative Societies; where, forevery beneficiary, 10 additional fishers weresensitized. It was found that 58.49 lakh litres ofdiesel worth s3,041.48 lakhs/annum were savedat 30 per cent adoption.State Government was also benefited by saving asubsidy amount of s699.54 lakh/annum. TheGlobal Environment Benefit (GEB) of thistechnology was the saving in carbon (GHG)emission of 16,000 tons/annum.

4.8 Mitigation of drought

During the implementation phase, frequentdroughts were faced in several districts coveredunder the sub-project. The consortia were asked to beflexible during such period. Some of the steps initiatedto mitigate the drought effect were as follows:

• The field with the crop were kept weed free.• Only life saving irrigation were given at the critical

stages; use of HDPE pipes for irrigation waspromoted.

• Location-specific intercropping system such asmaize – arhar and maize – blackgram wasencouraged.

• Mulching to check evaporation was promoted.• Small plastic lined water harvesting structures

were promoted.• SMSs were sent daily on drought management

practices and weather forecast.• Incorporated forage crops under the cropping

system; enrichment of manger waste and lowquality fodder with urea, molasses and mineralblocks to sustain milk production.

• Bore well owners were persuaded to share thewater with neighboring farmers.

• Concept of community nursery was promoted.• Technology like redgram transplanting was

promoted.

4.9 Identification of high payoff interventions

The interventions initially approved were based onsecondary information and were large in numbers. Aconscious effort was made to focus only on high pay-off interventions which could create impact, in terms ofsubstantial benefits to a large number of farmingfamilies and can be expanded to cover a large numberof households. These varied depending upon the agro-climatic conditions and strategic focus of theconsortia, but were limited to 4-5 interventions. Someof these interventions were:• Use of improved variety/hybrid seed (limited to 2-

3 major crops of the area);• Use of soil test-based dose of fertilizer (including

micro nutrients).• Diversification to high value crops where

opportunities for marketing exist.• Introduction of improved breed of buck (in larger

number) for enhancing the goat production forlandless families.

• Pig production, particularly in North-East throughsupply of improved breed male.

• Promotion of backyard poultry.• Rain water harvesting, improving water use

efficiency and promoting efficient use of naturalresources.

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4.10 Sustainability of post-project activities

A major emphasis of the component-3 was ondeveloping a mechanism for sustaining the activitiesbeyond the project period. Some of the efforts made inthis direction are as follows:

4.10.1 Development of sustainability fund

Creation of sustainability fund under the projectwould carry forward the activities in the long run afterwithdrawal of the project. This money is of the farmers,with them (in Bank) during the project period, for useby them (beyond the project period), and also its useto be decided by them. The Lead Centre andConsortium Partners will continue to provide technicalguidance. A complete set of “Guidelines and itsManagement” for the Sustainability Fund has beenprepared. The sustainability fund generated so far isgiven in annexure 11.

MPUAT, Udaipur leads in creating sustainabilityfund to the tune of s3.51 crores, out of the total s 7.51crores created by all the consortia. The fundmobilized may be small but it has created a deepsense of ownership among the participatingcommunity.

4.10.2 Development of inclusive community basedorganizations

Cluster and Village-level Committees have beenformed with 3-5 members in each Consortium. Thesecommittee members are also involved during theservice delivery of inputs and implementation of theactivities. This participatory approach has developed asense of confidence and enabled the members to takedecisions.

During the course of project implementation, anumber of Rural Technology Centers / VillageResource Centers / IT Kiosks have been developed.These Centers will continue to support the community.Mechanism to run these Centers after the projectperiod has been developed at the PIU level.

4.10.3 Linkages with banks, insurance companiesand other organizations

A number of consortia have developed linkageswith the Banks, Panchayati Raj Institutions (ZillaPanchayat), Line Departments like Agriculture andAnimal Husbandry Department, Krishi Vigyan Kendra(KVK) and other ongoing Government Programmes tosustain their support in the long run.

Workshops with Bankers and InsuranceAgencies have been organized. Insurance of the pigand goat has made the community to adopt the goodpractices that has given a guarantee to the farmersagainst the mortality of animals or damages toinfrastructure (AFPRO, Guwahati; CRIDA,Hyderabad SDUAT, Sardar Krushinagar, etc.).Banker’s workshop for ensuring credit support for thespread and sustenance of IFS models has beenfacilitated (SDAU, Sardar Krushinagar and AnnamalaiUniversity, Tamil Nadu).

4.10.4 Marketing linkages

Self-help groups/CIGs/Federations of SHGs,FBGs, and Producer Groups have been formed. Thesuccess stories from different Consortia have beenreported from the introduction of HYV/improvedvariety in vegetable cultivation with development ofstrong market linkages. The VFPCK model adoptedby the KAU, Thrissur is an example in this direction.

Starting of marketing of the poultry product ofMatri SHG Poultry Enterprises in Arunachal Pradeshhas brought a ray of hope and awareness about thepotential. The input cost was s4,55,499 and thereturns were s6,01,320. MPUAT, Udaipur hasreported formation of 126 FBGs and 3 ProducersCompanies in the Banswara and Dungarpur districtsof Rajasthan. These will be self sustaining in the nexttwo years. The Annamalai University has facilitatedopening of retail outlets in nearby towns for higherreturns to the farmers.

4.10.5 Need-based capacity building and creationof service providers

Youth have been trained as “Service Providers”for providing technical services in the field of AnimalHusbandry, Agriculture and Horticulture. They willwork as “Technology Agents”. Entrepreneurshiptrainings on motor rewinding, pump repair, blacksmithy, electrician, paravet and primary processing offarm produce have created a large number of skilledworkers at the village level.

4.10.6 Building the chain and revolving fundapproach

The concept of “Building the Chain” approach hasbeen practiced for the continuation of projectactivities. GVT, Ranchi has reported that the farmerscovered under the project intervention have been

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divided into core villages and dissemination villages ineach cluster. The core villages have been kept fordirect intervention of various activities that will also actas demonstration fields for the dissemination villages.The progressive farmers from the disseminationvillages have been promoted to adopt the improvedtechniques and technologies through skill upgradationand technical support.

4.10.7 Formation of village level commoditybanks

Innovative village level “Commodity Banks” and“Seed Banks” formed will continue to provide supportbeyond the project period. BAIF, Pune has formed“Goat Bank” through revolving fund approach. Theconcept of “Fodder Bank” has also been mooted toensure the availability of fodder, preferably in feed

❏❏❏❏❏

COMPONENT 4

SECTION-5

5.1 Rationale

In the light of rapidly changing national and globalagricultural scenario, the National AgriculturalResearch System (NARS) has to find technologicalsolutions not only for the immediate problems but alsohas to maintain its competence in frontier areas ofscience to meet the continuously emerging problems,both anticipated and unanticipated. Frontiers ofscience being ever-expanding, the NARS has toremain nationally as well as globally competitive.Indian agriculture is handicapped from becomingglobally competitive for want of scientific capabilitiesrequired to solve specific but critical technologicalproblems in strategic areas of agriculture. Hence, it isimperative for the NARS to focus on innovative basicand strategic research and its application toagricultural development.

Under these circumstances, there is an urgentneed to build capacity and excellence in the NARS soas to make it capable of providing high-quality sciencein the strategic areas. In order to address theserequirements, “Basic and Strategic Research inFrontier Areas of Agricultural Sciences” (BSR) wasincluded as Component-4 under the NAIP to supportnovel and cutting edge research by involving all thestakeholders in Consortia mode.

5.2 Objectives

The objective of Component-4 was to enhancethe capacity and attain excellence in the basic andstrategic research in frontier areas of agriculturalsciences like biotechnology; integrated pestmanagement (IPM); post-harvest technology (PHT);engineering, sensors and precision agriculture;animal production, nutrition, physiology and health;natural resource management and climate change;nano-technology and science; biosystematics andbiodiversity; social sciences, etc.


The Project Appraisal Document (PAD)envisaged four broad areas under Component-4 viz.,Genetic Enhancement of Plants and Animals; NaturalResource Management; Integrated Pest Management;

and Post-Harvest Technology and Value Addition.After the approval of 61 sub-projects in three calls,they were broadly grouped under 10 sub-components by the Project Implementation Unit(PIU), as given in annexure 12. In order to meet thenear, medium and long-term research needs, theabove-mentioned objective of the component wasaddressed through the following 10 sub-components:• Animal Nutrition and Diseases;• Animal Reproduction;• Biosystematics and Biodiversity;• Biotechnology;• Engineering, Sensors and Precision Agriculture;• Integrated Pest Management (IPM);• Nano Science;• Natural Resource Management (NRM) and

Climate Change;• Post Harvest Technology (PHT) and Value

Addition; and• Social Science.

This component essentially supported novel andcutting-edge research that provided strongunderpinnings to address the existing and emergingproblems of Indian agriculture. Sixty one consortiacomprising 262 Partner Institutions were involved inexecuting various activities of the component. On anaverage, the competitive grant proposals for the 61sub-projects were modest, both in terms of financialoutlay per sub-project (R 58.26 million) and number ofpartners in each consortium (4.2). The total financialsupport given to the component sub-projectsR3,554 million in terms of utilization. The sub-projectswere sanctioned in three calls and launched duringAugust 2007 to September 2009; and their averageduration was 62 months, which ranged from 39 to 82months.

Of the 61 approved sub-projects, 42 were focusedon basic and exploratory research and the rest werestrategic/ application-oriented. The lone sponsoredsub-project, “Bioprospecting of genes and allelemining for abiotic stress tolerance in agriculture” wasthe largest in terms of budget (R 6975.05 million) and

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partnership (36). This mega sub-project has been amajor ICAR attempt to bring together a large numberof scientists to fulfill a far-reaching initiative in basicand strategic research cutting across the species(animals, microbes and plants). This has triggered aninnovation mood in the NARS with a cogent group of alarge number of institutions and their scientistsworking coherently.


In April 2011, the 10 sub-components, underwhich all the 61 approved sub-projects were groupedearlier, was further refined to match the closeness insubject matter covered in various sub-projects bygrouping them under the following 10 Thematic Areas(Fig. 5):• Bioprospecting of Genes and Allele Mining;

[Cutting across disciplines; Mega sub-project(BAM)]

• Plant Biotechnology, Molecular Genetics andBreeding, and Biodiversity;

• Nanotechnology;• Natural Resource Management, GIS and

Precision Farming;• Structures and Processing Engineering;• Social Sciences in Agriculture;• Animal Reproduction, Physiology and Health;• Milk and Dairy Production;• Rumen Physiology and Ecology; and• Meat Production.

Accordingly, salient achievements are organizedfor reporting purpose under the following sections:• Stress Tolerance in Agriculture;• Molecular Genetics and Breeding;• Biodiversity;• Nanotechnology;

• Precision Farming;• GIS Application in Agriculture;• Natural Resource Management;• Structures and Process Engineering;• Social Sciences in Agriculture;• Animal Reproduction and Physiology;• Animal Health;• Network for Cattleyard Management;• Milk and Dairy Production;• Rumen Physiology and Ecology; and• Meat Production.

5.4.1 Stress tolerance in agriculture

Several discoveries and leads were reported;unravelling tolerance of target crops and animals tovarious abiotic and biotic stress factors, as under:

5.4.1.1 Salt tolerance in maize: Oneconspicuous discovery in molecular domain involvingabiotic stress tolerance, for example, waterloggingtolerant maize plants, is that the genes inducedunder stress conditions involve ‘binding’ and‘oxidation-reduction’-related linkage (mapping),whereas in susceptible genotype, there isinvolvement of ‘chloroplast’, ‘plastid’ and ‘transferase’gene-sets.

5.4.1.2 Stunting in rice: In rice, homozygoustransgenic lines expressing abiotic stress responsiveOsFBK1 gene tagged with myc gene expressedstunting trait. It could be proved with the reversal of thestunted expression by silencing the OsFBK1 geneusing the RNAi approach. A tool shRNAPred-1.0 wasdesigned for predicting shRNA from nucleotidesequence data, and employed to study distribution ofshRNA on rice genome.

5.4.1.3 Salinity stress tolerance: Tendifferentially expressed proteins that may imparttolerance to salinity stress were identified from themicrobe Bacillus pumilus SB49 cultured at 20 per centNaCl. A variant allele of cry 1 Aa gene from the isolateNB7 was confirmed for expression of the protein in E.coli.

5.4.1.4 Acidity stress tolerance: Consortia ofacid tolerant bacteria identified for soils underplantation crops improved the seedling stand incoconut, arecanut, cocoa and vanilla (Fig. 5.1).

5.4.1.5 Insecticide tolerant bio-pesticides: Amajor success in commercial sense was achieved in

Fig. 5: Broad Thematic Areas under Component-4

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identifying temperature and multiple chemicalinsecticide tolerant biopesticides for sugarcane andvegetable-based (Trichogramma chilonis), and cotton-based ecosystems (Chrysoperla z. sillemi). A strain ofTrichogramma chilonis having tolerance to bothmultiple insecticides and high temperature was alsodeveloped by selective breeding (Fig. 5.2).

The technology successfully tested/demonstrated in >500 acres at multi-locations in fivestates saved R4,400 in plant protection. The releasesof tolerant biopest strain in sugarcane crop seasonresulted in 50-80 per cent reduction in insecticideapplication and increased the yield by 15-20 per cent.In tomato, this application reduced the fruit damageby >85 per cent and increased the yield by >8 q/acre,resulting in an additional income of .34,264 per ha. tothe farmers.

5.4.1.7 Fruit borer resistance in tomato: A fulllength gene jhamt (juvenile hormone acid methyltransferase) derived from the tomato fruit borer pest,Helicoverpa armigera, has been cloned andmobilized. Transgenic tomato plants expressingjhamt dsRNA were found resistant to fruit borer. It wasvalidated that plant produced dsRNA from transgenictomato on feeding by target pest silenced the pestactivity of fruit borer. Five novel genes were furthercloned and their sequences characterized as likelytargets for RNAi for silencing of genes of the pod borerHelicoverpa armigera.

5.4.1.8 Molecular diagnosis of plant viruses:Diagnostic tools for rapid, sensitive and specificdetection of plant viruses using engineeredmonoclonal antibody were developed andsuccessfully field tested on an array of vegetablecrops. The intellectual property (IP) protection andcommercialization process with BPD support by theConsortium Leader are under progress.

5.4.1.9 Culturing of nematode: Lesionnematode Pratylenchus coffeae was successfullycultured on carrot discs. The cultures can bemaintained in laboratory, in BOD incubator, and usedin testing the dsRNA constructs. Reportedly, this is anovel innovation, not earlier available anywhere inIndia.

5.4.1.10 Potential of RNAi in insect pestmanagement: Twelve genes, including the five novelwere cloned and sequence characterized as likelytargets for RNAi for silencing of genes of Helicoverpaarmigera. Tomato plants were genetically engineeredto synthesize dsRNA of three genes from Helicoverpaarmigera.

5.4.1.11 Symbiosis of whitefly with bacterialsymbionts: Seven populations of whitefly collectedand maintained by the consortium showed low to highresistance (4-30 fold) against seven commonly usedinsecticides; potential cross resistance within andbetween organophosphate and pyrethroid was alsoobserved. This information is likely to furthercontribute to developing management strategyagainst the obnoxious pest- whitefly in fruit andvegetable crops.

5.4.2 Molecular genetics and breeding

Cotton, sesame and rice were addressedholistically for particular features: cotton for boll andfibre traits; sesame for neutraceutical traits; and rice

Fig. 5.1: Effect of acid tolerant bacteria appliedon plantation crops

Fig. 5.2: Bio pesticides (Trichogramma chilonis) forplant protection in vegetable-based cropping systems

5.4.1.6 Blast resistance in rice: An array ofblast resistant basmati rice lines developed was aprominent achievement. It had seven differentresistant genes identified by the consortium andstacked, using molecular marker aided selection tool,in a combination of 1-3 different genes in each of theidentified lines. This material with a designed widebase is now capable of addressing any rice blastthreat in the basmati growing areas; it is nearly readyfor commercial release.

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for blast resistance. Basic studies were advanced inunderstanding the apomixis, a natural way for plantsto reproduce and multiply without obligatory sexualreproduction; and also in molecular taxonomy,evolutionary relationships in species and mapping ofwild relatives of some indigenous crops in India.

5.4.2.1 Genomic analysis in cotton: Functionalgenomics of fibre development and fibre strengthwere comprehensively investigated and thoroughlypublished. Key genes and pathways involved indrought tolerance during fibre development in cottonwere identified. As by-product, 11 gene constructs ofgenes involved in fibre development or strength(expansion, E6, RD22 like protein, arabinogalactan-2,galactinol synthase-3, fatty acid chain elongase,prolin rich protein-5, cytochrome p450 like protein,osmotin like protein, R2R3 myb transcription factor,and aquaporin) were developed; and among these,genetic transformations involving four genes werecarried out. Evidence for the glycoprotein status incotton fibre was determined and glycoproteomestrategy for cotton fibre optimized.

5.4.2.2 Genome sequencing in sesame: Insesame, two accessions with high sesamin contentwere identified; and major anti-oxidants in sesame,namely, sesamin, sesamol and sesamolin contentand middle chain fatty acid contents in 150 selectedelite accessions investigated. Methods for alien genetransfer by genetic transformation in sesame havebeen evolved; reportedly for the first time. Draftassembly with 85 per cent genomic information wasgenerated in whole genome sequencing; over 52,000SSR sequences identified out of which about 2500pairs of primers synthesized, and the polymorphicamong these utilized for genotyping.

5.4.2.3 Rice genome: Blast resistance genes (7)were validated; and a range of alleles for these geneswere mined in 268 heterogenous Indian landraces. Acandidate avirulent (Avr) gene potentially capable ofbreeding for stable blast resistance (identified fromMagnaporthe oryzae out of 474 Avr genes) wasinvestigated. Advance rice lines with 1-4 genes forblast resistance were pyramided in individual lines.

5.4.2.4 Apomixis in guggul: During the studieson apomixis, a population of obligate sexual femaleplants in guggul (Commiphora wightii) was identifiedfor the first time. It was reproduced and deployedthrough crossing to tag the apomictic trait.

5.4.2.5 Apomixis in citrus: In Citrus sinensis, 11

candidate polyembryony genes were identified andcloned, including the citrus heat shock protein (HSP)gene showing differential expression in pre-anthesisstage ovules of polyembryonic variety; four differentpromoters were constructed, a cloned bidirectionalpromoter is shown to confer gene expression in theembryo sac.

5.4.2.6 Single cell C4photosynthetic system inrice: Suitable donor material for the generation ofsingle cell C4 photosynthesis could not be identified bythe consortium, despite narrowing down to a fewspecies of Saueda and Hydrilla. Nevertheless, thegenetic and molecular resources generated havebeen documented for their probable use in any furtherstudy on alternate path.

5.4.2.7 Biosystematics of genera Vigna,Cucumis and Abelmoschus. Molecular descriptionof species evolutionary relationships (phylogeny),differentiation of the species, evolution of cultigens,and mapping the occurrence of the wild relatives ofcultivated species in India were undertaken in theindigenously predominating genera Vigna, Cucumisand Abelmoschus. Molecular taxonomic keys forcorrect identification of these species were devised tosolve long-standing genetic resources managementproblems (Fig. 5.3); and cytological procedures forAbelmoschus, a very difficult genus, were optimizedand described. A few new species were describedfrom different parts of India, including Abelmoschuspalianus (Fig. 5.3) from Central India; Abelmoschusenbeepeegearense from low elevation WesternGhats; Vigna stipulacea and Vigna hainiana inRajasthan; Vigna indica, etc.

Fig. 5.3: Biosystematics of genera Vigna, Cucumis andAbelmoschus

5.4.3 Biodiversity

Exploration of off-season production of mangos insouthern states and augmentation of geneticresources of lac insects fetched significant outputs.

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5.4.3.1 Off-season flowering and fruiting inmango: Peclobutrazol (PBZ, early flowering inducerhormone) application to advance the flowering indifferent agro-climatic zones showed success in off-season mango at temperatures as low as 14oC (Fig.5.4).

bonplandianum, Leucasaspera, Cyperusrotundus, etc. havingpotential medicinal valuewas achieved.

Their biologicalproperties werevalidated and specificphytochemicals fromtheir extracts in various solvents were alsoinvestigated for the treatment of ailments likeinflammation, diabetics, jaundice, etc.

5.4.3.4 Status and nature of variability infreshwater bivalves: Species identity of 25Lamellidens and Parreysia specimens was confirmedby generating DNA sequence data. The availability offreshwater bivalves such as Lamellidens marginalis,Lamellidens corrianus, Lamellidens consobrinus andParreysia corrugata was abundant in the WesternGhat Rivers. However, Parreysia khadakvasalensis,Arcidopsis footei and Pseudomulleria dalyi wereavailable in small quantities in specific areas andthus, need conservation priority. Fatty acid profileinvestigations revealed that Lamellidens marginalisand Parreysia corrugata could be useful for theextraction of Omega-3 rich oil.

5.4.4 Nanotechnology

This thematic area of the Component-4unravelled the biosafe standard operating procedures(SOPs), besides yielding products of commercialrelevance.The support to BSR in: i) nano-cellulose incomposite films for packaging of perishables ormulching of agricultural fields; ii) nano-fertilizers formajor and micronutrients; and iii) biopesticides wouldbe highly productive.

5.4.4.1 Nano-cellulose and its use:Aninnovative product of commercial significance wasdeveloped, validated and licensed in biodegradablecomposite films using nano-cellulose; starch (from

Fig. 5.4: Off-season flowering and fruiting in mango

Further lower temperatures were a limiting factorfor producing off-season mangoes.The application ofpeclobutrazol during March was successful inproducing off- season fruits in mango cv Rumani andTotapari at Chitoor in Andhra Pradesh. Two monthsearly harvest of mango cv Totapari, i.e. during March-April has boosted the remunerative value of thevariety by Rs. 10-15/ kg in Medak district of AndhraPradesh. The same treatment on cv Dasheharirecorded earliness in flowering by 45 days inWarangal district. Market price of early harvestedfruits of Dashehari variety of mango was higher byRs.40/ kg. Mango fruiting in cv Alphonso grown onlateritic coastal rocky areas of Konkan region could beadvanced by two months and a half by the PBZapplication between 15th May and 15th June andadopting suitable cultural practices.

5.4.3.2 Diversity in lac insects: Field genebank of about 1,800 lac-cultures of more than 70 lacinsect (Kerria spp.) lines was maintained.Morphometric studies on female lines led to thedescription of new characteristics for speciesidentification; and an updated key for identifyingKerria species was made. In situ localization ofbacteriophage Wolbachia and Bacteriomelocalization in Kerria lacca were understood; and theircoexistence was confirmed in different lac strainsfrom the sequence analyses.

5.4.3.3 Utilization of weed flora of medicinalvalue: Additional pharmacognostic knowledge ofsome weed species like Cleome chelidonii (Fig. 5.5),Gynandropsis gynandra, Chrozophora rottleri, Croton

Fig. 5.5: Weed species havingpotential medicinal value

Fig. 5.6: Biodegradable composite filmsimpregnated with nano-cellulose

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potato/cassava) nano-cellulose was used as filler toincrease the permeability and/or strength ofcomposite films for food packaging and mulching inagricultural fields, respectively (Fig. 5.6).

Reduction in energy consumption by 40-50per cent was achieved in the production of pure nano-fibril with a pre-treatment of cotton fibres/microcrystalline cellulose with Zinc chloride andenzyme.

5.4.4.2 Nano-fertilizer application: In nano-fertilizers, microorganisms (26 fungi and onebacterium) suitable for biosynthesis of nanoparticlesof P, Mg, Fe, B, and K were identified, cultured anddeveloped. The biosafety investigations showed noadverse effect of the application of nano-fertilizers onseed germination, soluble seed protein content,microbial diversity in rhizosphere, body weight andconsumption rate of mice subjects, or nanoparticleconcentration in seeds.

Further, Zn and FeO nanoparticles at 1.5-10 ppmconcentration expressed up to 98 per cent reductionin superoxide dismutase activity in clusterbeanleaves, indicating more tolerant capacity of the plantsagainst drought. For the production of polysaccharidefor gum production/soil binding and moistureretention in arid soils, 12 bacteria and two efficientpolysaccharide producing fungi were developed andidentified. Application of nanoparticles for fertilizer usein barley, mungbean, mothbean and pearlmilletshowed increased nutrient use efficiency by 48-61 percent and yield by 20-48 per cent. The beneficial effectof Nano-P on the pearlmillet crop is shown in Fig. 5.7.

arrangement made. The nano-induced polysaccharidepowder developed is shown in Fig. 5.8. The biosafetyinvestigations showed that the orthorhombic sulfurnanoparticles were non-toxic, whereas cytotoxicity ofmonoclinic sulfur nanoparticles were non-significantagainst human derived lung fibroblast cell line (MRC-5) in terms of cell viability, cellular mortality, andprogrammed cell death.

Fig. 5.7. Nano fertilizer applied crop

5.4.4.3 Biosafety of nano-pesticides: Nano-powder form orthorhombic nano-sulfur for use asfertilizer was produced by another consortium on apilot scale for field testing, as a part of the licensing

Fig.5.8: Nano polysaccharide powder

Acephate nano-encapsulation as well ashexaconazole nano-encapsulation was found to bebiosafe against the tested organs of mice. Thesenano-products were also more effective pesticidescompared to their counterpart commercial products.The consortium has also developed SOPs andguidelines for biosafe application of nanopesticides.

A novel imaging agent was developed for trackingthe nanopesticides applied in soils, plants andanimals. Mesoporous carbon was used followingSOP as the carrier of nanopesticides. A novel nano-encapsulated ‘PROPINEB’ was developed for makingwater soluble nano-formulations. Protocols weredeveloped to synthesize nano-sulfur with better yieldand smaller size, and bulk preparation of nano-sulfurand nano-hexaconazole for pot experiments. Ananalytical method for the estimation of ergosterol wasdeveloped and standardized. A lead has beenobtained in neem leaves volatiles for their possibleuse as a substitute for methyl bromide, and this isbeing examined in terms of their fumigant activity.

5.4.5 Precision farming

5.4.5.1 High clearance multi-utility vehicle forprecision farming applications: An improvised highclearance multi-utility vehicle was developed andevaluated for the fertilizer application in rice crop with

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satellite navigator guided fertilizer spreader. It had1.37 times more productivity than spreader withoutthe navigator. A yield monitor which could be used forthe measurement of wheat yield with high accuracywas developed. A tractor operated pH monitoringsystem capable of measuring the real time soil pH andsoil mV along with the georeferenced locations of thepoints was developed (Fig. 5.9).

Field validation of the drill along with the softwaredeveloped was successfully done on the farm usingthe soybean variety JS 9305 sown at a row-to-rowspacing of 35 cm and a given seed/fertilizerapplication @ 80 and 100 kg/ha.

5.4.6 GIS application in agriculture

5.4.6.1 Decision support system for insectpests: A web enabled decision support system “CropPest DSS” (Fig. 5.11) incorporated with predefinedpest forecast models for rice and cotton pests wasdeveloped and hosted at the website (http://www.crida.in:8080/naip/). Another decision supportsystem (phenology model) for rice leaf folder(Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée), an importantfoliage feeder in all rice ecosystems, was developed.Its validation under field conditions showed accurateprediction of second brood of leaf folder development;this would help farmers in a timely and effectivemanagement of the pest.

Fig. 5.9: Applications of high clearance multi utilityvehicle

Independent validation datasets confirmed highcorrelation values (R2 > 0.7) for predicting thedeveloped spectral models for soil organic carbon(SOC) and available potash (K) in non-saline soils;and for electro-conductivity (ECe), calcium (Ca2+),magnesium (Mg2+), sodium (Na+), and chloride (Cl-) inthe saturation extract.

5.4.5.2 Microprocessor and DSS basedprecision farming technologies: A sensorcontrolled five-row seed-cum-fertilizer drill wasdeveloped. Sensed by a proximity sensor mounted onthe front wheel of the tractor, the required quantity ofseed and fertilizer could be dropped by matching withspeed of the tractor. Selection of various parameterslike speed, quantity/flow, etc. could be done by theuser through a keypad provided with up, down, leftand right keys (Fig. 5.10).

Fig. 5.10: Tractor mounted five-row seed-cum-fertilizer drill

Fig. 5.11: Decision support system for pests ofcotton and rice

Weather based prediction rules for cotton sapfeeders’ viz., jassids, thrips and mirids weredeveloped using historical data sets for the period2001-2008, and validated with independent testingdata sets (2009 -2012) not used in the model building(Fig. 5.12).

Population dynamics of cotton mealybug wasassessed during Kharif, 2013 in the Northern andCentral cotton growing zones; peak pest incidencecoincided with the night and day temperatures in therange of 26 to 36.9°C, and the fields adjacent toinfested weeds showed higher severity of mealybuginfestation. A new mealybug species, Rastrococcus

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iceryoides (Green), commonly referred to as themango mealybug, was recorded on cotton in theCentral zone ; this was earlier recorded in theSouthern Zone.

(Rhizobium pusense) augmented more Fe whereasrhizobium isolate R-19 is more useful for Znenhancement in the pigeon pea seeds.

5.4.7.2 Quality and resilience of soils indiverse agro-ecosystems: Key indicators of soilquality and health were identified for specific locationsin the four agro-ecological sub-regions (AESR) viz.,AESR 4.1, AESR 7.2, AESR 10.1 and AESR 15.1covering the states of Punjab, Andhra Pradesh,Madhya Pradesh and West Bengal. Relative soilquality index (RSQI) was developed based on the 15known indicators (3 physical, 2 biological and 10chemical indicators) with assigned weights andmarks. On the basis of RSQI values, the soils wereclassified as poor (value of < 50%), medium (value of50 – 70%) and good (value of >70%) quality soils. Thesoil quality assessment based on RSQI valuesshowed good relationship with crop productivitypotential. The SQIC software was developed tocalculate the soil quality index. A total of 1,270 soilhealth cards (SHCs) were distributed to farmers in thefour AESRs.

5.4.7.3 Georeferenced soil informationsystem: Agro-ecological sub-region (AESR)boundaries were revised with SOTER databasedeveloped. With the new data sets, actual availablesoil water was calculated after the cessation of therains, and used in revising the length of growingperiod (LGP) assessment and refining the LGP maps.Similarly, the calculation of hydraulic conductivity(HC) through real time datasets along with thosegenerated through pedo transfer function (PTF)helped in refining the earlier drainage map. Thedrainage map was used in identifying the poorly-drained and well-drained soils separately andthereby, helping to fine tune the AESR map. This ledto revising the number of AESRs from 17 to 29 andfrom 36 to 54 in the Indo-Gangetic Plain and BlackSoil Region, respectively.

5.4.7.4 Soil organic carbon dynamics: Theemission of methane (CH

4) was found significantly

higher (26-36 per cent) whereas emission of nitrousoxide (N2O) was lower by 9 per cent under the rice-fish system compared to rice alone. Algal isolatescapable of higher biomass yield under elevated CO2

level were isolated, maintained and furtherinvestigated to find significant increase in theirbiomass content at higher CO2 levels. At 4 per centCO2 level, there was 4.8-fold increase in biomass

Fig. 5.12: Off-line version of crop pest decisionsupport system

Maps with different levels of leaf folder damageare generated from spectral un-mixing analysis basedon the spectral characterization of rice leaf folderdamage done by using Fieldspec-3 hyper-spectralradiometer in several naturally infested farmers’ fieldsat Kaul, Haryana in 2012.

5.4.7 Natural resource management

5.4.7.1 Mechanism of variation in status andlocalization of micronutrients in food crops:Micronutrient efficient and inefficient cultivars of rice,wheat, maize, pigeonpea and chickpea wereidentified using micronutrient yield and uptakeefficiency indices. The efficient cultivars could begrown in micronutrient deficient soils without affectingthe yield level. Micronutrient localization studiesshowed deposition of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in theepidermis of chickpea, and apical cortical regions ofpigeonpea stems. In wheat, Zn concentration wasmore in the aleurone layer and seed embryo. Themanganese (Mn) application influenced the vesselsize of vascular bundle and enhanced itstranslocation to the grain.

Higher rate of basal dressing of Zn during firstyear had significant residual effect in second year interms of grain yield and Zn concentration in wheat;accumulation of Zn in grain occurred mostly throughremobilization from vegetative part. However, thecontribution from different vegetative parts to grain Znvaried with cultivars. The rhizobium isolate R-16

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yield, 172 per cent increase in chlorophyll content and34 per cent increase in lipid yield. It was expected thatapproximately 1,350 tons of CO2 per ha per yearmight be fixed by the alga at 4 per cent CO2

level andthus, indicating its high prospects for carbon trading.

The carbon dynamics and greenhouse gases(GHGs) emission in soil-plant system underanticipatory climatic change condition [elevated CO2

(550 ppm) and temperature (2°C above the ambienttemperature)] was quantified in low-land submergedrice ecology in open top chambers. A three year studyin OTC under elevated CO2 along with elevatedtemperature was conducted (Fig. 5.13).

humidity (>75%). Soil organic matter did not decreaseover four seasons of rice-rice cropping system andrather marginally increased under eCO2 at somelocations. Changes in soil organic matter were relatedto increased root growth and litter amount rather thandecreased soil microbial carbon. Continuous floodingand INM (with more organic matter) favoured CH4

emission from the rice fields.

5.4.8 Structures and processing engineering

5.4.8.1 Rubber check-dam for watersheds:Flexi-composite rubber check-dam technology wasdeveloped and demonstrated in different agro-ecological and geo-hydrological regions (Fig. 5.14).

Fig. 5.13: Carbon dynamics and greenhousegases emission studies

The study showed that the carbon allocationunder elevated CO2 was in the order of panicle > root> stem > leaf. The stimulatory effect on CH4 and N2Oemission under CEC was linked with relevant factorsincluding the higher iron concentration and increasedactivities of methanogens and extracellular enzymes.Combined application of chemical and organicnutrients as the INM was able to minimize the adverseeffect of the elevated CO2 on rice grain yield. Thegrain N use efficiency also decreased by 4-8 per centin elevated CO2, as compared to ambientenvironment under varying nutrient management inOTC experiment.

5.4.7.5 Cropping systems performancemodelling in the light of projected climatechange: Effect of eCO2 (476 ppm, elevated by 25%above normal) on rice yield was prominent (>15%) inthe summer season and less (<15%) in the Kharifseason. However, the effect on Kharif rice varied overthe years, which could be reasoned out to increasedsterility of grains in some cases, because of increasedday temperature (>35oC) coupled with high afternoon

Fig. 5.14: Flexi-check rubber dam at Baghmari,Odisha

Hydrologic and agricultural data were regularlyobtained at four rubber check-dam sites in the Orissastate. During monsoon, immediately after heavy rainwater kept flowing above the crest at up to one meterheight. During dry periods, the dam remained full upto the crest height. The water was stored upstream upto a length of 0.8 to 1.7 km at various locations. Theadditional volume of water stored in the upstream dueto the installation of rubber dam varied between4,800 and 10,000 cu.m at any point of time during themonsoon. At the rubber dam installation sites, waterwas available up to the maximum capacity of therubber dam since the fourth week of June 2012. Thestored water in the rubber dam helped in timelytransplanting of rice and irrigating 12-16 ha of ricefields as per need (Fig. 5.15).

There was yield enhancement of rice by 16-25per cent during the Kharif season. Farmers close tothe rubber dam sites grew vegetable crops likewatermelon, cowpea, cucumber, tomato, ladiesfinger, etc. during the summer 2013 in 5.0 ha area,

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otherwise would have remained fallow. Besides, therubber dam was instrumental in augmentinggroundwater recharge in the project site.Demonstration of rubber dams for watersheds wasextended to cover more states and agro-ecologicalregions.

pasteurizing natural litchi juice without adding anychemical additive was optimized to give high qualityready-to-serve (RTS) product with an extended shelf-life of up to 90 days under chilled storage. Since theproduct temperature during the processing did notrise beyond 40oC and the covalent and hydrogenbonds were not broken, the sensitive components ofthe litchi juice like vitamins, phenols, flavourcompounds, pigments, etc. were minimally affected.The shelf-life of mango pulp after non-thermal highpressure pasteurization process was 70 days underrefrigerated storage (5°C).

Similarly, process optimization of high pressuretreatment (200 MPa) of yellow fin tuna (Thunnusalbacores) chunks with high myoglobin content andlower microbial load was done for raw consumption inthe sashimi forms. Non-thermal HPP led to extendedshelf-life of 20 days in black tiger shrimp under chilledstorage (2°C). Fish gel produced at 400 MPa and25°C with a holding time of 20 min was found to havesuperior gel strength.

High pressure inactivation of pathogenicmicrobes and polyphenol oxidase enzyme in blacktiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), Escherichia coliwas found be more sensitive to pulsed pressurizationthan continuous pressurization, and Staphylococcusaureus to be most baroresistant among all the strainsof pathogens studies.

5.4.8.4 Novel biotechnological processes: Amutant of Aspergillus fusant 28 was developed andidentified on the basis of resistance to 2-deoxyglucose (1.5% w/v). It produced higherquantities of endoglucanase (15.85 folds),β-glucosidase (27.09 folds),cellobiohydrolase (CBH;14.3 folds), and xylanase(23.65 folds), as comparedto parental strain. â-glucosidase from themutant strain wascatalytically very activeshowing 5.54 folds higherVmax compared to theparental strain. Molecularcharacterization of themutants showed a distinctsecretome profile.

Efficient process for the production andseparation of oligosaccharides from the rice straw

Fig. 5.15: Irrigation from rubber dam

5.4.8.2 Cryogenic spice grinding system: Anindigenous cryogenic spice grinding system wasdesigned, developed, fabricated (throughoutsourcing) and installed. It consumed 0.4 kWenergy (at no load), and had the capacity of grinding30 to 50 kg spice per hour depending on the type ofspice (Fig. 5.16).

Fig. 5.16: Cryogenic grinding system designedand developed indigenously

Investigations revealed that cryogenic grindingwas superior to grinding under ambient conditions forthe retention of flavour and medicinal properties (totalphenolics/ flavonoid/ oil/ essential content andantioxidant capacity), irrespective of the variety ofspice used.

5.4.8.3 High pressure processing (HPP) ofperishable commodities: High pressure process for

Fig. 5.17: Lab scale crossflow filteration systemdeveloped

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was developed. A lab scale cross flow filtration (CFF)unit was developed for ultrafiltration (UF) and nano-filtration (NF), which had low hold up volume, capacityto operate at low to high cross flow velocity andpressure up to 225 psi, low processing volume andease of scale-up (Fig. 5.17).

The CFF system was designed for the separationof oligosaccharides, the high value products havingtremendous potential in food and pharmaceuticalindustries.

5.4.8.5 Bamboo as a green engineeringmaterial: Using bamboo as a green engineeringmaterial, modular structures with zero metal/zeroconcrete joints, bamboo-concrete “Bomcrete”technology for arches and columns, bamboo-concrete wall panels, and bamboo domes weredeveloped. Eleven sets of cost-effective testingequipment, and low/no energy equipment for creepand fixtures for fatigue testing were developed.Besides, non-toxic preservative methods using herbalsolutions were developed.

5.4.9 Social sciences in agriculture

5.4.9.1 Development of alternative ICTmodels: An alternative integrated ICT model–Interactive Information Dissemination System (IIDS)(Fig. 5.18) involving toll-free IVRS, Smart Phoneapplication and Web-based Agri-Advisory Systemwas developed to address farmers’ information needon important aspects in location-specific manner.

Besides providing expert agro-advisories onagriculture, animal husbandry and fisheries, farmers’training programmes and field diagnostic services andveterinary camps were organized in identified villages;innovative farmer-to-farmer information sharingmeetings were organized, which were attended byaround 180 farmers; 33 rural youths from projectvillages were given four days residential training onoperation and benefits of AKPS for undertaking thework as ‘Annapurna Volunteer’ in the project villages.

5.4.9.2 Standardization of ethnic foods andbeverages: Instant dry idli mix technology wasdeveloped using a dry form of patented culture to getsoft textured steamed idli (Fig. 5.19).

Fig. 5.18: Interactive information disseminationand access system for KVKs

The web and IVRS based applications weremade available in three languages – English, Hindiand Telugu. The model was validated through theAnnapurna Krishi Prasaar Seva (AKPS) and fourKrishi Vigyan Kendras (KVKs) of ANGRAU in AndhraPradesh.

Fig. 5.19: Ready to use InstaDry Mix of Idli

Ready-to-eat (RTE) idli packaging in retort pouchhad over three month shelf-life at atmospherictemperature (28 ±2°C); it need to be reheated in microoven for 5-10 seconds or steam heated in conventionaloven for 2-3 minutes before serving. Dry mix sambarand chutney for the RTE idli packed in HDPE bagsalso had more than three months’ shelf-life, and itneed to be boiled for 5 -7 minutes before serving. Wetidli batter mixed with preservative could be storedwithout spoilage for three days at room temperatureand five days on refrigeration.

Technology details of millet dhokla mix andready-to-eat dhokla were showcased for technologycommercialization (Fig. 5.20); entrepreneurs showedinterest in this technology.

Ultrasonication of coconut toddy for 20 minuteswith 99 per cent power level was standardized toimprove the quality of non-alcoholic (neera) toddy for

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safe consumption up to two months of storage.Presence of health-benefit lactic acid bacteria profilewas created in the coconut toddy on storage.

5.4.10 Animal reproduction and physiology

5.4.10.1 Stem cells in cattle and buffaloes:Germ line cell-specific genes in buffalo embryonicstem cells (ESCs), testis and ovary were identified.DAZL was expressed in ESCs, testis as well as ovarybut not in fibroblasts while VASA expression wasobserved in adult testis and ovary and not infibroblasts and ESCs. Proliferation of spermatogonialstem cells (SSCs) were significantly higher in thepresence of GDNF+EGF+FGF2 than when themedium was supplemented with EGF or FGF2 incombination with GDNF.

Media containing GDNF along with adult bullserum resulted in more number of spermatogonial cellcolonies and also proliferation rate was more in termsof size of colonies, which was also confirmed by MTTassay. Association of two major alleles of BM861 lociwith semen parameters revealed no significantvariability in sperm characteristics in relation to bovinegrowth hormone genotypes.

‘Mahima’, a female calf weighing 32 kg was bornon January 25, 2013 to ‘Garima-II’ a cloned buffalo,produced by hand-guided cloning using ESCs asdonor cells. Garima-II had attained early sexualmaturity at 19 months (compared to hercontemporarians – around 28 months) and wasinseminated with frozen-thawed semen of a progenytested bull on 27th March 2012, which resulted inconception and delivery of ‘Mahima’ through normalparturition (Fig. 5.21).

Fig. 5.20: Millet dhokla prepared from ready-to-eat dhokla mix

5.4.9.3 Arsenic in food chain: The studyundertaken to overcome the harmful effects of excessArsenic in the soils of West Bengal on the entire foodchain including soil, crops, human beings, livestockand fish resulted in: i) identification of indigenousbacterial strains capable of volatilizing inorganic soilarsenic under aerobic vis-a-vis anaerobicenvironment; ii) imposition of intermittent pondingduring vegetative phase reduced arsenic content ingrain and straw significantly but non-significant yieldreduction in rice; iii) varying depths of irrigation water,commensurate with root development, could beadopted for arable crops to reduce arsenic content inedible parts without compromise in yield; iv) retting ofjute increased the arsenic content of surface waterbodies which ultimately led to increased arseniccontent in fish tissues, an unexplored source ofarsenic contamination as yet; v) vermicompost hasemerged as the best organic amendment to reducearsenic availabilities in contaminated soils throughgreater metal-organic matter complexation; vi) nitraterestricted the transport of arsenic in both soil andplant systems and judicious management ofnitrogenous fertilizers reduced grain arsenic status inphosphate-rich soil; vii) identification of rumenbacterial strains capable of reducing arsenic load inthe ruminants; viii) development of polyherbal productto mitigate the arsenic load in poultry birds; and ix)positive relationship between arsenic content in thediet and arsenic content in human urine could beestablished in instances where patients were providedwith arsenic safe drinking water.

Fig. 5.21: Garima-II and its daughter Mahima

This was the first calf in the world to be born to acloned buffalo thus produced.

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5.4.10.2 Cryopreservation of bovinespermatozoa: Buffalo and Karan Fries weredifferentiated on the basis of distinct localizationpatterns of vital proteins / enzymes in the two species.Composition of the new soya-based extender wasstandardized using 25 per cent soya milk in place ofegg yolk in tris buffer. The sub-lethal damageobserved was less in soya milk extender compared tothe egg yolk extender in the buffalo and Karan Friesspermatozoa. Improved in vitro fertility assessment interms of in vitro capacitation and in vitro homologousfertilization was observed in the spermatozoacryopreserved with additives. In vivo fertility trialsusing cryopreserved semen in both the extendersshowed comparable pregnancy rates. Two new soyaformulations as extenders were made ready in theconcentrated form for further commercial use.

5.4.10.3 Identification of mammarybiomarkers: Identification of protein signatures inmammary epithelial cells during different stages oflactation revealed potential pathways associated withlactation persistency and secretory diminution. Nineproteins (ALX3, ANXA3, AP2B1, GDA, KRT25,SERPINB1, SERPINB4, Tpm3, and TPMT) which aremostly involved in molecular transport, cellmorphology, cell-to-cell signalling and interaction,were found associated in the protein network. Stage-specific transcriptome signature of milk derivedmammary epithelial cells during the lactation cycle inSahiwal cows revealed that almost all the genesencoding different endogenous proteases showed anincrease in expression during lactation. Promoterassay of mammary derived growth factor inhibitor(MDGI) gene was performed by luciferase assay, andimmortalized buffalo mammary epithelial cell linemaintained over 83 passages without senescence.

5.4.10.4 Sperm quality and fertility ofcrossbred bulls: It was found that a large number ofFrieswal and Karan Fries bulls were rejected from thesemen stations due to poor semen quality. Rejectionrates in breeding bulls also had some concerns withtheir paternal origin. In Frieswal bulls, semen volumeand post-thaw motility were found to be medium tohigh heritable traits, whereas sperm concentrationand initial progressive motility were found to be verylow heritable traits.

5.4.10.5 Developmental potency ofparthenogenetic goat embryos: Embryonic stemcells from the parthenogenetic and IVF derived goatembryos were generated. Most of the pre-implantation

embryo related genes (Oct4, Nanog, Sox2, Klf4,MnSOD, CX43, Glut1, Stat3, Ecad, Bcl2, Glut1 andBax, etc.) had perturbed expression inparthenogenetic embryos than in the IVF, cloned andin vivo derived counterparts, which might beresponsible for the developmental problem ofparthenogenetic goat embryos. Elucidation of theexpression profile of paternally and maternallyimprinted genes (PEG1, DLK1, IGF2, NDN andNNAT, PEG1, DLK1, IGF2, NDN and NNAT) betweenthe parthenogenetic vis-à-vis IVF and in vivo derivedembryos indicated that all these genes wereexpressed in the parthenogenetic embryos, but theexpression was quite lower than in the IVF and in vivoderived embryos. For the first time, parthenogeneticgoat foetus of 34 days of pregnancy was achieved,which is the first report in any livestock species.

5.4.11 Animal health

5.4.11.1: Role of miRNAs upon bacterialinfection in bovine mastitis unravelled new aspects ofregulation in host-pathogen interactions at the post-transcriptional level vis-à-vis new promisingtherapeutic strategies for mastitis caused byStaphylococcus aureus. Accessory gene regulatoragr type-1 predominated among the S. aureusisolates obtained from the bovine milk, extra-mammary site, and animal handlers. Significant host-pathogen interactions model in mice were revealed.

5.4.11.2 Identification of oncolytic viral genesfor cancer therapy in bovines: Oncolytic potential ofbicistronic construct of genes for Canine Parvovirus-2and Chicken infectious anemia were evaluated inHeLa cell line. Initial studies indicated the involvementof mitochondria in apoptosis. This gene construct hadstrong anti-cancer potential, as demonstrated in vivoin clinical cases of dogs suffering with caninetransmissible venereal tumor. Mammary tumor-specific ligands were identified by four rounds of invivo biopanning (Phage display peptide library) of LA-7 and MNU induced tumor in rats.

5.4.11.3: Toll-like receptors in farm animals:All the 10 TLRs of Yak and Mithun samples drawnfrom Nagaland, Mizoram, Arunachal Pradesh,Uttarakhand and J&K were sequenced completely;the sequence data bank of Mithun TLRs (1-10) was of1,00,072 bp and that of Yak was of 1,28,012 bp.Species-specific (Goat vs. Buffalo) resistance toPeste des petits ruminants virus confirmed the role ofTLR7 induced downstream interferon alpha levels.

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Whole transcriptome data generated from the HEK-293 cells infected with PPRV at 15th and 60th passageswere compared with that of uninfected cells todetermine the range of transcripts that differentiallyexpressed and could contribute to the attenuation ofthe virus. It indicated 1,947 genes that were up-regulated and 2,150 genes that were down-regulated.Correlation study of SNPs in the NOD-2 gene to theincidence of mastitis in cattle showed that among thenon-synonymous SNPs identified in buffalo Nod-likereceptor 2 gene, three- 567 G>D, 593 D>G and 681R>W could be damaging to the structure and functionof the gene.

5.4.11.4 Herbal acaricides for the control ofticks in animals: Tick infestation seriously affects theproductivity of animals (Fig. 5.22).

The specification of the developed herbalformulations was refined as per the commercialrequirement and tested in Punjab. No sign ofresistance to herbal acaricides in ticks were noticedafter 25 generations repeatedly exposed to thedeveloped phytoacaricides.

5.4.11.5 Toll-like receptors in divergent fishspecies: Annotation of various innate immune genesfrom the transcriptome profile of Indian Catfish(Clarias batrachus), cloning of TLR2, 3, 5, 21, 22,Mx1, MxG, NLRX1, NLRC5, IRAK-4, TRAF4, IRF3,IL-6, IL-8, IL-11 genes in Catfish, tissue-specificexpression analysis of TLR2, 21, 22 and NLRC5 inCatfish, and analysis of TLR22 signaling pathway inRohu following bacterial infection were done andTLR9 and IL-8 gene expressions in different Sharktissues were described.

5.4.11.6 Gene silencing – Management ofWSSV: The anti-sense constructs with penaeidin andhistone promoters were successfully transfected ineggs and post-larvae of Penaeus monodon;protective efficacy of the anti-sense constructs wastested by challenging the animals with white spotsyndrome virus (WSSV), and the silencing effect wasalso verified, which showed significant decrease inviral load.

5.4.11.7 Footrot in sheep: Surveys to determinethe prevalence of Fusobacterium necrophorum infootrot affected sheep in Kashmir Valley revealed theoverall prevalence of F. necrophorum at 26.0 per cent,with the highest prevalence of 34.78 per cent inKulgam and Pulwama districts and minimum of 20.0per cent in district Baramulla. The statistical analysisof association between F. necrophorum andDichelobacter nodosus in footrot affected sheeprevealed that these two anaerobic organisms weresignificantly associated in footrot (Fig. 5.24).

Fig. 5.22: Tick infestation symptoms on recedingside after treatment

The two herbal acaricide products developed forthe control of tick infestations in animals were found tobe 50-75 per cent effective against the resistant ticklines; and 60-80 per cent effective against the lice,dog tick (R. sanguineous) and Hyalomma anatolicum.The developed technologies were safe with noadverse reaction on animals (OECD guideline-410followed) and stable for more than a year stored atroom temperature (Fig. 5.23).

Fig. 5.23: Herbal acaricide product developedFig. 5.24: Vaccination of virulent foot rotaffected sheep

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The vaccine developed was found to be safe forpregnant animals, for use even after six months ofstorage at 4°C and the shelf-life of the vaccine wasestimated at about two months (Fig. 5.25).

out of 58 QTLs, and 25 out of 51 QTLs identified weremajor respectively in milk yield and somatic cellscore.

5.4.13.2 Detection of contamination in milk:Technology on pesticide residues analysis usingbiochip was firmed up with batch fabrication andmeasurements at different partner locations. Milksamples from field/market were collected andanalysed for 3-4 weeks continuously with thedeveloped biochip and the analysis wasdemonstrated in real time for assessment of thetechnology. Another optical DNA zyme lead biosensorbased on fluorescent dyes and the FRETphenomenon in the presence and absence of Pb+2ions for chip based detection of heavy metals wasestablished.

A mobile integrated urea biosensor that providesa decision support system (DSS) in milk supply chainwas developed to detect adulterated milk ureasamples. Another strip-based detection kit has beendeveloped in which a white strip on immersion in milkcontaining dye solution for about 2 minutes, turns bluedetecting detergent up to 0.1 per cent; but thisrequires optimization to overcome the problem offalse positive and sensitivity.

5.4.13.3 Detection of pathogens andadulterants using chemical biology:Functionalized gold nanoparticles (Fn-GNPs) basedsensor systems for on-site detection of urea in milksamples was developed and validated by comparingthe detection system with commercially available kitsfor urea detection. These developed goldnanoparticles (GNPs) based detection systems foron-site detection of urea in milk could be useful atunorganized dairies and small milk plants. The firstgeneration GNP based system works by giving a“one” or “zero” output (Fig. 5.26).

Aptamer-GNPs based nanosensor for thedetection of urea in adulterated milk samples wasalso developed and validated. This sensor could

Fig. 5.25: Vaccine against virulent foot rot of sheep

5.4.12 Network for cattleyard management

5.4.12.1 Wireless sensor network for animalmanagement: Wireless sensor-based pedometerwas successfully validated in Karan Fries cattle;threshold value of 208.4 activities/hour [referenceperiod of 2 days preceding estrus] had higher estrusefficiency (94.4 per cent) and accuracy (100 per cent).A stand-alone milk conductivity, temperature andweight measurement with wireless sensor-baseddata transmission system was developed. Sub-clinical mastitis prediction: rise of 135-162 per cent inmilk electro-conductivity in clinical mastitis case wasseen, compared to healthy animals.

5.4.13 Milk and dairy production

5.4.13.1 Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for milkyield, fat and protein percentage in buffaloes:Large reference family consisting of daughters of 12sires was successfully created; out of over 1.2 lakhinseminations carried out, a success rate of 49 percent was achieved. Milk yield data on 1,200daughters which completed their lactation wasanalysed and 13 major QTLs for this trait wereidentified on eight chromosomal segments (BBU1,BBU2, BBU6, BBU7, BBU8, BBU9, BBU10, andBBU15).

Of the 207 QTLs identified for the four traits, 62were major for milk yield, fat and protein percentageand somatic cell score. The QTLs were identified oneight chromosomes of buffalo; 47 QTLs wereidentified for milk fat, of which nine were major; out of61 QTLs identified for milk protein, 12 were major; 16 Fig. 5.26: Detection kits for urea and detergent in milk

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detect urea quantity as well, if coupled to aspectroflourimeter. Presence of common adulterantslike NaCl, NaHCO3, SDS and glucose in milk wasfound to cause no interference with the test.

Flow injection analysis - Electrochemical quartzcrystal nanobalance (FIA-EQCN) biosensor was alsodeveloped, which could facilitate ultrasensitivedetection of streptomycin residues in milk up to 1 pg/ml with a range of 1pg/ml to 200 �gm/ ml. A simple,economical, and highly stable Flow injection analysis-enzyme thermistor (FIA-ET) biosensor for analysis ofurea in adulterated milk is successfully demonstrated,which is first time by this instrument. The developedbiosensor can facilitate continuous analysis of milkurea in dairy industry. Another important feature of thepresented biosensor is the lower detection limit andan excellent dynamic range of detection, 1–200 mMurea with a sample throughput of 30 within an hour.

Technologies on the detection of harmfulbacteria, Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococci inmilk were transferred for commercial use in the firstAgri-Investors’ Meet organized by NAIP. As part of theintegration activity for multi-analyte detection system,the detection of bacteria (Listeria monocytogenes) inmilk was achieved by the joint efforts of threeconsortium partners, and a kit for the detection ofpesticide residues based on nanoparticles was alsodeveloped.

5.4.14 Rumen physiology and ecology

5.4.14.1 Manipulation of rumen ecosystemfor improved utilization of crop residues:Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, the major conjugated linoleicacid (CLA) producing bacteria, was isolated (62isolates) from different indigenous sources and theirmolecular characterization was done. Use of plantextracts of Lucas aspera as feed additive and highCLA producer Butyrivibrio isolate increased the CLAproduction by 372 per cent. In vivo experiments ofLucas aspera supplementation in goats wereperformed; CLA had 60 per cent increment in therumen of supplemented group.

Process for the removal of monosaccharides anddisaccharides from the GOS mixture wasstandardized; desorbed outlet of activated charcoalcolumn removed monosacharides up to 89 per centand disaccharides up to 81 per cent; and the GOS (24per cent) was also desorbed from the column whileusing 50 per cent Ethanol (v/v).

Addition of herb and spice extracts to gheeenhanced the oxidative stability under frying conditionsignificantly as indicated by determining the peroxidevalue, free fatty acids, conjugated dienes, TBA andoxidative stability using Rancimat. During deep fatfrying, aqueous herb extract of Ashwagandha(Withania somnifera) showed lower antioxidativepotency than the other natural extracts fromcoriander, green tea and clove oil extract. Theantioxidant activity at the end of frying process were inthe order of clove> green tea > coriander > BHA >Ashwagandha.

Enzyme profile in the rumen crossbred fisulatedsteers supplemented FAE enzyme was studied andthe results showed increased activities of CMCase,Beta-glucosidase and avicelase in FAE enzymesupplemented group, compared to control. Increasedfibre digestibility was observed in animals fed withcrude FAE enzyme compared to the control fed withpaddy straw based ration.

Recombinant microbes such as B. fibrisolvensand yeast were obtained by re-ligation andtransformation of shuttle vector constructs havingFAE. Cellobiohydrolase, avicelase, lignin peroxidaseand manganese peroxidase gene fromPhanerochaete chrysosporium was cloned into yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae.

In vitro trials with mixed cultures of pure andrecombinants was carried out and results indicatedimproved digestibility of paddy and wheat straw withmixed culture of recombinants compared to controls.In vivo study carried out on supplementation ofRuminococcus flavefaciens strain designated asNB-1 as inoculum for lactating Murrah buffaloesduring three month experimental trial showed that theaverage daily milk yield ranged from 5.91 to 6.65 kg/day/animal, compared to 5.88 to 6.36 kg/day/animalin the control during different fortnights. The differencein mean dry matter intake between treatment group(11.77 kg/day) and control group (11.11 kg/day) wasfound significant (P<0.05).

5.4.14.2 Rumen microbial diversity andimpact of additives on methanogenesis andutilization of poor quality fibrous feeds: In themethanogen archaea diversity study carried out inwild and domesticated ruminants by constructing 16SrRNA gene library, the phylogenetic analysesrevealed predominance of Methanobrevibacter andMethanobacterium in most of the animals. Fibre

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degrading bacterial diversity studies conducted indomesticated animals revealed that Prevotella wasthe predominant bacteria in all the animals.

From the rumen of buffalo fed on nitratesupplemented diet, 75 nitrate reducing bacteria wereisolated and screened for their methane reducingpotential. A few of the potent bacteria, which couldimmediately convert nitrate into ammonia, wereidentified as Veillonella sp. and E. coli. Twenty isolatesof sulphate reducing bacteria (SRBs) were isolated.

Nitrate feeding improved the performance ofbuffalo calves in terms of feed efficiency byconserving dietary energy through methanemitigation which was diverted towards the growth ofanimals. In addition, there was no accumulation ofnitrite in the rumen and formation of methaemoglobinin blood, indicating that no adverse effect of nitratefeeding was observed. Supplementation of babul wasfound to have the potential to improve the digestibilityof nutrients and their availability at cellular level, asindicated by carcass weight and quality.

5.4.15 Meat production

5.4.15.1 Enhancing the meat production ofgoat having knocked down myostatin gene:Knockdown efficiency of MSTN gene in case of stableadult fibroblast cell line after 11th passage was about90 per cent, compared to mock control. About 15-20transformed embryos having knock-down MSTNgene were produced and cryopreserved, for furthertransfer into surrogates. Spermatogonial germ cellsculture in sertoli cell feeder layer and in vitrotransduced with GFP expression vector also wereestablished.

5.5 Major outputs

5.5.1 Technology development andcommercialization

5.5.1.1 Technology developed and adopted:About 15 useful technologies developed under theComponent have already been adopted by a numberof agencies as listed in table 5.0 below:

Table 5.0: Technologies developed and adopted

Sl. No. Technology

Crops

1. shRNA Pred. 1.0 tool to predict shRNA complementary to target mRNA for gene silencing, and to handle large-scalenucleotide sequence datasets for the purpose

Cotton

2. Boll-specific promoters (four): Identified and characterized at ICGEB, New Delhi, and used in cottontransformation

3. Transformation vectors with full length genes involved in cotton fibre trait improvement: Used at CICR, Nagpur andUAS, Dharwad

Plant Protection

4. Biopesticides formulations tolerant to Multiple pesticides, salinity and temperature: Commercial licenses (9) issuedby NBAII, Bangalore

5. Diagnostic ELISA kit for groundnut bud necrosis virus

Livestock

6. Spontaneously transformed buffalo mammary epithelial cell line: Developed at NDRI, Karnal and adapted by SVVU,Tirupati

7. Embryonic stem cell lines (four) and use protocols: Developed by NDRI, Karnal and adapted by Stem Cell Research,Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, New Delhi; National Institute for Research on Reproduction & Health (NIRRH), Mumbai; andICAR RC NEH Region, Barapani for stem cell research in pig

8. Improved ovulation synchronization protocol (OV synch): Developed at NDRI, Karnal and used in farm and field fortreatment of infertility condition in buffaloes at CIRB, Hisar

9. Qualitative and quantitative test for detection of anionic detergent in milk: Developed, standardized, validated andcommercialized by NDRI, Karnal

10. Detection kits for Listeria monocytogenes and Enterococci in milk: Developed, standardized, validated andcommercialized by NDRI, Karnal

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5.5.1.2 Technologies developed and underprocess of adoption: Fifty six technologiesdeveloped by the consortia of the component areunder various stages of adoption by a number ofagencies (Table 5.1).

5.5.1.3 Technology commercialized: Thecomponent-4 consortia judiciously availed thehandholding and facilitation support from the ProjectImplementation Unit (PIU) as well as the BusinessPlanning and Development (BPD) Unit located attheir institutes. They were motivated to transfer theirlab-scale research findings into validated and/or well-demonstrated commercial products. Commercialtransfer of technologies generated under component-4took the central stage during the Agri-investors Meetin 2013 organized by the PIU-NAIP. The followinghighlights illustrate the achievements with regard tofacilitated innovation management by the consortia

under component-4 (Tables 5.2 & 5.3).

The consortium on rubber dam has alreadysigned such agreement, and partners of a few otherConsortia, for example, on nano-sensors for milkdetection, nano-fertilizers, nano-pesticides, and ultra/nano-filtration of high value enzymes derived frombiodegradation of rice straw and bagasse have eitheralready obtained or are in the process of obtaininginternal permissions from their respective institutionsto enter into such MoUs.

5.5.2 Genetic resources augmentation

One of the major achievements of the componentpertains to the identification and augmentation of alarge number of genetic resources with high potentialfor future development (Table 5.4). Among the groups,maximum number of genetic resources emerged fromthe Stress (biotic and abiotic) tolerance group (21.11

Sl. No. Technology

Natural Resource Management

11. Web enabled “Crop Pest DSS” incorporated with pest forecast models and decision tools: Developed by CRIDA,Hyderabad and hosted on the web.

12. Nano-fertilizers and nutrients: Developed by CAZRI, Jodhpur & Partners.

Agricultural Engineering and Food Processing

13. Instant idli dry mixes – liquid culture, chemical and dry form culture methods: Developed and licensed by IICPT,Thanjavur.

14. Cryogenic spice grinding system: Designed, developed and licensed by CIPHET, Ludhiana.

Agricultural Extension

15. ICT-based Interactive Information Dissemination System (Annapurna Krishi Prasar Seva): Conceptualized, designed,developed, validated and applied in field by MLAsia and partners.

Table 5.1: Technologies developed and under process of adoption

Sl. No. Technology

Cereals

1. Avr-Pi54 gene from M. oryzae which could be used for developing race-nonspecific resistance in rice:Developed by NRCPB, New Delhi.

2. Plant promoter induced by M. oryzae infection in rice: Developed by NRCPB, New Delhi.

3. Allele specific markers for Pi54 blast resistance gene: Developed by NRCPB, New Delhi.

4. Blast resistance Basmati rice lines (four): In AICRP trials.

5. Introgression lines in rice for drought tolerance (four): In AICRP trials.

6. Maize hybrids for waterlogging tolerance (two): In AICRP trials.

Millet

7. Sorghum lines identified for drought tolerance (three): Developed by DSR, Hyderabad.

Pulse

8. New sources of tolerance to mungbean yellow mosaic virus in Vigna wild relatives (13 nos.): Identified atNBPGR, New Delhi.

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Sl. No. Technology

Oilseed

9. Sesame accessions with high sesamin content (two): Identified by IIT, Kharagpur.

Cotton

10. Transgenic lines with fibre development specific genes – Aquaporin, Expansin, Arabinogalactan 3, Galactinol 3 –synthase and RD22 like protein: Used for validation at CICR, Nagpur and UAS, Dharwad.

Microbes

11. Identification tool for Bacillus species based on sequencing of small fragment of 16S rRNA gene (220 bp):Developed by IARI, New Delhi.

12. Insecticidal formulation of Bacillus thurungiensis strain AK 47: Developed by IARI & NRCPB, New Delhi.

Lac Insects

13. Primers for COI gene barcoding; lac insect-specific microsatellite markers and SNPs: Developed by IINRG, Ranchiand used in Bar Coding of Lac Insects

Plant Protection

14. Multiple pesticides tolerant, salinity tolerant and temperature tolerant biopesticides formulations: Developed byNBAII, Bangalore.

15. Nano-sulfur (product): Developed by ISI, Kolkata.

Horticulture

16. Ornamental hybrid in Abelmoschus: Developed at NBPGR, Thrissur.

17. Resistance sources against Alternaria fruit rot and leaf blight in cucumbers and melons: Developed by NBPGR,New Delhi.

18. Carotenoid (vitamin A) rich cucumbers (seven sources): Developed by NBPGR, New Delhi.

19. Mapping populations in Cucumis for mapping and tagging moisture stress tolerance traits: Developed by NBPGR,New Delhi.

20. Obligate sexual plants of guggul: Developed by NRCPB and NBPGR, New Delhi.

21. Plant virus detection kits for horticultural crops: Developed by IARI, New Delhi.

22. Modular vector for one-step assembly of intron containing hairpin RNA for high throuput gene silencing in plants:Developed by IIHR, Bangalore.

23. Anthocyanin enriched tomato fruits: Developed by IIHR, Bangalore.

24. Nematode responsive root specific promoters: Developed by IIT, Kanpur.

25. Peclobutrazol application (@3 ml per meter canopy diameter) for producing off-season mangoes: Developed byCISH, Lucknow and applied in Southern States and Western Ghats - Scaling up required.

Livestock

26. Biomarker based detection of Bovine sub-clinical mastitis: Developed by PDADMAS, Bangalore.

27. Feed additive (Methane suppressor): Developed by IVRI, Izatnagar.

28. Whole cell vaccine against virulent footrot in sheep: Developed by SKUAST-K, Srinagar.

29. Veterinary medicine for control of acaricide resistant tick infestations in animals (2 plant-based products):Developed by IVRI, Izatnagar.

30. Diagnostics for differentiating cattle and buffalo meat and milk: Developed by TNVASU, Chennai.

31. Soya milk extender for cryopreservation of buffalo and cattle semen: Developed by NDRI, Karnal.

32. Parentage verification kit in goat: Developed by NBAGR, Karnal.

33. Parentage verification kit in camel: Developed by NBAGR, Karnal.

34. Parentage verification kit in buffalo: Developed by NBAGR, Karnal.

35. Parentage verification in kit Zebu cattle: Developed by NBAGR, Karnal.

36. Parentage verification kit in Indian ruminant livestock: Developed by NBAGR, Karnal.

37. Software “Confirm Paternity” for confirming parentage of daughters using Genotypes in buffalo: Developedby NBAGR, Karnal.

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Sl. No. Technology

38. Software for identifying constant “Optimal K” for sub-structuring of populations in buffalo: Developed by NBAGR,Karnal.

39. Wireless sensor network for animal management in cattle yard: Developed by IIT, Delhi.

40. Detection kits for Salmonella, Acinetobacter, and urea: Developed by IIT, Roorkee.

41. Biosensors, miniaturized bioassays and biochips based detection of residues and contaminants in milk:Developed by BITS-P, Goa; IIT, Delhi; NDRI, Karnal; and Punjab University, Patiala.

42. Lactobacilli strains (25) assessed for proteolytic activity: Developed by NDRI, Karnal.

Fisheries

43. Protocols for identification of Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) in fish (carps, catfish and shark) and their use:Developed by CIFA, Bhubaneswar.

44. Anti-sense constructs against white spot syndrome virus in shrimp fish: Developed by CIFE, Mumbai.

Natural Resource Management

45. Technology package for design and establishment of flexi-composite-rubber check dam for watersheds:Developed by DWM, Bhubaneshwar.

46. Nano-induced polysaccharide powder: Developed by CAZRI, Jodhpur.

47. Revised soil maps of Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP) and Black Soils Region (BSR) developed by NBSS&LUP,Nagpur.

Agricultural Engineering and Food Processing

48. Multi-utility high clearance vehicle and use of accessories and decision support software for precisionagriculture: Developed, validated and deployed by PAU, Ludhiana.

49. Precision agriculture tools and decision support software: Developed by CIAE, Bhopal.

50. Nano-cellulose product and protocols: Developed by CIRCOT, Mumbai.

51. Digital radiography set-up and software for extracting quality related information from radiographs:Developed by CIAE, Bhopal.

52. Ultra/nano-cross filtration membrane unit: Developed by IIT, Delhi.

53. Xylo-oligosaccharides from bagasse: Developed by GNDU, Amritsar; IIT, Delhi; and CIPHET, Ludhiana.

54. High pressure pasteurized litchi juice and mango pulp: Developed by IIT, Kharagpur.

55. High pressure processed black tiger shrimp, yellow fin tuna, head less Indian white shrimp, ready-to-cook(RTC) prawn: Developed by CIFT, Cochin.

56. Fish gel: Developed by CIFT, Cochin.

Table 5.2: Commercial transfer of technologies generated

Sl. No. Particulars Achievement

1. Number of technologies showcased 28

2. Number of MOUs/Licences materialized 16

3. Financial deals concluded (`) 180.0 lakhs

4. Salient investors’ choice technologies:

a) Nano-cellulose 84.2 lakhs

b) Nano-sulfur/ Nano phosphorus 60.0 lakhs

c) Milk detection kits 19.1 lakhs

d) Parentage detection kits 10.2 lakhs

e) Instant idli dry mix 3.0 lakhs

f) Cryogenic spice grinding system 2.0 lakhs

g) Bio-pesticides 1.5 lakhs

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Sl. No. Technology

1. Phyto-acaricide to control chemical acaricide resistant tick infestations in animals

2. Test for the differentiation of cattle and buffalo meat and milk

3. Bacillus T 9 Cry isolates

4. Parentage verification kits of goat and other ruminant livestock species

5. Flexi-rubber dams (rubber-textile composite) for watershed management

6. Multiple insecticide resistant bio-pest Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi

7. High temperature resistant strains of biopest Trichogramma chilonis8. Detection of cucumber mosaic virus, polyvirus and peanut mottle virus

9. Serodiagnosis of plant viruses

10. Anthocyanin enriched tomato fruits

11. Biosynthesis of Zn and Fe nanoparticles

12. Nanoparticles induced polysaccharide powder for application in desert soil

13. Synthesis of nanocellulose by enzymatic process using membrane reactor

14. Preparation of cellulose nanoparticles using the fungus, Trichoderma reesei15. Zinc chloride mediated preparation of nano-cellulose by homogenization process

16. Preparation of starch nano-cellulose composite films

17. Detection of Enterococci in milk

18. Spore inhibition based enzyme substrate assay for monitoring Aflatoxin M1 in Milk

19. Detection of Listeria monocytogenes in milk

20. DNA zyme based lead biosensor

21. Recombinant whole cell cadmium biosensor

22. Microarray based heavy metal optical biosensor

23. Colour based detection of detergent in milk

24. A cross flow flexible membrane filtration assembly for small processing volume

25. Millet dhokla

Table 5.3: Technologies short-listed for commercial potential

Sl. BSR Grouping Number of Number of GeneticNo. Sub-projects Resources (in ‘000)

1. Stress (biotic and abiotic) Tolerance. 9 2111

2. Molecular Genetics & Breeding and Biodiversity. 10 116

3. Nanotechnology, Precision Farming, GIS and NRM. 11 0.081

4. Agricultural Engineering, PHT, ICT, Arsenic and Fermented Food. 10 0.097

5. Animal Production, Physiology and Health. 13 4.65

6. Cattle Farm Sensors, Rumen Ecology, Dairy Milk & 8 604Meat Production.

Total 61 2 Million +

Table 5.4. Genetic resources identified and augmented

lakhs); Cattle farm sensors, Rumen ecology, Dairymilk and Meat production group (6.04 lakhs); andMolecular genetics & breeding and Biodiversity group(1.16 lakhs).

5.5.3 Product development

A total of 20 products having commercial valuewere developed by the Component, and another 41products with high potential (leads) were alsodeveloped for commercial exploitation (Table 5.5).

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5.5.4 Patent filing

The patenting activity was appropriate andspecific, concomitant with the results in most cases.Consortia reported filing of 85 patent applications, outof which 40 have been published. Two international(PCT) applications (for Analyte Sensor Chips andDevice for Analysis of Mycotoxins Application) havebeen filed, and an Australian short patent (for AnalyteSensor Chips) has already been granted. The numberof applications in the process of being filed is alsomodestly high. Efforts made by the Consortia to seekpatents for their inventions are presented as per thenature of invention in table 5.6.

5.5.5 Publications

A total of 653 research papers have beenpublished in peer reviewed journals by the Consortiascientists. It is worthwhile to note that as per theNAAS rating, 12 were rated > 9.0; 25+ were rated >8.0; and 239+ were rated > 7.00. The number ofpapers published under different groups is presentedin table 5.7.

5.5.6 Capacity development

5.5.6.1 Infrastructure development: Equippingthe laboratories with sophisticated instruments wasthe major long-term research capacity developmentactivity under the component. More than 50 high-costmodern equipment each costing between R40 - 500lakhs, with a cumulative value of USD 100 million havebeen added to the existing research infrastructure inthe NARS. Besides, as much value of the smallerequipment and tools have also been added.Biotechnology (both plants and animals) sub-component got the maximum benefit. Major equipmentcosting more than R250 lakhs procured and installed inthe ICAR system are highlighted in table 5.8.

Table 5.5: Products developed by various consortia

Sl. BSR Grouping Number of Products Developed Number ofNo. Sub-projects Leads

1. Stress (biotic and abiotic) 9 a) Bio-pesticides 5Tolerance b) Rice lines

c) Plant virus diagnosticsd) Anthocyanin rich tomato

2. Molecular Genetics & Breeding 10 a) Export-value sesame lines 8and Biodiversity b) Off-season mango.

3. Nanotechnology, Precision 11 a) Nano-pesticides 6Farming, GIS and NRM b) Nano-fertilizers and nutrients

c) Nano-cellulosed) Pest prediction tool in cotton and rice.e) Multi-utility high clearance vehicle

4. Agricultural Engineering, PHT, 10 a) Flexi-rubber dam 6ICT, Arsenic and Fermented b) Indigenous cryogenic grinderFood c) Micro/Nano-filtration assembly

d) Insta-Idli products

5. Animal Production, Physiology 13 a) Buffalo production from stem cells 10and Health b) Vaccine against sheep footrot

c) Herbal medicine against ticks

6. Cattle Farm Sensors, 8 a) Diagnostic kits against detergent 6Rumen Ecology, Dairy Milk & and urea detection in milk.Meat Production b) Diagnostic kits against Aflatoxin

and Listeria detection in milk

Total 61 20 41

Sl. Nature of Invention Number ofNo. Patents Filed

1. Process 21

2. Product 27

3. Diagnostic tool 21

4. Analytical tool 9

5. Research tool 7

Total 85

Table 5.6: Patents filed as per nature of invention

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Besides, 228 small equipment costing morethan .10 lakhs each and 25 infrastructure/workscosting more than .25 lakhs each were alsodeveloped by various consortia. All these equipmentinstalled and the works undertaken would continue toserve the NARS scientists in the post-NAIP periodtoo.

5.5.6.2 Human resource development:Besides a large number of scientists from theConsortium Leader / Partner institutions underwenttraining in advanced institutions/laboratories withinthe country to develop their knowledge and skills infrontier areas of science, about 325 scientists haveavailed overseas training in cutting edge areas (Table5.9).

Table 5.7: Publications by the consortia under different groups

Sl. BSR Grouping Number of Number of PapersNo. Sub-projects Published

1. Stress (biotic and abiotic) Tolerance. 9 101

2. Molecular Genetics & Breeding and Biodiversity. 10 67

3. Nanotechnology, Precision Farming, GIS and NRM. 11 126

4. Agricultural Engineering, PHT, ICT, Arsenic and 10 102Fermented Food.

5. Animal Production, Physiology and Health. 13 171

6. Cattle Farm Sensors, Rumen Ecology, Dairy Milk & 8 86Meat Production.

Total 61 653

Table 5.8: Modernization of ICAR institute laboratories

Sl. ICAR Institute Description of Works / Goods CostNo. (Leader/Partner) (R in lakhs)

1. National Dairy Research Establishment of national facilities for referral 1750Institute, Karnal research on milk. Mass Spectrophotometer

(R 509 lakhs each)

2. National Research Centre for High throughput genotyping equipment and 830Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi phenotyping facilities.

3. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Automated genotyping systems for 620Resource, New Delhi DNA markers and SNPs

4. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Next generation sequencer 425Resource, Lucknow

5. Indian Agricultural research Automated DNA analyzer system along 425Institute, New Delhi with accessories

6. Indian Veterinary Research Microarray system 250Institute, Izatnagar

7. Directorate of Water Works for rubber dams for watersheds. 300Management, Bhubaneshwar

The scientists trained abroad were sent in groups(in consortia mode) or as individuals to specificallyidentified institutions in countries such as Australia,Canada, Chile, Denmark, France, Germany, Mexico(CIMMYT), The Netherlands, New Zealand, Peru(International Potato Center), Philippines (IRRI),Singapore, Syria (ICARDA), United Kingdom, and

Table 5.9: Human resource development activities

Sl. Kind of Number of Number ofNo. Training Programmes Scientists

Organized Benefitted

1. National 130 5754

2. International 2774 325training

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United States of America. They underwent training indifferent thrust areas relevant to the Componentobjectives (Table 5.10).

All these activities not only helped the scientiststo upgrade their knowledge and skills, but alsoenabled them build professional contact withindividuals and institutions working in their areas ofinterest.

5.6 Sustainability

Many consortia have sought or are in the process

of seeking extra mural support for the continuation ofthe basic and strategic research undertaken by themunder the NAIP. The ICAR has provided thisopportunity through the Basic and Strategic Fund aswell as through consortia based platforms in the XIIPlan. Some consortia like rubber dam,nanopesticides, and sensors of multianalytes todetect milk and water impurities/contamination are inthe process of entering into post-NAIP MOUs topursue their research and commercial interests.

Table 5.10: International training organized in thrust areas

Sl. No. Thrust Area Number ofScientists Trained

1. Allele Mining 11

2. Bioinformatics 17

3. Biomolecules 10

4. Bioremediation 7

5. Biosecurity 10

6. Carbon Trading/ Carbon Sequestration/ Climate Change 20

7. Fermentation Technology 11

8. Genome Resource Conservation 10

9. Geoinformatics 4

10. Image Processing Technology for Characterization of Agricultural Produce 3

11. Microbial Molecular Taxonomy 9

12. Molecular Diagnostics 11

13. Mitigation Strategies for Methane Production from Livestock 5

14. Molecular Breeding 9

15. Nanotechnology 16

16. Neutraceuticals 18

17. Non-Chemical/ Non-Thermal Processing and Membrane Technology 5

18. Sensor Based Applications including Bioindicators 13

19. Stem Cell Research 6

20. Smart Packaging 4

21. Agricultural Economics and Policy Research 5

22. Intellectual Property Rights 26

23. Marker Assisted Selection 90

24. Apomixis 1

25. Gene Knock Down Technology 1

26. Transgenic Animals 3

Total 325

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MONITORING AND EVALUATION

SECTION-6

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) activities of theNational Agricultural Innovation Project (NAIP) werein tune with the funding agencie’s objective of trackingthe results than merely overseeing theimplementation. The implementation processedmonitoring included tracking of inputs mobilization,activities undertaken and completed, and outputsdelivered. The result-based system added monitoringof Project outcomes in addition to implementation-based monitoring. Thus, monitoring in the NAIP hasbeen operationalized by tracking the outcomes as perthe results framework indicators and performanceindicators enlisted in the PAD and the PIP documents.Accordingly, the M&E was neither inspectorial norpaternalistic.

6.1 Institutional structure for M&E

The primary responsibility for M&E was with thePIU, led by the National Director (ND) assisted by theNCs and the Finance and Procurement Officers. ThePIU reported to the NSC and the PMC on M&Eissues, and informed the (O&MPC) and the RPC. Theoverall coordination of the M&E of the sub-projectswas carried out as three separate but distinct efforts,as under:• The concurrent monitoring was the responsibility

of the NC (O&M) assisted by a M&E Consultantcharged with the responsibilities of the day-to-day M&E operations till March 2013, andsubsequently the M&E Unit led by an NC (M&E);

• At the consortia level, the CMUs regularlymonitored and reported on the sub-project’sphysical and financial inputs and outputs; and

• An independent consultant was contracted tocarry out comprehensive outcome-focusedimpact evaluations of the NAIP.

6.1.1 Consortium level M&E

A CMU was established in each Consortium. TheCMU reported directly to the CPI. The workprogramme of the CMU was developed inconsultation with the NC at the PIU and approved andcleared by the Chairperson of the CAC. The CMUwas responsible for (but not restricted to):

• Preparing an M&E work plan and budget;• Preparing half-yearly and annual reports;• Undertaking regular field trips to introduce and

document key M&E practices;• Preparing and submitting half-yearly and

annual monitoring and supervision reports;• Planning and developing PME-related training

programmes;• Designing and conducting M&E exposure

sessions;• Assisting the CPI in all matters relating to M&E

planning; and• Supporting and assisting in the WB and the

NAIP supervision visits.

6.1.1.1 Establishment of CMU: The CMUsassisted the PIU to develop a computerized plan forthe Project. For the concurrent monitoring and baseline studies, the CMUs were primarily responsible fordata collection and collation, and report preparation.Eighty four CMUs were established, staffed andequipped and rendered fully operational support forall the consortia approved, to the basic works relatedto M&E.

At the consortia level, monitoring was done bythe CAC and the CIC assisted by the CMUs. The NCof the respective component did concurrentmonitoring of the consortia. The IndependentConsultants for M&E have consolidated the indicatorsand the outputs from the consortia.

The CMUs submitted to the PIU: i) quarterlyfinancial and procurement reports summarizingconcurrent monitoring observations; ii) six-monthlyreports summarizing Project M&E for the precedingsix months, and updated Project indicators; and iii)three comprehensive reports - the base-line surveyand two Consortium evaluations (at the Project MTRand Project completion).

6.1.1.2 Consortium baseline survey:Monitoring involves repeated assessment of asituation over time. Having an initial basis forcomparison helps the project managers to assesswhat has changed over a period of time. Hence,information about the initial starting point or situation


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is needed before any intervention has taken place.This information is called baseline information. This isthe line of base conditions against which comparisonscan be made later on. The baseline is the first criticalmeasurement of performance indicators and is usedas a starting point by which the future performance ofthe Project is monitored. Baseline data were collectedby all the CPIs for the consortia in components- 2 and3, at least for each identified outcome indicators. Thebaseline data for all the CMUs in components- 2 and 3were collected. A comparison of baseline with thetarget values to be achieved was done in the followingmanner:• By comparing the situation before the Project

started with the situation after its completion(this was mainly done by the CPIs in theirreports); this required clear understanding offactors influencing the outcome;

• By tracking the changes with (inside the Projectarea) and without a Project process (outside theProject area-control group). This required findingcomparable areas (counterfactuals);

• By comparing the difference between similargroups (inside the Project area) and between aProject group & a group outside the Projectinfluence (control group). This required findingcomparable group within the same area.

6.1.1.3 Institutionalization of PME cells: Eachconsortium established CMU for itself. Besides,those Centers where a Priority Setting, Monitoringand Evaluation (PME) Cell was functioning alsofacilitated in planning baseline surveys to be used forimpact assessment at the end of the Project.

PME training was organised by the NAARM forthe PME Cell In-charges and other scientistsparticularly from the social sciences discipline. Aspart of one of the sub-projects of component-1 viz.,“Visioning, Policy Analysis and Gender” (VPAGe), aformat for operationalization and institutionalization ofPME Cells in NARS was developed. The ICARestablished PME Cells in all its Institutes in 2011.

6.1.1.4 Functioning of CAC: The CACcomprising technical experts in the relevant area ofresearch was formed for all the consortia undercomponents- 2, 3 and 4, with a mandate to review thetechnical progress and recommendations for changein the technical programme. Suggestions whichemerged for better M&E in the NAIP in the interactivemeeting of the Chairpersons were - preparingcomprehensive “Result Frame Work Document

(RFD)” for effective monitoring; mid-term review by theCAC jointly with the NC; inclusion of stakeholders’feedback on the outputs/outcomes; regular meetingof the CAC and visit to actual beneficiaries; jointmeeting of M&E Consultants and CAC Members;establishment of a mechanism for cross monitoringfor cross learning; designing sub-project wise internalmonitoring mechanism; reporting of outcome of theProject in high impact journals; patentingtechnologies/products developed whereverapplicable and giving attention for commercialization;developing sub-project specific variables forassessing the performance and impact taking intoaccount its objectives and deliverables; making theM&E proforma simple and pre-tested; interphasingwith the AICRP to take forward the results andfindings of the consortium; exploring possible ways tominimize multiplicity of reporting while still maintaininga strong M&E mechanism; and conducting EDPs todevelop entrepreneurs in the sub-projects havingcommercial potential.

6.1.2 National level - concurrent monitoring

The primary responsibility for monitoring,evaluation and reporting rested with the NC (O&M)assisted by the M&E Consultant. The M/s ConsultantEngineering Services (CES) Ltd. was the Consultanttill 2012. Since 2013, a separate M&E Unit consistingof one NC and two Principal Scientists was lookingafter the M&E activities as part of the O&M. The M&EConsultant was responsible for assisting the NSC,PMC, PIU and helped coordinate the M&E relatedinformation needs of the four NCs. The additionalresponsibilities of the M&E Consultant include:• Conducting a benchmark survey;• Coordinating with the PIU reporting processes;• Consolidating reports and contributing to the

overall NAIP reporting requirements;• Providing guidance to M&E activities of the

consortia;• Contributing to the further development of MISs

in the NAIP; and

6.1.2.1 Holistic benchmark survey: The M/sCES Ltd. collected primary data from differentstakeholders pertaining to the individual components.The Component-1 sub-projects were mostly eitherinfrastructural or organizational reforms oriented.Hence, for collection of primary data formats withrespect to SAUs and ICAR Institutes, questionnaireswere prepared in consultation with and approval of the

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PIU. The formats were circulated to 40 SAUs, 92ICAR Institutes, five Deemed Universities and oneCAU. The response was received for three years,i.e. 2004-2007, from 56 ICAR Institutes and 25 SAUsincluding the Deemed and the CAU.

The baseline data helped in mid-term and finalevaluation of the Project impact. In the case ofcomponents- 2 and 3, the benchmark data werecollected at the field level. A baseline survey wascarried out by an M&E Consultant in coordination withthe IUs. Baseline survey of non-beneficiary farmersin 10 Consortia out of the 25 sanctioned in 2008-09 incomponent-2, covering 1,350 households (HHs)distributed over 51 villages in 13 districts and twoislands, was conducted.

For the collection of primary data for component-3 benchmark survey, sampling of farmers was basedon stratified random sampling. A total number of 1,450farmers were stratified into different farm size groups .Baseline survey was conducted in 62 villages of 21districts in 15 states covering 1,450 farmers (landlessand marginal-64.41%, small - 20.41%, medium -10.83 and large - 4.34).

In the case of component-4, the consortiadeveloped baseline status of the outcome variables oftheir research by seeking expert opinion and adomain survey of subject matter specialists byfocusing on:• Present level of number of publications in

scientific Journal in 2006-07;• Number of applications for patents annually

2006-07; and• Present level of number of technologies made

available for commercialization annually 2006-07.

6.1.2.2 Online project monitoring & trackingsystem (PMTS): The M&E Consultant’s first chargewas the designing of a PMTS for the NAIPimplementation within the overall managementframework for the NAIP. The system was meant to: i)facilitate the capture, storage and retrieval of a clear,quantified and operational base-line data; ii) track theprogress of various sub-projects under components-2, 3 and 4 on an ongoing basis; iii) monitor theprogress of the overall NAIP project; iv) regularlyassess the performance of sub-project staff; and v)evaluate the output and outcome at mid-term andprior to completion.

The PMTS developed was fully operational andon information feeding, generated M&E reports

indicating that a system is in place at the Project andConsortia levels. Still it was felt that the system wasnot able to generate quality results to monitor Projectperformance and evaluate the Project impact. ThePMTS later became dysfunctional mainly because ofthe robust data demand which the CPIs were not ableto supply.

6.1.2.3 Coordinating the reporting processes:The PIU submitted to the World Bank: i) up-to-datephysical and financial expenditure data compared toannual and end-of-Project targets; ii) updatedindicators of project performance compared to annualand end-of-Project targets; iii) successes andproblems encountered during the reporting periodwith suggested remedial actions; and iv) social andenvironmental impacts of the Project. Half-yearlyassessment of the progress for each consortium wasundertaken by the CAC.

Half-yearly Reports: Half-yearly reports wereprepared by the CPIs and submitted to the CAC.Under the guidance of PIU, the M&E Consultantprepared a consolidated report to include the fourcomponents (till March 2013; since then, the M&EUnit has taken up the responsibility).

Annual Reports: The CAC appointed a PRT thatincluded a representative or designate from the PIU.The PRT prepared a report and submitted to theChairman of the CAC. The CAC organized an annualworkshop to discuss the report to be attended by thePRT, and Members of the TAG. Afterwards the CPIprepared the annual report and submitted it throughthe CAC to the PIU. For each NAIP-Component theNC concerned, then compiled an overall annual report.At the same time, the M&E Consultant (M&E Unitsince 2013) prepared a report covering all the NAIPoperations.• Annual Workshop: At the release of the overall

annual reports, a two-day annual workshop wasorganized. The first day’s programme of thisworkshop had concurrent componentdiscussions. The second day had two separatesessions: while the Session 1 focused ontechnical issues, Session 2 dealt withadministrative issues. Based on thesesessions, a comprehensive annual report wascompiled by the ND and submitted to the PMCfor review and comments.

• Final Report of the Consortium: A completionreport at the end of the sub-project brought out


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the results and achievements of the researchwork and its impact. The innovations generated,and the impact of human resource development(HRD) in decentralization of researchmanagement was also highlighted. The write-upalso highlighted important milestones achievedand success stories during the sub-projectperiod and one set of publications was sent tothe PIU. The report also tracked the sourceswhether the findings were used and contributedto better decision-making, saving of theresources, etc. The report was submitted withintwo months of the completion of the sub-project.All reports were examined for completeness,attachment of relevant documents in support ofachievements/claims and the projectedexpenditure plan.

For the component-1, in the case of BPD sub-projects, the same procedure for the half-yearly andannual reports was followed. For other sub-projects,the O&MAG took the role of the CACs and theO&MPC took the role of the RPC.

6.2 Development of M&E manual

A detailed M&E Manual was developeddovetailing the process of benchmark survey,monitoring and evaluation procedures. The purposewas to facilitate the M&E task by bringing about auser-friendly manual which would serve as usefulcompanion for all the sub-project partners andpractitioners. The main objective of the manual are to:i) understand the basic concepts of the Project ResultFramework and M&E system of the NAIP; ii) assistthe CMUs in creating the data base on inputs, outputsand outcomes of the respective sub-projects; and iii)assist the Supervision Missions and other evaluationteams/efforts. The manual dealt in detail themonitoring and evaluation system, succinctprocedures for conducting the baseline surveyregarding the sampling methodology, variables andparameters, as well as the component-wise broadfocus of questionnaires and data collection formats,time schedule, and PMTS. The M&E manual wasprepared and training was given.

6.3 Development of results framework and keyindicators

The M&E and Performance Monitoring Indicators(PMIs) were consolidated by the PIU and wereupdated for the sub-projects periodically. These

benchmarks were developed during the baselinestudy and further refined as found necessary by thePIU and CACs during the Project implementation. Formost of the PMIs, viz. filing of patents, number ofpublications in high impact journals, number ofproduction and processing technologies,commercialized technologies, farmers involved inconsortia activities and novel tools, targets have beenachieved. Significant progress made in otherindicators includes the number of new rural industriespiloted, area developed for sustainable landmanagement and scientists trained abroad.

Indicators on which significant progress havebeen made include: formation of PPP (171); filing ofpatents (126); granting/publishing of patents (41);publications in peer reviewed high impact journals(643); overseas training of scientists in consortium-based and frontier subject areas (902); masscommunication campaigns (1155); increase inlinkages with KVK and communication informationcentres (74%); number of hits in ICAR websites(3,17,239); number of BPDs set up (23); patents filedby the BPDs (331); number of people attendingvisioning and policy analysis events (7628); reductionin the number of weeks for the procurement of highthreshold goods (26); number of national trainings infrontier areas of science (92); training of scientists infrontier areas of science (487); novel tools andmethodologies developed (191); number ofproduction technologies (99); number of processingtechnologies (173); rural industries established (48);number of product groups developed (27); number ofpublications (5,647); number of farmers involved inconsortia activities (0.81 million); number ofconsortium developed technologies made available indisadvantaged areas (409); number of improvedtechnologies adopted in disadvantaged areas (127);increase in agriculture services and processingenterprises in project areas (45%); number of farmergroups involved in sub-project activities (3,191);amount of sustainability fund corpus created (Rs. 7.51crore); increase in the income of participatinghouseholds (Rs. 48,234); area of land undersustainable land management practices (8,371ha);and the number of molecular resources augmented/submitted to the Gene Bank (2.85 million).

Results framework indicators for the NAIP(component-wise) are highlighted in Table 6.0; revisedresults framework for the GEF Project is given in Table6.1. .

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Table 6.0: Results framework indicators (as on June 2014)

Result Indicators Baseline Target Achievement

PDO

Number of partnerships between public research system, 171private sector and other stakeholders

Increase in agricultural innovations by end of project 80

Component 1

Monitorable Indicators Baseline Target Achievement

2013-14 Cumulative

Number of mass communication campaigns launched by 0 17 393 1155media type (TV, radio, Print, email, web)

Increase in number of linkages (%) formed with KVKs 1,000 50% 74% 74%and community information Centres

The number of hits on the ICAR & SAU websites per month 50,000 55,000 3,17,239 3,17,239

Increase in number of queries responded (%) to from 1000 75% 101% 101%Public, Private Organizations’ and NGOs per Month

Total number of Business Development Units established 0 5 12 23

Total number of applications for patents and licenses 15 30 517@

Annual number of people attending visioning and policy 150 300 523 7682analysis events organized through or in associationwith NAIP

Number of weeks for the procurement cycle of high 50 30 26 26 thresholds goods

Share of ICAR finance Managers (%) that uses the 0 100% 80% 80%new Financial Management Software System

@186 patents and 331 licenses for technologies commercialized


2013-14 Cumulative

Total number of consortia formed in component 2 0 15 - 51

Total number of NAIP production technologies released 0 35 38 99and adopted

Total number of processing technologies released 0 40 64 173and adopted

Total number new rural Industries established 0 14 18 48

Total number of product groups for which national or 0 10 12 27regional quality grades have been agreed on throughNAIP consortia

Total number of private sector organizations Participating 0 40 - 70in consortia

Total number of farmers involved in consortium activities 0 3000 9705 79758

Component 2


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Component 3


2013-14 Cumulative

Total number of consortia formed in component 3 0 20 33 33

Total number of consortium developed technologies made 0 300 - 409available in disadvantaged areas

Total number of improved technologies adopted in 0 80 - 127disadvantaged areas

Total number of farmers (millions) using NAIP technologies 0 0.6 0.19 0.81in the disadvantaged areas

Increase in agriculture services and processing enterprises 2790 20% 10.86% 45%in Project areas (%)

Total increase in agriculture based employment amongst 0 9000 21289 113403participating farming households (employment years)

Total Number of farmers groups involved in project activities 0 150 788 3191

Component 4


2013-14 Cumulative

Total number of consortia formed in component 4 0 15 61

Number of annual overseas exchange visits/training 0 50 99 487programs on basic/strategic research related topics byIndians scientists

Total number of papers published in high impact 0 60 171 427international scientific Journals

Total numbers of patent applications based on NAIP 0 30 30 85funded research

Table 6.1: Revised results framework for GEF project

Project Development Objective

Strengthen institutional and communitycapacity on sustainable land andecosystem management approachesand techniques for restoring andsustaining the natural resource base,including its biodiversity, while takingaccount of climate variability andchange.

SLEM policy mainstreaming andlinkages to SLEM –CPP:Sustainable land andecosystem managementapproaches and techniquesmainstreamed into guidelines andpolicies of public and privateinstitutions

Result / Outcome Indicators

Over 5,000 ha of agricultural landunder sustainable land managementpractices

2,500 farmers have adopted copingmechanisms for climate variabilityand change

At least 30 public andprivate organizations applyingSLEM practices and policiesto combat land degradation,increase utilization of indigenousbiodiversity and adapt to climatevariability and change

Achievements

8371 hectares

(Biodiversity – 4,000 ha, Landshaping – 1,171.50 ha and Climatechange – 3,200 ha)

17,702 farmers and16,200 fishermen

178 Biodiversity ManagementCommittees (BMCs), SHGs,Fishermen Group, and Societiesof public and private organizationapplying the techniques developedin land degradation sub-projects

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6.4 Scorecard approach

A scorecard was developed from 2010-11onwards for the purpose of comparing theperformance of individual consortium on an annualbasis. The scorecard was designed for the evaluationand the consortia were graded under HighlySatisfactory (HS), Satisfactory (S), ModeratelySatisfactory (MS), and Non-Satisfactory (NS)categories based on their performance on annualbasis. With a view to enabling improvement in theperformance of MS and NS consortia, theConsultants visited them and gave necessaryguidance, and also developed an action planmilestones and timelines to improve the performanceof the MS consortia.

6.4.1 Grading of consortia

The consortia were graded by employing the WBapproved criteria of awarding 5 marks for governance;15 for procurement; 20 for finance; and 60 for technicalprogress. The sub-projects were grouped based onthe marks scored under HS (>80), S (60-80), MS (50-60), and NS (<50) categories. The grading of consortiabased on their performance on procurement, financialmanagement and technical aspects was carried outannually. Steps like review of MS / NS Consortia andvisits by the Consultants were taken up forimprovement in performance of those consortia. Thenumber of consortia falling under different categoriesin 2012-13 is given in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2: Componentwise grading of consortia

Component Year No. of consortia under different categories

HS S MS NS Total

1 2010-11 11 23 4 2 40

2011-12 8 31 3 1 43

2012-13 9 26 5 40

Final 11 44 55

2 2010-11 7 33 8 3 51

2011-12 8 37 6 51

2012-13 7 34 10 51

Final 9 35 7 51

3 2010-11 10 17 2 4 33

2011-12 7 16 5 28

2012-13 4 21 8 33

Final 9 21 2 1 33

GEF 2010-11 3 3

2011-12 3 3

2012-13 3 3

Final 1 2 3

4 2010-11 13 36 11 1 61

2011-12 9 46 6 61

2012-13 17 36 8 61

Final 14 46 1 61

Overall 2010-11 41 112 25 10 188

2011-12 32 133 20 1 186

2012-13 37 120 31 188

Final 44 148 10 1 203

Overall % 2010-11 21.81 59.57 13.30 5.32 100.00

2011-12 17.2 71.51 10.75 0.54 100

2012-13 19.68 63.83 16.49 100

Final 21.67 72.91 4.93 0.49 100


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The grading of consortia as per scorecards since2011-12 to end of project (Table 70) revealed that thenumber of consortia increased both for HighlySatisfactory (32 to 44) and Satisfactory (133-148)categories, while decreased for Moderatelysatisfactory category (20 to 10). This shift wasprimarily from subprojects under the moderatelysatisfactory category to satisfactory and highlysatisfactory. The rating of one consortium under NSwas mainly due to poor financial management thantechnical shortfalls. Thus, the scoring and grading,helped in mounting pressure on performance and allthe consortia got upgraded into satisfactory categorybefore the closure of the programme. The finalgrading of the consortia at the close of subproject ismentioned in Annxure 1.

6.5 Building up data repository

The NAIP has generated detailed database/documentations for each sub-project. This includesconcept note, detailed project proposal, baselinereports, progress reports (half-yearly/annual),component-wise half-yearly reports, final projectcompletion reports, and performance indicator tables,all compiled at the consortia level for all sub-projects.The M&E Cell maintained a repository of all suchdata/information/reports that were collected/compiled/generated covering all the 203 sub-projects(including the 3 under GEF). Besides these, theimpact evaluation reports (mid-term and end term),case study reports, and quarterly progress reportsproduced by the external M&E Consultants along withthe complete database sets (primary data andsecondary tables) of evaluation and case studyreports were kept in this data repository.

6.6 Comprehensive outcome focusedindependent impact evaluation

A comprehensive independent outcome focusedimpact evaluation was planned and commissioned toassess how the research programmes and productsof the NAIP contribute to the national developmentobjectives and make life better for the commonpeople. PricewaterhouseCoopers Private Limited(“PwC”) was engaged by the PIU of NAIP to provideconsultancy services for carrying out outcomefocused impact evaluation of the NAIP sub-projects.The assignment involved evaluating NAIP in twophases – a mid-term evaluation conducted in 2012-13and an end-of-project evaluation in 2014. This

evaluation focused on evaluation of the NAIP through aset of sample sub-projects (30% of the totalsubprojects) so as to assess their performance,outcomes and impact, as well as to capture keylearning.

Impact assessment under the NAIP mainlyincluded the following aspects:• Documentation of important outputs in terms of

scientific and technological advancements andcomparison with other systems;

• Impact in terms of institutional development andHRD;

• Measures taken to improve the system’sefficiency and their impact in enhancing itseffectiveness;

• Efficiency, sustainability and equity impacts atthe economy, sector and farm level, if possible,over time;

• Demonstration of these impacts with the casestudies of major technologies developed; and

• Efficiency and impact of the NAIP, in revitalizingthe research system and contributing totransforming Indian agriculture more marketdriven.

6.6.1 Primary survey

For selection of sub-projects for field studies, firststratification was done component - wise and thesecond stratification was done along the themeswithin a component (The Aide Memoire of ISM 13 hasfurnished a list of indicative sub-projects for impactassessment study). The sub-projects were classifiedaccording to themes and a stratified random samplingmethodology was adopted for selection. The finalselection of sample sub-projects was validated forrepresentation of the NAIP as a whole along thefollowing parameters:• Maximum thematic areas of sub-projects

across different components;• Geographic spread – good representation of

North, South, East and West regions of thecountry;

• All category sub-projects i.e., HS, S and MS;and

• Pluralism of consortia.

Given the need to focus more on components- 2and 3 (as per ToR), 69 per cent of the sample sub-projects were selected from the components- 2 and 3,

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and 31 per cent of the sub-projects were selected fromthe Components - 1 and 4. A total of 65 sub-projectswere initially selected for the impact evaluation study(Table 6.3).

Accordingly, a stakeholders’ survey ofparticipatory beneficiaries was undertaken with equalor two-third of counterfactual control of non-participants in the programme within the same villageif the intervention was at individual level or aneighbourhood village in the case of communityintervention. The beneficiary list was obtained fromthe CPIs and a purposive random samplingmethodology was used to arrive at the sample ofbeneficiaries. It was ensured that all size and socialcategories of farmers are represented in identificationof both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries. In each ofthe sub-projects under the components - 2 and 3, 3 to4 interventions were identified in consultation with theCPIs for data collection. For each intervention, asample of 30 participants/ beneficiaries was chosenand an equal or two-third of non-participants/non-beneficiaries was kept as a control/counterfactual/check. Project analysis tried to identify and value thecosts and benefits that would arise with the Projectand to compare them with the situation as it would bewithout the Project. The difference was treated as theincremental net benefit arising from the Projectinvestment.

6.6.3 Sampling framework

Overall, primary data were collected from 5,500respondents/stakeholders with equal or two-thirdcontrols, of which more than 90 per cent was farmers/labourers/artisans including tribal and womenfolk.However, all the samples could not be used foranalysis due to paucity of time and also allowing foroutliers in the sample. The break-up of respondents forthe beneficiary level evaluation is depicted in Table 6.4.

Table 6.3: Sub-projects selected for the primary survey

Sl. Component NumberNo.

1. Component-1 14

2. Component-2 22

3. Component-3 19

4. Component-4 10

Total 65

The selected sample sub-projects wereimplemented in 25 states across the country. Anumber of them were multi-location in natureoperating in more than one state. For impact analysispurpose, the information of only 58 sub-projects wasused, due to paucity of time for consolidation andalignment of data.

6.6.2 Impact assessment - stakeholder surveywith controls

In the workshop and group meeting organizedinvolving expert economists and statisticians, all theNCs and Consultants to discuss about the impactassessment in terms of prospective sample, surveyplanning, designing of instruments, identification ofcosts and benefits, data alignment and integration,and analytical methods – partial budgeting, financialand economic analyses including Net Present Value(NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) and Internal Rate ofReturn (IRR), the following decisions were made:• The unit of data collection would be

“intervention area” with the stakeholder;• The unit of analysis would be sub-project/

consortium/value chain/livelihood model; and• Besides elicitation of information from the

stakeholders, the horizontal expansion/adoption area (or percentage) would be decidedthrough various methods like sales of seeds,cuttings, saplings (nurseries), animals or birdsbased on the assessment by the beneficiaries,village leaders, producer companies,processors, traders, entrepreneurs, extensionpersonnel, and expert opinion in the case ofother interventions.

Table 6.4: Sample framework for the stakeholder survey

Respondent Number

Farmers 4908

Artisans 110

Processors 73

Researchers 406

Others 60

Total 5557

6.6.4 Analytical tools

The analytical tools that were used include bothquantitative (partial budgeting, multi-criteria analysis,NPV, BCA and IRR) and qualitative (dialogue and


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mutual learning method) analysis. The overallmethodology for impact analysis involvedextrapolation of benefits at different levels. Theprimary data collected from the stakeholders in thefield was used to calculate the benefits realized by theparticipatory stakeholders with respect to the non-participatory stakeholders. The benefits accrued wereprimarily due to increased income, productivity gainand rational use of agricultural inputs. The benefitsrealized by the participatory stakeholder werecompared with the additional costs incurred by themto calculate the net benefit (i.e., additional income –additional cost). This net benefit was then multipliedwith the adoption area under that intervention or withthe total number of participatory stakeholders tocalculate the overall benefit accrued from theintervention. Thereafter, BCR was calculated (at theintervention level) on the basis of the investment donein that respective intervention.

After achieving the BCR at the intervention level,the benefit at the sub-project level was then deducedon the basis of the total cost of the sub-project (in thesame proportion as that at the intervention level).Once BCR was calculated for all the selected sub-projects, the total benefit accrued from the selectedsub-projects was summed up and BCR for aparticular sub-component/theme was computedbased on the total investment made in all the sub-projects selected in that theme. It was assumed thatthe same BCR was applicable at the component leveland thus was computed the total benefits accruedfrom that particular component. Similarly, the benefitsaccrued at the component level were blown up to thewhole project level.

6.7 Mid-term reporting

The Consultants evaluated the sub-projects ofthe four components across the following three keyareas of impact: institutional development, researchand development, and research uptake andtechnology transfer. Four parameters were used toevaluate the performance of various sub-components/themes viz., effectiveness and efficiency, outputs andoutcomes, impact (financial & economic), andsustainability. The mid-term impact assessmentreport was submitted based on the study in 58consortia selected across the components giving dueweightage for components- 2 and 3 consortia. Themid-term evaluation report was reviewed in-housethree times during February – May 2013, in the

presence of the external expert and the WBEconomist. Suggestions offered during these reviews,as reflected in the Aide Memoire of 13th ISM, weretaken care towards improvement of the report in termsof scope, sample size, survey methodology to allowfor capturing the incremental benefits resulting fromthe NAIP interventions at society level.

6.8 Macro impact case studies

Forty case studies were taken up by theIndependent Consultant mainly for quantification ofbenefits to the society through those sub-projects,and in a few cases it focused on issues likesustainability, comparison of NAIP vs. Non-NAIP,NARS performance and institutional pluralism. Themajor findings emanated from the case studiesinclude:• An estimated R273 million was saved by a

centralized approach to software architectureinstallation through Establishment of IndianAgricultural Statistical Portal.

• Twenty two BPD Units generated revenueworth R24 crore on an overall investment of R60crores within 4 years through commercializationof 331 agro-technologies.

• The first supercomputing hub for Indianagriculture, ASHOKA (AdvancedSupercomputing Hub for OMICS Knowledge inAgriculture) established at the Centre forAgriculture Bio-informatics (CABin), IASRI atNew Delhi under National Agricultural Bio-informatics Grid (NABG) would support thecomputational requirements of biotechnologyresearch in the country. Over the next ten years,analysis of data by this facility could result inshortening the time lag in development of 100plant varieties in different crops by five yearsand 20 animal breeds by 7 years.

The component-2 sub-projects included researchand development activities along the value chainfollowing PCS which, in turn, comprised a crosssection of stake-holders, activities, services andinstitutions involved in cultivation and harvesting of aspecific food commodity, transforming it into a high-value product and facilitation in marketing the finalproduct. The objective was to strive for enhancedproductivity, value addition, cost saving and resourceuse efficiency, export promotion and utilization ofbyproducts and underutilized commodities forenhanced profitability.

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6.9 Project completion and end-term reporting

The end-term evaluation was summative in natureand focused on achievements and value creationachieved by the NAIP as a whole based on detailedevaluation of a set of sample sub-projects. The reportcaptured the following:• Assessment and documentation of important

outputs of 30 per cent of sample sub-projects aswell as the NAIP as a whole;

• Assessment of the impact in terms ofinstitutional strengthening and capacitybuilding;

• Evaluation of the role and contribution ofconsortia formation and recommendations topromote this approach;

• Assessment and documentation of visibleimpact of major technologies developed by theNAIP;

• Assessment of efficacy and impact of the NAIPin revitalizing the agricultural research systemand contributing towards making agriculture inIndia more market driven;

• Assessment of impact of the NAIP on womenparticipation in agriculture;

• Evaluation of handling of environmental andsocial safeguard issues by the NAIP;

• Identification of critical issues to be addressedto promote sustainability of interventions takenup by the NAIP;

• Documentation of lessons learned as to whathas worked well, what have been theweaknesses and what is the way forward; and

• Generation and documentation of data oneconomic, financial and other benefits producedby the sample sub-projects and the NAIP as awhole.

6.9.1 Highlights of the independent impactevaluation

The NAIP sub-projects had a number of maideninitiatives or new areas of influence in the context ofNARS which brought in significant positive changesfor undertaking agricultural research,commercialization and uptake of technologies. Someof such initiatives include consortia mode ofimplementation, BPD and commercialization, focuson branding and marketing, formation of producercompanies and rural industries, establishment of theNABG, and focus on basic and strategic research in

frontier areas of agricultural sciences.

The basic premises for impact assessment ofsub-projects of components - 1 and 4 were that thetraining of scientists increased efficiency and enabledcost and time savings, efficient transfer oftechnologies and information, qualitativeimprovement in analysing and computing asevidenced by publishing in high rated journals,building up research stock and capacity and betterand faster development of varieties and breeds(reducing the lag in conventional methods).

6.9.1.1 Pluralism: The lead role was played bythe ICAR and SAU/CAU representing 40 and 25 percent of partners, respectively. PPP has been the newfocus in NAIP, as evident from the participation of 212institutions.

6.9.1.2 Consortia mode: The key contributionsof consortia mode of research included sharinginstitutional scientific/technical expertise or capability,sharing of research infrastructure, exchangingknowledge, better reach of technology tobeneficiaries, and direction setting for researchobjectives and goals amongst others.

6.9.1.3 Capacity building: Various sample sub-projects also impacted to a greater extent the overallinstitutional development of NARS by capacitybuilding of scientists (379 scientists trained) andimproving the quality of publication (130 publicationswith NAAS rating 6+). Of the total scientists involvedin the sample sub-projects, approximately 27 per centwere trained. An estimated 64 per cent of therespondents opined that training had very high impacton Project delivery. Infrastructure developmentplayed a vital role in institutional capacity building withan estimated R1,410 million of infrastructure createdwithin the sample sub-projects.

6.9.1.4 Funding: The weighted averageincrease of budget for the sample sub-projects wasaround 43 per cent. The fund disbursement processwas rated as satisfactory by majority of the samplesub-projects, with 93 per cent reporting either highlysatisfied or satisfied. The key strengths identified inthe fund disbursement process include clearguidleines, electronic transfer of funds and directtransfer to partners.

6.9.1.5 Procurement: Analysis of theprocurement process revealed that majority of thesample sub-projects were satisfied (92%) with theprocess. The key strengths identified include clear


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guidelines, transparent process, provision for directpurchase, and autonomy to CPI/CCPIs.

6.9.1.6 Component-wise impact: The NAIPsub-projects had resulted in multi-faceted impact inaccordance to the thematic area of the sub-projectand overall thrust area of a particular component, asunder:• Component-1 sub-projects had resulted in

overall better access to knowledge repository,ICT application, development of innovativeplatform for incubation of technologies, start-ups, and commercialization amongst others;

• Component-2 sub-projects had resulted instrengthening of value chain though customizedinterventions resulting in enhanced incomelevel for the value chain participants, creation ofrural industry/companies, and qualityenhancement among others;

• Component-3 had resulted in enhancedincome, employment generation, formation offarmer groups and SHGs, and communityinfrastructures; and

• With capabilities for scientific and technologicalproblem solving, component-4 impacts were inline with its thematic area of basic and strategicresearch in frontier areas of agriculturalsciences. The major impact was on quality ofpublication, patent application and enhancedresearch infrastructure and capacity.

The weighted average achievement of targetedobjectives across all the components for the samplesubprojects was around 97 per cent by the end of theProject.

6.9.1.7 Publications: The Project has generatedan estimated 3,461 publications such as researchpapers and other publications (presentations, articles,books/book chapters, theses and informationdissemination aids) in the sample sub-projects.Maximum publications (34%) were in seminars/symposium/conference/workshops, followed bypopular articles in English or local language (31%)and books/reports (13%). Other categories such asresearch papers, information dissemination aids andtheses accounted for the remaining 22 per cent. Fourper cent of publications were in the form of researchpapers published with NAAS rating of more than 6.

6.9.1.8 Patents: While 126 patents have beenfiled overall, 23 were from the sample sub-projects.component-4 topped with 100 per cent of the sample

sub-projects filing patents, followed by component - 2with 50 per cent of the sample sub projects filingpatents.

6.9.1.9 Beneficiaries: Eighty five percent of the1.15 million beneficiaries targeted through awarenesscampaigns were from farming community (mainly incomponents- 2 and 3), 5 per cent from the researchcommunity (mainly in components- 1 and 4). The restof the beneficiaries consisted mainly ofentrepreneurs, SHGs/NGOs and GovernmentOfficials.

6.9.1.10 Media for reach: The farmingcommunity was mainly reached through exhibitions(79%), training/workshops (15%) and by otherawareness activities (6%); the research communitythrough media led awareness (39%) and workshops(35%); and entrepreneurs through trainings/workshops (57%) and exhibitions (21%).

6.9.1.11 Focus on women: The estimatedinvolvement of women beneficiary cross thecomponents- 2 and 3 was 30.66 per cent. Thebeneficiaries reached only through capacity buildingprogrammes, and pilots/adoption is around 0.3 millionfor the sample sub-projects.

6.9.1.12 Marketing activities: Marketingactivities aimed at improving the market linkages ororienting the farming community towards a market-driven approach. These activities were exclusivelyundertaken within the components- 2 and 3 for thesample sub-projects, as these components focusedon the development of product-specific value chainsand the improvement of rural livelihood security,respectively. An estimated 45,940 beneficiaries/stakeholders (consisting of farming community,entrepreneurs, private companies, NGO’s/SHG’s,Govt. Officials) were reached through 452 marketingactivities for the sample sub-projects.

6.9.1.13 Commercialization of technologies:Apart from the BPDUs which facilitated 331 NARStechnology commercialization, sub-projects incomponent- 2, 3 and 4 have also commercializedaround 100 technologies in their area of activities withthe major share (80%) going to component-2 onproduct-specific value chain development.

6.9.1.14 Employment and income generation:The sample sub-projects have impacted the life ofabout 0.2 million beneficiaries and has resulted increation of 0.587 million man-months of employment.About 46 per cent of the beneficiaries felt that

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interventions have resulted in moderate increase inemployment and 89 per cent of the overall samplebeneficiaries stated medium to high effect on increasein income. Around 58 per cent respondents werebenefitted by institutional development activities likethe formation of SHGs, farmers group, youth group,etc.

6.9.1.15 Sustainability: While 58 per cent of therespondents were certain to continue, 40 per centwere likely to continue the adopted interventionsunder the respective sample sub-projects. Also 96 percent of the sample beneficiaries were of the view thatthe introduced interventions under the respective sub-projects would be taken up by other people in theirpeer group or areas.

6.9.2 Financial and economic impact assessment

6.9.2.1 Financial analysis: The financialanalysis was all about the benefits accruing to theindividual participant due to the NAIP intervention atlivelihood and value chain models level. Within eachof the short-listed sub-projects for impactassessment, 3 to 4 specific interventions wereidentified in consultation with the NCs and CPIsconcerned. In each of the intervention, a sample of 30beneficiaries and comparable number of controlfarmers (non-participants) were covered under thestudy. In the case of non-farmer stakeholders, all theparticipants were covered. The sampling frameworkencompassed all the size groups and ecosystemsprevalent. The data were elicited through a pilot-tested instrument from the respondents and thefinancial analysis was done in a partial budgetingframework to identify the added cost, reduced returns,added returns and reduced costs due to theintervention. The unit of analysis was the sub-project/consortium as a whole by aggregating the incrementalbenefits realized across the selected interventions.

The most important aspects of agriculturalproject analysis taken care of in financial analysiswere:• Project costs and benefits: Anything that

reduces an objective is a cost, and anything thatcontributes to an objective is a benefit - theobjective of the interventions being maximizingthe net incremental benefit. Thus, anything thatreduces national income is a cost and anythingthat increases national income is a benefit. Theobjective for economic analysis in terms ofchange in national income is defined in real

terms, as opposed to money terms, referring tophysical, tangible characteristic of goods andservices.

• Identifying costs and benefits: Identificationof the costs of interventions / cost of the sub-project is rather simple and straightforward forfinancial analysis. The NAIP is a huge Project(probably the first of its kind to be funded by theWB) and its objective has been realized throughthe sub-projects. Accordingly, there is an arrayof costs and benefits – direct and indirect,tangible and intangible, and monetary and non-monetary flowing across the sub-projects, andthey are mostly specific with a few benefits andcosts being common.

• Tangible and non-tangible benefits: A checklist of possible tangible and non-tangible benefitacross the Components is summarized in Table6.5.The above list is only illustrative, and it was leftto the ingenuity of the investigator to capture asmuch as and as objective as possible thebenefits from the specific intervention/ sub-project. The thrust of the investigation wascapturing the “incremental net benefit”considering the non-project use of theresources and not merely the net returns. Forexample, incremental employment was the onethat came through increased cropping intensityor horizontal expansion of the intervention innew/waste land than just substitution.

• Net benefit: The net benefit due to theintervention was computed through partial/enterprise budgeting taking into considerationthe added cost, reduced returns, reduced costand added returns because of the intervention.The benefit computed for the intervention wasscaled up for the actual or potential horizontalexpansion under the technology taking intoconsideration the without Project use of theresources in case of substitutions.

6.9.2.2 Economic analysis: The economicanalysis is all about the benefits and costs accruing tothe society due to a project intervention. It can bemore or less than the financial analysis dependingupon the proportion of the items dominating in thebenefits and costs. Simply, it is the financial analysisadjusted for transfer payments, i.e. transactions thatdo not involve real resources like taxes and subsidies.Most of the inputs involved in Component-3 sub-


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Table 6.5: Component-wise tangible and intangible benefits identified

Component Tangible Benefits Intangible Benefits

1 Productivity, quality, incubation fee, royalty, number of Increased reach, accessing new marketsenterprises supported, increase in turnover of clients, (migration), reduced learning time,increase in tax revenues, number of direct and indirect increased retention, self-paced, fasterjobs created, backward linkage (no. of farmers benefited rollout, consistent delivery, customisation,and increase in farmers’ income, import substitution, monitoring and evaluation, leveragingexport revenues, value chains developed, etc). human capital, gender equity, empowerment,

entrepreneurship, enhanced businessopportunities, etc.

2 Increase in yield/productivity, price, elimination of New jobs – adding to social status/self-middle men, incremental employment, change in time, esteem, accident reduction, drudgerylocation of sale, and production form, losses avoided, reduction, improvement in gender equity,exportability, value addition, time saving, etc. increase in empowerment, improvement in

environment

3+GEF Increase in yield/productivity, saving in inputs, reduction Reducing risk, better health/nutritionin cost, increase in net income, increase in cropping nutrition security, arresting distressintensity, quality improvement (rate and extent), losses migration, reduced diseases, accidentavoided, value addition, time saving, crop diversification, reduction, drudgery reduction, improvementetc. in gender equity, increase in empowerment,

improvement in environment, etc.

4 Reduced lag in animal/crop improvement, improved Improved research capital stock, andresistance, increased productivity, loss prevention, etc. trained manpower.

projects involve adjustment for transfer payments.Saving of a taxed input (like fossil fuel) may showhigher returns and lesser economic returns, while thatof a subsidised input (irrigation water, electricity,fertilizer, etc.) can show a reverse trend. Elimination ofmiddle men in case of producer companies andcontract farming may mean more to the farmers andnothing to the society in terms net additional income.

While only market prices were used for financialanalysis, in the case of economic analysis it wasopportunity cost (shadow price)/accounting price/efficiency price/ marginal value product as the casemay be. The economic values of costs and benefitswere imputed discounting transfer payments andadjusting the distortions in the traded and non-tradednature of the items. In order to assess the sensitivity ofthe benefit accrual, the analysis was done with andwithout support of the NAIP.

The incremental benefit was computed for theintervention for the identified components of thepartial budgeting for the region/society by assessingthrough various sources the adoption percentage/horizontal expansion. The macro benefits thus arrivedwas adjusted for transfer payments (isolating onlythose components involving real resource use incosts and benefits) to compute the net economicbenefits.

6.9.2.3 Component-wise financial andeconomic analysis: The impact in components- 2and 3 was largely in terms of increase in income offarmers, increase in productivity of and production byfarmers, increase in cropping intensity, etc. Theimpact in components- 1 and 4 was evaluated on thebasis of the potential benefits likely to accrue in futuredue to the development of technology and ITinfrastructure. Therefore, the impact of the sub-projects under Components- 1 and 4 was measuredin terms of NPV after discounting the likely futurebenefits.• Component-1: Out of the 55 sub-projects, 12

were selected for financial and economicanalysis. The sub-projects primarily consistedof IT infrastructure development, knowledgeresource development, business planningdevelopment, and training and capacitybuilding. The overall impact analysis wasextrapolated from the results derived for 12selected sub-projects. The NPV and BCRs ofthe selected sub-projects are presented in table6.6.The analysis shown above clearly indicates thatoverall, the sub-projects have yielded a BCR of1.65 and a positive NPV. A positive NPVsignifies that the sub-projects wereeconomically and financially beneficial. The

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major impact of component-1 was in terms oftime and cost saving of the scientists andresearch scholars through better andconvenient availability of knowledge resourcesand availability of better computing ITinfrastructure. The other impact was in terms ofincrease in efficiency and productivity ofscientists and other staff through training andcapacity building initiatives taken. Apart fromscientists and research scholars, individualentrepreneurs were also benefitted throughBPD Units which helped in dissemination of thenew technologies developed under the NARSand NAIP to the potential entrepreneurs. Sincethese are potential benefits and do not involveany adjustment in terms of opportunity costs inplace of market prices for the non-traded inputsand for taxes and subsidies in case of tradedinputs, the economic benefits are synonymousto the financial benefits. Hence, the estimatesfor both financial and economic benefits are thesame.

• Component-2: Out of the 51 sub- projects, 14were selected for financial and economicanalyses. The sub-projects consisted of

development of value chain of an agriculturecommodity. The major commodities coveredunder this component include both crop-basedlike saffron, millets, custard apple, etc. andanimal-based like pashmina, honey, etc.

The financial analysis of the value chainstarts at the farm level. The analysis was doneon the basis of the rise in production,productivity and income of the participatoryfarmers. The comparison was drawn on thebasis of the production and income level of thenon-participatory farmers. The major factordifferentiating both the participatory and non-participatory group was the package ofpractices given to the participatory farmerswhich helped them in efficient usage of inputs,better harvesting techniques and post-harvestmanagement techniques which lowered thepost-harvest loss. All these factors resulted inhigher income realization to farmers.

The other major stakeholder in the valuechain is the processor of that agriculturalcommodity. The processor is largelyresponsible for the value addition to theagricultural commodity through processing. The

Table 6.6: Estimated benefits from selected sub-projects of component-1

Sl. Name of the Sub-project Budget NPV BenefitNo. Allocated (Million R) Cost

(Million R) Ratio

1. Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture (CeRA). 442.28 1015.17 2.30

2. Development and Maintenance of Rice Knowledge 65.84 82.77 1.26Management Portal.

3. Establishment of National Agricultural Bioinformatics 647.70 825.75 1.27Grid (NABG) in ICAR.

4. Business Planning and Development Unit at 28.84 37.55 1.30Anand Agricultural University (AAU), Anand.

5. Handholding and Mentoring, Business Planning and Development 30.08 39.17 1.30(BPD) at ICRISAT.

6. Learning and capacity building at NAARM. 555.30 828.00 1.49

7. Zonal Technology Management and BPD Unit at IARI. 50.81 52.93 1.04

8. Mobilizing Mass Media Support for Sharing Agro-Information. 47.58 60.74 1.28

9. Strengthening of Digital Library and Information 94.70 167.26 1.77Management under NARS (e-GRANTH).

10. Strengthening Statistical Computing for NARS. 138.00 151.82 1.10

11. Establishing and Networking of Agricultural Market 88.18 129.88 1.47Intelligence Centers in India.

12. Engaging Farmers Enriching Knowledge: 48.01 69.92 1.46Agropedia - Phase II.

Total 2237.30 3685.00 1.65


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major support provided to the processors by theNAIP was in the form of technologydevelopment for the processing of the produce.The processors were essentially benefitted bythe increased availability of raw material forprocessing along with linkages to the farmersand technology development for processing ofthe produce. These factors contributed toincreased income of the processors. Thefinancial analysis and BCR of the selected sub-projects is presented in Table 6.7.

Financial analysis of the componentindicates that after a total allocation of R626.9million for the selected sub-projects, the totalfinancial benefit of R1,283.5 million has accrued.This yields a financial benefit cost ratio (FBCR)of 2.05 for the component-2.The economic analysis of component-2 sub-projects was on the basis of the total economicbenefit accrued from the sub-project to thesociety or nation. The financial costs wereadjusted by substituting the market wage rates

of labour and rental value of land with theiropportunity costs. This pulled down the totalcost of cultivation as the opportunity costs werelower than the market rates. In the same way,the market prices of inputs like fertilizers, plantprotection chemicals, irrigation water, powerwere replaced by their real costs of production,which were higher than the market prices due tothe subsidies provided by the state. Althoughthe cost of cultivation was pushed up onaccount of this adjustment, it was lower than thereduction due to the use of opportunity costs oflabour in place of their wage rates. As a result,the cost of cultivation decreased and theeconomic benefit was generally higher than thatof financial cost in the case of component-2 sub-projects. The results of economic analysis ofthe sub-projects of component-2 are presentedin Table 6.8.Against the total expenditure of R627 million forthe selected sub-projects, the total economicbenefit accrued amounted to R1,299 million.

Table 6.7: Financial analysis of selected sub-projects under component-2

Sl. Name of the Sub-project Budget Financial BenefitNo. Allocated Benefit Cost

(Million R) (Million R) Ratio

1. Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability 81.1 209.8 2.59of Pashmina Fiber.

2. Value Chain on Value Added Products Derived from 24.1 27.0 1.87Prosopis Juliflora.

3. A Value Chain on Kashmir Saffron. 39.7 136.9 3.45

4. Value Chain on Commercialization of Maize Products. 45.6 46.8 1.03

5. A Value Chain on Banana Pseudostem for Fiber and 42.3 45.5 1.08other Value Added Products.

6. A Value Chain on Lac and Lac Based Products for 19.4 75.8 3.91Domestic and Export Market.

7. A Value Chain on Mango and Guava for Domestic 54.2 175.1 3.23and Export Market.

8. A Value Chain on Underutilized Fruits of Rajasthan. 35.2 104.8 2.98

9. Capitalization of Prominent Landraces of Rice in 24.7 24.3 0.98Orissa Through Value Chain Approach.

10. Creation for Demand for Millet Foods through 65.8 131.9 2.01PCS Value Chain.

11. A Value Chain on Ginger and Ginger Products. 59.6 124.8 2.09

12. A Value Chain on Cotton Fiber, Seed and Stalks. 67.8 44.4 0.66

13. A Value Chain on Natural Dyes 32.9 30.6 0.93

14. A Value Chain on Flowers for Domestic and Export Market. 34.7 105.8 3.05

Total 626.9 1283.5 2.05

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Thus, the economic benefit cost ratio (EBCR)worked out to 2.07. The economic benefitaccrued from component-2 was even higher asthe employment generation was higher. Theemployment was largely generated at the farmand processing level of the value chain.

• Component-3: Out of the 36 sub-projects, 16were selected for financial and economicanalysis. The sub-projects in component-3aimed at developing sustainable livelihood forrural population. This was primarily achieved byproviding them livestock- based integratedfarming system, knowledge of better agricultureinputs, increased availability of better agricultureinputs to farmers, and by crop diversification.The major factor differentiating both theparticipatory and non-participatory group werebetter availability of inputs, the packages ofpractice given to the participatory farmers whichhelped them in efficient usage of agricultureinputs, knowledge about the livestock-based

integrated farming system, and cropdiversification. All these factors resulted inhigher income realization by the farmers.For improving the livelihoods of farmers,intensive and integrated farming systems wereintroduced and they required heavy use ofinputs. The economic cost of productionincreased substantially due to the heavysubsidies involved. The opportunity cost oflabour was lower than their market wage rates.But the saving on account of labour was far lessto compensate for the increased cost ofmaterials. Hence, the economic cost ofproduction was much higher than the financialcost of production in a majority of the cases. Asa result, the economic net benefit was muchless than the financial net benefit in many of thecomponent-3 sub-projects. The EBCR was, ingeneral, lower than the financial benefit costratio.

Table 6.8: Economic analysis of selected sub-projects under component-2

Sl. Name of the Sub-project Budget Financial BenefitNo. Allocated Benefit Cost

(Million R) (Million R) Ratio

1. Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Profitability of 81.1 209.8 2.59Pashmina Fiber.

2. Value Chain on Value Added Products Derived from 24.1 27.0 1.87Prosopis Juliflora.

3. A Value Chain on Kashmir Saffron. 39.7 141.6 3.57

4. Value Chain on Commercialization of Maize Products. 45.6 89.2 1.96

5. A Value Chain on Banana Pseudostem for Fiber and other 42.3 45.5 1.08Value Added Products.

6. A Value Chain on Lac and Lac Based Products for 19.4 75.8 3.91Domestic and Export Market.

7. A Value Chain on Mango and Guava for Domestic 54.2 180.6 3.33and Export Market.

8. A Value Chain on Underutilized Fruits of Rajasthan. 35.2 104.8 2.98

9. Capitalization of Prominent Landraces of Rice in Orissa 24.7 27.9 1.13Through Value Chain Approach.

10. Creation for Demand for Millet Foods through 65.8 133.5 2.03PCS Value Chain.

11. A Value Chain on Ginger and Ginger Products. 59.6 148.2 2.49

12. A Value Chain on Cotton Fiber, Seed and Stalks. 67.8 34.1 0.50

13. A Value Chain on Natural Dyes 32.9 30.6 0.93

14. A Value Chain on Flowers for Domestic and Export Market. 34.7 50.3 1.45

Total 626.9 1298.9 2.07


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The major support provided to the farmers bythe NAIP was in the form of increasedavailability of better agriculture inputs and,sometimes, there was also distribution ofagriculture inputs by the Project at subsidizedrates and the money collected through this wasused in accumulating a sustainability fund

which could help to carry out the Projectactivities further even after the close of NAIP. Allthese factors resulted in increased income tothe farmers. The financial and economicanalyses and BCR of the selected sub-projectsare given in Table 6.9.

Table 6.9: Financial and economic analyses of selected sub-projects under component-3

Sl. Name of the Sub-project Total Net Economic Financial EconomicNo. Budget Financial Benefit Benefit Benefit

Allocated Benefit Accrued Cost Cost(Million R) Accrued (Million R) Ratio Ratio

(Million R)

1. Farming for Livelihood Security of Small 93.2 113.4 95.9 1.22 1.03and Marginal Farmers in DisadvantagedDistricts of Tamil Nadu.

2. Enhancing Rural Livelihood Security for 121.9 309.2 275.7 2.54 2.26Sustainability through Rice BasedIntegrated Farming in DisadvantageousDistricts of Assam.

3. Ensuring Livelihood Security through 59.4 101.6 85.5 1.71 1.44Sustainable Farming System andRelated Enterprises in SC/TribalDominated Population of Mirzapurand Sonbhadra Districts in VindhyanRegion.

4. Integrated Project for Research on 90.7 221.4 104.4 2.44 1.15Development Process and Sustainabilityof Livelihood in Selected DisadvantagedDistricts of Gujarat State.

5. Sustainable Livelihood Improvement 43.5 26.5 27.0 0.01 0.62through Need Based Integrated FarmingSystem Models in Disadvantaged Districtsof Bihar.

6. Livelihood and Nutritional Security of 239.8 499.3 184.9 2.08 0.77Tribal Dominated Rural Areas throughIntegrated Farming Systems Models.

7. Strategies to Enhance Adaptive Capacity 131.0 173.9 365.3 1.33 2.79to Climate Change in Vulnerable Regions

` (GEF).

8. Nutrition, Livelihood Security through 46.5 114.9 107.1 2.47 2.30Resource and Enterprise Management inBidar District.

9. Goat Husbandry Based Integrated Approach 22.0 57.8 32.8 2.62 1.49for Livelihood Security in DisadvantagedDistricts of Bundelkhand Region (CIRG).

10. Integrated Farming System for Sustainable 42.2 80.3 48.1 1.90 1.14Rural Livelihoods in Undulating and RainfedAreas of Jhabua and Dhar Districts ofMadhya Pradesh.

11. Livelihood Improvement and Empowerment 246.2 716.5 705.8 2.91 2.87of Rural Poor through Sustainable FarmingSystems in North East India.

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12. Upscaling and Improving Livelihood of 22.0 26.0 26.0 1.18 1.18Forest Based and Forest FringeCommunities through Enhanced FarmingSystem Productivity and Efficient SupportSystems in Godda District of Jharkhand.

13. Strategies for Sustainable Management 99.1 280.0 368.7 2.83 2.79of Degraded Coastal Land and Water forEnhancing Livelihood Security of theFarming Communities (GEF).

14. Livelihood Security of Rural Poor in 42.1 43.7 43.7 1.04 1.04Disadvantaged Chitradurga Districts ofKarnataka through Integrated FarmingSystems Approach.

15. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods through 173.2 122.4 53.5 0.71 0.31Enhanced Farming System Productivityand Efficient Support Systems in RainfedAreas (CRIDA).

16. A Comprehensive, Multi-Enterprise 62.4 52.5 32.4 0.84 0.52Project for addressing the Agrarian Crisisof Wayanad District of Kerala.

Total 1535.2 2939.4 2556.6 1.91 1.67

Sl. Name of the Sub-project Total Net Economic Financial EconomicNo. Budget Financial Benefit Benefit Benefit

Allocated Benefit Accrued Cost Cost(Million R) Accrued (Million R) Ratio Ratio

(Million R)

The overall analysis of component-3 sub-projects illustrates that due to a total allocationof R1,535 million, a total financial benefit ofR 2,939 million has accrued. It yielded a FBCRof 1.91 for the Sub-projects.The total economic benefit which accrued fromcomponent-3 sub-projects added up to R 2,556million against an expenditure of R1,535 millionfor the selected sub-projects. The overall EBCRwas 1.67. The overall economic benefit whichaccrued from component - 3 was lower than thefinancial benefit as the economic cost ofagricultural inputs like urea, DAP and MoP washigher than the reduction in the cost of labour.Thus, the net EBCR from Component - 3 wasmarginally lower at 1.67 than the net FBCR of1.91. This result was in contrast to the resultobtained in the case of component - 2 sub-projects where the EBCR was higher than theFBCR.

• Component-4: Out of the 61 sub-projectsunder component-4, six were selected foreconomic analysis. The sub-projects primarilyrelated to basic and strategic research. Theyrequire long-term investments and their results

lead to applied research projects which woulddevelop technologies and innovations foreventual commercialization and impact. Thebasic research is characterized by longer timelags, but higher benefits in the long run. Theresearch carried out by the selected sub-projects is in the areas of gene mining, drugdevelopment, precision farming, nanotechnology,etc. and they aimed at developing cutting edgetechnologies.The impact analysis of component-4 is similarto the methodology employed in component-1sub-projects. In this case also, there is nodistinction between financial and economicanalyses. The potential benefits in the form ofshortening the time lag in research, saving incosts and increased yields are evaluated basedon the opinions of the CPI and other experts.The present values of the future benefits arediscounted and summed up to arrive at theNPV. The computation of the NPVs and BCRsof the six sub-projects is given in Table 6.10.The results showed that it is economicallyviable to invest in the basic and strategicresearch programme. If the potential


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technologies are commercialized, it wouldgenerate a handsome benefit cost ratio of 1.73.The major benefits that could be expected fromthe sub-projects of component-4 are betterdevelopment of varieties, increased capacity ofscientific research and technical problemsolving, publishing of research articles in highimpact journals, and eventual impacts by way ofimproved technologies. Since basic andstrategic research is an exploration of theunknown, with a long gestation period anduncertain outputs, its financial and economicanalyses is rather difficult. However, pastresearch evaluations have shown that theyresult in slow but high returns. It gaveconfidence to speculate about potential benefitsbased on reasonable assumptions.The resulting technologies from research canbenefit the society in a number of ways,including increase in farm productivity, creationof agricultural employment, increasing croppingintensity, improving livestock production,forward and backward linkages with non-farmeconomy, and improvement of quality ofagriculture output. The above financial andeconomic analyses of different components ofthe NAIP was based on empirical evidence andexpert opinions about the impacts of new andimpending technologies.

6.9.2.4 Overall NAIP financial and economicimpact: The financial and economic impact analysesrevealed that NAIP sub-projects had resulted in multi-faceted impact in accordance to thematic area of thesub-projects and overall thrust area of a particularcomponent. It was found that the component-1 sub-projects have resulted in overall better access toknowledge repository, ICT application for betterefficiency, development of innovative platform forincubation of technologies, start-ups andcommercialization among others. The component-2sub-projects with an overall thrust on PCS haveresulted in strengthening of value chain thoughcustomized interventions at critical stages such asproduction, processing, packaging, forward linkages,leading to enhanced income levels of the value chainparticipants, creation of rural industry/companies,quality enhancement among others. The component-3 sub-projects focused on sustainable rural livelihoodsecurity which resulted in enhanced income,employment generation, formation of farmer groupsand SHGs, and community infrastructures. Withmajor impact on quality of publication, patentapplication and enhanced capabilities for scientificand technological problem solving, the impacts ofcomponent-4 sub-projects were in line with itsthematic area of basic and strategic research infrontier areas of agricultural sciences.

Table 6.10. Comparison of costs and potential benefits from selected sub-projects of component-4

Sl. Name of the Sub-Project Budget NPV BCRNo. Allocated (Million R)

(Million R)

1. Serological Diversity and Molecular Characterization of Dechelobacter 50.35 105.51 2.10nodosus and Development of Vaccine against Virulent Footrot.

2. Study of Herbal Acaricides as Means to Overcome the Development 51.31 95.62 1.86of Resistance in Ticks to Conventional Acaricides.

3. Allele Mining and Expression Profiling of Resistance and Avirulence- 131.00 288.75 2.20Genes in Rice-Blast Pathosystem for Development of RaceNon-Specific Disease Resistance.

4. Design and Development of Rubber Dams for Watersheds. 62.90 64.07 1.02

5. Precision Farming Technologies based on Microprocessor and 40.40 44.50 1.10Decision Support Systems for Enhancing Input ApplicationEfficiency in Production Agriculture.

6. Development of Biosensor and Micro-Techniques for Analysis 15.00 17.26 1.15of Pesticide Residues, Aflatoxin Heavy Metals and BacterialContamination in Milk.

Total 350.96 606.75 1.73

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Based on the extrapolation of the sample sub-projects to the whole NAIP, the estimated overallFBCR is 1.81 and EBCR is 1.75. The final snap shotof the economic and financial benefit which accruedfrom the NAIP as a whole is given in Table 6.11.

6.9.2.5 Other impacts: Apart from these majorimpacts, the selected sample sub-projects have alsoresulted in delivering the following:• Invention of new mode of research:

Consortia mode of research has resulted inbetter research implementation and researchuptake at the field level. The data analysisrevealed that the majority of stakeholdersbelieved that the consortia mode of research is asustainable model for executing research.Involvement of private sector right from thedesign stage has also helped in betterperformance of the Project. Thus, a new PPPmodel is established for undertaking researchand further, for commercializing the technology.

• Access to knowledge base: ICT applicationbased sub-projects have resulted in better andeconomic access to quality publications forresearchers and students. This has greatlyimpacted the overall quality of the research

publication from the NARS.• Access to better inputs: Access to better

inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, pesticides,biofertilizers, etc. were among the criticalimpacts of NAIP sub-projects. This has resultedin increased acceptance of improved productsby farmers and thus, created a potential for theirrepeat usage.

• Increased productivity level: The improvedand customized production technology hasresulted in significant increase in theproductivity levels of various crops underdifferent sub-projects of the NAIP. The 58sample sub-projects, covered almost all majorfield crops, pulses and oilseeds. Specificinterventions were made to increase the yieldsfrom dairy, fishery, piggery, and goat farming.The productivity increase has positivelyimpacted the livelihoods of the farmers.

6.10 Assessment of risk to development outcomes

Major risks associated with developmentoutcomes and the actual measures taken to mitigatethem are highlighted in Table 6.12.

Table 6.11: Final snapshot of financial and economic benefits estimated for NAIP

Total Budget Net Financial Economic Financial EconomicAllocated Benefit Accrued Benefit Accrued Benefit Benefit(Million R) (Million R) (Million R) Cost Ratio Cost Ratio

13,879 25,059 24,355 1.81 1.75

Risks Risk Mitigation Risk Rating Actual Measures TakenMeasures as per PAD as per PAD

To Project Development ObjectivesICAR is not able Composition of the National Steering M The composition of various Committeesto quickly respond Committee; simultaneous emphasis of NAIP at Project as well as sub-to the rapidly on market-driven development, poverty project level, viz. NSC, PMC, RPC, andchanging socio- alleviation and strengthening of basic OMPC at Project level and CAC ateconomic and strategic research. Consortia level included very seniorand policy and competent personnel from differentenvironment. segments of the society such as the

farming, industry, media, Universities,line Departments, etc.

Inadequate capacity Capacity building and sensitization M Senior officials from the ICAR deputedof PIU staff on new activities; addition of new staff. to NAIP were sensitized by the WorldNAIP concept. Bank during ISMs and were also given

trainings.

Table 6.12: Assessment of risk to development outcomes


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To Component ResultsLack of Matchmaking activities in collaboration S Substantial room provided toengagement of with partner organizations; providing stakeholders for decision making bystakeholders with substantial room for decision making having their prominent presence inNAIP. to stakeholders by prominent presence Project activities and Consortia

in Project and Consortia governance governance mechanisms.mechanisms.

Results of Two stage selection process; two calls; S Same as listed in PAD. However, threecompetitive grants clear criteria and transparency of the calls were made for inviting proposals.are widely selection process; selection committeechallenged and with persons of outstanding andlead to loss of unchallenged reputation broughtcredibility. together in a transparent and

consultative manner.Consortia are Various support mechanisms to M Same as listed in PAD.slow in coming Consortium formation have beentogether and introduced in the Project design,Project including a Helpdesk, capacityimplementation building activities and matchis delayed. events; a campaign was launched

at the start of NAIP to bring theproject to everybody’s attention.

Difficulty of Capacity building for managing M The Committees, CMU and CACmanaging a Project Consortia; support to establishment assisted in managing the Consortia.based on broad and management of Consortia Further, M&E Consultancy Agency wasbased. (Helpdesk, Project preparation involved in handholding and day-to-daypartnerships courses, Online Financial monitoring of the sub-projects.

Management System); partnershipswith specialized managementorganizations to access best practices.

Lack of continuity Commitment to keep and encourage M Same as listed in PAD.of principal Project crucial staff in position for Projectstaff. period; establishing Consortium

Advisory Committees.Absence of Consortia development with partners M Trainings were imparted by Consortia toqualified human from outside the traditional Agricultural entrepreneurs, SHG, farmers, etc. forresources for R&D Research System; training programmes; consumption R&D across theacross the production private sector engagement. production to consumption systems.to systems.Concept of Development of training courses; M Same as above.production to exposure obtained in Consortiumconsumption development; learning bysystem is not comparison.clear to R&D staff.Difficulty of Computerized Online Financial S Same as listed in PAD.financial Management System, linked withmanagement of direct fund transfers to participatinga decentralized organization; certification of financialProject. management capacity of Consortia

before first release of funds; andcapacity building.

Incompatibility of Adoption of decentralized procurement M Same as listed in PAD.procurement and guidelines, linked with a continuousother management audit system; capacity buildingstandards between programme on procurement.Consortia Partners.Overall Risk Rating M

Risks Risk Mitigation Risk Rating Actual Measures TakenMeasures as per PAD as per PAD

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6.11 Reflection of NAIP M&E strategies on NARS

The M&E strategies have started impacting onseveral areas of R&D activities undertaken by thescientists in the NARS. Some of the major areas withvisible impact are highlighted below.

6.11.1 Change in mindset

One visible impact of NAIP is that it has stirred, ifnot changed, the mindset of scientists engaged inagricultural R&D activities. In the past, the NARPoffered infrastructure for Regional Research Stationsof the Agricultural Universities; the AHRD offered anopportunity to train the manpower and develop skill inthem with advance techniques and knowledge; theNATP enabled the scientists to go beyond publicationand generate appropriate technologies (shift fromoutput to outcomes); and now the NAIP hastaught them to commercialize technologies developedby them and promote agri-business andentrepreneurship. Not that the entire community hasbeen transformed and enabled to put into action allthese, but across the system these have become thebuzz words and time and again discussed. Abeginning has been made – a new research culturehas been introduced and it is only hoped that it will behoned further that will convert agriculture researchfrom being under social sector to industry level. Thepathway traversed is: Publication (pre-NARP) –Infrastructure (NARP) – Training (AHRD) -Technology (NATP) – Commercialization (NAIP)

6.11.2 Consortia mode

The concept of Consortia mode of research hasbeen introduced and promoted by the NAIP. Thestrengths and weaknesses of the concept have beenthoroughly identified and reported by the independentexternal evaluators. Some of the major ones aregiven below.

7.11.2.1 Intrinsic strengths:• Sharing knowledge (multi-disciplinary approach);• Sharing infrastructure;• Efficient usage of time and resources;• Better reach to beneficiaries; and• Effective model for commercialization.

6.11.2.2 Operational weaknesses:• Lack of coordination among partners;• Lack of co-operation amongst research

organizations with similar work areas;

• Conflicting procedures of different organizationtypes;

• Intense administrative work;• No arrangements for sustained linkages; and• Presence of non performing partners.

6.11.2.3 Drivers for sustainability:• Selection of appropriate partner with required

capabilities/motivation;• Clear definition of duties, responsibilities and

deliverables;• Team work in sharing of institutional resources

and outputs; and• Simple procedures for timely implementation.

However, as the strengths of it overweigh theweakness, the model is being emulated in theformation of consortium platforms under institutionalfinancing. Besides, many of the M&E concepts andimpact assessment methods are being implementedin monitoring and assessing the Projects under theNational Fund for Basic, Strategic and FrontierScience Research in Agriculture (NFBSFSRA).

6.11.3 Focus on Accountability

The imperativeness of periodical impactassessment has been understood system wide at alllevels considering the global cry for an inbuiltmechanism for internal and external evaluation andthe felt need for transparency and accountability inpublic investment, particularly when there is aresource crunch. Based on the experience of thePME, the ICAR has made it mandatory for all itsInstitutes to have their own PME Cell. Besides, theSMDs in ICAR are all bracing up for an external andindependent impact evaluation as decided in theSenior Officers Committee Meeting.

6.11.4 Infrastructure availability

Ready availability of necessary researchinfrastructure that was ensured in the NAIP hascreated enabling conditions for implementing theProject more effectively and efficiently by:• Increasing the technical capacity of scientific

R&D;• Increasing the efficiency of scientists• Enhancing the capability to execute

interventions; and• Increasing the ability to commercialize the

technology & reach the beneficiary.


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6.11.5 O&M reforms

With or without NAIP most of the infrastructuraland BSR Projects would have been funded by theGovernment itself and the only difference would havebeen a matter of timing. The NAIP, besides helping intimely establishment of state-of-the-art infrastructureand facility in high end research, had introduced astring of O&M reforms that have been inculcated from

top down to the CPI level. The M&E is one such reformunder the O&M and many M&E concepts haveassumed popularity and acceptance during theimplementation period. This disproportionate impactof these concepts in the minds of researchersconsidering the miniscule share of the fund in theoverall scheme of NARS outlay may be considered afeat by itself.

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ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD

SECTION-7

The transformation of agriculture is beingpromoted by FAO along with other partners under theterm “Climate-smart agriculture”, an agriculture thatsustainably increases productivity, resilience(adaptation), reduces/removes greenhouse gases(mitigation) while enhancing the achievement ofNational Food Security and Development goals.

E&S framework for all the approved proposalswere prepared in prescribed format, revised inconsultation with the WB and put up on NAIP website.Case studies on selected subprojects are presentedherewith.

7.1 Component 1: ICAR as the Catalyzing Agentfor the Management of Change in the IndianNARS

The possible carbon sequestration and emissionreduction interventions, validated under CleanDevelopment Mechanism (CDM), were selected bythe communities under the sub-project, “Enablingsmall holder to improve their livelihoods and benefitfrom carbon finance”. Major interventions andbenefits were as follows:• Field level: Zero or minimum tillage, spot

irrigation, mulches, efficient use of input, etc.;• Farm level: Agroforestry and planting of timber,

fruit and fodder trees.• Household level: CFL bulbs and smokeless chulhas.• Community level: Solar street lights, rain water

harvesting and conservation, etc.• The special purpose vehicles (SPV), having 5-6

members nominated by the community and itsown bye-laws and responsibilities beenregistered under Society Registration Act of therespective states.

• Potential certified emission reduction (CERs)averaged about 11,000 CERs per grid.

7.2 Component 2: Research on Production toConsumption System

Social safeguard measures include natural dyeand eco colour powder to replace synthetics,agroforestry, waste utilization, etc.

7.2.1 A value chain on industrial agro forestry inTamil Nadu (Lead centre: TNAU,Coiambatore)

The current plantations, established throughindustrial agroforestry, have the potential ofsequestering 1.25 million tonnes of carbon (3 millionUSD). This carbon sequestration potential may helpto augment the environment and may result in cleandevelopment mechanism. These flow of operationscreated 60,000 man days (0.19 million US D) directlyin the project operational area. Established farmerand industrial linked decentralized clonal propagationcentres created 0.1 million man days of work and anincome generation of nearly ten million rupees (0.2million US D).

7.2.2 Value chain on biomass based decentralizedpower generation for agro enterprise (LeadCentre: CIAE, Bhopal)

Under the subproject Value Chain on BiomassBased Decentralized Power Generation two powerplants were established at Village Mana (Soybeangrowing area) and Village Udaipura (Pigeon peagrowing area), (Fig. 7.0). Two units of power plant of 50kW capacities and one unit of 24 kW capacity areoperational at village Mana. Besides one briquettingplant each of 500kg/h capacity are operational atMana and Udaipura. One power plant of 100 kW isbeing commissioned in village Udaipura.The analysisof plant at Mana revealed the reduction in CO2 due topower generation, reduction in pollution due toreduced quantity of burning of crop residues andenhanced income to the farmers.

Fig 7: Biomass based power generation unit


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7.2.3 A bio pesticide mediated value chain forclean vegetables (Lead Centre: CSKHPKV,Palampur)

Under this project, six value added formulations,two each from Melia, Eupatorium and Trichodermawere developed, tested and popularized amongfarmers (Fig. 7.1). These formulations led to reductionof toxic pesticide use and thus safeguarding theenvironment and human health. Eight value addedpesticide free processed products were prepared andtransferred to the stakeholders.

transported to 202 farmers’ fields saving 9500 t ofFYM worth R4,75,000 besides increasing availabilityof water for second crop.

Seven bore wells owned by seven farmerslocated over a patch of 18 ha land were linked througha network of underground pipelines and thegroundwater extracted through these bore wells wasprudently shared through sprinkler irrigation by 18farmers.

The area covered during kharif and rabi increasedfrom 12.8 ha to 16.88 and 4.8 ha to 11.2 harespectively. Income of the farmers owning bore wellsand without bore wells increased from R17572 toR25814 per annum and R6818 to R22364 per annum,respectively. Reduction in the income disparity in thepost-intervention scenario is noteworthy.

7.3.2 Livelihood security through resource andentrepreneurship management in Bidardistrict (Lead Centre: KVK (UAS, Raichur),Bidar)

Transplanting of redgram has spread over morethan 2000 ha. The estimated net income is R153200per ha with an employment of 215 man days per yearagainst pre intervention income of R63700 per ha and180 man days of employment. The technology hasresulted in reduced water requirement and additionalyield. Establishment of 319 vermicompost unitsreduced usage of chemical fertilizer.• More than 250 calves of Deoni breed borne

under the project helped in conserving localgermplasm

• Introduction of chaff cutter saved more than3000 tones of fodder from wastage

• Community members empowered to managelocal institutions for getting timely service andavoiding dependency has created a feeling andsocial solidarity among the goat rearers.

7.3.3 Integrated farming system for sustainablerural livelihood in undulating and rainfedareas of Jhabua and Dhar districts of MadhyaPradesh”.

1. Conservation of Kadaknath poultry bird:Innovative kadaknath farming system hashelped in mortality reduction from >50% to 10-15% and has resulted in revival of the bird in thearea.

2. Innovative water saving technique;Innovative irrigation technique by using saline

Fig 7.1: Bio pesticide application

7.3 Component 3: Research on Sustainable RuralLivelihood Security

The efforts have been not only on mitigating thenegative impact of various interventions but also oncapturing the positive impacts on environment andsocial structure of the target area.

7.3.1 Sustainable rural livelihoods throughenhanced farming systems productivity andefficient support systems in rainfed areas(Lead Centre: CRIDA, Hyderabad)

The project followed a strategy of offering a site-specific rainwater harvesting solution for thecommunity based on the principles of soil and waterconservation engineering. As part of this intervention,260 rainwater harvesting structures were attended toin terms of building new ones, repairing/renovatingdefunct ones. With these structures, an additionalrainwater harvesting capacity of 4,37,730 cu m wascreated benefitting 1560 farmers by providingprotective irrigation to 420 ha. Cropping intensity wentup to 152 from the base value of 96. Soil loss wasreduced significantly from the baseline level of 2.5 -3.0 ton/ha/year to 1.5- 2 ton/ ha/year.

Seven major water bodies were de-silted in aphased manner by mobilizing the communityresulting in 18800 tons of silt being excavated and

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water bottles, crop of bitter gourd and spongegourd from severe drought during the rainyseason was saved.

3. Vermi compost production: One hundred andeight famers involved in vermi compostproduction in the project area have created thecapacity to produce 1.4 t/ year. It gives anadditional annual income of R5600/=.

4. Mangers for saving fodder: As estimated,approximate loss of DM without use of manger,is 11.9 % per day. The mangers can saveapproximately 8.12 q per day or 2963.35 q /year of roughage DM. Thirty two mangers weremade by the farmers as inspired by twelveearlier made NAIP mangers.

7.3.4 Livelihood security of rural poor ofdisadvantaged Chitradurga District ofKarnataka through integrated farmingsystem approach”

The subproject aims at providing livelihoodsecurity in disadvantaged Chitadurga district ofKarnataka. Effect of some of the interventions onenvironment and social benefits are given below:• RWH Structures (Farm ponds :45 units,

Bunding: 900 ha) have positive impact on GWtable as it helped in storing 243 cubic meters perpond per filling with a potential of 78750 cubicmeter of water storage in a year.

• Perennial trees (16000 plants (NAIP) and40,000 from NABRD and Forestry department)and their establishment would go a long way insoil and water conservation, carbonsequestration/ trading, biodiversity improvement,health security through availability of fruits/ milkin the village itself. Cropping intensity increases.

• Drip irrigation in 50 ha helped in water saving by30 to 40 percent.

• With the help of 75 Vermicomposting units,each farmer could replace 16692 kg of DAP,9951 kg of MOP and 10272 kg urea.

7.4 GEF funded research

7.4.1 Potential fishing zone (PFZ) advisories

An innovative service called m-Krishi-Fisherieswas developed in collaboration with TCS innovationlab. As estimated, this technology may help in345089 and 23800000t/year saving in carbon (GHG)emission and fuel saving of 1287 and 9058 lakh litres

per year in Maharashtra and India respectively.

7.5 Component 4: Basic/Strategic Research inFrontier Areas of Agricultural Sciences

Animal welfare issues wherever applicable havebeen taken care for maintaining the animals andcollecting samples.

Studies on manipulation of genes, alleles,transcription factors and vectors etc., have beenrestricted only to laboratory and containedgreenhouse facilities. All the materials are handled asper the prevailing biosafety Committee (IBSC)regulation.

In the sub-projects on nanotechnology forenhanced utilization of native phosphorus by plantsand higher moisture retention in arid soils, therecommended B-2 safety level has been followedduring experiments carried out on the application ofnano-fertilizers.

In the sub-projects involving studies on animals,the issues are considered as per the projectcommitment and institutional animal ethics committeeclearance wherever applicable has been obtained andthe concerns duly addressed. Similarly, handling anddisposal of veterinary pathogens were carried out asper guidelines and there were no environmental andsocial hazards.

7.5.1 Sub-project title: “Allele mining andexpression profiling of resistance- andavirulence- genes in rice-blast pathosystemfor development of race non-specificdisease resistance”

The consortium undertaking the sub-project on“Allele mining and expression profiling of resistance-and avirulence- genes in rice-blast pathosystem fordevelopment of race non-specific disease resistance”has cloned a broad spectrum blast resistance genePi-kh conferring resistance to large number of strainsof the blast pathogen. Rice materials with multiplegenes incorporated into the background of twocommercially important varieties, Pusa Basmati-1and BPT-5204 so as to incorporate more durableresistance in new varieties of rice.

Environmental safeguard: It is estimated thatapplication of Bavistin (a fungicide) for themanagement of blast disease in basmati rice growingregions of India (around 1 million hectares) is to thetune of 1.25 million kg per year. Deployment of


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resistance genes in new varieties of rice will help inproviding cost-effective means of reducing thepesticide load on rice crop and chemical (fungicide)residues in rice grain. It will also help in the preventionof environmental pollution and human exposure/disposition that could be possibly caused during theapplication of pesticides.

Social safeguard: Blast resistant varieties willhelp in reducing input cost of the farmers onfungicide spray up to R687.5/- per hectare per year inbasmati rice in India (estimated at R68.75 croreapproximately per year for 1 million ha area). It willalso increase income of the farming community byreducing over 50% yield losses caused by rice blastevery year.

7.6 Social inclusion and gender empowerment

Women based SHG (all consortia), agroprocessing units (CRIDA, Hyderabad, UAS,Raichuretc), introduction of hand tools for drudgeryreduction, involvement of women in activities likeornamental aquaculture (CIFA, Bhubaneswar,MPUAT, Udaipur, UAS Bangalore etc), mushroomproduction (OUAT, Bhubaneswar, BAU, Ranchi etc),value addition of agro forest produce (AFC, Godda,IGKV, Raipur etc), goat management (BAIF, Pune,UAS Raichuretc) are few such examples. Some otherefforts were as follows:• UAS Raichur established women based 24

small scale food processing units for primaryprocessing and value addition of farm produce.Training programme on entrepreneurshipdevelopment (EDP), skill up gradation,workshops, buyer seller meet and exposurevisits to small scale food processing units wereconducted for capacity building of theparticipants. The average net profit of the foodprocessing group was estimated at R35,800/month/group during season for the year 2013-14.

• MPUAT, Udaipur gave special emphasis forwomen empowerment and 33 trainingprogrammes were organized on stitching and684 girls and women were trained in 2013-14alone. At present 76 trained women havestarted stitching and earning R200-300 per day.

• Eleven farm women were given training in bee-keeping and they started this activity with bee-

boxes given to them out of NAIP funds. Withinsix months, honey worth R5000/- have beensold by these women. Another group of 10 farmwomen were given training on Sept 23-27, 2013at KVK, Bahowal (District Hoshiarpur).

• A women’s SHG (10 members) based at villageKoi (Block Bhunga, District Hoshiarpur) isearning on an average R3,500-4,000 per monththrough stitching and embroidery. Another SHG(20 members) based at village Asifpur (BlockHajipur) is earning R4,000 per month throughsame activities.

• Under the CCA project at IARI, New Delhi,various trainings were organized for the ruralwomen to strengthen their livelihood. Afterattending trainings on stitching and tailoring, agroup of five women in Mewat earned R15,000 ona contract of preparing 200 school dresses,while an additional income of R30 per day permember was earned by stitching pillow covers.Besides, they also saved R4,700 per year bystitching households’ clothes.

Fig.7.2: Gender empowerment activities

Fig.7.3: Pulse processing unit run byWomen SHG

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EXPERIENCES, KEY LEARNINGS,

SUSTAINABLITY AND WASY FORWARD

SECTION-8

The stakeholders learnt many useful lessonsand developed insights to carry forward theirlearning for the betterment of agriculturaldevelopment.

8.1 Experiences

Some of the important aspects of NAIPexperienced by various institutions/agencies duringits implementation are highlighted below.• Governance: The project has witnessed

frequent changes at all levels. Still continuitywas very smooth without the Project sufferingany serious hiccups. It only shows that theproposal was robust and the implementationincluding the M&E plan was well orchestrated.

• Pluralism: The researchers have experiencedinter-institutional and multi-organizationalcollaboration in NAIP and learnt to develop andmaintain scientific linkages with a wide array ofstakeholders in PPP mode. Their mindset hasalso shifted from the ‘taken for granted’ statefunded agricultural research as a social sectorspending to work in PPP mode and therebypromoting pluralism.

• Decentralization: Delegation of financialpowers to CPIs/CCPIs and operational freedomwith accountability is an important reform. But, itdid not function well in some cases particularlyin Agricultural Universities.

• Consortia formation: The assistancerendered by the Helpdesk at NAARM hasenabled the stakeholders to build effectiveConsortia and develop sound project proposals.

• Change in the mindset: The PrincipalInvestigators (PIs) have started thinking big – byway of handling small number of big budgetProjects in NAIP, unlike for more number ofsmall budget Projects in NATP.

• Focus on action research: Researchers haveunderstood the importance of harnessingcomparative advantage in undertaking actionresearch. Public sector organisations could

leverage on the ability of the NGOs in mobilizingpeople in difficult areas and executing actionresearch.

• Performance indicators: Effective monitoringsystem in terms of performance indicators andthe actions agreed upon by the ImplementingAgencies has kept Project on track. Many of theindicators designed for the individualComponent may not be suitable for all the sub-projects within that component. Hence, thebasis for selecting indicators should be specificto the themes within the Component.

• Monitoring and evaluation: The entire impactis based on the incremental benefits accrued tothe society, and most of the CPIs could notdistinguish between net returns and incrementalnet returns. It is desirable, that economists areinvolved since the beginning of implementation.

The online project monitoring and trackingsystem (PMTS) commissioned in the NAIP wasfunctioning in a limited way at the beginning. Sincethe ICAR has successfully put in place a mechanismfor monitoring the scientists’ half-yearly target andachievement and personnel information, reviving thePMTS in a modified and simplified version for projectmanagement in future may not be difficult.

Concurrent comprehensive independentevaluation in NAIP vs. the ex-post evaluation inNATP is an improvement as the evaluators couldsee the project in action and the comprehension isbetter as “seeing is believing”.• Sustainability: Researchers have started

thinking out of the box towards post-fundingsustainability of the sub-projects in terms ofsustainability fund, social mobilization, self-helpand producer groups, to cite a few. Thesustainability of the value chain sub-projectsdepend upon the stake the different actors in thechain have in sustaining the model. Unlike inindustry where production, processing andmarketing/commercialization is taken up by thesame individual striving for value addition and

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cost cutting at every stage, in agricultural valuechains, the actors are different and unless andotherwise a mechanism is worked out toenhance the share of the producer (our majorclient) in the value addition (there is scope forthe stakeholder to become a shareholder), nosustainability model can be viable.

8.2 Challenges faced

The NAIP has made significant contributionstowards creating enabling environment for themanagement of change in the Indian NARS. Atthe same time, many management issuescropped up during its implementation.

• Severe drought in 2009: The country facedthe worst-ever drought in 2009 forcing a loss ofcropping season for planned research. TheProject thus got delayed by a year.

• Different administrative and financial rules:Dealing with plural partners drawn from variedsystems of management caused difficulties inharmonization of project implementation.

• Farmer groups and producer companies:They had difficulty of seed capital and werehandicapped by lack of internet access andusage in several cases.

• Lack of incentives and motivational drivers:With varied personnel policy and serviceconditions, this element came on surface.

• Lack of experience: The activities incomponent-1 were oriented towards capacitybuilding in the NARS so as to respond to the fastchanging requirements of research, technologydevelopment and dissemination in a scenario ofglobalized agriculture. In the case of sponsoredsub-projects, identifying and bringing partners(having diverse background and work culture)together and developing proposals requiredseveral rounds of meeting and consultations.There was also a general lack of motivation onthe part of the implementing team. Theimplementation in some of the sub-projects(example, e-learning projects) requiredinvolvement of the entire organization and itwas a real challenge to the CPIs to mustercooperation from their colleagues and supportfrom the senior management of his/herorganization. Moreover, poor IT preparedness,lack of IT-culture and lack of ownership amongstthe implementing team were some of the

challenges for the CPI particularly inimplementing e-learning projects.

Similarly, the BPDs were new initiative requiringaltogether new mindset and approach to implementthe programmes. Despite exposing theimplementing team through several rounds ofbrainstorming meetings, interaction with experts andvisiting the Agri-Business Incubator (ABI) facility atthe ICRISAT and the consortia partners imbibing theconcept, the intricacies and the skills required fortechnology commercialization was rather slowbecause they never had such an experience inresearch organizations. Applications of ICT,Communications and Public Awareness (CPA),Business Planning and Development (BPD),Visioning and Policy Analysis, etc. were some of thenew areas in which ICAR did not have the in-housecapacity. Adoption of the WB approved procurementprocedures for goods and services also led to delaysto some extent.• Challenges faced by the Component-3 sub-

projects: The targeted areas includedchronically drought prone and flood affectedareas, rainfed, hill and mountains, dryland,coastal and tribal areas left behind in economicdevelopment. Some of the problemsencountered include:– Poor infrastructure facilities like road

network, electricity, public transportservices;

– The change in attitude of farmers towardsimproved practices;

– Many remained disturbed, shut downswere common posing problems in timelyexecution of the project;

– There were local conflicts in selection ofbeneficiaries;

– The livestock owners show indifferencetowards health of livestock; and

– Marketing linkages were weak.

Notwithstanding these problems, theconsortium partners have been able to mobilize thepeople and make them move forward.• Focusing on high payoff interventions: The

initially approved interventions under thecomponent 3 were based on secondaryinformation and were large in numbers.However, during the course of investigationmany of these interventions did not yield

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expected return to the farmers. Therefore, aconscious effort was made to focus on highpayoff interventions and others were dropped.

8.3 Key learnings

Some of the lessons learnt which could bemainstreamed in the NARS are:• Conceptualization and proposal

development: During the initial phase ofinviting CNs and the development of FPs, theNAIP website and the NAARM Helpdesk servedas the major source of information inconceptualization of the sub-projects.

• Concept Note preparation and approval:Concept Notes were jointly prepared by all theparticipating institutions and were approvedwithin three months’ time by ExpertCommittees. The feedback received from theexperts was found to be useful in improving thetechnical content and for financial management.

• Proposal development and approval: Oncethe Concept Notes were approved, final ProjectProposals were developed jointly by all thepartnering institutions. High-level Committeesapproved the proposals developed in a specificformat prescribed by the PIU in 3 - 6 monthstime after submission.

• Consortia mode of operation: The conceptprovided a real mechanism to work withdiversified group with focussed objectives. Theconsortia promoted pluralism, synergy andvalue addition contributing to strengthening theNARS.

• Formation of Consortia: Commonality ofinterest in the focus area of the sub-project andcomplementarity of strengths in terms ofexpertise and accomplishments has served asthe basis for consortia formation. Hence,selection of right partners with commitment andcapabilities has to be ensured for successfulimplementation of the sub-projects in consortiamode.

• Competitive funding: Competitive fundingcontributed to get creative ideas and quick,quality revision and response. Transparent andresponsive governance contribute to publicconfidence and smooth project managementand considerably reduced the time taken forcompleting the review and approval process.

Costing of the project by a Committee is a majorreform in rationalizing the budget of the sub-projects.

• Building public private partnership (PPP)into Consortia: The PPP was built into the sub-projects, involving public Institutions (ICAR,Agricultural Universities and TechnologicalInstitutes), Corporate Bodies (R&D, production,process and market-oriented) and CivilSocieties (Farmer Groups, NGOs and SHGs) incontractual and accommodative mode basedon purpose, commitment and existence ofleadership.Private partners, now understand theimportance of public sector R&D organizationsand up-scaling technologies generated forcommercial application. R&D Institutes dounderstand the requirements of private sector.This arrangement has worked very well and thatis how technologies which were lying on theshelf are now being commercialized.

• Co-ordination among the ConsortiaPartners: In majority of the sub-projects, therehas been very smooth functioning through closecoordination among the partners. However, afew sub-projects have experienced someoperational problems.

• Monitoring the progress: Very strongmechanism has been built into the sub-projectsto periodically monitor their progress, bothtechnical (half yearly and annual), financial(quarterly) and infrastructure (annual), byinternal (CPI and CCPIs) and external (CAC,PIU- NAIP and WB Team).

• Reporting: As per the approved procedure, thesub-projects were submitting technical (halfyearly and annual), infrastructure (annual) andfinancial (quarterly through statement ofexpenditures- SoEs) reports. Besides this, theCPIs/CCPIs were asked to submit various typesof reports (same information in different format)very frequently. This has created some practicalproblem as the researchers were made tospend more time on report preparation at thecost of actual research.

• Empowerment of CPI: Empowering the CPIsfor fund utilization has led to decentralization ofpower in the Research Institutes in addition tofacilitating timely action. However, when the


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CPIs have the power to approve and sanctiontheir own tour programme without theknowledge of CLs in their Institutes, it createsproblems administravely. In a few other cases,the higher officials have been exercising thesanctioning power instead of the CPIs (as is thecase with other sub-projects at the University).

• Procurement: The procurement of suppliesincluding equipment through the WB processhas been considered to be useful because ofmore transparency. However, Consortia werenot comfortable with the WB procedures.Therefore, several trainings and handholdingworkshops were organized by PIU-NAIP tofamiliarize them.

• Financial management and online fundtransfer: All the sub-projects have expressedgreat satisfaction with the mechanism oftransferring fund online to the separate accountcreated for the purpose. On the flipside, as thepartners received funds directly from the PIU,some of the CPIs have shown less interest toknow the efficiency of fund utilization by theirpartners.

• Capacity building and human resourcedevelopment: The sub-projects have beenprovided with sufficient manpower as RAs andSRFs on contractual basis. Most of the sub-projects have been provided with funds forcapacity building of different categories of staffassociated with the sub-project activities. Thiswas achieved through formal training (atinstitutions identified by the sub-projects withinand/or outside the country) for skill developmentand through exposure visits for knowledge up-gradation.

• IT enabled project management system: ITenabled Project Management System linking allthe consortia and partners ensured proper andtimely implementation of different activities andgenerating updated information.

• e-Procurement: Procurement ManagementSupport System (PMSS), a speciallycustomized web-based software systemdeveloped as per the requirements of theProject reduced variance in procurementprocessing and ensured adherence with agreednorms and guidelines.

• Alternate hybrid model of projectimplementation: The work load of PIU could

have been more effectively shared . Creation ofE-learning modules could have been handled bythe Education Division of the ICAR. This wouldhave ensured better coordination and delivery.Ultimately, the Division intervened to provide thecrucial support. Component-2 could have beenoverseen by the Agricultural EngineeringDivision. In fact, the expertise of the ADG isbeing utilised by the Ministry of FoodProcessing Industries. The entire BPD couldhave been entrusted with the ADG (IP&TM).Indeed, the mainstreaming of BPDUs is beingcarried forward by this section.The NFBSFARA of the ICAR is a schemeparallel to the component-4. By this alternatehybrid model, the internalisation of projectmanagement could be smoother and the PIUcould be spared of huge day-to-issues, so as toenable it to focus more effectively on criticalO&M reforms. The stand-alone posture of theNAIP could thus be avoided.

• Mitigation and adaptation: The tool kit ofmitigation and adaptation evolved during thisexercise would immensely help theorganisation. Six key elements for thesuccessful implementation of the Project wereenabling environment, commitment and supportfrom top management, leadership atoperational levels, learning and capacitybuilding, periodic reviews, and key indicators.

• Other lessons learnt in the components- 2and 3: The Project activities would need anetwork of extension services for horizontalexpansion. Lack of varieties suitable forprocessing was a major limitation in valueaddition. Producer organizations could addvalue addition for higher income. Small-scaleprocessing technologies were generallypreferred in value chains of patchouli,tomato, and pomegranates. Entrepreneurshipdevelopment programmes are essential forsustainability. Maintenance and use ofcommunity assets created during the Projectwould be a major challenge.

8.4 Sustainability and scalability

Ultimate objective of the NAIP is to improvesustainability and scalability of technology andtechnical innovations and it is imperative to develop astrategy towards that end.

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• For sustainability of the impact, theinstitutions developed during the Projectshould continue delivering output which couldtrigger outcome at the grass roots level.

• For realizing the long-term effects of NAIP,promising areas of ongoing researchshould be continued and appropriatelysupported post-closure of the Project.

• The component-3 emphasizes oncontinuity of institutions and processesbuilt around the Project for itssustainability, whereas the component-2focuses on three dimensions, viz.production, processing and marketing forensuring sustainability. Skill development,backward and forward linkages, fundmanagement, asset creation, and farmers’group formation are essential forsustainability.

This is assured through:• Creation of sustainability fund: The

beneficiary farmers’ contribution for the goodsand services delivered to them individuallyunder the Project will carry forward the activitiesin long run after withdrawal of the Project. Thisis an innovative approach of the component,particularly keeping in view the poor payingcapacity of the partners in progress.

• Development of inclusive community-basedorganisations: Cluster Level Committees andVillage Level Committees have been formedwith 3 - 5 members in each consortia. Thisparticipatory approach has developed a senseof confidence in the participating communityand has enhanced their capacity to takedecisions. A number of Rural TechnologyCenters / Village Resource Centers / IT Kioskshave been developed. These centers willcontinue to support the community.

• Marketing linkages: The SHGs, CIGs,Federations of SHGs, FBGs, and ProducerGroups were formed for development of strongmarket linkage.

• Linkages with Banks, Insurance Companiesand other organizations: A number ofconsortia have already developed linkages withthe Banks, Panchayati Raj Institutions (ZillaPanchayat), Line Departments like Agricultureand Animal Husbandry, Krishi Vigyan Kendra

(KVK), NGOs, and other ongoing Governmentprogrammes to sustain their support in the longrun. A substantial input has been receivedthrough NABARD, NREGS and NHM.

• Need-based capacity building and creationof service providers: Youths were trained as“Service Providers” for providing technicalservices in the field of Animal Husbandry,Agriculture and Horticulture. Entrepreneurshiptrainings on motor rewinding, pump repair, blacksmithy, electrician, paravet, and primaryprocessing of farm produce have not onlyresulted in livelihood security of the trainees buthas also created large number of skilled workersto cater to the need at the village level. Thetrained youths will remain in their villages andnot only work as “Technology Agents” for thedissemination of new technologies but alsoprovide necessary service to the farmers.

• Formation of village level CommodityBanks: Innovative village level CommodityBanks have been formed and popularized undersome of the sub-projects. These Banks willcontinue to provide support beyond the Projectperiod. Village level Seed Banks formed bysome consortia will ensure availability of seedbeyond the Project period. The Fodder Banksformed by some other consortia will ensureavailability of fodder, preferably in feed blocks,even at distant places and during the droughtperiod.

• Horizontal expansion: Many consortia haveadopted the policy of “Take one-Give one”approach for continuity of the interventions. Thismade the benefits from the Project to reach newbeneficiaries. In many sub-projects, thehorizontal expansion covered 20-40 per centadditional farmers.These actions were collectively analyzed by thePricewaterhouse Coopers Private Limited (PwC)to get an understanding of the steps taken indifferent sub-projects for ensuring thesustainability of sub-project activities, asdepicted in Fig. 8.0.

The actions taken under different sub-projectsfor ensuring sustainability can be broadly dividedunder four heads. The activities under thesecategories have been shown in table 8.0.


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It is evident from the above table that most of theefforts have been directed towards ensuring fundafter the Project period (sustainability fund), skilldevelopment of beneficiaries and market linkages.• Linkages: They indicate the extent of

collaboration and cooperation among differentstakeholders of the Project. Linkages amongdifferent Government agencies working in theProject area ensure better synchronization ofGovernment efforts for realizing the overall goalof livelihood sustainability and development ofbeneficiaries. Apart from this, the Governmentagencies are symbols of reliability among thebeneficiaries, and thus help in increasing thepositive responses from them. Synergies withGovernment agencies and programmes assurefunds, extension work force and institutionalsupport, beyond the Project termination.

· Linkages with NGOs facilitate better socialmobilization, capacity building and monitoring.Thirty seven per cent of sub-projects incomponent-3 have developed linkages with

private organizations. Nine had private partnersin the consortia of which six developed newprivate linkages. Seven others (without Privatepartner in the consortia) too developed newprivate linkages.

• Building the chain approach: Potentialtrainees are being identified and encouraged tobecome trainers themselves. the farmerscovered have been divided into core villagesand dissemination villages in each cluster. Thecore villages have been kept for directintervention will also act as demo fields for thedissemination villages.

There are many possibilities for realizing thesustainability of various sub-projects under differentcomponents, as suggested in table 8.1.

8.5 Way forward

8.5.1 Management of change

Through the NAIP Project, the ICAR coulddemonstrate a new way of doing business within themandated institutional framework of diverse partnerinstitutions including Private Partners andInstitutions other than NARS, Farmers’ Co-operatives, etc. Some of the game changingtransformations are highlighted below:• Organisational change: Standard operating

procedures in the sub-project identification,consortia formation, target setting, timelines ofdelivery, and internal quality assurancemechanisms were evolved during the operationof the Project. This has led the ICAR tostrengthen its management of research projectfiles, M&E mechanisms etc.

(N=32)

Fig. 8.0: Rating of measures to sustainability

Table 8.0: Contribution of activities under different categories to sustainability

Categories Activities Contribution to Sustainability

Sustainability fund Beneficiary farmer’s contribution for goods and Will help in carrying forward the livelihood-services delivered to him/her. based interventions after the Project.

Financial linkages Funds from Banks (e.g. NABARD, SBI) and Funding support beyond the Projectother sources. termination.

Market linkages Private firms are involved at different stages Ensured market access and expertise of(input/ marketing). private sector beyond the Project termination.

Farmer groups SHGs, Co-operatives and Community Interest Enhanced bargaining capacity and betterGroups formation. reach to market.

Skill development Training and other extension services. Better dissemination of technologies anddevelopment of human resource.

Rating (%)

Mea

sure

s

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• The resilience of the NARS could contribute toproductivity enhancement of Indian agriculture inspite of adverse drought and flood likesituations.

• Massive capacity building opportunities hasinstilled awareness in timeliness of qualityservice and confidence to face challenges andequip risk management options. ICAR has infact acquired ISO Certification largely due to theconfidence gained by the scientists and otherstaff in performing the tasks of the institutions.

• Fiscal management utilizing the ICT tools hasbeen possible in tracking the flow of funds andtheir timely utilization pre-empting unattendedparking of funds unlike in the past.

• Various Advisory Consortia and ImplementationCommittees in-built in the sub-projects and theidea of annual review meetings involvingexperts have been found extremely relevant formid-course corrections. This practice has nowbeen adopted by the ICAR – by the EducationDivision in the management of Niche Area ofExcellence Programme and NFBSFARA in themanagement of its Competitive GrantsProgramme.

• The ICAR was able to carve out a corporatearm called AgIn to commercialize the various

technologies, products and processes. Creationof the agribusiness environment in NARS hasbeen largely catalysed by the Project.

• Integrating inventors with entrepreneursthrough BPD Units has contributed a new fillip inrevenue generation on account of technologycommercialization from the NARS.

• The concepts of Sustainability Funds andRevolving Fund Schemes have now rooted inthe system.

• Knowledge creation and management throughICT platforms and tools and introduction of openaccess policy has brought out global visibilityand recognition.

• The viewership of ICAR Journals has created anew record. The impact factors of the journals ofboth the ICAR and the Professional Societieshave improved. Article processing time hasbeen reduced from 18-24 months to 2-4 months.

• Online access was recorded from 181 countrieswith India; China, Iran, Turkey, USA, Pakistan,Egypt, Mexico, Brazil, and Bangladesh beingthe top ten countries. State-of-the-ArtComputing Facility in the NARS has beenstrengthened through installation of ASHOKA(Advanced Super-computing Hub for OmicsKnowledge in Agriculture).

Component Suggestions / Possibilities

1 • CeRA, SAS, NABG, BPD, ASRB – Slated for mainstream budget/institution financing.

• E- courses – commercialization on content enrichment and reach.

• ASRB – Can hire out online exam facilities Market intelligence – being implemented under theTamil Nadu Plan Scheme at the TNAU and GOI Plan Scheme at the NCAP.

• Visioning/technology forecasting – National Centre on Technology Foresight established.

• PME Cells - institutionalized in the ICAR.

2 • Actors’ share important for Project sustainability.

• Proper technology pricing is vital for the products’ sustainability.

• Harnessing captive markets (defence, railways, prisons, mid-day meal scheme, SAU hostels,etc.) can ensure products’ sustainability in case of millet-based snacks, health drinks, etc.

• VCF, MSME and Pvt. Industry (Britannia has offered research fund to DSR, Hyderabad) cansupport some.

3 • Sustainability Fund established.

• Financial inclusion schemes of the GoI.v Microfinance through SHGs.

• Rice-fish-poultry (Tamil Nadu Government to implement).

4 • Candidate for funding under the Plan, National Fund, DBT, DST, National Fellow/ProfessorScheme, etc.

• Flexi rubber dam – State Governments and National Rainfed Area Authority

Table 8.1: Suggestions / possibilities for sustainability under different components


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• Online examination facility and e-resources aresome of the examples of strengthening of thedimensions of infrastructure and functions of theNARS.

• Establishing and Networking of AgriculturalMarket Intelligence Centers in India has beeninstitutionalized enabling and empoweringfarmers and entrepreneurs. Up-to-dateinformation on prices and commodities providedto enable the farmers to take right decisions.

8.5.2 Strategies for promotion of innovations

NAIP is instrumental in the identification andimplementation of a number of innovations inresearch, project management, technology transfer,and commercialization. A good number ofinnovations are being mainstreamed in the ICARand other NARS institutions. Some of the significantefforts being made are briefly described below.

8.5.2.1 Component-1: A major emphasis of theNAIP was on developing a mechanism formainstreaming the promising innovations to takethem further beyond the Project period. Most of theactivities of Component 1 have been mainstreamedas XII Plan activities of the participating institutions,as under:• The CeRA has been mainstreamed as XII Plan

activity of the DKMA;• The e-Granth has been mainstreamed as an

activity of the Agricultural Education Division ofICAR;

• The NABG will continue as a separate Divisionof the IASRI;

• The ASRB online examination will be continuedas a Plan activity of the ASRB; and

• The MIS/FMS will be taken forward by theimplementing institution, IASRI as its Planactivity.

8.5.2.2 Component-2: Details of somesub-project activities being taken forward arehighlighted below:• Saffron value chain sub-project at the SKUAST-

Kashmir is to be supported out of R411 croresanctioned from the National Saffron Mission;

• The value chain on millet foods has support fromthe INSIMP Scheme of the DAC (R300 croreProject). The Britannia industry has given R30lakh for the R&D work.

• Successful value chains on flowers and agro-

forestry have evolved as sustainable businessmodels. A MoU worth R10 crore have beensigned under the agro-forestry sub-project;

• The Pashmina sub-project at the SKUAST-Kashmir has received R10 crore as support fromthe Central Wool Board;

• A value chain project on Seabuckthorn for fivestates (Himachal Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir,Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh)with a total budget of R1,000 crore is likely tocome up under the National Mission onSeabuckthorn;

• The BAIF has agreed to support the value chainsub-project on linseed. Funding from the DSThas been obtained for continuing the researchon linseed;

• The sub-project on small pelagic andfreshwater fishes at the CIFT has receivedpartial support from the Fisheries Department ofKerala Government;

8.5.2.3 Component-3: Data from 13 Consortiareported a support of R31.3 crores by variousagencies to strengthen the Project activities. Someof the notable examples are as follows:• The UAS, Raichur reported a support of more

than Rs. 12 crores for the supply of high yieldingseed and crop varieties; subsidy in procurementof mini dal mill, vermicelli machines, chillypounding machines, threshers, and flour mills;establishment of 179 vermicompost units andminor irrigation tanks at two NAIP villages;vaccines against FMD, HS, BQ and PPR;insurance of goats; and loan issued to the NAIPparticipants from various Departments forlivelihood improvement in Bidar district;

• The CRIDA reported support of more than Rs.3 crore for farm ponds; Artificial Insemination;fodder production; animal health camps; NRM;livestock rearing; Kisan Mela; etc. from theNREGS, DWMA, NPDCL & ITDA, JP Morgan/Planet Water Foundation, CLDP, and theNABARD-WDF Watershed Programme, etc.; and

• The BCKV reported a support of R2.6 croresfrom the DRDC; Department of AgriculturalMarketing of the Government of West Bengaland NABARD for water conservation structurethrough Hapa; development of business modelof refrigerated van in different productionsituations of West Bengal; and establishmentand strengthening of producers’ organization.

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8.5.2.4 Component-4:• Many of the Consortia have sought or are in the

process of seeking extra mural support for thecontinuation of BSR. The ICAR has providedthis opportunity through the Basic and StrategicFund as well as through the Consortia-basedplatforms in the XII Plan. Nevertheless, someother Consortia like the rubber dam, nano-pesticides, and sensors of multi-analyses todetect milk and water impurities/contamination

are in the process of entering into post-NAIPMoUs to pursue their research and commercialinterests.

8.5.3 Mainstreaming the gains of NAIP by ICAR /NARS

A number of innovations of the NAIP are beingmainstreamed or internalized by the ICAR and otherinstitutions of NARS, some of which are given intable 8.2.

Table 8.2: Mainstreaming the gains of NAIP by ICAR / NARS

Sl. NAIP Expectations Fulfilled Mainstreaming the Gains by ICAR / NARSNo.

1. Harnessing synergies across the public • Pluralistic participation of NARS institutions in PPP mode,and the private sector, farmer engaging SHGs, farmers’ organisations, etc.organizations, and the civil society. • Participation in the various Central Governments Schemes

such as Bringing Green Revolution in Eastern India (BGREI),Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act(MGNREGA), etc.

2. Level of institutional development of • Financial support, strengthening the infrastructure in ICD;SAUs through NAIP. BPD and technology commercialization; advanced capacity

building initiatives has been enhanced through the NAIP.• Policy and work environment in most of the Universities have

been enabled with higher skills to maximize benefits to thestakeholders.

3. Towards robust and innovative capacity • Knowledge creation and management exploiting ICT for information and knowledge Gateways and tools by means of knowledge portals, onlinemanagement and communication. resources, digital libraries, better library management system

(LMS), e-publishing, etc.• Technology enhanced learning through e-learning modules is

sustained for scaling up in coming years.• Information dissemination by the mobile technology

supported by knowledge-bank.

4. Value chain creating employment and The outcomes of the NAIP Components- 2 and 3 have given aincome opportunities, strengthening the clear edge to the system in terms of actions taken to ensure thecompetitiveness in the knowledge sustainability of various livelihood security and value chaineconomy and contributing to the activities initiated under the Project.reduction of rural poverty.

5. Consortia formation and management • ICAR has adopted this approach in many of its flagshipforging together research institutions and programmes such as NICRA, NFBSFARA, Consortiaresearch users. Research Platforms, etc.

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Annexure 1

National Steering Committee

Sl. No. Members Functional Role

1. Secretary, DARE & Director General, ICAR Chairperson

2. Secretary, ICAR Member

3. Financial Advisor, DARE Member

4. Deputy Director General, ICAR (1) (on rotation basis) Member

5. Chairmen, Consortium Advisory Committee (CAC) (2) Members

6. State Agriculture Production Commissioner (APC) Member

7. Commissioner of GOI (one of the four on rotation basis Memberamong Agriculture/ Animal Husbandry/ Horticulture/ Fisheries)

8. Vice-Chancellor of SAUs (1) Member

9. Chairperson, APEDA Member

10. Progressive Farmers (2) Members

11. Private Sector (2) Members

12. National Director (NAIP) Member Secretary

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Annexure 2

Project Management Committee

Sl. No. Members Functional Role

1. Secretary, DARE & Director General, ICAR Chairperson

2. Secretary, ICAR Member

3. Financial Advisor, DARE Member

4. Deputy Directors General, ICAR (4) (on rotation basis) Members

5. Commissioner of GOI (one of the four on rotating basis among MemberAgriculture/ Animal Husbandry/ Horticulture/ Fisheries)

6. Vice-Chancellors of SAUs (2) Members

7. Chairman, Consortium Advisory Committee (CAC) (1) Member(selected from sub-projects under Components 2, 3 and 4)

8. Progressive Farmer (1) Member

9. Private Sector (1) Member

10. National Director (NAIP) Member Secretary

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Annexure 3

Team NAIP at PIU

Sl No. Name Designation From To

National Director’s Cell

1 Dr. Mruthyunjaya National Director 18/09/2006 30/09/2009

2 Dr. M. M. Pandey National Director (i/c) 01/10/2009 27/01/2010

3 Dr. Bangali Baboo National Director 27/01/2010 31/12/2012

4 Dr. M. M. Pandey National Director (i/c) 01/01/2013 03/02/2013

5 Dr. D. Rama Rao National Director 04/02/2013 30/06/2014

6 Dr. Yasmeen Basade Principal Scientist 12/07/2010 31/10/2013

7 Sh. Mukesh Khurana PS to ND 02/04/2007 19/08/2010

8 Sh. Mukesh Khurana PPS to ND Assistant 20/08/2010 14/01/2013

9 Smt. Preeti Govind PPS to ND 08/03/2013 30/06/2014

10 Sh. Vinay Kumar Stenographer Sep 2006 Apr 2007

11 Sh. R.K. Kathane PA to ND (Hindi) Sep 2006 May 2010

12 Smt. Kavita PA to ND (Hindi) 11/02/2013 11/03/2013

13 Sh. Pramod Kumar Research Associate 01/01/2008 30/06/2014

Component–I

14 Dr. N. T. Yaduraju National Coordinator 18/09/2006 02/12/2010

15 Dr. R. C. Agarwal National Coordinator 03/12/2010 22/11/2011

16 Dr. P. S. Pandey National Coordinator 22/11/2011 30/06/2014

17 Ku. Kamaljeet Kaur Research Associate 19/10/2006 Feb. 2010

18 Dr. Mamooni Banarji Research Associate 01/03/2010 30/11/2013

19 Dr. Manju Thakur Research Associate 29/10/2010 30/07/2013

20 Sh. Mohd Akaram Research Associate 27/06/2011 31/12/2012

21 Sh. Rishabh Goel Research Associate 21/02/2013 30/06/2014

22 Ku. Indu Singh Research Associate 02/08/2013 30/06/2014

23 Ku. Bhawana Joshi Research Associate 17/01/2014 30/06/2014

Component–II

24 Dr. J. P. Mittal National Coordinaor 18/09/2006 31/07/2009

25 Dr. R. K. Goyal National Coordinaor July 2009 May 2013

26 Dr. R. Ezekiel National Coordinaor 23/06/2013 30/06/2014

27 Smt. Suvarna Mahalle Research Associate 11/06/2010 24/09/2014

28 Ku. Vandana Verma Research Associate 19/10/2006 05/10/2010

29 Dr. Lokender Singh Research Associate 20/10/2011 31/01/2014

30 Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Research Associate 22/02/2013 30/06/2014

31 Dr. Rahul Rai Research Associate 02/09/2013 30/06/2014

32 Dr. Shilpi Malhotra Research Associate 18/02/2014 30/06/2014

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Component –III

33 Dr. K. P. Agarwal National Coordinator 18/09/2006 31/07/2007

34 Dr. J. P. Mittal National Coordinator (i/c) 01/08/2007 17/09/2007

35 Dr. A. P. Srivastava National Coordinator 17/09/2007 30/06/2014

36 Dr. U. C. Sharma Research Associate 19/10/2006 18/10/2008

37 Dr. R. K. Singh Research Associate 12/03/2007 14/09/2010

38 Dr. Raj Kumar Research Associate 14/03/2011 03/07/2013

39 Dr. Manisha N. Ashar Research Associate 08/11/2010 30/06/2014

40 Dr. Gaurav Agarwal Research Associate 31/11/2010 08/08/2011

41 Dr. AnujSikarwar Research Associate 01/01/2013 23/07/2013

42 Dr. Chhaya Pirta Research Associate 01/08/2013 01/10/2013

43 Dr. Ashok V. Minj Research Associate 02/09/2013 30/06/2014

Component –IV

44 Dr. A. Bandyopadhyay National Coordinator 18/09/2006 05/07/2010

45 Dr. A. P. Srivastava National Coordinator (i/c) 05/07/2010 12/10/2010

46 Dr. A. Kochu Babu National Coordinator 12/08/2010 08/12/2010

47 Dr. Sudhir Kochhar National Coordinator 08/12/2010 30/06/2014

48 Dr. S. K. Tiwari Research Associate 19/10/2006 11/03/2007

49 Dr. R. K. Singh Research Associate 30/10/2006 11/03/2007

50 Dr. Meenakashi Sharma Research Associate 12/03/2007 01/06/2011

51 Dr. Manju Singh Research Associate 03/04/2007 22/02/2008

52 Dr. Varsha Gupta Research Associate 24/02/2008 05/10/2010

53 Dr. R. K. Tripathi Research Associate 18/08/2008 19/07/2010

54 Dr. Ashutosh Singh Research Associate 08/11/2010 07/11/2011

55 Dr. Shweta Malik Research Associate 08/11/2010 02/01/2012

56 Dr. Gaurav Agarwal Research Associate 06/06/2011 08/08/2011

57 Dr. Jyoti Jaiswal Research Associate 20/06/2011 19/06/2012

58 Dr. Ghanshyam Nath Jha Research Associate 16/09/2011 03/02/2014

59 Dr. Priyanka Sarkar Research Associate 15/03/2012 30/06/2014

60 Dr. Bilal Ahmad Dar Research Associate 19/10/2012 30/06/2014

61 Dr. Virender Singh Research Associate 17/02/2014 17/04/2014

62 Dr. Pradeep Kumar Research Associate 09/05/2014 30/06/2014

M&E CELL

63 Dr. N.T. Yaduraju* National Coordinator 18/09/2006 Aug2010

64 Dr. R.K. Goyal* National Coordinator Aug 2010 08/12/2010

65 Dr. P. Ramasundaram National Coordinator 20/03/2013 30/06/2014

66 Dr. M. Kochu Babu Principal Scientist 09/12/2010 31/10/2014

67 Dr. P. K. Kathia Principal Scientist 15/04/2013 30/06/2014

68 Dr. Kanika Pawar Research Associate 16/10/2012 22/07/2013

69 Sh. Amit Singh Research Associate 20/08/2013 30/06/2014

Training

70 Dr. N.T. Yaduraju National Coordinator 18/09/2006 01/01/2010

71 Dr. R. P. Mishra Principal Scientist 02/08/2010 30/06/2014

72 Ku. Manisha Gangwar Research Associate 22/02/2013 30/06/2014

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Finance

73 Sh. D. P. Yadav Director Finance Dec 2006 28/02/2008

74 Sh. Devendra Kumar Director Finance 03/03/2008 11/03/2011

75 Smt. Bharti Zade Director Finance 14/03/2011 15/04/2012

76 Sh. Sanchal Bilgrami Director Finance 16/04/2012 30/06/2014

77 Smt. Rashmi Rao SF&AO 18/09/2006 21/08/2008

78 Sh. Devendra Kumar CFAO 18/09/2006 11/12/2006

79 Sh. S. R. Kuntia SF&AO 12/05/2008 12/01/2011

80 Sh. A. P. Sharma SF&AO 07/01/2011 30/06/2011

81 Sh. Avesh Yadav SF&AO 12/07/2011 30/06/2014

82 Sh. N. K. Arora F&AO 24/03/2007 09/01/2009

83 Sh. Arvind Kumar F&AO 04/06/2007 01/01/2010

84 Sh. Vijay Kumar F&AO 10/08/2009 05/07/2011

85 Sh. Krishna Kumar F&AO 05/07/2011 29/10/2012

86 Sh. Manohar Bhatia F&AO 05/11/2012 30/06/2014

87 Sh. Anil Kumar Sidharth AF&AO 04/06/2010 17/11/2011

88 Sh. R. P. Yadav AF&AO 09/01/2009 30/06/2014

89 Sh. Manjeet Marwah Assistant Sep 2006 June 2008

90 Smt. SushilVerma Assistant Mar 2008 May 2009

91 Sh. Bhagwat Singh Negi Assistant 04/06/2009 30/06/2014

92 Sh. Rajender Pal Research Associate 01/10/2004 30/06/2014

93 Ku. Shweta Srivastava Research Associate 01/01/2008 30/04/2013

Procurement & Administration

94 Sh. Kanhaiya Choudhary Deputy Secretary 18/09/2006 02/03/2007

95 Sh. S. K. Behera Deputy Secretary 03/03/2007 30/11/2007

96 Sh. V. K. Sharma Deputy Secretary 01/01/2008 31/07/2008

97 Sh. Kumar Rajesh Under Secretary 04/08/2008 30/06/2014

98 Sh. G. G. Harakangi Deputy Secretary 15/10//2013 21/03/2014

99 Sh. Rajesh Kumra Section Officer 28/11/2010 30/06/2014

100 Sh S. C. Bhatia Section Officer Sept 2006 Nov 2006

101 Sh. O. P. Saini Section Officer Mar 2007 Feb 2008

102 Sh. Ravi K. Dhobriyal Section Officer Mar 2008 Dec 2010

103 Cpt. Babu Ram Assistant Sep 2006 Aug 2007

104 Sh. Rajesh Kumra Assistant 18/09/2006 27/11/2010

105 Sh. Aweshawar Assistant Aug 2009 17/01/2014Prasad Das

106 Sh S. C. Bhatia Section Officer Sept 2006 Nov 2006

107 Ku. Monika Pal Research Associate 12/03/2013 30/09/2013

108 Sh. Numan Mohsin Research Associate 01/05/2013 30/06/2014

*Were looking after M&E activities as part of O&M; full-fledged M&E Unit was created since March 2013.AF&AO-Assistant Finance & Accounts Officer; CF&AO – Chief Finance & Accounts Officer; F&AO-Finance & Accounts Officer;i/c – in-charge; M&D-Monitoring & Evaluation; ND-National Director; O&M – Organization & Management;PA-Personal Assistant,PPS-Principal Personal Secretary; SF&AO-Finance & Accounts Officer; UDC-Upper Division Clerk;

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Annexure 4

Extent and nature of oversight

Sl. Committees Meetings / Chairperson Number ofNo. Workshops Meetings Held

1. National Steering Committee (NSC) Secy. (DARE) & DG (ICAR) 10

2. Project Management Committee (PMC) Secy. (DARE) & DG (ICAR) 35

3. Research Programme Committee (RPC) Dr. S.L. Mehta, Former ND 40(NATP) & Former VC (MPUAT)

4. Organization and Management Programme Dr. Panjab Singh, Former Secy. 21Committee (OMPC) (DARE) & DG (ICAR)

5. ISM by WB By WB 14

6. Tripartite Portfolio Review Involving ICAR, WB, DEA (MoF) Regular

7. CAC/CIC At Consortia level Regular

8. Annual Review Workshops of Components ND (NAIP) Annual

9. Cross-cutting Workshops ND (NAIP) 04

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Annexure 5

List of sub-projects under component-1

Sl. No. Sub-project Title Consortium Leader

Sub-Component 1.1: Information, Communication and Dissemination System (ICDS)

1. e-Home Science Courseware Consortium Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University(ANGRAU), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

2. Development of e-Courses for B.F.Sc. Karnataka Veterinary, Animal &Degree Programme Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU),

Bidar, Karnataka

3. Development of e-Courses for B.Sc. (Hort.) University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS-B),Degree Programme Bangalore, Karnataka

4. Development of e-Courses for B.Tech. Anand Agricultural University (AAU),(Agriculture Engg) Degree Programme Anand, Gujarat

5. Development of e-Courses for B.Tech. National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI),(Dairy Technology) Degree Programme Karnal, Haryana

6. Development of e-courses for B.V.Sc. & Tamil Nadu Veterinary & AnimalA.H. Degree Programme Sciences University (TNVASU), Chennai,

Tamil Nadu

7. Development of e-Courses for B.Sc. Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU),(Agriculture) Degree Programme Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

8. Innovations in Technology Mediated Learning: Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU),An Institutional Capacity Building in Using New DelhiRe-Usable Learning Objects in Agro-Horticulture

9. Krishiprabha - Indian Agricultural Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana AgriculturalDissertations Repository University (CCSHAU), Hisar, Haryana

10. Strengthening of Digital Library and Information Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),Management under NARS (e-GRANTH) New Delhi

11. Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture (CeRA). Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),New Delhi

12. E-Publishing & Knowledge System in Directorate of Information and Publications ofAgricultural Research Agriculture (DIPA), New Delhi.

13. Re-designing the Farmer-Extension-Agricultural International Crops Research Institute for theResearch/Education Continuum in India with Semi- Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad,ICT-Mediated Knowledge Management Andhra Pradesh

14. Engaging Farmers, Enriching Knowledge: Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur,Agropedia Phase–II Uttar Pradesh

15. Development of ICT Based Tools/Technology Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-M), Madras,towards an Interactive Multimedia Agriculture Rural Technology and Business Incubator (RTBI),Advisory System Chennai, Tamil Nadu

16. Agroweb – Digital Dissemination System for National Bureau of Plant Genetic ResourcesIndian Agricultural Research (ADDSIAR) (NBPGR), New Delhi.

17. Development and Maintenance of Rice Knowledge Directorate of Rice Research (DRR), Management Portal (RKMP) Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

18. Strengthening Statistical Computing for NARS Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute(IASRI), New Delhi

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19. Establishment of National Agricultural Indian Agricultural Statistics Research InstituteBioinformatics Grid (NABG) in ICAR (IASRI), New Delhi

20. Developing, Commissioning, Operating and Agricultural Scientist Recruitment BoardManaging an Online System for NET/ARS - (ASRB), New DelhiPrelim Examination by ASRB, ICAR

21. Decision Support System for Enhancing Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI),Productivity in Irrigated Saline Environment Using Karnal, Haryana.Remote Sensing, Modelling and GIS

22. Mobilizing Mass Media Support for Sharing Directorate of Information and Publications ofAgro-Information Agriculture (DIPA), New Delhi

Sub-Component 1.2: Business Planning and Development (BPD)

23. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit Anand Agricultural University (AAU), Anand.at Anand Agricultural University (AAU), Anand Gujarat

24. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit Birsa Agricultural University (BAU), Ranchi,at Birsa Agricultural University (BAU), Ranchi Jharkhand

25. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (JNKVV),at JNKVV, Jabalpur. Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh.

26. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU),at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) Coimbatore, Tamil NaduCoimbatore

27. Business Planning and Development Unit (BPD) Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agriculturalat CCS Haryana Agricultural University University (CCSHAU), Hisar, Haryana(CCSHAU), Hisar

28. Zonal Technology Management and BPD Unit National Institute of Research on Jute & Alliedat NIRJAFT, Kolkata Fibre Technology (NIRJAFT), Kolkata,

West Bengal

29. Zonal Technology Management and BPD Unit Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT), at CIFT, Cochin Cochin, Kerala

30. Zonal Technology Management and BPD Unit Central Institute for Research on Cottonat CIRCOT, Mumbai Technology (CIRCOT), Mumbai, Maharashtra

31. Zonal Technology Management and BPD Unit Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),at IARI, New Delhi New Delhi

32. Zonal Technology Management and BPD Unit Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI),at IVRI, Izatnagar Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh

33. Handholding and Mentoring of BPD Units International Crops Research Institute for theof NARS Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad,

Andhra Pradesh

34. Business Planning and Development Unit Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI),at CRRI, Cuttack Cuttack, Orissa

35. Business Planning and Development Unit Indian Institute of Spices Research (IISR),at IISR, Kozhikode Kozhikode, Kerala

36. Business Planning and Development Unit Central Institute of Brackishwater Aquacultureat CIBA, Chennai (CIBA), Chennai, Tamil Nadu

37. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit Central Institute of Freshwater Aquacultureat CIFA, Bhubaneswar (CIFA), Bhubaneswar, Orissa

38. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit Central Institute of Agricultural Engineeringat CIAE, Bhopal (CIAE), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

39. Business Planning and Development Unit Indian Institute of Horticulture Research (IIHR),at IIHR, Bangalore Bangalore, Karnataka

40. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit National Academy of Agricultural Researchfor Agri-entrepreneurship and Technology Management (NAARM), Hyderabad,Management Unit at NAARM, Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh


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41. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit Indian Institute of Vegetable Research (IIVR),at IIVR, Varanasi Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh

42. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering &at CIPHET, Ludhiana Technology (CIPHET), Ludhiana, Punjab

43. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI),at NDRI, Karnal. Karnal, Haryana

44. Business Planning and Development Unit Central Plantation Crops Research Instituteat CPCRI, Kasaragod (CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala.

45. Business Planning and Development (BPD) Unit Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI),at CPRI, Shimla Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

Sub-Component 1.3: Learning and Capacity Building (L&CB)

46. Learning and Capacity Building (L&CB) National Academy of Agricultural ResearchManagement (NAARM), Hyderabad,Andhra Pradesh

47. Capacity Building through National Training Project Implementation Unit (PIU), NAIP,New Delhi

Sub-Component 1.4: Policy, Gender Analysis and Visioning (PGAV)

48. Assessment of Future Human Capital National Academy of Agricultural ResearchRequirements in Agriculture Management (NAARM), Hyderabad,

49. Assessment of Impact of Climate Change on Indian Institute of Management (IIM-A),Water-Energy Nexus in Agriculture Under Ahmedabad, GujaratCanal Irrigation System

50. Developing a Decision Support System for National Centre for Agricultural Economics &Agricultural Commodity Market Outlook Policy Research (NCAP), New Delhi

51. Enabling Small Stakeholders to Improve their World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF),Livelihoods and Benefit from Carbon Finance New Delhi

52. Establishing and Networking of Agricultural Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU),Market Intelligence Centres in India Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.

53. Policy and Institutional Options for Inclusive Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),Agricultural Growth New Delhi.

54. Visioning, Policy Analysis and Gender National Centre for Agricultural Economics &(V-PAGe) Policy Research (NCAP), New Delhi

Sub-Component 1.5: Remodelling Financial and Procurement System (RFPS)

55. Implementation of Management Information Project Implementation Unit (PIU), NAIP,System (MIS) including Financial Management New DelhiSystem (FMS) in ICAR

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Annexure 6



Sub-Component 2.1: Agro Processing

1. A Value Chain for Clean Meat Production National Research Centre on Meat (NRCM),from Sheep Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

2. A Value Chain for Kokum, Karonda, Jamun Dr Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeethand Jackfruit (DBSKKV), Ratnagiri, Maharashtra.

3. A Value Chain in Coconut Central Plantation Crops Research Institute(CPCRI), Kasaragod, Kerala

4. A Value Chain on Lac and Lac Based Products Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gumsfor Domestic and Export Markets (IINRG), Ranchi, Jharkhand

5. A Value Chain on Linseed: Processing and Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF),Value Addition for Profitability Pune, Maharashtra

6. A Value Chain on Novelty Pork Products under Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Jorhat,Organized Pig Farming System Assam

7. A Value Chain on Potato and Potato Products Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI),Shimla, Himachal Pradesh

8. A Value Chain on Production of Food-Grade Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),Neutraceuticals for Use as Natural Antioxidants New Delhiand Food Colorants

9. Protected Cultivation of High Value Vegetables Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),and Cut Flowers- A Value Chain Approach New Delhi

10. Tomato Processing Prioritizations for Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth (MPKV),Global Competence Rahuri, Maharashtra

Sub-Component 2.2: Export Promotion

11. A Value Chain in Major Seed Spices for Domestic Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agriculturaland Export Promotion University (SDAU), Sardarkrushinagar,

Gujarat

12. A Value Chain on Cashew for Domestic and Cashew Export Promotion Council of IndiaExport Market (CEPCI), Ernakulam, Kerala

13. A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural SciencesProfitability of Pashmina Fiber & Technology (SKUAST)-K,Srinagar,

Jammu & Kashmir

14. A Value Chain on Flowers for Domestic and Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU),Export Markets Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

15. A Value Chain on Ginger and Ginger Products Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology(OUAT), Bhubaneshwar, Orissa

16. A Value Chain on High Value Shellfish from Central Marine Fisheries Research InstituteMariculture Systems (CMFRI), Cochin, Kerala

17. A Value Chain on Kashmir Saffron Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences& Technology (SKUAST)-K,Srinagar,Jammu & Kashmir

18. A Value Chain on Mango and Guava for Central Institute for Subtropical HorticultureDomestic and Export Market (CISH), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh

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19. A Value Chain on Oceanic Tuna Fisheries in Central Marine Fisheries Research InstituteLakshadweep Sea (CMFRI), Cochin, Kerala

20. Utilization Strategy for Oceanic Squids in Central Marine Fisheries Research InstituteArabian Sea: A Value Chain Approach (CMFRI), Cochin, Kerala

Sub-Component 2.3: Food Security and Income Augmentation

21. A Value Chain on Murrel Production in St. Xavier’s College, Palayamkottai, Tamil NaduTamil Nadu and Orissa

22. A Value Chain on Production and Value Addition Karnataka Veterinary, Animal & Fisheries Sciencesin Indian Major Carps and Prawns University (KVAFSU), Bidar,Karnataka

23. Export Oriented Marine Value Chain for Farmed- Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal SciencesSeafood Production using Cobia (Rachycentron University (TNVASU), Chennai, Tamil NaduCandum) through Rural Entrepreneurship

Sub-Component 2.4: Food Security and Income Augmentation/Agro Processing

24. A Novel Food Chain using By-products of Milling Indian Institute of Crop Processing TechnologyIndustry for Enhancing Nutritional Security (IICPT), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu

25. A Value Chain on Aloe Vera Processing Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-K), Kharagpur,West Bengal

26. A Value Chain on Castor and its Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada AgriculturalIndustrial Products University (SDAU), Sardar krushinagar, Gujarat

27. A Value Chain on Commercialization of University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS-B),Maize and Maize Products Bangalore, Karnataka

28. A Value Chain on Composite Dairy Foods with National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI),Enhanced Health Attributes Karnal, Haryana

29. A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Akshay Food Park Ltd (AFPL), Bangalore,Profitability of Pomegranate Karnataka

30. A Value Chain on Enrichment and Popularization University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS-D),of Potential Food Grains for Neutraceutical Dharwad, KarnatakaBenefits

31. A Value Chain on Food Products from Small Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (IGKV),Millets of Bastar Region of Chhattisgarh Raipur, Chhattisgarh

32. A Value Chain on Seabuckthorn (Hippophae L.) CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishwavidyalaya(CSKHPKV), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh

33. A Value Chain on Selected Aromatic Plants of Central Agricultural University (CAU), Imphal,North East India Manipur

34. A Value Chain on Underutilized Fruits Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture &of Rajasthan Technology (MPUAT), Udaipur, Rajasthan

35. A Value Chain on Wild Honey Bee University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS),Bangalore, Karnataka

36. Creation of Demand for Millet Foods through Directorate of Sorghum Research (DSR),PCS Value-Chain Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

Sub-Component 2.5: Income Augmentation and Employment Generation

37. A Value Chain for Cotton Fibre, Seed and Stalks: Central Institute for Research on CottonAn Innovation for Higher Economic Returns to Technology (CIRCOT), Mumbai,Farmers and Allied Stake Holders Maharashtra

38. A Value Chain in Natural Dye Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University(ANGRAU), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh

39. A Value Chain on Coconut Fibre and its National Institute of Research on Jute & AlliedBy-Products Fibre Technology (NIRJAFT), Kolkata,

West Bengal

40. A Value Chain on Industrial Agroforestry Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU),in Tamil Nadu Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu


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41. Responsible Harvesting and Utilization of Central Institute of Fisheries Technology (CIFT),Selected Small Pelagics and Fresh Water Cochin, KeralaFishes: A Value Chain Approach

Sub-Component 2.6: Income Augmentation and Employment Generation/Processing

42. A Milk Value Chain in an Unorganized Sector Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal SciencesUniversity (TNVASU), Chennai, Tamil Nadu

43. A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and Jewargi Agro Food Park Ltd.,Profitability of Patchouli (Pogostemon Patchouli) Bangalore, Karnataka

44. A Value Chain on Value Added Products derived Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI),from Prosopis juliflora Jodhpur, Rajasthan

Sub-Component 2.7: Income Augmentation and Employment Generation/Resource Use Efficiency

45. A Value Chain Model for Bioethanol Production International Crops Research Institute for thefrom Sweet Sorghum in Rainfed Areas through Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Hyderabad,Collective Action and Partnership Andhra Pradesh

46. A Value Chain on Fish Production on Fragile Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE),Agricultural Lands and Un-Utilized Agro-Aquatic Mumbai, MaharashtraResources in Konkan Region of Maharashtra

47. A Value Chain on Utilization of Banana Pseudostem Navsari Agricultural University (NAU), for Fibre and other Value Added Products Navsari, Gujarat

48. A Value Chain on Zona Free Cloned Embryos for National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI),Quality Animal Production from Elite Buffaloes Karnal, Haryana and Pashmina Goats

49. Capitalization of Prominent Landraces of Rice M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundationin Orissa through Value Chain Approach (MSSRF), Jeypore, Orissa

Sub-Component 2.8: Resource Use Efficiency

50. A Value Chain on Biomass Based Decentralized Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering (CIAE),Power Generation for Agro Enterprises. Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh

51. Bio-Pesticide Mediated Value Chain for CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi VishwavidyalayaClean Vegetables. (CSKHPKV), Palampur, Himachal Pradesh

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Annexure 7

List of production technologies of component-2

Sl. No. Sub-project Title Name of Technology

Agriculture

1. A Value Chain on Lac and Lac Based 1. Kusmi Lac cultivation on ber (Zizyphus mauritiana). Products for Domestic and Export Markets. 2. Raising plantation of F. semialata for lac cultivation

(demonstration of lac cultivation on raised plantation).

3. Raising plantation of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) forlac cultivation.

2. A Value Chain on Wild Honey Bee. 4. Safety gadgets for safe rock climbing for sustainablehoney harvest.

5. Gadgets for clear honey harvest.

6. Improved method for harvest of honey from cliff-dwelling colonies.

7. Improved method for harvest of honey from tree-dwelling colonies.

8. Use of bee repellent plant species in calming of wildhoney bee.

9. Use of bee overall and jumbo smoker during honeyharvest from trees.

3. A Value Chain in Natural Dye. 10. Improved production technology for indigo.

11. Improved production technology for marigold.

12. Development of a method for detection of natural dyes.

4. A Value Chain on Industrial Agroforestry 13. Briquetting technology of plantation and match wood in Tamil Nadu. industrial residues.

14. Macro clonal technology.

15. Melia dubia – Alternate species for paper and plywoodindustry.

16. Profitable agroforestry models - Two tier and three tier.

5. A Value Chain on Biomass Based 17. Gasifier for briquetted fuel.

Decentralized Power Generation for 18. Producer gas based steam generator.

Agro Enterprises. 19. Technology to produce briquettes from crop residues.

20. Waste water treatment plant matching 20 kWpower plant.

21. System for injection of high calorific gas during overloading of engine.

22. Cooling & cleaning unit to match 100 kW gasifier forgenerating engine quality gas.

6. A Value Chain on Linseed: Processing 23. Improved variety and package of practice for linseedand Value Addition for Profitability production.

7. Value Chain on Commercialization 24. Improved package of practice for cultivation of maize.

of Maize Products. 25. Improved bullock drawn maize seed cumfertilizer drill.

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8. Capitalization of Prominent landraces of Rice 26. SRI technology for production enhancement of ricein Orissa Through Value Chain Approach. landraces in Orissa.

27. Rope transplanting technology for productionenhancement of rice landraces.

9. A value Chain on food Products from Small 28. Line sowing technology for millets.

Millets of Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. 29. Stale seed bed preparation.

10. A Value Chain Model for Bioethanol 30. Mechanizing the sweet sorghum production forProduction from Sweet Sorghum in Rainfed higher productivity and profitability.Areas Through Collective Action andPartnership.

Horticulture

11. A Value Chain in Coconut. 30. Improved coconut production technology.

12. Protected Cultivation of High Value 31. Standardization of fertigation scheduling for GerberaVegetables and Cut Flowers- A Value under protected conditions.Chain Approach.

32. Production technology of parthenocarpic cucumber forzero energy naturally ventilated green house.

33. Production technology of coloured capsicum fornaturally ventilated green house.

34. Production technology of tomato for zeroenergy naturally ventilated green house.

35. Production technology for cultivation of tomato underInsect-proof net house.

36. Technology for off-season production ofchrysanthemum under naturally ventilatedgreenhouses for semi-arid conditions.

37. Photo period regulation of chrysanthemum (duringsummer) under semi-climate controlled greenhouse.

13. Tomato Processing Prioritizations for 38. Improved integrated pest management technologyGlobal Competence. in tomato.

39. Improved integrated nutrient management in tomato.

40. Polythene mulching in tomato.

14. A Value Chain in Major Seed Spices for 41. Production of quality seed (of seed spices) throughDomestic and Export Promotion. seed village concept with seed treatment.

42. Drip irrigation technology for water management inspices.

43. Organic farming of spices.

44. Modified seed cum fertilizer drill for sowing of seedspices.

45. Wheel hoe for seed spices.

46. Modified thresher for threshing of cumin and fennel crop.

47. Walk in type reaper for harvesting of drill seed crop.

48. Hand operated seed drill.

15. A Value Chain on Kashmir Saffron. 49. Integrated nutrient management module for highersaffron yield under mono /intercropping farming system.

50. Management schedule for rodent control in saffron.

51. Corm rots management in saffron.

52. Mechanization in cultivation of saffron.

53. Improved management of saffron weeds.


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16. A Value Chain on Mango and Guava for 54. Improved high density production technology forDomestic and Export Market. guava.

55. Improvement of fruit quality, better fruit set throughfoliar spray of urea phosphate in guava.

56. Improvement of fruit quality, better fruit set throughfoliar spray of sorbitol in mango

57. Integrated pest and disease management -Management of fruit fly in mango.

58. Integrated pest and disease management -Management of fruit fly in guava.

59. Soil application of Azatobactor and Pseudomonas forthe control of guava wilt which is a serious problem inGujarat.

60. Improved high density production technology formango.

17. A Value Chain for Coconut Fibre and 61. Flexible rubber composite with coconut pith, viz.,its by-products. minor machine parts.

62. Mechanical characterization of husk and modifiedenergy efficient disintegrator and defibreing machine.

18. A Value Chain on Value Added Products 63. Multinutrient Prosopis feed block for cattle.

Derived from Prosopis juliflora. 64. Prosopis juliflora seed gum - An alternative source ofguar gum.

65. Densification of Prosopis juliflora pods throughhydraulic press for better storage and easy transportby reduction of volume.

19. Value Chain on Potato and Potato Products. 66. Agro-technique for production of potato mini tubersunder net house.

67. Development of diagnostic kit for virus testing in potato.

20. A Value Chain on Ginger and Ginger Products. 68. Portable cool chamber for seed ginger storage.

69. Improved package of practice for ginger cultivation inOrissa.

21. A Value Chain on Banana Pseudostem for 70. Banana scutching waste based vermicompost.

Fibre and Other Value Added Products. 71. Banana pseudostem sap as liquid fertilizer andnutrient spray.

72. Banana sap as a nutrient spray.

22. Bio-Pesticide Mediated Value Chain for 73. Bio-pesticide formulation from EupatoriumClean Vegetables. adenophorum.

23. A Value Chain on Flowers for Domestic 74. Precision production technology for marigold (Tagetesand Export Markets. erecta L.).

75. Precision production technology for jasmine.

76. Precision production technology for carnation.

77. Technology for precision farming in gundumalli(Jasminum sambac Ait.).

78. Enhancement of xanthophyll content in Africanmarigold (Tagetes erecta) through micronutrientsapplication.

79. Foliar application of bio-stimulants to enhance thexanthophyll content in African marigold.

80. Development of eco-friendly techniques to managegall midge. (Contarinia maculipennis) in jasmine.


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81. Eco-friendly methods to manage leaf spot (Cercosporajasminicola) in jasmine. (Jasminum sambac).

82. Development of eco-friendly techniques to managethrips (Thrips tabaci) in African marigold.

83. Development of eco-friendly techniques to manage redspider mite (Tetranychyus urticae) in African marigold.

84. Eco-friendly methods to manage Alternaria leaf spot inAfrican marigold.

85. Eco-friendly methods to manage Septoria leaf spot inAfrican marigold.

86. Improved fumigation techniques for protected carnationcultivation.

87. Management of calyx splitting in carnation (Dianthuscaryophyllus).

24. A value chain on enhanced productivity 88. Development of module for bacterial blight diseaseand profitability of pomegranate. (BBD) management.

Animal Sciences

25. A Value Chain for Clean Meat Production 89. Complete feed utilizing agricultural by products from Sheep. for lambs.

90. Technologies for establishment of Sheep farms.

26. A Value Chain on Novelty Pork Products 91. Designing and fabrication of low-cost refrigerated meatunder Organized Pig Farming System. transport vehicle.

92. Low-cost pig ration by incorporating locally availablefeed ingredients for better economic return.

93. Artificial insemination technique.

94. EM Technology on application of Lactobacillusacidophilus for mitigation of mal odour from the pig sties.

27. A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity 95. Dyeing of pashmina wool with vegetable soup.

and Profitability of Pashmina Fibre. 96. Feed blocks and urea molasses mineral blocks forpashmina goats.

97. Identification of animal fibres with DNA isolationtechnology.

98. Improvisation/ modification in dehairing machine.

99. Improvisation of traditional loom.

100. Use of PVA as carrier fibre.

28. A Milk Value Chain for the 101. Modified milking machine.

Un-organized Sector. 102. Smart curd incubator.

103. Modified basket centrifuge.

104. Oxo bio degradable sachets and cups.

105. Biofevita.

Fisheries

29. A Value Chain on Oceanic Tuna Fisheries 106. Tuna winch for Lakshadweep Islands.

in Lakshadweep Sea. 107. Inactivation of Escherichia coli 0157 in yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) homogenate usingpulsed light technology.

108. Inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 inyellow fin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) homogenateusing pulsed light technology.

109. Modification of Pablo boats for tuna long lining.


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30. Utilization Strategy for Oceanic Squids 110. Mini purse seine for oceanic squid usingin Arabian Sea: A Value Chain Approach. single boat.

31. A Value Chain on Murrel Production 111. Improved technology for murrel seed production.in Tamil Nadu and Orissa.

112. Pelleted Feed for Murrels with herbs and probiotics.

113. Disease management in Murrel using herb formulation.

32. A Value Chain on Production and Value 114. Health management- Wound healing in Channa striatusAddition in Indian Major Carps and Prawns.

115. Farmers level rapid diagnostic kits for detection ofwhite muscle disease virus (WMDV) in fresh waterprawn M. rosenbergei and A. hydrophila in carps.

116. Production of bioactive peptides from meat ofIndian major carps.

33. Export Oriented Marine Value Chain for 117. Wet feed and feeding protocol for developingFarmed-Seafood Production Using Cobia cobia broodstock(Rachycentron candum) through 118. Treatment protocols for Vibriosis and ParaptelusRural Entrepreneurship. parasite infection.

119. Broodstock development, breeding and seedproduction of cobia.

120. Controlled breeding of cobia (Rachycentron canadum).

121. Captive land based broodstock development of Cobia(Rachycentron canadum).

122. Farming technology for cobia.

34. Responsible Harvesting and Utilization of 123. Fuel efficient propeller designs for ringSelected Small Pelagics and Fresh Water seine fishery.Fishes: A Value Chain Approach. 124. Reservoir specific FRP crafts for fishing.

125. Optimized ring seine unit.

126. Species specific gill nets for reservoir fishing.

127. Fuel efficient propeller designs for dol net fishery.

128. Construction of scientifically designed ring seine boats.

35. A Value Chain on Fish Production on 129. An innovative integrated approach for reclamation of lowFragile Agricultural Lands and Un-utilized productive salt affected sugarcane fields throughAgro-aquatic Resources in Konkan aquaculture and sub-surface drainage (SSD) system.Region of Maharashtra. 130. Carp seed production in salt affected sugarcane fields.


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Annexure 8

List of processing technologies of component-2


Agriculture

1. A Value Chain on Lac and Lac Based Products 1. Recovery of lac dye of improved quality.for Domestic and Export Markets. 2. Improved bleaching agent for better quality of

bleached lac.3. Improved process for increase in yield of aleuritic acid.

2. A Value Chain on Wild Honey Bee. 4. Value added honey- Amla products.

3. A Value Chain in Natural Dyes. 5. Development of eco-Holi powders.6. Butea monosperma flower dye on cotton and silk

textiles.7. Terminalia arjuna bark dye on cotton and silk textiles.8. Tagetes erecta (marigold) dye on cotton and silk textiles.9. Bixa orellana (Annatto) dye on cotton and silk textiles.10. Development of reference shades for different yarns

dyed in different natural dyes with different mordants.

4. A Value Chain on Value Added Products 11. Shade card to match the précised point for roasting ofDerived from Prosopis juliflora. Prosopis juliflora pod powder for preparation of coffee.

12. Identification of the antioxidant compound from Prosopisjuliflora wood.

13. Cheaper concentrate ration.14. Prosopis juliflora based juli Syrup, and pod based fine

flour and fibre.15. Prosopis coffee (juli coffee).16. Isolation of edible protein from Prosopis juliflora seed.

5. A Value Chain on Linseed: Processing and 17. Enriched feed mix (EFM).Value Addition for Profitability. 18. Recovery of lignan from linseed cake.

19. Omega-3 chicken production.20. Omega-3 egg production.

6. A Value Chain on Castor and its Industrial 21. Post-harvest handling and processing technology toProducts. reduce losses and to improve the quality of seed material

for processing industry.

7. A Value Chain on Enrichment and 22. Process for multigrain millet pasta.Popularization of Potential Food Grains for 23. Process for foxtail millet dosa mix.Neutraceutical Benefits. 24. Diabetic mix.

25. Sports food mix.26. Little millet instant vermicelli.27. Little millet cookies.28. Little millet ready to eat flakes.29. Foxtail millet khakara.

8. Creation of Demand for Millet Foods 30. Process for Protein rich sorghum snacks, multigrain roti.Through PCS Value-Chain. 31. Process for ready-to-eat extruded snack.

32. Process for pure sorghum biscuits.

9. A Value Chain Model for Bioethanol Production 33. Production of food grade syrup and its use in foodfrom Sweet Sorghum in Rainfed Areas industry.Through Collective Action and Partnership.

ANNEXURES

203


10. Value Chain on Commercialization of Maize 34. Complete feed block using maize and maize by products.Products. 35. Total mixed ration (TMR) using maize spent cobs for

sheep.36. Process for maize cheese balls.37. Process for maize noodles and vermicelli.

11. A value Chain on food Products from Small 38. Process for multigrain flour /composite flour.Millets of Bastar region of Chhattisgarh. 39. Process for malting - Weaning food.

40. Kodo milling to get kodo rice.

Horticulture

12. A Value Chain for Kokum, Karonda, Jamun 41. Extraction of oil (butter) from kokum seed.and Jackfruit. 42. Process for making wine from ripe karonda and

jamun fruits.43. Development of Kokum Liquid Concentrate Unit.44. Development of Jackfruit Cutter and Dresser.45. Improved process for making of kokum syrup.46. Improved process for making of kokum agal.47. Improved process for making of kokum Amsul.

13. A Value Chain in Coconut. 48. Refinement of technology for vinegar fromcoconut water.

49. Lemon juice blended mature coconut water beverage.50. Virgin coconut oil meal porridge.51. Virgin coconut oil meal compressed bar.52. Tender coconut jam and marmalade.53. Virgin coconut meal based sweets.54. Appropriate technology for community level production of

charcoal and activated carbon from coconut shell.55. Standardization of the protocol for the production of

virgin coconut oil.56. Production of sweet coconut chips.57. Tender coconut beverage with suspended kernels.58. Development of virgin coconut meal biscuit.

14. Protected Cultivation of High Value Vegetables 59. Processing technology of coloured capsicum to makeand Cut Flowers- A Value Chain Approach. novel and antioxidant rich capsicum salsa.

15. A Value Chain in Major Seed Spices for 60. Mobile Seed Processing Unit for cleaning and grading ofDomestic and Export Promotion. cumin & fennel crops at farmers field.

61. Cryogenic grinding technology for seed spices.62. Shade drying structure for retaining of green colour of

fennel.63. Drying of fenugreek green pod for vegetable purpose.

16. A Value Chain on Cashew for Domestic and 64. Polymerized compound from residol.Export Market. 65. Bioremediation of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL).

66. Polymerized compound from CNSL.67. Reinforcement of polymerized residol with fibbers like

cotton, coconut husk fibre, jute fibre, production ofanacardic acid from cashew shell.

68. Production of cellulase from cashew shell.69. Production of Pectinase from cashew nut shell.70. Production of Tannase from cashew nut shell.71. Low-cost method for the extraction of Anacardic acid

from cashew nut shell.72. Development of new processing technology for cashew

cutting and peeling.73. Establishment of high performance cashew processing

system.74. Nanocellulose from cashew by products.75. New non-thermal technology for cutting and peeling of

raw cashew nut.

NAIP FINAL REPORT

204


76. New thermal technology for cutting and peeling of rawcashew nut.

77. Development of mechanical peeler.

17. A Value Chain on Kashmir Saffron. 78. Post-harvest handing of saffron for high saffron quality.79. A new method for detection of genuine saffron.

18. A Value Chain on Aloe Vera Processing. 80. Development of aloe vera based fruit drinks (aloe – amla,aloe – mango, aloe – pineapple, aloe – jamun) and jellies(aloe – mango and aloe – pineapple).

81. Vacuum dried aloe vera gel powder.82. Foam mat dried aloe vera gel powder.83. Development of multichannel aloe vera gel filleting

machine.

19. A Value Chain on Seabuckthorn 84. Process for seabuckthorn juice on a commercial scale.(Hippophae L.). 85. Development of animal and poultry feed products from

seabuckthorn waste.86. Development of seabuckthorn food products.87. Process for preparation of seabuckthorn tea.88. Seabuckthorn oil preparation for treatment of

gastric ulcer.

20. A Value Chain for Cotton Fibre, Seed and 89. Enzymatic pre-treatment to cotton seed kernel forStalks: An Innovation for Higher Economic enhanced oil recovery.Returns to Farmers and Allied Stakeholders. 90. Preparation of shirts from composite fabrics.

21. A Value Chain for Coconut Fibre and its 91. Geotextiles of composite structure.By-products: Manufacture of Diversified 92. Automated flyer spinning machine.Products of Higher Value and Better 93. Development for composite-structured fabric to be usedMarketability to Enhance the Economic as reinforcement material for making rubberizedReturns of Farmers. conveyor belt.

22. A Value Chain on Ginger and Ginger Products. 94. Development of ginger washer.95. Development of Ginger Peeler.96. Ginger extract standardized to > 20% w/w total gingerols

as a water soluble powder.97. Ginger extract standardized to > 30% w/w total gingerols

as a free flowing powder.

23. A Value Chain on Production of Food-Grade 98. Production of anthocyanin enriched guava and lemonNeutraceuticals for Use as Natural nectar (RTS) and mango pana.Antioxidants and Food Colorants. 99. Anthocyanin concentrates from black carrot and jamun.

100. Chilli oleoresins.101. Capsanthin concentrate.102. Capsaicinoid concentrate.103. Lycopene concentrate from tomato.104. Steviol glycoside concentrate from Stevia

rebaudiana leaves.105. Anthocyanin rich grape beverage.106. Anthocyanin rich aonla flakes.107. Anthocyanin and lycopene rich dairy products.108. Neutraceutical enriched vegetable RTS.109. Carotenoid enriched capsitom (Fusion product of

tomato & capsicum).110. Neutraceutical rich bread/ cake/ biscuits.

24. A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity and 111. Aril separation cum juice concentration machine.Profitability of Pomegranate. 112. Process for pomegranate wine.

25. A Value Chain on Banana Pseudostem for 113. Extraction of banana fibre.Fibre and Other Value Added Products. 114. Candy from central core of banana pseudostem.

115. Process for scutching waste-based vermicompost.

ANNEXURES

205


Animal Sciences

26. A Value Chain for Clean Meat Production 116. Complete technologies for establishment of smallfrom Sheep. ruminant slaughter house.

27. A Value Chain on Novelty Pork Products Under 117. Development of a sausage filler with superior fillingOrganized Pig Farming System. capacity with pneumatic foot paddle controlled system.

118. Designed and developed a meat cutter/bowl chopper formeat chopping and making meat emulsion.

119. Refinement of technologies for production of cooked andsmoked pork sausage with fermented bamboo shoot.

120. Process for breakfast sausage.121. Improved process for pork kharika.122. Process for pork pickle with fermented bamboo shoot

and bhootjalakia.

28. A Value Chain on Enhanced Productivity 123. Modification/ improvisation of traditional charkha.and Profitability of Pashmina Fibre. 124. Identification of cashmere (pashmina) fibre from

processed textile products by PCR-based technique.

29. A Value Chain on Composite Dairy Foods 125. Whey jaljeera beverage.with Enhanced Health Attributes. 126. Technology of bajra lassi.

127. Whey protein enriched iron fortified bajra biscuits.128. Barley based biscuits.129. Whey protein enriched bajra snacks.130. Whey skim milk- millet based complementary food.131. Whey mango beverage.132. Whey protein enriched millet based ‘Nutrimix’.133. Whey sports beverage.134. Ready-to-cook barley based vermicelli (kheer) mix.135. Pearl-millet based fermented composite yoghurt.136. Instant upma dry mix.137. Pearl millet based halwa dry mix.

Fisheries

30. A Value Chain on High Value Shellfish from 138. Ready to serve products developed under productsMariculture Systems. name ‘’Muzuris’’.

139. Depuration display unit (DDU) for live oyster trade inhigh-end restaurants.

140. Depuration process for depurating oysters on alarge scale.

141. Technology for an automated heat shucking of oyster.142. Oyster nectar utilization technology.

31. A Value Chain on Oceanic Tuna Fisheries in 143. Fish based pet food.Lakshadweep Sea. 144. Modification of Pablo boats for Tuna long lining.

145. Process for tuna kure.146. Process for smoked masmin flakes.147. Process for masmin powder.148. Process for smoked tuna in oil.149. Process for silo feed.150. Process for pig feed.151. Process for gelatin from tuna skin.152. Improved method of masmin production.

32. Utilization Strategy for Oceanic Squids in 153. Oceanic squid meat strips in squid ink sauce, inArabian Sea: A Value Chain Approach. retortable pouch and TFS cans.

33. A Value Chain on Murrel Production in 154. Murrel fish gelatin.Tamil Nadu and Orissa

34. A Value Chain on Production and Value 155. Gelatin production from the skin of Indian major carps.Addition in Indian Major Carps and Prawns.

NAIP FINAL REPORT

206


35. Export Oriented Marine Value Chain for 156. Process for cook chilled cobia fish curry.Farmed-Seafood Production Using Cobia 157. Process for retort pouch cobia fish curry.(Rachycentron candum) Through Rural 158. Fresh/Tray packaging of cobia fillets / steaksEntrepreneurship. 159. Vacuum and modified atmospheric packaged

products of cobia.160. Collagen from cobia processing works.161. Process for leather from cobia skin.

36. Responsible Harvesting and Utilization of 162. Power operated laminating machine for Bombay duckSelected Small Pelagics and Fresh Water processing.Fishes: A Value Chain Approach. 163. Meat bone separator.

164. Ready-to-cook products (26).165. Hygienic bulk drying system for Bombay duck.166. Production of PUFA enriched chicken egg & meat through

PUFA incorporated poultry feed.167. Breaded and battered products from fish.168. Sweet products from fish.169. Value-added products from freshwater fishes.170. Dry fish based value added products.171. Baked and ready to eat products from fish.172. Extruded fish product.173. Omega 3 enriched chicken meat.174. Omega-3 enriched chicken egg.

❏❏❏❏❏

ANNEXURES

207

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ANNEXURES

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NAIP FINAL REPORT

210

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IP/A

gen

cy's

Pro

du

ced

Pro

du

ctio

nP

rod

uct

ion

Sh

are)

19.

Ker

asre

e co

conu

t pro

duct

s,M

achi

nerie

s w

orth

Coc

onut

chi

ps,

720

kg c

hips

,● C

hips

:B

edad

ka, K

asar

agod

Dis

trict

.R

s. 5

,00,

000/

Nil

coco

nut

wat

er90

kg

coco

nut

Rs.

1.5

0 la

khs

squa

sh, c

ocon

utpi

ckle

, 90

kg● C

hutn

eych

utne

y po

wde

r,ch

utne

y po

wde

r,po

wde

r:co

conu

t pic

kle,

150

litre

s of

Rs.

0.0

9 la

khs

virg

in c

ocon

ut o

ilco

conu

t w

ater

● S

quas

h:(V

CO

) and

VC

Osq

uash

, 125

litr

esR

s. 0

.15

lakh

sm

eal b

ased

bak

ery

of V

CO

and

● V

CO

:pr

oduc

ts20

0 kg

VC

OR

s. 0

.50

lakh

sm

eal b

ased

● V

CO

mea

lpr

oduc

tsba

sed

prod

ucts

:R

s. 0

.40

lakh

s

20.

Dha

nasr

ee c

ocon

ut p

rodu

cts,

Mac

hine

ry w

orth

Coc

onut

chi

ps,

1440

kg

chip

s,● C

hips

:A

janu

r, K

asar

agod

Dis

tric

t.R

s. 5

0,00

0 /N

ilco

conu

t w

ater

180

kg c

ocon

utR

s. 2

.88

lakh

ssq

uash

, coc

onut

pick

le, 1

80 k

g● C

hutn

eych

utne

y po

wde

rch

utne

y po

wde

r,po

wde

r:an

d co

conu

t pic

kle

75 li

tres

of

Rs.

18.

00 la

khs

coco

nut

wat

er● S

quas

h:sq

uash

Rs.

0.0

75 la

khs

21.

Sre

eker

a co

conu

t pro

duct

s,M

achi

nery

wor

thC

ocon

ut c

hips

,10

80 k

g ch

ips,

● C

hips

:N

ilesh

war

, Kas

arag

od D

istr

ict.

Rs.

5,0

0,00

0/N

ilco

conu

t w

ater

135

kg c

ocon

utR

s. 2

.16

lakh

ssq

uash

, coc

onut

pick

le, 1

35 k

g● C

hutn

eych

utne

y po

wde

rch

utne

y po

wde

r,po

wde

r:an

d co

conu

t pic

kle.

100

litre

s of

Rs.

0.1

35 la

khs

Mac

hine

ryco

conu

t w

ater

● S

quas

h:in

stal

led

for

squa

shR

s. 0

.10

lakh

spr

oduc

tion

of● V

CO

:V

CO

, but

Rs.

0.4

0 la

khs

prod

uctio

n no

t● V

CO

: mea

lye

t sta

rted

.ba

sed

bake

rypr

oduc

ts:

Rs.

0.4

0 la

khs

A V

alue

Cha

in o

n C

ashe

w22

.In

dia

food

Indu

stry

,R

s. 1

,00,

000/

Pol

lutio

n15

0 in

use

N.A

.fo

r Dom

estic

and

Exp

ort

Nea

r Kol

acha

l, K

K d

istr

ict,

Pro

vide

d th

eP

reve

ntin

gM

arke

t.Ta

mil N

adu.

proc

essi

ng u

nit

Sys

tem

for

the

expe

rimen

tal

purp

ose

ANNEXURES

211

Su

b-p

roje

ct T

itle

Nam

e o

f th

e N

ew R

ura

l In

du

stry

Inve

stm

ent

Pro

du

ctA

nn

ual

Val

ue

of

(NA

IP/A

gen

cy's

Pro

du

ced

Pro

du

ctio

nP

rod

uct

ion

Sh

are)

(fab

ricat

ion

and

asse

ssm

ent o

fth

e P

PS

func

tioni

ng)/

Rs.

2,2

5,00

0(C

EPC

)

23.

Sri

Mah

alak

shm

i Fer

tiliz

ers

and

Che

mic

als

Nil/

Ana

card

ic a

cid

Und

er p

rogr

ess

N.A

.M

anip

al In

dust

rial A

rea,

Udu

pi, M

anip

al -

5761

04.

Und

er p

rogr

ess

24.

Indi

ra in

dust

ries,

Nil/

Pol

lutio

nIn

use

N.A

.P

aras

ala,

Ker

ala.

Rs.

3,0

0,00

0/-

prev

entin

gsy

stem

(PP

S)

A V

alue

Cha

in o

n M

ango

25.

M/s

. Dec

co In

dia

Ltd.

,N

il/In

volv

ed in

fres

h18

00 to

nnes

/R

s. 8

.10

lakh

san

d G

uava

for D

omes

ticA

lapa

tty (V

illag

e), K

rishn

agiri

(Dt.)

.N

ot k

now

nfr

uit p

acka

ging

annu

man

d E

xpor

t Mar

kets

.

26.

M/s

. Shr

i And

i Agr

o P

rodu

cts,

Nil/

Man

go P

ulp

Man

go p

ulp-

Rs.

20.

25 la

khs

Pan

nand

ur v

illag

e &

Pos

t,N

ot k

now

n45

00 t/

annu

mP

ocha

mpa

lli (T

k), K

rishn

agiri

(Dt).

27.

M/s

. Adh

yam

anA

gro

Pro

duct

s P

vt. L

td.,

Nil/

Man

go P

ulp

Man

go p

ulp-

Rs.

20.

25 la

khs

Aga

ram

, Kris

hnag

iri.

Not

kno

wn

4500

t/an

num

28.

M/s

. Priy

am F

oods

Pvt

. Ltd

,N

il/M

ango

Pul

pM

ango

pul

pR

s. 3

0.38

lakh

sS

appa

nipa

tti, K

rishn

agiri

.N

ot k

now

n67

50 t/

annu

m

29.

M/s

. Aat

hava

Foo

d P

rodu

cts

Pvt

. Ltd

.,N

il/M

ango

Pul

pM

ango

pul

pR

s. 2

0.25

lakh

sP

alla

lapp

alli

villa

ge, T

irupa

tur (

Tk)

, Vel

lore

(Dt).

Not

kno

wn

4500

t/an

num

30.

M/s

. Ini

yaa

Agr

o P

rodu

cts

(P) L

td.,

Nil/

Man

go P

ulp

Man

go p

ulp

Rs.

6.4

8 la

khs

Ban

niha

lli, K

aver

ipat

nam

.N

ot k

now

n14

40 t/

annu

m

31.

M/s

. Kav

ery

Kris

hna

Fru

it P

rodu

cts

Pvt

. Ltd

.,N

il/M

ango

Pul

pM

ango

Pul

p -

Rs.

18.

00 la

khs

Sap

pani

patti

, Kar

agur

, Kris

hnag

iri.

Not

kno

wn

4000

t/an

num

32.

Sh.

V.G

. Sitt

rara

su p

ost-

harv

est p

acka

ging

and

sto

rage

Nil/

Man

go a

nd o

ther

100

tonn

esR

ecen

tly s

tart

edfa

cilit

y at

Otta

ther

u, P

ocha

mpa

lli, K

rishn

agiri

.R

s. 2

,00

cror

esfr

uits

in 2

014

A V

alue

Cha

in o

n33

.S

emi-p

roce

ssin

g un

it fo

r ext

ract

ion

of s

eabu

ckth

orn

Nil/

Sea

buck

thor

n fr

uit

It st

arte

d in

Rs.

10.

00 la

khs

Sea

buck

thor

nfru

it pu

lp, G

emur

, Lah

aul.

Rs.

12

lakh

spu

lp a

nd s

eeds

Sep

tem

ber 2

010

(Hip

poph

ae L

.).on

tria

l bas

ispr

oduc

ing

1200

litre

s of

frui

t pul

p

A V

alue

Cha

in o

n34

.S

eabu

ckth

orn

Sem

i-pro

cess

ing

Uni

t,N

il/S

eabu

ckth

orn

frui

t17

00 li

tres

Rs.

1.7

0 la

khs

Sea

buck

thor

n.G

emur

, Lah

aul,

Dis

trict

-Lah

aul-S

piti,

HP.

Rs.

13,

50,0

0/-

pul

p

NAIP FINAL REPORT

212

Su

b-p

roje

ct T

itle

Nam

e o

f th

e N

ew R

ura

l In

du

stry

Inve

stm

ent

Pro

du

ctA

nn

ual

Val

ue

of

(NA

IP/A

gen

cy's

Pro

du

ced

Pro

du

ctio

nP

rod

uct

ion

Sh

are)

Valu

e C

hain

in M

ajor

35.

Priy

adar

shin

i Wom

en, H

ouse

hold

Indu

stry

,N

il/C

lean

& g

rade

d38

50 k

gR

s. 3

.08

lakh

sS

eed

Spi

ces

for D

omes

ticO

pp. G

rave

yard

, Dor

ai, A

jmer

.R

s. 5

0,00

0/-

coria

nder

4830

kg

Rs.

4.8

3 la

khs

and

Exp

ort P

rom

otio

n.C

oria

nder

pow

der

285

kgR

s. 0

.57

lakh

sC

ryo

grin

ded

360

kgR

s. 0

.94

lakh

sco

riand

er p

owde

rG

reen

fenu

gree

kgr

ain

36.

Pat

el C

hand

rikab

en R

ames

h B

hai P

iluda

ra.

Rs.

10,

000/

Ver

mic

ompo

stO

ne b

atch

of

Rs.

8,0

00 to

Age

ncy'

s sh

are

-50

0 kg

ver

mi-

10,0

00La

bour

and

land

com

post

was

prep

ared

in 4

5da

ys. I

n th

e fo

urba

tche

s, to

tal

2000

kg

verm

i-co

mpo

st w

asm

ade

and

it w

asco

nsum

ed in

thei

r far

m

37.

Cha

vda

Jila

bha

Kiri

tshi

nh P

iluda

ra.

Rs.

10,

000/

Ver

mic

ompo

st-d

o-R

s. 8

,000

toA

genc

y's

shar

e -

10,0

00La

bour

and

land

38.

Dar

shan

Agr

o In

dust

ries,

Nil/

Vol

atile

oil

of1,

500

kgR

s. 4

5.00

lakh

sN

agal

palik

a C

ompl

ex, V

isan

agar

Roa

d, U

njha

.R

s. 1

0,00

,000

/-fo

llow

ing

seed

3,00

0 kg

Rs.

39.

00 la

khs

spic

es :

500

kgR

s. 0

.16

lakh

sC

umin

(3 to

3.5

% r

ecov

ery)

Dill

see

d (1

.4 to

1.6

% r

ecov

ery)

Fen

nel (

0.9

to1.

0 %

rec

over

y)

39.

Har

shil

Fab

ricat

ion,

Nil/

CIA

E T

win

Whe

el40

nos

.R

s. 0

.034

lakh

sR

ampu

ra C

hokd

i.R

s. 2

lakh

sho

e an

d ot

her

repa

iring

wor

ks

40.

Mar

uti T

ract

or,

Nil/

Sel

ling

of K

AM

CO

80 n

os.

Ent

repr

enue

r w

as7

Sun

Ris

e co

mpl

ex, M

ansa

.R

s. 8

lakh

sre

aper

& R

otar

yK

AM

CO

reap

erm

otiv

ated

by

wee

der,

pow

er40

nos

.se

eing

our

tille

rR

otar

y w

eede

rde

mon

stra

tion

8 no

s. p

ower

of R

eape

r on

tille

rfa

rmer

fiel

ds

ANNEXURES

213

Su

b-p

roje

ct T

itle

Nam

e o

f th

e N

ew R

ura

l In

du

stry

Inve

stm

ent

Pro

du

ctA

nn

ual

Val

ue

of

(NA

IP/A

gen

cy's

Pro

du

ced

Pro

du

ctio

nP

rod

uct

ion

Sh

are)

Val

ue C

hain

for C

ocon

ut41

.N

aiku

ndi J

anak

alya

n S

amiti

,R

s. 5

0,00

0/O

rnam

enta

l mat

s20

tons

per

In W

hole

Sal

e:F

ibre

and

its

By-

Pro

duct

s.N

anda

kum

ar, P

urba

Med

inip

ur.

Rs.

5 la

khs

annu

mR

s. 4

0.00

per

pc

(sm

all s

ize

500

g)R

s. 6

0.00

per

pc

(Med

ium

siz

e75

0 g)

Rs.

150

.00

per

pc (

Larg

e si

ze1,

500

g)In

Ret

ail:

Rs.

10

addi

tion

tow

hole

sale

pric

e

A B

io-P

estic

ide

Med

iate

dC

otta

ge in

dust

ries

for t

he p

rodu

ctio

n of

Tric

hogr

amm

aV

alue

Cha

in fo

r Cle

anbi

oage

nts

for t

he m

anag

emen

t of l

epid

opte

ron

inse

ct-p

est.

Veg

etab

les.

42.

Sur

esh

Kum

ar C

haud

hary

,N

il/T

richo

card

s &

Tric

hoca

rds

Rs.

15,

000

@S

/o S

h K

anha

iya

Lal,

Vill

age

Sag

oor P

.O,

Rs.

6,0

00cl

ean

vege

tabl

es=1

000

nos.

Rs.

15/

card

Sag

oor T

eh.,

Pal

ampu

r Dis

tt., K

angr

a (H

P).

Cle

an v

eget

able

sR

s. 2

.04

lakh

s=1

220

q@

Rs.

167

/q

43.

Sur

esh

Kum

ar C

haud

hary

,N

il/T

richo

card

s &

Tric

hoca

rds

Rs.

12,

000

@S

/o S

h R

atta

n C

hand

, Vill

age

Rai

pur P

.O,

Rs.

4,0

00cl

ean

vege

tabl

es=8

00 n

os.

Rs.

15/

card

Bha

ttu T

eh.,

Pal

ampu

r Dis

tt., K

angr

a (H

P).

Cle

an v

eget

able

sR

s. 1

.63

lakh

s=9

76 q

@ R

s. 1

67/q

44.

Ishw

ar D

ass,

Nil/

Tric

hoca

rds

&T

richo

card

sR

s. 9

,000

@V

illag

e K

achh

iyar

i P.O

, Ghu

ruka

ri Te

hsil,

Rs.

4,0

00cl

ean

vege

tabl

es=6

00 n

os.

Rs.

15/

card

Kan

gra

Dis

tt., K

angr

a (H

P).

Cle

an v

eget

able

sR

s. 1

.22

lakh

s @

=732

qR

s. 1

67/q

45.

Sh

Par

vind

er S

ingh

,N

il/T

richo

card

s &

Tric

hoca

rds

Rs.

9,0

00V

illag

e S

uneh

ar, P

.O S

ampo

lti,

Rs.

4,0

00cl

ean

vege

tabl

es=4

00 n

os.

Rs.

0.8

1 la

kh @

Tehs

il K

angr

a, D

istt.

Kan

gra

(H.P

).C

lean

veg

etab

les

Rs.

167

/q=4

88 q

A V

alue

Cha

in o

n G

inge

r46

.P

rimar

y P

roce

ssin

g In

dust

ry,

Rs.

25

lakh

s● S

liced

100

- 150

tons

Rs.

146

.00

lakh

san

d G

inge

r Pro

duct

s.D

arin

gbad

i Kru

shi S

way

am S

ahay

ak S

amab

aya

Ltd.

,/N

ilde

hydr

ated

gin

ger

per a

nnum

(unt

il 20

12-1

3)D

arin

gbad

i, K

andh

amal

, Oris

sa.

● G

inge

r ex

trac

tsst

anda

rdiz

ed to

20%

and

30%

w/w

tot

al g

inge

rols

.N

R-G

inge

r for

chol

este

rol

man

agem

ent.

NAIP FINAL REPORT

214

Su

b-p

roje

ct T

itle

Nam

e o

f th

e N

ew R

ura

l In

du

stry

Inve

stm

ent

Pro

du

ctA

nn

ual

Val

ue

of

(NA

IP/A

gen

cy's

Pro

du

ced

Pro

du

ctio

nP

rod

uct

ion

Sh

are)

47.

Prim

ary

Pro

cess

ing

Indu

stry

,R

s. 2

9 la

khs

Drie

d gi

nger

100

- 150

tons

Rs.

4.4

lakh

sP

atta

ngi K

rush

i Sw

ayam

Sah

ayak

Sam

abay

a Lt

d.,

/Nil

per a

nnum

(unt

il 20

12-1

3)P

atta

ngi,

Kor

aput

, Oris

sa.

48.

Gin

ger S

econ

dary

Pro

cess

ing

(Ext

ract

ion)

Fac

ility

,R

s. 3

5 la

khs/

Drie

d gi

nger

,3

tons

of d

ried

Rs.

3 c

rore

sA

nniy

alam

, Hos

ur ta

luk,

Kris

hnag

iri D

istr

ict,

Rs.

49

lakh

sgi

nger

pow

der,

ging

er p

er d

ayTa

mil N

adu.

ging

er e

xtra

ct

An

imal

Sci

ence

Val

ue C

hain

for C

lean

49.

Rur

al F

eed

Pro

cess

ing

Uni

t (R

FP

U),

Rs.

25

lakh

sC

ompl

ete

feed

Abo

ut 1

00 to

nsM

eat P

rodu

ctio

n fro

mC

henn

ur, G

udur

Man

dal,

Nel

lore

dis

trict

,/N

ilS

heep

.A

ndhr

a P

rade

sh.

A V

alue

Cha

in o

n50

. Pas

hmin

a M

ini G

oat U

nits

est

ablis

hed

in P

anik

har,

Rs.

27,

000/

Pas

hmin

aP

ashm

ina

Pas

hmin

aE

nhan

ced

Pro

duct

ivity

Dra

ss, B

oodh

karb

oo, S

haka

r, C

hikt

an, K

angr

iyal

Rs.

3,0

00/-

lives

tock

aver

age

170

gm/

In w

hole

sale

:an

d P

rofit

abili

ty o

f(K

argi

l), N

obra

(Leh

) by

SK

UA

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ANNEXURES

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NAIP FINAL REPORT

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ANNEXURES

217

Annexure 10


Sl. No. Sub-project Title Consortium Leader Target Districts

Sub-Component 3.1: Animal Husbandry

1 Development of Sustainable Livestock Guru Angad Dev University of Veterinary and HoshiarpurFarming System for Livelihood Security in Animal Sciences (GADVASU),Hoshiarpur District of Punjab. Ludhiana.

2. Goat Husbandry Based Integrated Approach Central Institute for Research on Goats (CIRG), Mahoba andfor Livelihood Security in Disadvantaged Makhdoom, Mathura, Uttar Pradesh. HamirpurDistricts of Bundelkhand Region.

3. Holistic Approach for Improving Livelihood Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Barabanki andSecurity through Livestock Based Farming Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh. RaebareliSystem in Barabanki and Rae Bareli Districtsof Uttar Pradesh.

4. Sustainable rural livelihood security through Maharashtra Animal Science & Fishery Science Hingoli andintegrated approach in Hingoli and University (MAFSU), Nagpur, NandedNanded districts of Maharashtra. Maharashtra.

Sub-Component 3.2: Coastal and Flood Zone Areas

5. Farming Systems for Livelihood Security of Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Cuddalore,Small and Marginal Farmers in Selected Tamil Nadu. Nagapattinam,Disadvantaged Districts of Tamil Nadu. Villupuram and

Thiruvannamalai

6. Live with the Flood - An Approach for Action for Food Production, Guwahati Unit DhemajiSustainable Livelihood Security in District (HQ: AFPRO, New Delhi).Dhemaji, Assam.

Sub-Component 3.3: Fisheries

7. Sustainable Livelihood Improvement through Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture Mayurbhanj,Integrated Freshwater Aquaculture, (CIFA), Bhubaneswar, Orissa. Keonjhar andHorticulture and Livestock Development Sambalpurin Mayurbhanj, Keonjhar and SambalpurDistricts of Orissa.

Sub-Component 3.4: Himalayan Ecosystem

8. Enhancement of Livelihood Security through Vivekanand Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan Kupwara andSustainable Farming Systems and Related Sansthan (VPKAS), Almora, Uttarakhand. Doda (J&K),Farm Enterprises in North-West Himalaya. Chamba (H.P), and

Tehri-Garhwal andChampawat(Uttarakhand)

9. Livelihood Improvement and Empowerment ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Mon, Siaha,of Rural Poor through Sustainable Farming Barapani, Meghalaya. South GaroSystems in North East India. Hills, Upper

Subansuri,North Sikkim,Dhalai, andTamenlong

NAIP FINAL REPORT

218


Sub-Component 3.5: Improvement of Degraded Areas

10. Improving Livelihood Quality in Salt-Affected Rajendra Agricultural University (RAU), MuzaffarpurWatersheds of Muzaffarpur and Sheohar Samastipur, Bihar. and SheoharDistricts of Bihar.

Sub-Component 3.6: Rainfed Areas

11. A Comprehensive, Multi-Enterprise Project Kerala Agricultural University (KAU), Wayanadfor Addressing the Agrarian Crisis of Thrissur, Kerala.Wayanad District of Kerala.

12. Achieving Improved Livelihood Security Chaudhary Charan Singh Mewatthrough Resource Conservation and Haryana Agricultural University (CCSHAU),Diversified Farming Systems Approach Hisar, Haryana.in Mewat.

13. Developing Sustainable Farming System Birsa Agricultural University (BAU), Dumka andModels for Prioritized Micro Watersheds in Ranchi, Jharkhand. JamtaraRainfed Areas in Jharkhand.

14. Livelihood promotion through Integrated Assam Agricultural University (AAU), Lakhimpur,Farming system in Assam. Jorhat, Assam. Kokrajhar and

Karbi Anglong

15. Ensuring Livelihood Security through Institute of Agricultural sciences, Banaras Hindu Mirzapur andSustainable Farming System and Related University (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. SonbhadraEnterprises in SC/Tribal DominatedPopulation of Mirzapur and SonbhadraDistricts in Vindhyan Region.

16. Improvement in Livelihood Security of Rural Chandra Shekar Azad University of Agriculture Hardoi andPeople Living in Disadvantaged Districts of & Technology (CSAUA&T), Kanpur, Fatehpur U.P. through Diversification in Agriculture. Uttar Pradesh.

17. Improving Rural Livelihood Security through Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya (IGKV), Bastar, Kanker andSustainable Integrated Farming System Raipur, Chhattisgarh. NarayanpurModel and Allied Enterprises in Bastar Regionof Chhattisgarh.

18. Integrated Farming System (IFS) for Gramin Vikas Trust (GVT), Ranchi, Sahibganj andEnhancing Sustainable Rural Livelihood Jharkhand. PakurSecurity in Sahibganj and Pakur Districtsof Jharkhand.

19. Integrated Farming System for Sustainable Rajmata Vijayaraje Scindia Krishi Vishwa Jhabua andRural Livelihoods in Undulating and Rainfed Vidyalaya (RVSKVV), Gwalior, DharAreas of Jhabua and Dhar Districts of Madhya Pradesh.Madhya Pradesh.

20. Integrated Farming System Modules to Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Chhatarpur,Ensure Sustainable Livelihood Security (JNKVV), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh. Tikamgarh,for the Peasants of Disadvantaged Districts Betul, andof Madhya Pradesh. Mandla

21. Integrated Project for Research on Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Banaskantha,Development Process and Sustainability Agricultural University (SDAU), Dahod andof Livelihood in Disadvantaged Districts of Sardarkrushinagar, Gujarat. DangsGujarat State.

22. Land Use Planning for Rural Livelihood National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Aurangabad,Security in Aurangabad, Dhule and Planning (NBSS&LUP), Nagpur, Maharashtra. Dhule andGondia Districts Maharashtra. Gondia

23. Livelihood and Nutritional Security of Tribal Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture & Udaipur,Dominated Rural Areas through Integrated Technology (MPUAT), Udaipur, Rajasthan. Banswara,Farming System Models. Dungarpur,

and Sirohi

ANNEXURES

219

24. Livelihood Security of Rural Poor in University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), ChitradurgaDisadvantaged Chitradurga District of Bangalore, Karnataka.Karnataka through Integrated FarmingSystems Approach.

25. Nutrition, Livelihood Security through University of Agricultural Sciences (UAS), BidarResource and Enterprise Management in Raichur, Karnataka.Bidar District.

26. Promote Sustainable Livelihoods of Small Bharti Samruddhi Finance Ltd. (BASIX), Nawada andand Marginal Farmers with a Focus on Patna, Bihar. PurneaWomen Empowerment in Nawada andPurnea District of Bihar.

27. Sustainable Farming System to Enhance Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya (BCKV), Purulia,and Ensure Livelihood Security of Poor Nadia, West Bengal. Bankura andin Purulia, Bankura and West Midnapore West MidnaporeDistricts of West Bengal.

28. Sustainable Livelihood Improvement through ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Munger, Vaishali,Need Based Integrated Farming System Patna, Bihar. Darbhanga, andModels in Disadvantaged Districts of Bihar. Samastipur

29. Sustainable Rural Livelihood and Food Orissa University of Agriculture and Technology Kandhamal,Security to Rainfed Farmers of Orissa. (OUAT), Bhubaneshwar, Orissa. Kalahandi and

Dhenkanal

30. Sustainable Rural Livelihood Empowerment Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya (UBKV), Uttar & DakshinProject for Northern Disadvantaged Districts Pundibari, West Bengal. Dinajpur, Malda andof West Bengal. Murshidabad

31. Sustainable Rural Livelihood Security in Bharatiya Agro Industries Foundation (BAIF) Yeotmal,Backward Districts of Maharashtra. Development Research Foundation, Pune, Gadchiroli,

Maharashtra. Chandrapur,Nandurbar, andAhmednagar

32. Sustainable Rural Livelihoods through Central Research Institute for Dryland Adilabad,Enhanced Farming System Productivity Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad, Anantapur,and Efficient Support Systems in Andhra Pradesh. Kadapa,Rainfed Areas. Khammam,

Mahbubnagar,Nalgonda,Rangareddy,and Warangal

33. Up-scaling & Improving Livelihood of Agricultural Finance Corporation Ltd., GoddaForest Based and Forest Fringe Godda Unit (HQ: AFC, Mumbai).Communities through Enhanced FarmingSystem Productivity and Efficient SupportSystems in Godda District of Jharkhand.

Global Environment Facility (GEF)

34. Harmonizing Biodiversity Conservation and National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources Udaipur,Agricultural Intensification through Integration (NBPGR), New Delhi. Adilabad andof Plant, Animal and Fish Genetic Resources Chambafor Livelihood Security in Fragile Ecosystems.

35. Strategies for Sustainable Management of Central Soil Salinity Research Institute (CSSRI), North &Degraded Coastal Land and Water for Research Station, Canning Town, West Bengal. South 24Enhancing Livelihood Security of the Parganas,Farming Communities. N & M Andaman

and SouthAndaman

36. Strategies to Enhance Adaptive Capacity to Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Dhar, Mewat,Climate Change in Vulnerable Regions. New Delhi. Raigarh, and

Ganjam


NAIP FINAL REPORT

220

Annexure 11

Status of sustainability fund generated

under component-3

Sl. No. Lead Centre Amount (` in lakhs) (up to March 31, 2014)

1. MPUAT, Udaipur 339.79

2. CRIDA, Hyderabad 41.00

3. BAIF, Pune 92.00

4. AFPRO, Guwahati 7.20

5. Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 13.00

6. VPKAS, Almora 12.91

7. BCKV, Kalyani 11.19

8. SDAU, Sardar Krushinagar 6.00

9. UAS, Raichur 17.13

10. CSAUAT, Kanpur 2.25

11. OUAT, Bhubaneswar 10.66

12. GADVASU, Ludhiana 8.28

13. RVSKVV, Gwalior 2.21

14. GVT, Ranchi 4.16

15. MAFSU, Nagpur 10.15

16. AAU, Jorhat 4.90

17. NBSSLUP, Nagpur 8.57

18. ICAR RC for ER, Patna 13.3

19. UAS, Bangalore 11.00

20. ICAR RC for NEH Region, Barapani 1.00

21. UBKV, Coochbehar 3.67

22. KAU, RRS, Wayanad 29.00

23. BASIX, Patna 2.90

24. IVRI, Izatnagar 3.84

25. IGKV, Raipur 0.40

26. JNKVV, Jabalpur 2.46

27. BHU, Varanasi 51.39

28. AFC, Godda 6.03

29. BAU, Ranchi 10.37

30. RAU, Pusa 1.62

31. CIRG, Mathura 5.44

32. CCS HAU, Hisar 1.47

33. CIFA, Bhubaneswar 15.74

Total 751.03

❏❏❏❏❏

ANNEXURES

221

Annexure 12



Sub-Component 4.1: Animal Nutrition and Diseases

1. Bovine Mastitis: Unraveling Molecular Details of Host-Microbe Project Directorate on Animal DiseaseInteraction and Development of Molecular Diagnostic Methods. Monitoring and Surveillance (PDADMAS),

Bangalore, Karnataka.

2. Identification of Oncolytic Viral Genes and Development of Tumour Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI),Targeted Nano-Delivery Vehicle for Cancer Therapy in Bovines. Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh.

3. Manipulation of the Rumen Ecosystem through Modified Rumen National Institute of Animal Nutrition &Microbes Encoding Novel Fibrolytic Enzymes Using Nucleic Acid Physiology (NIANP), Bangalore, Karnataka.Based Technologies for the Improved Utilization of Crop Residues.

4. Rumen Microbial Diversity in Domesticated and Wild Ruminants and Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI),Impact of Additives on Methanogenesis and Utilization of Poor Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh.Quality Fibrous Feeds.

5. Serological Diversity and Molecular Characterization of Sher-e-Kashmir University of AgriculturalDichelobacter Nodosus and Development of Vaccine Against Sciences & Technology (SKUAST)-K,Virulant Footrot. Srinagar, Jammu & Kashmir.

6. Study of Herbal Acaricides as Means to Overcome the Development Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI),of Resistance in Ticks to Conventional Acaricides. Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh.

7. Toll-like Receptors in Farm Animals-Evolutionary Lineages and Tamil Nadu Veterinary & Animal SciencesApplication in Disease Resistance. University (TANUVAS), Madras Veterinary

College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

8. Toll-like Receptors in Phylogenetically Divergent Fish Species- Central Institute of Freshwater AquacultureTheir Contribution in Modulating the Innate Immunity. (CIFA), Bhubaneswar, Orissa.

Sub-Component 4.2: Animal Reproduction

9. Analysis of Mammary Gland Transcriptome and Proteome during National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI),Lactation and Involution in Indigenous Cattle and Buffalo for Karnal, Haryana.Identification of Probable Mammary Biomarkers.

10. Characterisation and Differentiation of Embryonic and National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI),Spermatogonial Stem Cells in Cattle and Buffaloes. Karnal, Haryana.

11. Developmental Potency of Parthenogenetic Goat Embryos. Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI),Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh.

12. Elucidating the Physiological and Genomic Regulation Process of National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI),Follicular Development, Oocyte Maturation and Embryogenesis Karnal, Haryana.in Buffalo.

13. Genetic Basis of Inferior Sperm Quality and Fertility of Crossbred Project Directorate on Cattle (PDC), Meerut,Bulls. Uttar Pradesh.

14. Molecular Basis of Capacitation Like Changes in the Assessment National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI),and Prevention of Cryodamage during Cryopreservation of Karnal, Haryana.Bovine Spermatozoa (Buffalo and Crossbred Bulls).

Sub-Component 4.3: Biosystematics and Biodiversity

15. Biosystematics of the Genera Vigna, Cucumis and Abelmoschus. National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources(NBPGR), New Delhi.

16. Diversity Analysis of Bacillus and Other Predominant Genera in National Bureau of Agriculturally ImportantExtreme Environment and its Utilization in Agriculture. Micro Organisms (NBAIM), Maunath

Bhanjan, Uttar Pradesh.

NAIP FINAL REPORT

222


17. Studies on Relationship Between Ecogeography of the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI),Chemotypic Variation of Nine Important but Highly Threatened Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.Medicinal Plant Species and Prospects of their Cultivation.

18. Studies on the Ecology and Taxonomy of Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, Delhi University (DU), New Delhi.in India, its Symbiosis with various Obligate and FacultativeBacterial Symbionts.

19. Study of the Status and Nature of Variability in Freshwater Mangalore University, Mangalore, Karnataka.Bivalves in the Western Ghats and Identification of Specieswith Commercial Value.

20. To Understand the Nature of Diversity in Lac Insects of Kerria Indian Institute of Natural Resins and GumsSpp. in India and the Nature of Insect X Host Interaction. (IINRG), Ranchi, Jharkhand.

21. Utilization of Weed Flora of Medicinal Value in some Important Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, AndhraCropping Systems of Andhra Pradesh. Pradesh.

Sub-Component 4.4: Biotechnology

22. Allele Mining Expression Profiling of Resistance and National Research Centre on PlantAvirulence-Genes in Rice-Blast Pathosystem for Development Biotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi.of Race Non-Specific Disease Resistance.

23. Bioprospecting of Genes and Allele Mining for Abiotic Stress National Research Centre on PlantTolerance. Biotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi.

24. Genomic Analysis of Cotton Boll and Fibre Development. International Centre for Genetic Engineeringand Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi.

25. Development of Goat having Knocked Down Myostatin Gene Madhya Pradesh Pashu Chikitsa Vigyanthrough RNA Interference Technology to Enhance the Vishwa Vidyalaya (MPPCVVV), JabalpurMeat Production. Madhya Pradesh.

26. Gene Silencing - A Strategy for Management of White Spot Centre for Cellular and Molecular BiologySyndrome Virus (WSSV). (CCMB), Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh.

27. Identification of Quantitative Trait Loci for Milk Yield, Fat and Protein National Bureau of Animal GeneticPercent in Buffaloes. Resources (NBAGR), Karnal, Haryana.

28. Molecular Tools for Exploitation of Heterosis Yield and Oil Quality Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),in Sesame. Kharagpur, West Bengal.

29. Towards Development of a Single Cell C4 Photosynthetic Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU),System in Rice. New Delhi.

30. Unraveling Molecular Processes involved in Adventive National Research Centre on PlantPolyembryony towards Genetic Engineering for Fixation of Heterosis. Biotechnology (NRCPB), New Delhi.

Sub-Component 4.5: Engineering, Sensors and Precision Agriculture

31. Bamboo as a Green Engineering Material in Rural Housing and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi.Agricultural Structures for Sustainable Economic Growth.

32. Design and Development of Rubber Dam for Watersheds. Indian Rubber Manufacturers ResearchAssociation (IRMRA), Thane (West),Mumbai, Maharashtra.

33. Development of Spectral Reflectance Methods and Low Punjab Agricultural University (PAU),Cast Sensors for Real-Time Application of Variable Rate Inputs in Ludhiana, Punjab.Precision Farming.

34. Development of Wireless Sensor Network for Animal Management. Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Delhi.

35. Precision Farming Technologies based on Microprocessor and Central Institute of Agricultural EngineeringDecision Support Systems for Enhancing Input Application Efficiency (CIAE), Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.in Production Agriculture.

Sub-Component 4.6: Integrated Pest Management

36. Effect of Abiotic Stresses on the Natural Enemies of Crop Pests: National Bureau of Agriculturally ImportantTrichogramma, Chrysoperla, Trichoderma and Pseudomonas, Insects (NBAII), Bangalore, Karnataka.and Mechanism of Tolerance to these Stresses.

ANNEXURES

223

37. Nature of Interactions among the Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),Bacterial Symbionts and the Insect Host. New Delhi.

38. Novel Strategies for Molecular Diagnosis of Plant Viruses. Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI),New Delhi.

39. Potential of RNAi in Insect Pest Management: A Model in Silencing Indian Institute of Horticultural ResearchImportant Genes Specific to Tomato Fruit Borer, Helicoverpa (IIHR), Bangalore, Karnataka.armigera Hubner.

40. Research into Development of Decision Support Systems for Central Research Institute for DrylandInsect Pests of Major Rice and Cotton Based Cropping Systems. Agriculture (CRIDA), Hyderabad,

Andhra Pradesh.

41. Understanding Plant-Nematode Interactions using RNAi. Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur,Uttar Pradesh.

Sub-Component 4.7: Nano Science

42. Designing and Studying Mode of Action and Biosafety of Indian Statistical Institute (ISI), Kolkata,Nanopesticides. West Bengal.

43. Nano-technology for Enhanced Utilization of Native -Phosphorus Central Arid Zone Research Instituteby Plants and Higher Moisture Retention in Arid Soils. (CAZRI), Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

44. Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Cellulose and its Application Central Institute for Research on Cottonin Biodegradable Polymer Composites to Enhance their Performance. Technology (CIRCOT), Mumbai, Maharashtra.

Sub-Component 4.8: NRM and Climate Change

45. Arsenic in Food-Chain: Cause, Effect and Mitigation. Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya(BCKV), Nadia, West Bengal.

46. Assessment of Quality and Resilience of Soils in Diverse Agro- Indian Institute of Soil Science (IISS), Bhopal,Ecosystems. Madhya Pradesh.

47. Georeferenced Soil Information System for Land Use Planning and National Bureau of Soil Survey & LandMonitoring Soil and Land Quality for Agriculture. Use Planning (NBSS&LUP), Nagpur,

Maharashtra.

48. Modeling the Performance of a few Major Cropping Systems in Orissa University of Agriculture andEastern India in the light of Projected Climate Change. Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneshwar, Orissa.

49. Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics vis-a-vis Anticipatory Climatic Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI),Changes and Crop Adaptation Strategies. Cuttack, Orissa.

50. Understanding the Mechanism of Off-Season Flowering and Central Institute for Subtropical HorticultureFruiting in Mango under Different Environmental Conditions. (CISH), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh.

51. Understanding the Mechanism of Variation in Status of a few Indian Institute of Soil Science (IISS), Bhopal,Nutritionally Important Micronutrients in some Important Food Crops Madhya Pradesh.and the Mechanism of Micronutrient Enrichment in Plant Parts.

Sub-Component 4.9: Post Harvest Technology and Value Addition

52. Detection and Mitigation of Dairy Pathogens and Detection of Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee,Adulterants using Chemical Biology. Uttarakhand.

53. Development of Biosensor and Micro-Techniques for Analysis of Birla Institute of Technology & SciencePesticide Residues, Aflatoxin, Heavy Metals and Bacterial (BITS), Pilani, Goa Campus.Contamination in Milk.

54. Development of Non-Destructive Systems for Evaluation of Central Institute of Post Harvest EngineeringMicrobial and Physico-Chemical Quality Parameters of Mango. & Technology (CIPHET), Ludhiana, Punjab.

55. Novel Approaches for Production of Neutraceuticals from Milk National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI),and Indian Herbs for Potential Use in Functional Dairy Foods. Karnal, Haryana.

56. Novel Biotechnological Processes for Production of High Guru Nanak Dev University (GNDU),Value Products from Rice Straw and Bagasse. Amritsar, Punjab.

57. Standardization of Selected Ethnic Fermented Foods and Indian Institute of Crop ProcessingBeverages by Rationalization of Indigenous Knowledge. Technology (IICPT), Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu.


NAIP FINAL REPORT

224

58. Studies on Cryogenic Grinding for Retention of Flavour and Medicinal Central Institute of Post Harvest EngineeringProperties of some Important Indian Species. & Technology (CIPHET), Ludhiana, Punjab.

59. Studies on High Pressure Processing (HPP) of High Value Perishable Indian Institute of Technology (IIT),Commodities. Kharagpur, West Bengal.

Sub-Component 4.10: Social Science

60. Development of a Set of Alternative ICT Models based on a Study Media Lab Asia, New Delhi.and Analysis of the Major ICT Initiatives in Agriculture in India tomeet the Information Need of the Indian Farmers.

61. Risk Assessment and Insurance Products for Agriculture. National Centre for Agricultural Economicsand Policy Research (NCAP), New Delhi.


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