Nathan Hale H.S.Nathan Hale H.S. West Allis, WIWest Allis, WI

Late 18c: French Economic AdvantagesV Napoleonic Code.Napoleonic Code.V French communal law.French communal law.

) Free contractsFree contracts) Open marketsOpen markets) Uniform & clear commercial Uniform & clear commercial

regulationsregulationsV Standards weights & measures.Standards weights & measures.V Established technical schools.Established technical schools.V The government encouraged & The government encouraged &

honored inventors & inventions.honored inventors & inventions.V Bank of France Bank of France European European

modelmodelproviding a reliable currency.providing a reliable currency.

French Economic Disadvantages

V Years of warYears of war) Supported the AmericanSupported the American

Revolution.Revolution.) French Revolution.French Revolution.) Early 19c Early 19c Napoleonic Wars Napoleonic Wars

V Heavy debts.Heavy debts.V High unemployment High unemployment soldiers soldiers

returning from the battlefronts.returning from the battlefronts.V French businessmen were afraid French businessmen were afraid

to take risks.to take risks.

That Nation of Shopkeepers!That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte -- Napoleon Bonaparte

The Enclosure Movement

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Early Canals

Britain’s Earliest Britain’s Earliest Transportation Transportation InfrastructureInfrastructure

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

18001800 1 ton of coal 50, 000 miners18501850 30 tons 200, 000 miners

18801880 300 million tons 500, 000 miners

19141914 250 million tons 1, 200, 000 miners

Coal Mining in Britain:

1800-1914

British Pig Iron Production

1780 – Henry Cort’s “puddling furnace”

Young Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines

Child Child “hurriers”“hurriers”

John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle”

Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory

System”

The “Water Frame”The “Water Frame”

Factory Production) Concentrates production in oneConcentrates production in one

place [materials, labor].place [materials, labor].

) Located near sources of power Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets].[rather than labor or markets].

) Requires a lot of capital Requires a lot of capital investmentinvestment[factory, machines, etc.] more[factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor.than skilled labor.

) Only 10% of English industry in Only 10% of English industry in 1850.1850.

The Factory System

× Rigid schedule.Rigid schedule.× 12-14 hour day.12-14 hour day.× Dangerous conditions.Dangerous conditions.× Mind-numbing monotony.Mind-numbing monotony.

The Power Loom

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

Textile FactoryWorkers in England

18131813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers

18331833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers

18501850 224, 000 looms >1 million workers

James Watt’s Steam Engine

Steam Tractor

Steam Ship

An Early Steam Locomotive

Later Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

“The Great Land Serpent”

British Coin Portraying a Factory, 1812

Crystal Palace Exhibition: 1851

Exhibitions of the new industrial Exhibitions of the new industrial utopia.utopia.

Crystal Palace: Interior Exhibits

Crystal Palace:British Ingenuity on

Display

Crystal Palace:American Pavilion

19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau

Riche

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

“Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

Factory Wages in Lancashire, 1830

Age of WorkerAge of Worker Male WagesMale Wages Female WagesFemale Wagesunder 11under 11 2s 3d.2s 3d. 2s. 4d.2s. 4d.11 - 1611 - 16 4s. 1d.4s. 1d. 4s. 3d.4s. 3d.17 - 2117 - 21 10s. 2d.10s. 2d. 7s. 3d.7s. 3d.22 - 2622 - 26 17s. 2d. 17s. 2d. 8s. 5d.8s. 5d.27 - 3127 - 31 20s. 4d. 20s. 4d. 8s. 7d.8s. 7d.32 - 3632 - 36 22s. 8d.22s. 8d. 8s. 9d.8s. 9d.37 - 4137 - 41 21s. 7d.21s. 7d. 9s. 8d.9s. 8d.42 - 4642 - 46 20s. 3d.20s. 3d. 9s. 3d.9s. 3d.47 - 5147 - 51 16s. 7d.16s. 7d. 8s. 10d.8s. 10d.52 - 5652 - 56 16s. 4d.16s. 4d. 8s. 4d.8s. 4d.57 - 6157 - 61 13s. 6d.13s. 6d. 6s. 4d.6s. 4d.

Industrial Staffordshire

Problems of Pollution

The Silent HighwaymanThe Silent Highwayman - 1858 - 1858

The New Industrial City

Early-19c Londonby Gustave Dore

Worker Housing in Manchester

Factory Workers at Home

Workers Housing in Newcastle Today

The Life of the New Urban Poor: A Dickensian

Nightmare!

Private Charities: Soup Kitchens

Private Charities: The “Lady Bountifuls”

The Luddites: 1811-1816

Ned LuddNed Ludd [a mythical figure supposed to live [a mythical figure supposed to live in Sherwood Forest]in Sherwood Forest]

Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].Attacks on the “frames” [power looms].

The Luddite Triangle

The Luddites

BritishBritishSoldiers Soldiers Fire on Fire on BritishBritish

Workers:Workers:

Let us die like Let us die like men, and not be men, and not be sold like slaves!sold like slaves!

Peterloo Massacre, 1819

Men of England, heirs of Glory, Heroes of unwritten story, Nurslings of one mighty Mother, Hopes of her, and one another; Rise like Lions after slumber In unvanquishable number, Shake your chains to earth like dew Which in sleep had fallen on you- Ye are many — they are few.

The Chartists

KeyKey

               ChartistChartistsettlementssettlements

                 Centres of Centres of ChartismChartism

           Area of plug Area of plug riots, 1842riots, 1842

The “Peoples’ Charter”V Drafted in 1838 by Drafted in 1838 by William LovettWilliam Lovett..

V Radical campaign for Radical campaign for Parliamentary reform of the Parliamentary reform of the inequalities created by the Reform inequalities created by the Reform Bill of 1832.Bill of 1832.× Votes for all men.Votes for all men.

× Equal electoral districts.Equal electoral districts.× Abolition of the requirement that Abolition of the requirement that

Members of Parliament [MPs] be Members of Parliament [MPs] be property owners.property owners.

× Payment for Members of Payment for Members of Parliament.Parliament.

× Annual general elections.Annual general elections.× The secret ballot. The secret ballot.

The Chartists

A physical force—A physical force—Chartists arming for Chartists arming for the fight.the fight.

A female ChartistA female Chartist

Anti-Corn Law League, 1845

4 Give manufactures more outlets for Give manufactures more outlets for their products.their products.

4 Expand employment.Expand employment.4 Lower the price of bread.Lower the price of bread.4 Make British agriculture more Make British agriculture more

efficient and productive.efficient and productive.4 Expose trade and agriculture to Expose trade and agriculture to

foreign competition.foreign competition.4 Promote international peace through Promote international peace through

trade contact.trade contact.

Thomas Malthus× Population growth willPopulation growth will

outpace the food outpace the food supply.supply.

× War, disease, or famineWar, disease, or faminecould control could control population.population.

× The poor should have The poor should have less children.less children.

× Food supply will then Food supply will then keep up with keep up with population.population.

David Ricardo× ““Iron Law of Wages.”Iron Law of Wages.”

× When wages are high,When wages are high,workers have moreworkers have morechildren.children.

× More children create aMore children create alarge labor surplus thatlarge labor surplus thatdepresses wages.depresses wages.

The Utilitarians:Jeremy Bentham & John

Stuart Mill× The goal of society is The goal of society is the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number.the greatest number.

× There is a role to play for government There is a role to play for government intervention to provide some social safetyintervention to provide some social safetynet.net.

Jeremy Bentham

The Socialists: Utopians & Marxists

× People as a society would operate and own People as a society would operate and own thethemeans of production, not individuals.means of production, not individuals.

× Their goal was a society that benefited Their goal was a society that benefited everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few.

× Tried to build perfect communities [Tried to build perfect communities [utopiasutopias].].

Government Responsek Abolition of slavery in the Abolition of slavery in the

coloniescoloniesin 1832 [to raise wages in in 1832 [to raise wages in Britain].Britain].

k Sadler CommissionSadler Commission to look intoto look intoworking conditionsworking conditions

Factory ActFactory Act [1833] – child labor.[1833] – child labor.

k New Poor LawNew Poor Law [1834] – indoor [1834] – indoor relief.relief.

Poor houses.Poor houses.

k Reform BillReform Bill [1832] – broadens [1832] – broadens thethevote for the cities.vote for the cities.

British Reform Bill of 1832

British Reform Bills

By 1850: Zones of

Industrializationon the European

Continent Northeast France.Northeast France. Belgium.Belgium. The Netherlands.The Netherlands. Western German states.Western German states. Northern ItalyNorthern Italy East Germany East Germany Saxony Saxony

Industrialization By 1850

Railroads on the Continent

Share in World Manufacturing

Output: 1750-1900

The Politics of Industrialization

State ownership of some industries.State ownership of some industries.) RRs RRs Belgium & most of Germany. Belgium & most of Germany.

Tariffs Tariffs British Corn Laws. British Corn Laws. National Banks granted a monopoly National Banks granted a monopoly

on on issuing bank notes.issuing bank notes.) Bank of England.Bank of England.) Bank of France.Bank of France.

Companies required to register with Companies required to register with the government & publish annual the government & publish annual budgets.budgets.

New legislation to:New legislation to:) Establish limited liability.Establish limited liability.) Create rules for the formation of Create rules for the formation of

corporations.corporations. Postal system.Postal system. Free trade zones Free trade zones Ger. Ger. ZollvereinZollverein