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SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION INDIGENOUS ECONOMICS MAY ’18 1 NATION TO NATION “AS LONG AS THE SUN SHINES AND THE RIVERS FLOW” SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION INDIGENOUS ECONOMIC THINK TANK CREATING NEW REVENUE STREAMS May 31 - June 1, 2018

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Page 1: NATION TO NATION · Natalie Wood on News Letter. John Large Council Member is a representative of Bison Auto Board. Currently Bison is being renovated with new tanks and pumps. This

SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION INDIGENOUS ECONOMICS MAY ’18

1

NATION TO NATION

“AS LONG AS THE SUN SHINES AND THE RIVERS FLOW”

SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION

INDIGENOUS ECONOMIC

THINK TANK

CREATING NEW REVENUE STREAMS

May 31 - June 1, 2018

Page 2: NATION TO NATION · Natalie Wood on News Letter. John Large Council Member is a representative of Bison Auto Board. Currently Bison is being renovated with new tanks and pumps. This

SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION INDIGENOUS ECONOMICS MAY ’18

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Table of Contents

Title Page ……………………………………………………………………………….1

Table of Contents…………………………………………………………………….2

Forward…………………………………………………………………………………..3

Executive Summary………………………………………………………………….4

Leadership………………………………………………………………………………..4-5

Team Building…………………………………………………………………………...5

Brain Storming…………………………………………………………………………..6

Grocery Store…………………………………………………………………………….6-7

Tribal Farms……………………………………………………………………………….7-10

Cogeneration…………………………………………………………………………….11-14

Inherent Rights…………………………………………………………………………..15

Treaty Rights………………………………………………………………………………15

Communication…………………………………………………………………………..16

Economic Planning Steering Committee………………………………………16

Follow Up Strategic Planning……………………………………………………….16

Evaluation……………………………………………………………………………………17

Appendix One - Agenda Appendix Two - Invitation List Appendix Three - Copy of Treaty Six Appendix Four - Inherent Rights Appendix Five - Brain Storm of Existing Businesses Appendix Six - Brain Storm Money Generating Ideas Appendix Seven – Power Point Presentation Appendix Eight - Evaluation

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SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION INDIGENOUS ECONOMICS MAY ’18

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SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION NO.125

FORWARD

To: Chief and Concil

Re: “ Indigenous Economics” Think Tank

Date: June 18, 2018,

On behalf of Saddle Lake Economic Development we would like to extend our appreciation to all

those that attended the Indigenous Economic Think Tank. Special thanks to Mr. Floyd Cardinal

who raise the pipe asking for blessings for the work that will continue to make our Nation strong.

Also our thanks to the Eagle Healing Lodge for bringing the Saddle Lake Drum Group. This report

presents the ideas and aspiration from the Elders, Leaders, Management, and Staff. Our goal was

to find new revenue streams that will improve the quality of life for the people of our nation.

I want to say thank you Ralph Makokis for the opening prayer, Frank Large team building and

Natalie Wood, CREE-ative Vision Services who helped with the program and brain storm exercises

on a volunteer basis.

Finally, I say thank you to our economic development team including: Sam Cardinal, Economic

Development Portfolio, Darrell Quinney, Economic Development Portfolio, Robbie Moosewah

Economic Development Portfolio, Clifford Pasquayak Liaison, Amber Makokis Executive

Assistant, Rowena Steinhauer, Clerical Receptionist trainee, and Darrell Brertton of Buffalo

Chaser Consulting Services Ltd., for making this Indigenous Economic Think Tank a success.

Should you require additional information please do not hesitate to contact Mr. Winston

Lapatak/ Economic Development Director at the direct line: (780) 726 – 7612 ext. 2278 or Cell:

(780) 614-8459.

Yours in the Spirit of Development,

Winston Lapatak, Economic Development Director

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Saddle Lake Chief and Council mandated the Economic Development Program to organize a Think

Tank on May 31 and June 1, 2018. The primary objective was to bring the business people of the

Nation together to identify a new revenue stream that can help the Nation meet its growing

demands. The Think Tank participants gathered at the Courtyard by Marriott Edmonton West,

10011 – 184St NW in Edmonton, AB on May 31 and June 1, 2018.

This springs gathering’s Theme “Indigenous Economics” which SLCN is fundamentally based. As

the original people of Turtle Island trade and commerce have always played a key role in Nation

Building. Like other International Countries SLCN has a strong Language, rich land base, well

developed political, social and educational sectors and the focus now is to build a viable economic

system that is Treaty based.

SLCN people are Signatory to Treaty No. 6 1876. Since the signing of Treaty, SLCN people have

continued to make the Crown accountable for the covenants provisions and promises as

interpreted by Oral Tradition. The organizers of the Indigenous Economics Think Tank 2018 asked

the participants to brain storm Inherent Rights and Treaty Rights, existing businesses and services

currently available to Saddle Lake people and to identify the type of business that would bring

revenue to the Nation. In this report you will find recommendations, follow-up, and supporting

documents including Copy of Treaty Six, Brain Storm Exercise Programs and Services, Evaluation

Summary, Power Point Economic Development, Inherent and Treaty Right Brain Storm.

Three business sectors that can be development simultaneously Grocery Store, Tribal Farms and

Co-generation.

LEADERSHIP

Chief Eddy Makokis welcomed the participants and encouraged the programs and businesses to

work together to make our Nation proud again. It is clear that our people are facing a lot of

challenges and are living in fear. Leadership is currently working with Peyasew Oilfield

Construction to establish partnerships with Industry. Currently Saddle Lake is pursuing contract

work with ATCO which is a billion-dollar project.

Leadership want to empower the elders and we want to create opportunity for giving everyone

a chance to engage in employment. When people are working they are happy.

We know what the Government is trying to do, Chief and Council are working on Treaty Based

Funding arrangement. (This is key to developing to address Agriculture as a Treaty Right which

will be addressed later in this Report.)

All the programs have to develop laws and we need to develop lands for ourselves, look how

much money is going out. We have to take Risks. We lost out on various projects including:

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Bonnyville Rehab, Jail that went Samson Cree, 1st Casino was offered to us and we knocked it

down. We need to take pride in our community once again so people don’t have to live in fear.

Sam Cardinal Council Member portfolio for Economic Development was the Master of

Ceremonies for this successful gathering that targeted the alignment of our Inherent and Treaty

Rights with band owned business creation and ongoing development. The businesses that

Economic Development facilitate development are as follows:

• Bison flows through 7. million

• O Trust 5. million

• Pease Oil Field 3. million

• Smoke Eaters 3. million

• Economic Development 4.6 K

• Global local Business 18.46 million per year

Darrell Quinney Council Member portfolio for Economic Development working with Fire Hall, and

Health Center Retro Fit. We are embarking on 50 years of our Administration. (We started with

one employee Charles Wood, we have over 60 programs and business combined.)

Robbie Moosewah Council Member portfolio for Economic Development encouraged the group

to bring something good for the Nation. Working the Long Term Plan, Norma Large. Saddle Lake

working to establish referrals in Edmonton. Between Pimee Well Service and 7 Lakes have over

100 employees. Also getting into the feasibility study for New Elementary School. Working with

Natalie Wood on News Letter.

John Large Council Member is a representative of Bison

Auto Board. Currently Bison is being renovated with new

tanks and pumps. This project should be done prior to the

Nation’s Celebrations, June 23, 2018.

Bison Auto Up Grade Project to be complete by June 23,

2018

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SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION INDIGENOUS ECONOMICS MAY ’18

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Herb Cardinal, Council Member is currently leading the North South paving project. Public works

is preparing the rite of ways. This year target is to pave the road from Highway 36 South to the

Bison intersection.

Team Building

Frank Large was asked to assist the group with team building and provided a learning exercise

which helped create synergy among the participants. The Nation is looking for alternative

revenue streams and Cogeneration has been introduced in 1987. The group agreed that

Cogeneration needs to be developed on Saddle Lake Cree Nation. Frank has provided the

conceptual design in this report on Cogeneration.

Also, Frank pointed out that the elders are financially challenged and SLCN should find a way to

put solar panels on the Elders homes to offset electrical charges.

In addition, Mr. Large pointed out that we need to look at Medical Marijuana as potential revenue

stream.

He encouraged the Administration to set up good pension plans everybody should have a pension

plan.

Brain Storming Business

Natalie Wood local entrepreneur was asked to assist with an exercise that would help the group

identify business priorities for Saddle Lake Cree Nation.

Methodology Brain Storming

Brain Storming Wealth generating participants asked the following questions?

Choose a business opportunity to create a revenue stream.

• Choose Wealth Generation

• Can Be Implemented Immediately

• Be Realistic

• Can have an immediate Return

Part l

Choose 2 from your list

Discuss and write on the flip chart paper the 2 ideas.

Part II Brain Storm

Choose One from the list ideas that has been supported by most groups will be recommended

for development and implementation.

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SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION INDIGENOUS ECONOMICS MAY ’18

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Natalie is currently working on the Saddle Lake Cree Nation Website that focuses on four distinct

areas:

1. Local News Letter regarding the Events and developments within the Nation

2. Transfer of Knowledge

3. Film

4. Program Information Sharing

The three significant business ideas that need to be develop as a result of Think Tank gathering

include: Grocery Store, Tribal Farms, and Cogeneration.

This report will address each business concept with recommendations for immediate action.

Grocery Store

Economic Development has hire various consultants to develop feasibility plans that have been

presented to The Grocery People that reaffirms that with the existing population and program

services the Grocery Store would be a viable business enterprise for SLCN.

In business development the feasibility study is the first exercise to determine the viability of a

proposed business. Economic Development hired consultants from Meyers Norris and Penny to

develop a professional business plan that needs to be updated.

In the business plan exercise we found the total estimated market size: Based on the analysis above, the total market is assumed to be approximately $9.8 million. A

breakdown of the market is provided in figure 27.

Figure 27: Estimated Market Size

Week Month Year

Community Spending $180, 280 $781,213 $9,374,560

Institutional Spending $7,781 $33,717 $404,600

Total $188,061 $814,930 $9,779,160 1“

Recommendation:

1 Grocery Store Business Plan. Pp 24.

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Saddle Lake Chief and Council hire an independent business firm to build a Coop Grocery Store

for Saddle Lake Cree Nation member where they would get yearly dividends for the use of Band

funds invested in a Co-op business.

Action:

Updating the most recent business plan

Time frame:

June, July and August 2018

Who:

Economic Development Team

Reporting:

Economic Development will report directly to Winston Lapatak, EDO.

Decision Making:

Once the business plan is complete with the updated preliminary design and Indicative

Pricing ATCO Sustainable Communities Inc., Chief and Council will be presented the full

implementation strategy with financing options.

Tribal Farms

Land Our Sustainable Resource

Tribal Farms has been recognized as one of the immediate revenue generators for SLCN.

Economic Development has conducted an Economic Leakage Study that states SLCN people are losing out:

Cultivated Lands – 4 million dollars annually

Grazing Cattle and Bison – 25 million annually less Input cost 65% = 9.1 million

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SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION INDIGENOUS ECONOMICS MAY ’18

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TREATY RIGHT TO FARMING

For the Cree perspective we are Stewards of the land and have been forced to adapt from a hunting and gathering way of life to an agricultural way of life.

SLCN is Signatory to Treaty No. 6 assert and affirm that the Treaties are sacred.

“Band; and also for each Chief for the use of his Band, one chest of ordinary carpenter's tools;

also, for each Band, enough of wheat, barley, potatoes and oats to plant the land actually broken up for cultivation by such Band; also for each Band four oxen, one bull and six cows; also, one boar and two sows, and one hand-mill when any Band shall raise sufficient grain therefor. All the aforesaid articles to be given once and for all for the encouragement of the practice of agriculture among the Indians.” Articles of Treaty No. 6 1876

“Each spring, the sum of one thousand dollars, to be expended for them by Her Majesty's Indian

Agents, in the purchase of provisions for the use of such of the Band as are actually settled on the reserves and are engaged in cultivating the soil, to assist them in such cultivation”. Articles of Treaty No. 6 1876.

Agriculture

July 2016 Economic Development conducted an Economic Leakage Study to identify monies that

can be made in SLCN that includes Agriculture. These figures would need to be update according

to current crop and cattle market values. Below find estimates that will create revenue streams

once SLCN reinvests in Agriculture.

Cultivated Acres estimated leakage EBITA (Earnings before interest, taxes depreciation, and

amortization) 3.6 million after expenses.

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SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION INDIGENOUS ECONOMICS MAY ’18

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Total potential revenue Cultivated Lands on reserve : $6,553,000.00

Input and Output costs $183. 00/acre.

Estimate Input and Output costs: $2, 900, 000.00 Total Profit: $3, 653 000. 00

Note: These are estimates each crop type has variables associated to input and output costs.

Saddle Lake can sustain a Cattle Operation using 4 322 acres of pasture lands pasturing 17 288 head each

summer. Current market price of cattle is 1000-2000 dollars per head. At full capacity average market

price $1500.00 x 17 288 units = $25,932,000.00. (2016 market prices)

The total revenue 25.9 million – 16.8 million (estimated input costs 65%) earning SLCN 9.1 million in

profits(based on 25.9 million* 35%).

Recommendations

Agricultural Steering Committee be established to create an Agricultural Board to develop

a. Tribal Farms Feasibility Study, Business Plan, and Financing

b. Apply for funding for soft costs

c. To develop a negotiation team – Agriculture as a Treaty Right

d. Create Agricultural Land Policy

e. Include Hemp and Cannabis for new crops

f. Cattle Ranch

g. Chief and Council establish local land legislation to ensure environmental protection. h. Chief and Council position Camp Lake Ranch under the new Tribal Farm regime

Wheat Barley Oats Canola

1680000532000 189000

3872000

TRIBAL FARM PROJECTED CROP

PRODUCTION 2016

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COGENERATION PRESENTED BY FRANK LARGE SLCN

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SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION INDIGENOUS ECONOMICS MAY ’18

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Inherent Rights

Prior to Contact with Settlers the Indigenous people lived according to their own customs and

traditions. The customs and traditions are based on higher Cree and natural laws that continue

to guide the governance and development of Saddle Lake Cree Nation. These values and believe

have made the Cree people distinct from other people of the World. The Language, Land,

Customs, and Practise are internationally recognized Nationhood principles.

The Indigenous Nations signed Treaty No. 6 at Fort Carlton and Fort Pitt in the year 1876.

Organizers of the Indigenous Economic Think Tank wanted the participants to appreciate how

the Inherent Rights, Values and Beliefs are foundational principles of economic development in

SLCN.

Treaty No. 6

Saddle Lake Cree Nation is a signatory to Treaty No 6. 1876. For the purposes of the Indigenous

Economic Think Tank the participants were asked to brain storm the types of Treaty Rights that

were promised to the people of Saddle Lake Cree Nation.

One of the fundamental revenue generators Agriculture is a Treaty Right and can be developed

into major program in SLCN. It is encouraging to see Chief and Council participation at the

Indigenous Economic Think Tank to share their knowledge regarding the preservation and

protection of our Inherent and Treaty Rights.

It is our hope that as SLCN develops the Treaty Based Funding Arrangement that Economic

Develop Provision are included in the Funding Arrangement.

There is a copy of Treaty Six 6. 1876 attached.

Plain and Wood Cree Indians and other Tribes of Indians at Fort

Carlton, Fort Pitt and Battle River with Adhesions

ROGER DUHAMEL, F.R.S.C. QUEEN'S PRINTER AND CONTROLLER OF STATIONERY OTTAWA, 1964

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Communications Economic Development

Economic Development appreciated the inputs and co-sponsorship from Bison Auto, Smoke

Eaters, O’ Trust and Peyasew.

Over the years the business sector has been challenged by communications. Economic

Development would propose the following recommendation to enhance business development:

Recommendation

That an Economic Planning Committee be appointed from the following businesses:

1. Council Portfolio

2. O’ Trust

3. Peyasew Oil Field Construction

4. Bison Auto

5. Smoke Eaters

6. Traditional Land Use

7. Economic Development

Follow Up

Economic Development organize a follow up on the Indigenous Economic Think Tank with 2-day

workshop targeting Business Governance Strategy for SLCN and Business Development

Strategies.

Evaluation Summary

Please circle questions 1-4, and write in space provided for questions 5 - 6.

1. Did you find the speakers knowledgeable on the topic they presented?

Not Good (1) Good (2) Satisfied (3) Very Satisfied (4) Excellent (5)

2 7 11 11

2. Were the inherent rights and treaty rights relevant to Saddle Lake Economic

Development? A. yes B. no

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3. How did you find the location of the Think Tank?

Not Good (1) Good (2) Satisfied (3) Very Satisfied (4) Excellent (5) 3 7 11 10 4. Would you attend another Economic planning session or Think Tank? A. yes b. no 31

5. What suggestion might you have for future sessions?

Business Plans, Opportunities viable, Partner who want to venture forward on Business Opportunities.

More Speakers/Business People to present their success stories. Grocery Store, Funeral Home, Bank Assessment of past and current businesses – What worked and what didn’t work? What is the Band Policy/how to act to spur Economic Development or Business Development? Can Non Band Members hold property/assets on reserve? Do we generate dollars or employment? What is the priority? How do we use our Land? Involve younger adults. Please have all participants that are paid to be here to stay here. Bigger Room All programs reps be in attendance Youth from the schools Client on Social Services Maybe have some data on emerging trends on markets that could be potentially viable to the

Nation. A follow up on business developed as a result of this “think tank” It would be a great Indicator of how successful the process is and if business has taken off. Remind everyone it’s just a think tank. Just ideas being voiced. Other than that everything is good. Have more youth and elder involvement. It would also be good if front line workers could

participate. Like more information on Inherent and Treaty Rights. Have session in Saddle Lake – so more people can be involved Invite business / experienced Improve Plan/Purpose

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Keep the cultural component / Drum Group Invite Keynote speaker Invite more youth to attend (i.e. If there is a youth council in the community) to represent that

population. Have it Local Guest Speakers from another nation (success story) It was great maybe have more youth and elders Make housekeeping rules 3 day workshop

6. Do you have any relevant business ideas that were not mentioned?

Edmonton Real Estate, Construction partnership’s Off Reserve. Very good sessions – a lot of Brainstormed now to move forward. Everything very understandable. Band Farms Apartment Building Housing Authority Off Reserve Housing Trucking – wet rain lots of Class 1 but nowhere to get out. Tourism Museum Cannabis presentation on grow ups Ecotourism Technological investments Some agriculture initiatives to use cultivated lands / Band pay land lease not too difficult. Business Training Refinery Hemp Grow-up with First Nation partner from the east Business permit system Tourism Youth Entrepreneurship

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Appendix One

INDIGENOUS ECONOMICS THINK TANK

Day One

9:00 am Opening Prayer

9:15 am Welcoming Remarks Chief Eddy Makokis

9:30 am Welcome Remarks Sam Cardinal and Darrell

Quinney Council

9:45 am Overview Winston Lapatak EDO

10:15 am Health Break

10:30 am Team Building/Ice Breakers

11:00 am Success Indicators Saddle Lake Economic

Development/ Opening Brain Storming Natalie Wood

Breaking Groups

12: noon Lunch

1:00 pm Aligning SLCN Nation Inherent and Treaty

Rights to Wealth Generation Securing Our Future -

Implementing SLCN Inherent and Treaty Rights Break

Out Groups 30 mins Inherent Rights/30 mins Treaty

Rights

2:00 pm Group Presentations

SADDLE

LAKE CREE

NATION

Signatory to

Treaty No. 6

1876

“For as Long as the

Sun Shines and The

Grass Grows and the

Rivers Flow”

Inherent

Rights

“Inherent Rights are

rights bestowed

upon Indigenous

People by the

Creator who blessed

the people with

instruction on how

to live and how to

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2:30 pm Health Break

2:45 pm Break-away Improving Businesses in Saddle Lake Cree Nation

3:30 pm Start Group Presentation with Recommendations

Day 2

9:00 am Open Prayer

9:15 am Recap Sam Cardinal Economic Development Portfolio

9:30 am Prioritizing Economic Initiatives

10:15 am Health Break

10:30 am Open Discussion

11:00 am Recommendations

11:30 am Closing Comments

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APPENDIX TWO

SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION NO.125

To:

Re: Invitation to attend, “ Indigenous Economics” Think Tank

Date: May 14, 2018

Dear Sir/Madam

The Saddle Lake Chief & Council and Economic Development Department do hereby formally invite our Business

Entities and Saddle Lake Programs to attend “The Indiginous Economic Think Tank” hosted by Saddle Lake Chief &

Council and Economic Development Department. Your participation is required in order to brain storm the

creation of potential new revenue streams!

The planning session is as provided below:

Who: Saddle Lake Cree Nation No. 125

Date: May 31 – June 1, 2018

Time: 8:00 a.m. – 4:00 p.m. Thrusday/ 8:00 a.m. – 12:00 PM Friday

Location: Courtyard by Marriott Edmonton West;

10011 – 184St NW

Edmonton, AB T5S 0C7

(780) 638 – 6070

If you are unable to attend can you please ensure representation from your department is made available in order

to maximize our efforts!

Programs will be responsible for their own travel arrangements/expenses.

Should you require additional information please do not hesitate to contact Mr. Winston Lapatak/ Economic

Development Director at the direct line: (780) 726 – 7612 ext. 2278 or Cell: (780) 614-8459.

Yours in the Spirit of Development,

Winston Lapatak, Economic Development Director

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APPENDIX THREE

Saddle Lake Cree Nation Inherent Rights

June 23, 2003 Saddle Lake Cree Nation Constitution was enacted to reaffirm the

protection, preservation, practise and our Customary Laws that are referred as

Inherent Rights.

“For Purposes of this gathering we have identified pillars of our inherent rights

including and not limited to”:

• Saddle Lake Cree Nation, social, cultural, and political rights and freedoms,

• Cree Nation Sovereignty and Self Determination

• Cree Language

• Cree Spiritual beliefs and values

• Cree Cultural Ceremonies and Practises

• Cree Governance recognized as part of our Inherent Rights

• Cree and First Nation Citizenship and Membership

• Saddle Lake Reserve Lands, Water, renewable and non-renewable

resources, Traditional Territories

• Social Customs and practice including family, education systems, and

domestic affairs.

• Saddle Lake Cree Nation Judicial System

• Saddle Lake Cree Nation Economy

• Collective Rights

Our challenge is to harness the inherent rights and create revenue streams for

our nation.

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APPENDIX FOUR

Copy of Treaty No. 6 1876

Treaty No. 6

ARTICLES OF A TREATY made and concluded near Carlton on the 23rd day of August and on the 28th day of said month, respectively, and near Fort Pitt on the 9th day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, between Her Most Gracious Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, by Her Commissioners, the Honourable Alexander Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Manitoba and the North-west Territories, and the

Honourable James McKay, and the Honourable William Joseph Christie, of the one part, and the Plain and Wood Cree and the other Tribes of Indians, inhabitants of the country within the limits hereinafter defined and described by their Chiefs, chosen and named as hereinafter mentioned, of the other part.

Whereas the Indians inhabiting the said country have, pursuant to an appointment made by the

said Commissioners, been convened at meetings at Fort Carlton, Fort Pitt and Battle River, to deliberate upon certain matters of interest to Her Most Gracious Majesty, of the one part, and the said Indians of the other.

And whereas the said Indians have been notified and informed by Her Majesty's said Commissioners that it is the desire of Her Majesty to open up for settlement, immigration and such other purposes as to Her Majesty may seem meet, a tract of country bounded and

described as hereinafter mentioned, and to obtain the consent thereto of Her Indian subjects inhabiting the said tract, and to make a treaty and arrange with them, so that there may be peace and good will between them and Her Majesty, and that they may know and be assured of what allowance they are to count upon and receive from Her Majesty's bounty and benevolence.

And whereas the Indians of the said tract, duly convened in council, as aforesaid, and being

requested by Her Majesty's said Commissioners to name certain Chiefs and Headmen, who should be authorized on their behalf to conduct such negotiations and sign any treaty to be founded thereon, and to become responsible to Her Majesty for their faithful performance by their respective Bands of such obligations as shall be assumed by them, the said Indians have thereupon named for that purpose, that is to say, representing the Indians who make the treaty

at Carlton, the several Chiefs and Councillors who have subscribed hereto, and representing the Indians who make the treaty at Fort Pitt, the several Chiefs and Councillors who have subscribed hereto.

And thereupon, in open council, the different Bands having presented their Chiefs to the said Commissioners as the Chiefs and Headmen, for the purposes aforesaid, of the respective Bands of Indians inhabiting the said district hereinafter described.

And whereas, the said Commissioners then and there received and acknowledged the persons so presented as Chiefs and Headmen, for the purposes aforesaid, of the respective Bands of Indians inhabiting the said district hereinafter described.

And whereas, the said Commissioners have proceeded to negotiate a treaty with the said Indians, and the same has been finally agreed upon and concluded, as follows, that is to say:

The Plain and Wood Cree Tribes of Indians, and all other the Indians inhabiting the district hereinafter described and defined, do hereby cede, release, surrender and yield up to the Government of the Dominion of Canada, for Her Majesty the Queen and Her successors forever, all their rights, titles and privileges, whatsoever, to the lands included within the following limits, that is to say:

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Commencing at the mouth of the river emptying into the north-west angle of Cumberland Lake;

thence westerly up the said river to its source; thence on a straight line in a westerly direction to the head of Green Lake; thence northerly to the elbow in the Beaver River; thence down the said river northerly to a point twenty miles from the said elbow; thence in a westerly direction, keeping on a line generally parallel with the said Beaver River (above the elbow), and about twenty miles distant therefrom, to the source of the said river; thence northerly to the north-

easterly point of the south shore of Red Deer Lake, continuing westerly along the said shore to the western limit thereof; and thence due west to the Athabasca River; thence up the said river, against the stream, to the Jaspar House, in the Rocky Mountains; thence on a course south-easterly, following the easterly range of the mountains, to the source of the main branch of the Red Deer River; thence down the said river, with the stream, to the junction therewith of the outlet of the river, being the outlet of the Buffalo Lake; thence due east twenty miles; thence on

a straight line south-eastwardly to the mouth of the said Red Deer River on the south branch of the Saskatchewan River; thence eastwardly and northwardly, following on the boundaries of the tracts conceded by the several treaties numbered four and five to the place of beginning.

And also, all their rights, titles and privileges whatsoever to all other lands wherever situated in the North-west Territories, or in any other Province or portion of Her Majesty's Dominions,

situated and being within the Dominion of Canada.

The tract comprised within the lines above described embracing an area of 121,000 square miles, be the same more or less.

To have and to hold the same to Her Majesty the Queen and Her successors forever.

And Her Majesty the Queen hereby agrees and undertakes to lay aside reserves for farming lands, due respect being had to lands at present cultivated by the said Indians, and other

reserves for the benefit of the said Indians, to be administered and dealt with for them by Her Majesty's Government of the Dominion of Canada; provided, all such reserves shall not exceed in all one square mile for each family of five, or in that proportion for larger or smaller families, in manner following, that is to say: that the Chief Superintendent of Indian Affairs shall depute and send a suitable person to determine and set apart the reserves for each band, after consulting

with the Indians thereof as to the locality which may be found to be most suitable for them.

Provided, however, that Her Majesty reserves the right to deal with any settlers within the bounds of any lands reserved for any Band as She shall deem fit, and also that the aforesaid reserves of land, or any interest therein, may be sold or otherwise disposed of by Her Majesty's Government for the use and benefit of the said Indians entitled thereto, with their consent first had and obtained; and with a view to show the satisfaction of Her Majesty with the behaviour

and good conduct of Her Indians, She hereby, through Her Commissioners, makes them a present of twelve dollars for each man, woman and child belonging to the Bands here represented, in extinguishment of all claims heretofore preferred.

And further, Her Majesty agrees to maintain schools for instruction in such reserves hereby made as to Her Government of the Dominion of Canada may seem advisable, whenever the Indians of

the reserve shall desire it.

Her Majesty further agrees with Her said Indians that within the boundary of Indian reserves, until otherwise determined by Her Government of the Dominion of Canada, no intoxicating liquor shall be allowed to be introduced or sold, and all laws now in force, or hereafter to be enacted, to preserve Her Indian subjects inhabiting the reserves or living elsewhere within Her North-west Territories from the evil influence of the use of intoxicating liquors, shall be strictly enforced.

Her Majesty further agrees with Her said Indians that they, the said Indians, shall have right to pursue their avocations of hunting and fishing throughout the tract surrendered as hereinbefore described, subject to such regulations as may from time to time be made by Her Government of Her Dominion of Canada, and saving and excepting such tracts as may from time to time be

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required or taken up for settlement, mining, lumbering or other purposes by Her said

Government of the Dominion of Canada, or by any of the subjects thereof duly authorized therefor by the said Government.

It is further agreed between Her Majesty and Her said Indians, that such sections of the reserves above indicated as may at any time be required for public works or buildings, of what nature soever, may be appropriated for that purpose by Her Majesty's Government of the Dominion of

Canada, due compensation being made for the value of any improvements thereon.

And further, that Her Majesty's Commissioners shall, as soon as possible after the execution of this treaty, cause to be taken an accurate census of all the Indians inhabiting the tract above described, distributing them in families, and shall, in every year ensuing the date hereof, at some period in each year, to be duly notified to the Indians, and at a place or places to be appointed for that purpose within the territory ceded, pay to each Indian person the sum of $5

per head yearly.

It is further agreed between Her Majesty and the said Indians, that the sum of $1,500.00 per annum shall be yearly and every year expended by Her Majesty in the purchase of ammunition, and twine for nets, for the use of the said Indians, in manner following, that is to say: In the reasonable discretion, as regards the distribution thereof among the Indians inhabiting the

several reserves, or otherwise, included herein, of Her Majesty's Indian Agent having the supervision of this treaty.

It is further agreed between Her Majesty and the said Indians, that the following articles shall be supplied to any Band of the said Indians who are now cultivating the soil, or who shall hereafter commence to cultivate the land, that is to say: Four hoes for every family actually cultivating; also, two spades per family as aforesaid: one plough for every three families, as aforesaid; one

harrow for every three families, as aforesaid; two scythes and one whetstone, and two hay forks and two reaping hooks, for every family as aforesaid, and also two axes; and also one cross-cut saw, one hand-saw, one pit-saw, the necessary files, one grindstone and one auger for each Band; and also for each Chief for the use of his Band, one chest of ordinary carpenter's tools; also, for each Band, enough of wheat, barley, potatoes and oats to plant the land actually broken

up for cultivation by such Band; also for each Band four oxen, one bull and six cows; also, one boar and two sows, and one hand-mill when any Band shall raise sufficient grain therefor. All the aforesaid articles to be given once and for all for the encouragement of the practice of agriculture among the Indians.

It is further agreed between Her Majesty and the said Indians, that each Chief, duly recognized as such, shall receive an annual salary of twenty-five dollars per annum; and each subordinate

officer, not exceeding four for each Band, shall receive fifteen dollars per annum; and each such Chief and subordinate officer, as aforesaid, shall also receive once every three years, a suitable suit of clothing, and each Chief shall receive, in recognition of the closing of the treaty, a suitable flag and medal, and also as soon as convenient, one horse, harness and waggon.

That in the event hereafter of the Indians comprised within this treaty being overtaken by any

pestilence, or by a general famine, the Queen, on being satisfied and certified thereof by Her Indian Agent or Agents, will grant to the Indians assistance of such character and to such extent as Her Chief Superintendent of Indian Affairs shall deem necessary and sufficient to relieve the Indians from the calamity that shall have befallen them.

That during the next three years, after two or more of the reserves hereby agreed to be set apart to the Indians shall have been agreed upon and surveyed, there shall be granted to the

Indians included under the Chiefs adhering to the treaty at Carlton, each spring, the sum of one thousand dollars, to be expended for them by Her Majesty's Indian Agents, in the purchase of provisions for the use of such of the Band as are actually settled on the reserves and are engaged in cultivating the soil, to assist them in such cultivation.

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That a medicine chest shall be kept at the house of each Indian Agent for the use and benefit of

the Indians at the direction of such agent.

That with regard to the Indians included under the Chiefs adhering to the treaty at Fort Pitt, and to those under Chiefs within the treaty limits who may hereafter give their adhesion thereto (exclusively, however, of the Indians of the Carlton region), there shall, during three years, after two or more reserves shall have been agreed upon and surveyed be distributed each spring

among the Bands cultivating the soil on such reserves, by Her Majesty's Chief Indian Agent for this treaty, in his discretion, a sum not exceeding one thousand dollars, in the purchase of provisions for the use of such members of the Band as are actually settled on the reserves and engaged in the cultivation of the soil, to assist and encourage them in such cultivation.

That in lieu of waggons, if they desire it and declare their option to that effect, there shall be given to each of the Chiefs adhering hereto at Fort Pitt or elsewhere hereafter (exclusively of

those in the Carlton district), in recognition of this treaty, as soon as the same can be conveniently transported, two carts with iron bushings and tires.

And the undersigned Chiefs on their own behalf and on behalf of all other Indians inhabiting the tract within ceded, do hereby solemnly promise and engage to strictly observe this treaty, and also to conduct and behave themselves as good and loyal subjects of Her Majesty the Queen.

They promise and engage that they will in all respects obey and abide by the law, and they will maintain peace and good order between each other, and also between themselves and other tribes of Indians, and between themselves and others of Her Majesty's subjects, whether Indians or whites, now inhabiting or hereafter to inhabit any part of the said ceded tracts, and that they will not molest the person or property of any inhabitant of such ceded tracts, or the property of Her Majesty the Queen, or interfere with or trouble any person passing or travelling through the

said tracts, or any part thereof, and that they will aid and assist the officers of Her Majesty in bringing to justice and punishment any Indian offending against the stipulations of this treaty, or infringing the laws in force in the country so ceded.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Her Majesty's said Commissioners and the said Indian Chiefs have hereunto subscribed and set their hands at or near Fort Carlton, on the days and year aforesaid,

and near Fort Pitt on the day above aforesaid.

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Recorded 24th February, 1877.

Lib. 27, Fol. 352. L. A. CATELLIER, Deputy Registrar-General of Canada.

Return to Table of Contents

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Adhesion By Cree Indians

We, the undersigned Chiefs and Headmen of the Cree and other Bands of Indians, having had communication of the treaty, a copy of which is printed in the report of the Minister of the Interior for the year ending 30th June, 1876, concluded at Forts Carlton and Pitt between the Indians inhabiting the country described in said treaty, and Her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, by Her Commissioners, the Honourable Alexander Morris, Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba and the North-west Territories, the Honourable W.J. Christie and the

Honourable James McKay, but not having been present when the negotiations were being conducted at the above mentioned places, do hereby for ourselves, and the Bands which we represent, agree to all the terms, conditions, covenants and engagements of whatever kind enumerated in the said treaty and accept the same as if we had been present, and had consented and agreed to the same when the treaty was first signed and executed.

Witness our hands at Fort Pitt, this ninth day of August, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-seven.

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ADHESION BY CREE INDIANS

We, members of the Cree Tribe of Indians having had explained to us the terms of the treaty made and concluded near Carlton on the 23rd day of August, and on the 28th day of said month respectively, and near Fort Pitt on the 9th day of September, 1876, between Her Majesty the Queen, by the Commissioners duly appointed to negotiate the said treaty, and the Plain and Wood Cree and other Tribes of Indians, inhabiting the country within the limits defined in said

treaty, but not having been present at the council at which the articles of the said treaty were agreed upon, do now hereby for ourselves and the Band which we represent, in consideration of the provisions of the said treaty being extended to us and the Band which we represent, transfer, surrender, and relinquish to Her Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors, to and for the use of the Government of the Dominion of Canada, all our right, title and interest whatsoever, which we and the said Band which we represent have held or enjoyed of, in and to

the territory described, and fully set out in the said treaty, also, all our right, title and interest whatsoever to all other lands wherever situated, whether within the limits of any other treaty heretofore made, or hereafter to be made with Indians, or elsewhere in Her Majesty's territories, to have and to hold the same unto and for the use of her Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors forever.

And we hereby agree to accept the several benefits, payments and reserves promised to the Indians under the Chiefs adhering to the said treaty at Fort Pitt; and solemnly engage to abide by, carry out and fulfil all the stipulations, obligations and conditions therein contained, on the part of the Chiefs and Indians therein named to be observed and performed, and in all things to conform to the articles of the said treaty, as if we ourselves and the Band which we represent had been originally contracting parties thereto, and been present at the councils held near Fort

Pitt, and had there attached our signatures to the said treaty.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Her Majesty's Lieutenant-Governor and Indian Superintendent for the North-west Territories, and the Chief and Councillors of the Band hereby giving their adhesion to the said treaty, have hereunto subscribed and set theirs hand at the Blackfoot Crossing of the Bow River, this twenty-fifth day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight

hundred and seventy-seven.

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ADHESION BY CREE INDIANS

The undersigned Chiefs and Headmen of the Cree Nation having had communication of the treaty concluded between Her Majesty the Queen by Her Commissioners and certain Chiefs of the Cree Nation at Fort Pitt on the 9th day of September, 1876, agree to surrender our title to all the lands in the North-west Territories and to abide by all the promises set forth in the said treaty, on condition that all the payments, reserves of land, and promises named therein are secured to

us by Her Majesty.

And the undersigned Superintendent of Indian Affairs for the North-west Territories on behalf of Her Majesty agrees that all the payments, reserves and promises named in the said treaty to be made to each Cree Chief and his Band shall be faithfully made and carried out to the Chiefs who have subscribed to this memorandum and to their people.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, the undersigned Indian Superintendent and the undersigned Chiefs and

Headmen have hereto set our hands in this nineteenth day of August, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.

ADHESION BY STONY INDIANS

We, the undersigned Chief and Headmen of the Plain Stony Tribe of Indians, having had communication of the treaty made and concluded near Carlton on the twenty-third and twenty-

eighth days of August respectively, and near Fort Pitt on the ninth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, between Her Majesty the Queen by Her Commissioners, and the Plain and Wood Crees and other Tribes of Indians, inhabitants of the country named therein, hereby for ourselves and the Band which we represent, in consideration of the provisions of the said treaty being extended to our Band, cede, transfer, surrender and relinquish to Her Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors, to and for the use of the

Government of the Dominion of Canada, all our right, title and privileges whatsoever to all lands in the North-west Territories, or elsewhere in Her Majesty's dominions, to have and to hold the same unto and to the use of Her said Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors forever.

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And we hereby agree to accept the several provisions, payments and reserves of the said treaty

as therein stated, and solemnly promise and engage to abide by and carry out all the stipulations and obligations therein contained, on the part of said Chiefs and Indians therein named to be observed and performed, and in all things to conform to the articles of the said treaty, as if we ourselves and our Band had originally been contracting parties thereto.

And Her Majesty the Queen, by Her representative, the Honourable David Laird, Indian

Superintendent of the North-west Territories, agrees that all the payments and provisions named in the said treaty to be made to each Chief and his Band shall be faithfully made and fulfilled to the aforesaid Chief and his Band.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, we, the said Indian Superintendent of the North-west Territories and the said Chief and Headmen of the Stony Tribe of Indians, have hereto set our hands, at Battleford, this twenty-ninth day of August, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.

ADHESION BY CREE INDIANS

We, the undersigned Chiefs and Headmen of the Wood Cree Tribe of Indians, having had communication of the treaty made and concluded near Carlton on the twenty-third and twenty-eighth days of August, respectively, and near Fort Pitt on the ninth day of September, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, between Her Majesty the Queen, by Her

Commissioners, and the Plain and Wood Cree and other Tribes of Indians, inhabitants of the country named therein, hereby for ourselves and the Bands which we represent, in consideration of the provisions of the said treaty being extended to our Bands, cede, transfer, surrender and relinquish to Her Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors, to and for the use of Her Government of the Dominion of Canada, all our right, title and privileges whatsoever to all lands in the North-west Territories or elsewhere in Her Majesty's Dominions, to have and to hold the

same unto and to the use of Her said Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors forever.

And we hereby agree to accept the several provisions, payments and reserves of the said treaty as therein stated, and solemnly promise and engage to abide by and carry out all the stipulations and obligations therein contained, on the part of said Chiefs and Indians therein named to be observed and performed, and in all things to conform to the articles of the said treaty, as if we

ourselves and our Bands had originally been contracting parties thereto.

And Her Majesty the Queen, by Her representative, the Honourable David Laird, Indian Superintendent of the North-west Territories, agrees that all the payments and provisions named in the said treaty to be made to each Chief and his Band shall be faithfully made and fulfilled to the aforesaid Chiefs and their Bands.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, we, the said Indian Superintendent of the North-west Territories and the

said Chiefs and Headmen of the Wood Cree Tribe of Indians, have hereto set our hands at Carlton this third day of September, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-eight.

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ADHESION BY CREE INDIANS

We, the undersigned Indian Chief and Headmen, having had communication of the treaty made and concluded at Forts Carlton and Pitt in the summer of 1876, but not having been present at the conferences at which said treaty was negotiated, hereby agree to accept the terms and conditions of the said treaty and to abide thereby, in the same manner as if we had been present at the time the said treaty was first signed.

ADHESION BY CREE INDIANS

Whereas, Min-a-he-quo-sis, or Little Pine, a Cree Chief, on behalf of his Band and certain other Cree Indians, comprising twenty lodges, inhabitants of the country covered by the treaty commonly known as "Treaty No. 6," made between Her Majesty the Queen, by Her Commissioners, the Honourable Alexander Morris, the Honourable James McKay and the Honourable William Joseph Christie, of the one part;

And the Plain and Wood Cree Tribes of Indians of the other part, at Carlton, on the twenty-third and twenty-eighth days of August, and near Fort Pitt on the ninth day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, who have not yet given in their adhesion to the said treaty, have presented themselves to Edgar Dewdney, Esquire, Indian Commissioner for the North-west Territories, and expressed a desire to join in the said treaty.

And whereas the said Commissioner has recognized the said "Little Pine" as the Headman of his Band, and the said Band of twenty lodges have selected and appointed Pap-a-way, "The Lucky Man," one of their number as the Headman of their Band, and have presented him as such to the said Commissioner, who has recognized and accepted him as such Headman;

NOW, THIS INSTRUMENT WITNESSETH that the said "Little Pine" and Pap-a-way or "the Lucky Man," for themselves and on behalf of the Bands which they represent, do transfer, surrender

and relinquish to Her Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors, to and for the use of Her Government of the Dominion of Canada, all their right, title and interest whatsoever which they have held or enjoyed of, in and to the territory described and fully set out in the said treaty; also, all their right, title and interest whatsoever which they have held or enjoyed of, in and to the territory described and fully set out in the said treaty; also all their right, title and interest

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whatsoever to all other lands wherever situated, whether within the limits of any other treaty

heretofore made or hereafter to be made with Indians or elsewhere in Her Majesty's territories, to have and to hold the same unto and for the use of Her Majesty, the Queen, Her heirs and successors for ever. And do hereby agree to accept the several benefits, payments and reserves promised to the Indians adhering to the said treaty at Carlton and Fort Pitt on the dates above mentioned; and further, do solemnly engage to abide by, carry out and fulfil all the stipulations,

obligations and conditions contained on the part of the Indians therein named, to be observed and performed, and in all things to conform to the articles of the said treaty, as if the said "Little Pine" and Pap-a-way or "the Lucky Man," and the Bands whom they represent had been originally contracting parties thereto, and had been present at the treaty at Carlton and Fort Pitt, and had there attached their signatures to the said treaty.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Edgar Dewdney, Indian Commissioner for the North-west Territories,

and the said "Little Pine" and Pap-a-way or "the Lucky Man," Headmen of the said Bands, hereby giving their adhesion to the said treaty, have hereunto subscribed and set their hands at Fort Walsh, in the said North-west Territories, this second day of July, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-nine.

ADHESION BY CREE INDIANS

WHEREAS, Big Bear, a Cree Chief, on behalf of his Band, comprising thirty lodges, inhabitants of the country covered by the treaty commonly known as "Treaty Number Six," made between Her Majesty the Queen, by Her Commissioners the Honourable Alexander Morris, the Honourable James McKay and the Honourable William Joseph Christie, of the one part, and Plain and Wood Cree Tribe of Indians of the other part at Carlton, on the twenty-third and twenty-eighth days of August, and near Fort Pitt on the ninth day of September, in the year of Our Lord one thousand

eight hundred and seventy-six, who have not yet given in their adhesion to the said Treaty, have presented themselves to Allan Macdonald, Esq., Indian Agent of Treaty Number Four, and expressed a desire to join in the same treaty; and whereas the said Indian Agent has recognized the said "Big Bear" as the Chief of their Band.

NOW THIS INSTRUMENT WITNESSETH, that the said "Big Bear," for himself and on behalf of the

Band which he represents, does transfer, surrender and relinquish to Her Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors, to and for the use of Her Government of the Dominion of Canada, all his right, title and interest whatsoever, which he has held or enjoyed, of, in and to the territory described and fully set out in the said treaty; also all his right, title and interest whatsoever to all other lands wherever situated, whether within the limits of any other treaty heretofore made or hereafter to be made with Indians, or elsewhere in Her Majesty's territories. To have and to hold

the same unto and for the use of Her Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors forever. And do hereby agree to accept the several benefits, payments and reserves promised to the Indians, adhering to the said treaty at Carlton and Fort Pitt on the dates above mentioned; and further, do solemnly engage to abide by, carry out and fulfil all the stipulations, obligations and conditions contained on the part of the Indians therein named, to be observed and performed,

and in all things to conform to the articles of the said treaty as if the said "Big Bear" and the Band which he represents had been originally contracting parties thereto, and had been present

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at the treaty at Carlton and Fort Pitt, and had then attached his signature to the said treaty as

Chief of the said Band.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Allan Mcdonald, Esquire, Indian Agent, and the said "Big Bear," Chief of the said Band, hereby giving his adhesion to the said treaty, have hereunto subscribed and set their hands at Fort Walsh, in the said North-West Territories, this eighth day of December, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and eighty-two.

ADHESION BY CREE INDIANS

We the undersigned Chiefs and Headmen, on behalf of ourselves and the other members of the Wood Cree Tribe of Indians, having had explained to us the terms of the treaty made and concluded near Carlton, on the 23rd day of August and on 28th day of said month respectively, and near Fort Pitt on the 9th day of September, 1876, between Her Majesty the Queen, by the Commissioners duly appointed to negotiate the said treaty, and the Plain and Wood Cree and

other Tribes of Indians inhabiting the country within the limits defined in said treaty, but not having been present at the councils at which the articles of the said treaty were agreed upon, do now hereby for ourselves and the Bands which we represent, in consideration of the provisions of the said treaty being extended to us and the Bands which we represent, transfer, surrender, and relinquish to Her Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors, to and for the use of the

Government of the Dominion of Canada, all our right, title and interest whatsoever which we and the said Bands which we represent hold and enjoy, or have held and enjoyed, of, in and to the territory included within the following limits: All and singular that portion or tract of land being the north part of the Land District of Prince Albert, as shown on the maps published by the Honourable the Minister of the Interior, dated at Ottawa on the 31st day of August, 1885; the same tract being north of the northerly limit of Treaty No.6, North-West Territory, containing

11,066 square miles, be the same more or less, and more particularly described as follows: Commencing at a point being the north-west corner of projected Township No. 70, Range 10, west of the Third Initial Meridian; thence easterly along the northern boundaries of projected Townships Nos. 70 to the north-east corner of projected Township No. 70, Range 13, west of the Second Initial Meridian; thence southerly following the east boundary of said 13th Range of

projected Townships to the northern limits of Treaty No. 6. into the projected Township No. 60; thence westerly following the northerly limit of Treaty No. 6 to the south-eastern shore of Green Lake, being at the north-easterly part of projected Township No. 58, Range 10, west of the Third Initial Meridian; thence following the westerly shore of Green Lake to the main inlet thereof known as Beaver River; thence up the right bank of Beaver River to its intersection with the west boundary of projected Township No. 62, Range 10, west of the Third Initial Meridian; thence

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northerly following the west boundary of projected townships of Range 10, west of the Third

Initial Meridian, to the point of commencement.

Also, all our right, title and interest whatsoever to all other lands wherever situated, whether within the limits of any other treaty heretofore made, or hereafter to be made with Indians, and whether the said lands are situated in the North-West Territories of elsewhere in Her Majesty's Dominion, to have and to hold the same unto and for the use of Her Majesty the Queen, Her

heirs and successors forever.

And we hereby agree to accept the several benefits, payments and reserves promised to the Indians adhering to the said treaty at Fort Pitt or Carlton; with the proviso as regards the amount to be expended annually for ammunition and twine, and as respects the amount to be expended for three years annually in provisions for the use of such Indians as are settled on reserves and are engaged in cultivating the soil, to assist them in such cultivation, that the

expenditure on both of these items shall bear the same proportion to the number of Indians now treated with as the amounts for those two items as mentioned in Treaty No. 6 bore to the number of Indians then treated with. And we solemnly engage to abide by, carry out and fulfil all the stipulations, obligations and conditions therein contained on the part of the Chiefs and Indians therein named to be observed and performed, and we agree in all things to conform to

the articles of the said treaty, as if we ourselves and the Bands which we represent had been originally contracting parties thereto and had been present at the council held near Fort Pitt or near Carlton and had there attached our signatures to the said treaty.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Her Majesty's special Commissioners and the Chiefs and Councillors of the Bands hereby giving their adhesion to the said treaty have hereunto subscribed and set their hands at Montreal Lake this eleventh day of February, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight

hundred and eighty-nine.

Return to Table of Contents

Adhesions to Treaty Number Six

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WHEREAS we the undersigned Chiefs and Headmen have had communication of the treaty commonly known as Treaty Number Six made between Her Majesty Queen Victoria and certain tribes of Indians at Carlton and Fort Pitt, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, and of the intention of His Most Gracious Majesty King George VI, by the Grace of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India, to extend its provisions to us through His Commissioners, Malcolm

McCrimmon and John Lothrop Grew, both of the City of Ottawa;

NOW THEREFORE we the said Chiefs and Headmen hereby for ourselves and the Indians whom we represent, in consideration of the provisions of the said treaty being extended to us and the Indians whom we represent, cede, transfer, surrender and relinquish to His Majesty the King, His heirs and successors, forever, all our right, title and privileges whatsoever to all lands in His Majesty's Dominions;

AND we hereby agree to accept the several provisions, payments and reserves of the said treaty as therein stated, and solemnly promise and engage to abide by and carry our all the stipulations and obligations therein contained, to be observed and performed by the Chiefs and Indians therein named, and in all things to conform to the articles of the said treaty, as if we ourselves and the Indians whom we represent had originally been contracting parties thereto;

AND His Majesty, the King, by His representatives, aforesaid, agrees that all the payments and provisions named in the said treaty to be made to each Chief and his Band shall be faithfully made and fulfilled to the aforesaid Chiefs and Headmen and the Indians whom they represent;

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, His Majesty's Commissioners and the said Chiefs and Headmen have set their hands as hereinafter set forth.

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Adhesion to Treaty Number Six

WHEREAS we the undersigned Chief and Headmen have had communication of the treaty commonly known as Treaty Number Six made between Her Majesty Queen Victoria and certain tribes of Indians at Carlton and Fort Pitt, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, and of the intention of His Most Gracious Majesty the King George VI, by the Grace

of God of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, to extend its provisions to us through His Commissioner, James Pember Brookbank Ostrander, of the City of Regina;

NOW THEREFORE we the said Chief and Headmen hereby for ourselves and the Indians whom we represent, in consideration of the provisions of the said treaty being extended to us and the Indians whom we represent, cede, transfer, surrender and relinquish to His Majesty the King, His

heirs and successors, forever, all our right, title and privileges whatsoever to all lands in His Majesty's Dominions;

AND we hereby agree to accept the several provisions, payments and reserves of the said treaty as therein stated, and solemnly promise and engage to abide by and carry out all the stipulations and obligations therein contained, to be observed and performed by the Chiefs and Indians

therein named, and in all things to conform to the articles of the said treaty, as if we ourselves and the Indians whom we represent had originally been contracting parties thereto;

AND His Majesty the King, by his representative, aforesaid, agrees that all the payments and provisions named in the said treaty to be made to each Chief and his Band shall be faithfully made and fulfilled to the aforesaid Chief and Headmen and the Indians whom they represent;

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, His Majesty's Commissioner and the said Chief and Headmen have set

their hands as hereinafter set forth.

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Adhesion to Treaty Number Six

WHEREAS we the undersigned Indians have had communication of the treaty commonly known as Treaty Number Six made between Her Majesty Queen Victoria and certain tribes of Indians at Carlton and Fort Pitt, in the year of Our Lord one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six, and of the intention of Her Most Gracious Majesty Queen Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of

the United Kingdom, Canada and Her other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith, to extend its provisions to us through His Commissioner, Malcom McCrimmon, of the City of Ottawa;

NOW THEREFORE we the said Indians hereby in consideration of the provisions of the said treaty being extended to us cede, transfer, surrender and relinquish to Her Majesty the Queen, Her heirs and successors, forever, all our right title and privileges whatsoever to all lands in Canada;

AND we hereby agree to accept the several provisions, payments and reserves of the said treaty as therein stated, and solemnly promise and engage to abide by and carry out all the stipulations and obligations therein contained, to be observed and performed by the Chiefs and Indians therein named, and in all things to conform to the articles of the said treaty, as if we ourselves had originally been contracting parties thereto;

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AND Her Majesty the Queen, by Her representative, aforesaid, agrees that all the payments and

provisions named in the said treaty to be made to each Chief and his Band shall be faithfully made and fulfilled to the aforesaid Indians.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, Her Majesty's Commissioner and the said Indians have set their hands as hereinafter set forth.

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APPENDIX FIVE

Brain Storming

Brain Storming Wealth Generating

• Choose

• Wealth Generation

• Can Be Implemented Immediately

• Be Realistic

• Can have an immediate Return

Part l

Choose 2 from your list

Discuss and write on the flip chart paper the 2 ideas.

Part II Brain Storm

Wealth generating ideas

Co-generation

Pawnshop

Tribal Farms

• Hemp

• Green House

• Organic Farming

• Water power

• Cattle Operation

Recycling Depot

Property Management

Gaming – online, casino

Fee for service garbage pickup, clean up

Carbon Tax

Tolls/Access Fee

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Car Wash

Recreational facilities

Cannabis

Cattle Ranch

Solar panel manufacturing

Commercial Laundry – garment clothing

Tourism

Alternative Energy

Brain Storm Existing Businesses Programs

1. Oskiya Billiards

2. Youth Program

3. Education

4. Health Pharmacy

5. Public Works

6. Social Group Homes

7. Blue Quills

8. Administration

9. Eagle Healing Lodge

10. Tribal Administration

11. Meals on Wheels

12. Volunteering

13. Automotive Shop

14. Castle Building

15. Class 1 Driving School

16. Walter s

17. Peyasew

18. Smoke Eaters

19. 7 Lakes

20. Trust

21. Pimee Well Service

22. Sewing Centre

23. Youth Centre

24. Ambulance

25. Fire Hall

26. Wahkotwin Child and Family Service

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27. Camp Lake Ranch

28. SSB Insulators

29. Museum

30. Human Resource Development

31. Bussing

32. Slab Bus

33. Drum Makers

34. Traditional Teachers

35. Arts and Crafts

Pawn Shop

Trading Post

Movie Rental

Library

Staples – Office Supplies

Hair Salons – Shadified

Mini Golf

Funeral Chapel – Monuments

Prison

Rehab Centre

Lake Resorts

RV Camping Area

Oil Bay

Housing

Grocery Store x

Clothing

Esthetics

Stores

Pow wow

Training

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Barber Shop

Car Wash

Slaughter House

Casino

Hotel

Swimming Pool

Aquatic Centre

Recreation Centre

Court House

Court House

Restaurant

Tim Hortons

McDonalds

Car Dealership

Shopping Malls

Insurance

Beach

Parks

Kids Stores

Popeye ‘s

Chuck ‘E Cheese

Golf Course

Walmart

Spray Park

Club Sports

Pet Shop

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Green House

Farm Supply

Shoe Store

Video/Electronics

Theatre

Subway

Sport Shop

Sephora

Bottled Water

Furniture Store

Optometrist

SPA

Foot Clinic

Fitness Centre

Garment Factory

Studio / Theatre

Dollar Store

Port A Potty

Utilities

Big and Tall

Communications – Phone Provided

Internet

Dollar Store

Solar Farm

Liquor Store

Marijuana Store Front

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Co-Generation

Feedlot Slaughter House

Restaurant Fast Food (Tim Hortons)

Land Access Fee @ 20 %

Land Lease

Bank Machine

VLT/Casino

Bottle Water

Garment Factory – Sewing Centre

Real Estate – Apartments, Homes

Tourism

Band Farm

Laundry Mart

Car Wash

Laundry Mat

Groceries

Casino

Clothing

Bingo

Shoes

Vehicles

(Any kind of equipment i.e. Saws, axes, lawnmower)

Fabric material

Green House

Recreation e.g. Hockey Equipment

Restaurants

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Pawn Shops

Workshops meeting

Fashion Show

Mechanic Shop/Auto Body

Performing Arts

Kinship Care

Senior Homes

Jails/institution

Education

Funeral Home

Tribal Police Services

Grounds Maintenance

Political meetings

Hospital

Floral Shop

Women’s Shelter

Suicide Prevention Services

Swimming Pool Hot Tub

Co-generation

Arts and Crafts gift shop

Outside toilets – at homes

Banking

Clothing

Groceries

Marijuana

VLT’s

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Casino

Alcohol

Tim Hortons

Vehicle Maintenance

Car Wash

Golf

Spray parks

Skate Parks

Soccer Fields

Laundry Mat

Public Transportation – Buses

Technology

Log Cabin – tourism

Country Mix Band

Medical

Rehab

Housing/Apartments

Bottle Depot

Property Management Permits/Surcharge

Swimming Pool

Library

Nails/Hair

Funeral Home

More Land

Gravel Site

Massage

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Gravel Site

Fitness Center Physical Therapy

Hockey Arena

Health Store

2Multi Plex

Camping Area

Popeye’s McDonalds

KFC

Bottle Water

Pizza and Wings

Radio Station

Indoor Park

Outdoor Skating Rink

News Letter/Website/Utube

External Providers

Auto Mechanics

Grocery

Clothing

Fast Food

Pet Shops

Tire Shops

Oil Changes

Nail Salon

Salon Spa

Laundry

Schools

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Doctors

Car Wash

Dental

Optometrist

Restaurants

Bldg. Supplies

Meeting and Workshop

Casino

Karaoke

Sports

Chinese Restaurants

Gentlemen’s Club

Bottle Depot

Promotional Items

Tourism Building

Gift Shop

Wholesale Store

Scarp Yard

Community Garden

Meat Shop

Plumbing Store

Franchises

Theatre

Bakery

Law Firm

Accounting Firm

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Music Shop

Logistics Company

Parkade

Safety Supply Store

Storage

U Haul

Steal Works

Vet

Chinese Restaurant

Internet Provider

Swimming Pool

Sports Lounge

Library

Vehicle Providers

Water

Insurance

Bank

Manufactory

Golf Course

Horse Riding

Zip-lining

Cannabis Dispensary

Beaches

Bio-waste Facility

Solar Energy

Waste Transfer Station

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Hospital

Electronic and IT

Seniors Lodge

Skating Rink

Building Centre

Bingo

Water Delivery

Landry Mat

Green House

Hotel

Cell Phone Provider

Landscaping

Fine Arts

Sewing Centre

Coffee Shop

Ceremonial Centre

Band Hall (for wakes)

Linen Manufacturing

Dry cleaners

Funeral Homes

Travel Agency

Register

Rehab Center

Herbal Store

Natural Gas Provider

Recycling centre

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Games Centre

Playground

Splash Park

Plastics Manufacturing

Daycare/day homes

Artisans

Cabinet Makers

Conference Centre

Casket Making

Payday Loans

Greeting Card Manufacturing

Food

Tim Hortons

A and W

Smites

Chinese Food

Super Store

Walmart

Mobile Food

Trucks

Hot dog Stand

Butcher

GNC Retail

Bumper to Bumper

Windshield Repair

Transfer/eco station

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Car Dealership Bank TD, ATB

Clothing

Next to New

Moore’s

Big and Tall

Winners

Sketcher s

Rec Room

West 49

Ardene s

Tip Top

International Clothes

Western Wear

Medicines

Hemp Store

Trading Post

Recreational

Golf Course

Amusement Park

Swimming Pool

Fitness Centre

Theatre

Daily Amenities

Co-Generation

Computer shop and Repair

Hair Salon Nail

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Laundry Mat

Cultural /Tours

Out Fitters

Riffle Range

Art Gallery

Recreational Studio

Green House

Off Reserve Services

Farming Supplies

Tools Farm Supplies

Costco Walmart Sobeys

Medicines/pharmacy

Auto Supplies/Mechanics

Carwash

Gas Bar

Tire Shop

Golf

Movies

PV Mart

Clothing

Tim’s/MacDonald’s

Pawn Shop

Storage

Jewellery

Water

Salon

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Solar Power

Tow Trucks/impound

Printing Services

Gym/Rec Center

Livestock/Fee Transportation

Jobs/Employment

Equipment Rental

Coffee Shop

Game Shop

Dollarama

Governance Center

Housing / Reno’s

Bank/Financial Needs

Gardening Supplies

Hardware

Restaurants

Power Corp/Bills

Internet Provider

Policing

Ambulance

Telecommunications

Hospital

Seniors Lodge

Education/schools

Trade Shops

Electronics

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Handicrafts

Craft goods

Car Dealerships

Pediatricians

House Hold Products

Arts and Crafts

Music Radio Recording

Video Production

Insurance

Tourism

Farming

Cattle/Horse

Laundry Mat

Garages

Don dons Detailing

Welding

Cistern Cleaners

Farmers

D.S. Track and Amusements

Church

Culture

WTP

1st Response

Roads Department

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Doctors

Dentist

Nurses

Drum Group

Powwow

Rodeo

Slow Pitch – Rec

Indigenous Games

Youth Council

Hunters

Contractors

Fisher men

Lakeside Pool Team

BUSINESS SERVICES SADDLE LAKE CREE NATION

Business

Services

Programs

Human Resource

1. 68

2. 54

3. 52

4. 72

5. 49

6. 41

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Group 7

Part I

1. Casino

2. Seniors Housing

Group 7

Part II

1. Real Estate

2. Solar Energy

3. Co-generation – Green Houses, log homes medical cannabis

4. Bingo

5. Laundry Mat – 6th Load Free

6. Artisan Gift Store

SERVICES IN SADDLE LAKE

1. Bison Auto

2. Health Centre 23 services

3. Bussing

4. Complex

5. Arena

6. Water Treatment

7. Horse Mans Club

8. Recreation

9. Fire Department

10. Boys and Girls Club

11. Solar System

12. Lottery Program

13. Roads

14. Public Works

15. Social Development

16. Reinvestments

17. Building Supply

18. Sewing Centre

19. Dicks Auto

20. Oskiya Pool Hall

21. Smoke Eaters

22. HRD

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23. O trust

24. Rodeo Club

25. Pow wow Grounds

26. Keyano Pimee

27. Peyesew

28. Basketball Champions (Youth)

29. Minor Hockey

30. Medical Taxi

31. Referral

32. Hand games

33. Alberta Indian Games

34. North American Indigenous Games

35. Landfill

36. High School

37. Elementary School

38. TLU

39. Seniors Lodge

40. Oil and Gas

41. Water Treatment Plant

42. Traditional Healers

43. Knowledge Keepers

44. Head start

45. Post Office

46. Nats Business

47. Water s

48. Pharmacy

49. Dental

50. Optometrist

51. BQ

52. Sam’s Pool Hall

Business and Programs SLCN

1. Bison Auto 2. Sewing Center 3. Peyasew 4. Seven Lakes 5. Keyano 6. Oskiya Billiards 7. Hockey Arena

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8. Minor Hockey 9. Walter’s 10. Eugene’s Gas Bar 11. North-side Store 12. Housing 13. Don Don’s Stinky Weasel Detailing 14. Driver’s Ed Training 15. Transporting 16. SSB 17. Pharmacy 18. Dick’s Auto 19. Building Supplies 20. Automotive Shop 21. Healing Lodge 22. Water Treatment Plant 23. Social Services 24. Public Works 25. RCMP 26. Reinvestment Training 27. Ambulance 28. Rodeo 29. Pow wow 30. Child welfare 31. Education 32. Economic Development 33. HRD Employment and Training 34. Consultation 35. Youth Centre 36. Health Centre 37. Dentist 38. Senior’s Lodge 39. Oil and Gas 40. Camp Lake Ranch (AB Ltd 544526) 41. Off Reserve Real Estate 42. News Letter 43. Fire Hall 44. D.Q. Ranch 45. Portage College 46. Kihew Asiney High School

47. Keyano Pimee 48. Sewing Centre 49. Eugene’s Gas Bar 50. Walters Store 51. Niwapin Smokes & Gas bar 52. Pool Room 53. Bottle Depot

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54. Pharmacy Store 55. Barber Shop 56. Dicks Auto 57. S.L. Castle Bldg. Supplies 58. Allan Auto 59. Floyds Tire 60. Taxi

17 business Referral Fire Wood Dental Health Center Seniors Centre Home Support Ketayak Society Youth Centre Boys and Girls Club Band / Singers Teddy’s Kitchen Churches Beach Head Start Water Treatment Plant Delivery Garbage pick up Meals on wheels Massages (Marda) Barber shop Fire hall Wellness / Counselling Services Ceremonial Services Matrix / Kids coyote program Cadets Church Choir 24 Bison Peyasew Smoke Eaters Drivers Ed Administration Castle 7 Lakes Pimee Oil Keyano Pimee O Trust Groups Homes

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Medical Taxis BQ Portage College Eugene’s Gas Bar Walters Store North-side Store Bison Auto Beach Tourism Water Treatment Pow wow Grounds Rodeo Grounds Sewing Centre Allan’s Auto Dicks Auto Housing Economic Development Education CFS HR Plumbers Health Centre Pharmacy Rodeo Boys and Girls Club Elders Group Public Works Healing Centre Arena Seniors Program Museum Finance Governance Centre RCMP Cultural Park Gas Plant Oil and Gas Auto Lottery Fund Dicks Auto New housing Economic Development Education CFS HRD Plumbers Health Centre

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Rodeo Boys and Girls Club Elders groups Public Works Healing Centre Seniors Program Museum Finance Governance Centre RCMP Cultural Park Gas Plant Oil and Gas Auto Membership Landfill Garda Security River Lake Doctors Lawyers CPA MBA 54 What exists in Saddle Lake? Bison Auto Smoke eaters Peyasew Sewing Center Building Supplies Korean Stores 7 Lakes Pimee Well Keyano Pimee O Trust Oskiya 4 Directions Drug Dealers 15 Services Class 1 School Bussing Contractors Farmers

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Massage Therapy Dental Optometrist Pharmacy Psychologist RCMP Youth Center Home Care 14 Programs Education Health Social Services Child welfare Administration Economic Development Public Works Traditional Land Use Housing First Nation Development Fund Cultural Education Employment and Training Lands/ Oil/Gas Membership Accounts HR Discoveries Post-Secondary Daycare Head start 20

PART I Bank Apartments PART II Land (real estate) Natural Gas to electricity

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PART I Super Store / Grocery Store Trading Post PART II Tribal Farms Waste Management to Energy PART I Gas bar BQ Cattle Ranch PART II Tribal Farms Co-generation PART I Grocery Store Recreation Centre PART II Cannabis Dispensary Shopping Center / Strip Mall PART I Casino Seniors Housing PART II Real Estate Co-Generation – Green Houses

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Notes Cannabis Dispensary IIIII Funeral Home Casket Making I Salon Laundry Matt Bottle Depot/Recycling Fast Food Francize (MacDonald’s) Car Wash Casino/Bingo Real Estate Automotive /Tire Shop Walmart Dollarama Shopping Centre Summary Sheet PART I Grocery Store Funeral Home PART II Band Farm Solar Farm - Utilities

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APPENDIX SIX INHERENT RIGHTS AND TREATY RIGHTS Inherent Rights Right To Reproduce Right To Our Language Right to Life Right to be Right Right to Land Mother Earth Right to hunt and fish Right to Customs Right to our individual spiritual practises Right to adequate housing Right to be male, female Right to make babies Right to Education Right to housing Right to medicine, Health Care Right to $5/ year Treaty Money Right to ceremonies Right to Family Right to Recreation Right to worship of choice Right to basic needs Right to be left handed Right to gender tolerance Right to our own laws Right to our own election laws Right to hold office TREATY RIGHTS What kind of Treaty Rights do we have? Cows and Plows Ammunition and Twine Hunting any time Trapping and Fishing Medicine Chest - Referral Education – Student Transport, Busing Annuities $5 Land and Traditional Land Use Membership – Election Law Agriculture Good Health to the nation

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Freedom to Travel North America Free Trade – Jay Treaty Treaty Right to meet in Council Health Medicine Chest Taxation Exemption Agriculture Cows and Plows Food Provisions, Staples, Bullet’s, Rations Exemption war services Dual Citizenship Cross Border Freely Hunting/Fishing Trapping and Gathering Shelter – Right to Shelter/Housing Treaty Annuity $5 / year New Elementary School Built Famine and Pestilent Clause – Social Services Hunting and Fishing Education Health Language Culture Farming Land Red Coat – Tribal Law help bring Indians to Justice What Treaty Rights Does SLCN have? Medicine Chest Agriculture Lands Education/school Commerce/Tribal Trade $5 Cows and Plows Ammunition Housing/Shelter Infrastructure Hunting Fishing Gathering Ceremony/Protocol Self – Determination Mobility Free Train Rides Fishing Hunting

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Natural Recourses and Subsurface Minerals Land Cows and Plows – Wheat, Barely, Potatoes, Oats, Tools Education Medicine Chest Shelter Agriculture $5 Transportation Hunting and Fishing Tax Free (on reserve) Jay Treaty (dual citizenship) Land Self-Government Oil and Gas/Natural Resources Ammunition and Twining Fish nets Protection from white Settlers Duty to consult INHERENT RIGHTS WHAT IS AN INHERENT RIGHT Language, different Dialects Culture, e.g. Ceremonies, Dances, Traditions Freedoms Treaties, Membership Cree Identity Nehiyo Economy e.g. the ability to be self-identifying Governance: Natural Laws, Traditional Laws, Spiritual Laws Resources: Soils, Animals, Insects, Waters, Right Sexual Orientation Right to Travel Freedom of Speech Right to Education Hunting and Fishing Cultural Practises Ceremonies Choice of Religion Self determination Land Self-Governance Sovereignty Tribal Customs

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Health Culture Language Ceremony/Protocol Medicine / Traditional Medicine Right to Govern Ourselves and make our own laws Sovereignty Traditional Justice System Natural Laws Education (Traditional Knowledge) Animals Self – sufficiency/self-determination

Traditional Knowledge

Language

Culture

Lands

Nation

Self-Government

Spiritual Laws

Customs

Traditional Song and Dance

Cultural Ceremonies

Medicinal Foods and Herbs

Animals (hunting/fishing)

No Boundaries (right to travel)

Freedom

Sharing and Caring

Roles and responsibilities

Water

Hereditary Chiefs

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Keepers of the land

Smudges

Natural Laws

More than 1 wife (as per Andy)

Language

Lands

Medicine

Ceremony

Education

Hunting and Fishing

Water

Family

History

Identity and Culture

Governance

Trees

(Natural Resources

Ability to make agreements with other nations Blackfoot Dene

Barter and Trade

Growing, producing from land (agriculture)

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APPENDIX SEVEN POWER POINT ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

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APPENDIX EIGHT WORKSHOP EVALUATION

Please circle questions 1-4, and write in space provided for questions 5 - 6.

1. Did you find the speakers knowledgeable on the topic they presented?

Not Good (1) Good (2) Satisfied (3) Very Satisfied (4) Excellent (5)

2. Were the inherent rights and treaty rights relevant to Saddle Lake Economic

Development?

A. yes B. no

3. How did you find the location of the Think Tank?

Not Good (1) Good (2) Satisfied (3) Very Satisfied (4) Excellent (5)

4. Would you attend another Economic planning session or Think Tank?

A. yes b. no

5. What suggestion might you have for future sessions?

6. Do you have any relevant business ideas that were not mentioned?

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