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NASA’S EXPLORATION ARCHITECTURE
Timothy Tyburski National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio
September, 2005
D8
NASA’sExplorationArchitecture
NASA’sExplorationArchitecture
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 1
https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20070002985 2018-06-05T11:02:26+00:00Z
A B
old
Vis
ion
fo
r S
pac
e E
xplo
rati
on
♦C
om
ple
te t
he
Inte
rnat
ion
al S
pac
e S
tati
on
♦S
afel
y fl
y th
e S
pac
e S
hu
ttle
un
til 2
010
♦D
evel
op
an
d f
ly t
he
Cre
w E
xplo
rati
on
Veh
icle
no
la
ter
than
201
2♦
Ret
urn
to
th
e m
oo
n n
o la
ter
than
202
0♦
Ext
end
hu
man
pre
sen
ce a
cro
ss t
he
sola
r sy
stem
an
d b
eyo
nd
♦Im
ple
men
t a
sust
ain
ed a
nd
aff
ord
able
hu
man
an
d
rob
oti
c p
rog
ram
♦D
evel
op
su
pp
ort
ing
inn
ova
tive
tec
hn
olo
gie
s,
kno
wle
dg
e, a
nd
infr
astr
uct
ure
s♦
Pro
mo
te in
tern
atio
nal
an
d c
om
mer
cial
par
tici
pat
ion
in
exp
lora
tio
n
“It
is t
ime
for
Am
eric
a to
tak
e th
e n
ext
step
s.
To
day
I an
no
un
ce a
new
pla
n t
o e
xplo
re s
pac
e an
d
exte
nd
a h
um
an p
rese
nce
acr
oss
ou
r so
lar
syst
em. W
e w
ill b
egin
th
e ef
fort
qu
ickl
y, u
sin
g e
xist
ing
pro
gra
ms
and
p
erso
nn
el. W
e’ll
mak
e st
ead
y p
rog
ress
–o
ne
mis
sio
n,
on
e vo
yag
e, o
ne
lan
din
g a
t a
tim
e”
Pre
sid
ent
Geo
rge
W. B
ush
–Ja
nu
ary
14, 2
004
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 2
Th
e M
oo
n -
the
1st
Ste
p t
o M
ars
and
Bey
on
d…
.♦
Gai
nin
g s
ign
ific
ant
exp
erie
nce
in o
per
atin
g a
way
fro
m
Ear
th’s
en
viro
nm
ent
•S
pace
will
no
long
er b
e a
dest
inat
ion
visi
ted
brie
fly a
nd
tent
ativ
ely
•“L
ivin
g of
f the
land
”•
Fie
ld e
xplo
ratio
n te
chni
ques
•H
uman
sup
port
sys
tem
s•
Dus
t miti
gatio
n an
d pl
anet
ary
prot
ectio
n
♦D
evel
op
ing
tec
hn
olo
gie
s n
eed
ed f
or
op
enin
g t
he
sp
ace
fro
nti
er•
Cre
w a
nd c
argo
laun
ch v
ehic
les
(125
met
ric to
n cl
ass)
•E
arth
ent
ry s
yste
m –
Cre
w E
xplo
ratio
n V
ehic
le•
Mar
s as
cent
and
des
cent
pro
puls
ion
syst
ems
(liqu
id o
xyge
n
/ l
iqui
d m
etha
ne)
♦C
on
du
ct f
un
dam
enta
l sci
ence
•A
stro
biol
ogy,
his
toric
al g
eolo
gy, e
xobi
olog
y, a
stro
nom
y,
phys
ics
Nex
t S
tep
in F
ulf
illin
g O
ur
Des
tin
y A
s E
xplo
rers
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 3
Ho
w W
e W
ill G
et t
o M
ars
♦4
–5
asse
mb
ly f
ligh
ts t
o lo
w E
arth
orb
it w
ith
a 1
00 m
etri
c to
n c
lass
lau
nch
sy
stem
♦P
re-d
eplo
yed
Mar
s su
rfac
e o
utp
ost
bef
ore
th
e cr
ew la
un
ches
•H
abita
t and
sup
port
sys
tem
s•
Pow
er•
Com
mun
icat
ions
•M
ars
asce
nt /
desc
ent v
ehic
le
♦18
0 d
ay t
ran
sit
tim
e to
/fro
m M
ars
•6
crew
mem
bers
•D
edic
ated
in-s
pace
cre
w tr
ansi
t veh
icle
•D
edic
ated
Ear
th e
ntry
sys
tem
(C
EV
)
♦50
0 d
ays
on
th
e su
rfac
e •
Cap
abili
ty to
exp
lore
larg
e re
gion
s of
the
surf
ace
•M
ulti-
disc
iplin
ary
scie
nce
inve
stig
atio
ns•
In-S
itu r
esou
rce
utili
zatio
n−
Con
sum
able
s: O
xyge
n an
d w
ater
−P
rope
llant
s: L
iqui
d ox
ygen
and
met
hane
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 4
♦M
eet
all U
.S. h
um
an s
pac
eflig
ht
go
als
♦U
.S. s
yste
m c
apab
le o
f se
rvic
ing
th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Sp
ace
Sta
tio
n♦
Sig
nif
ican
t ad
van
cem
ent
ove
r A
po
llo•
Dou
ble
the
num
ber
of c
rew
to lu
nar
surf
ace
•F
our
times
num
ber
of lu
nar
surf
ace
crew
-hou
rs•
Glo
bal l
unar
sur
face
acc
ess
with
any
time
retu
rn to
the
Ear
th•
Ena
bles
a p
erm
anen
t hum
an p
rese
nce
whi
le p
repa
ring
for
Mar
s an
d be
yond
•C
an m
ake
use
of lu
nar
reso
urce
s•
Sig
nific
antly
saf
er a
nd m
ore
relia
ble
♦M
inim
um
of
two
lun
ar m
issi
on
s p
er y
ear
♦P
rovi
des
a 1
25 m
etri
c to
n la
un
ch v
ehic
le f
or
lun
ar a
nd
late
r M
ars
mis
sio
ns
and
bey
on
d♦
Hig
her
asc
ent
crew
saf
ety
than
th
e S
pac
e S
hu
ttle
•1
in 2
,000
(1
in 1
,700
to 4
,200
) fo
r th
e C
rew
Lau
nch
Veh
icle
•1
in 2
20 (
1 in
160
to 3
10)
for
the
Spa
ce S
huttl
e
♦O
rder
ly t
ran
siti
on
of
the
Sp
ace
Sh
utt
le w
ork
forc
e♦
Req
uir
emen
ts-d
rive
n t
ech
no
log
y p
rog
ram
A S
afe,
Acc
eler
ated
, Aff
ord
able
an
d
Su
stai
nab
le A
pp
roac
h
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 5
Hu
man
Exp
lora
tio
n M
issi
on
s
♦C
rew
to
an
d f
rom
the
lun
ar s
urf
ace
•7
day
mis
sion
s to
any
whe
re o
n th
e su
rfac
e•
Cre
w r
otat
ion
to lu
nar
outp
ost
♦C
arg
o t
oth
e lu
nar
su
rfac
e•
One
-way
del
iver
y of
car
go to
sup
port
long
er
dura
tion
mis
sion
s
♦C
rew
to
an
d f
rom
Mar
s•
500
days
on
the
surf
ace
♦In
tern
atio
nal
Sp
ace
Sta
tio
n r
esu
pp
ly c
apab
ility
–if
co
mm
erci
al s
ervi
ces
are
un
avai
lab
le•
Fer
ry c
rew
up
and
dow
n•
Car
go u
p an
d do
wn
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 6
NA
SA
’s E
xplo
rati
on
Ro
adm
ap
0506
0708
0910
1112
1314
1516
1718
1920
2122
2324
25
Lu
nar
Hea
vy L
aun
ch D
evel
op
men
tL
un
ar H
eavy
Lau
nch
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Ear
th D
epar
ture
Sta
ge
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Ear
th D
epar
ture
Sta
ge
Dev
elo
pm
ent
1st
Hu
man
C
EV
Flig
ht
1st
Hu
man
C
EV
Flig
ht
7th
Hu
man
L
un
ar
Lan
din
g
7th
Hu
man
L
un
ar
Lan
din
g
Sp
ace
Sh
utt
leS
pac
e S
hu
ttle
Ro
bo
tic
Pre
curs
ors
Ro
bo
tic
Pre
curs
ors
Lu
nar
Ou
tpo
st B
uild
up
Mar
s D
evel
op
men
t
Lu
nar
Lan
der
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Lu
nar
Lan
der
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Su
rfac
e S
yste
ms
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Su
rfac
e S
yste
ms
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Co
mm
erci
al C
rew
/Car
go
fo
r IS
SC
om
mer
cial
Cre
w/C
arg
o f
or
ISS
Co
mm
erci
al C
rew
/Car
go
fo
r IS
S
CE
V D
evel
op
men
tC
EV
Dev
elo
pm
ent
Cre
w L
aun
ch D
evel
op
men
tC
rew
Lau
nch
Dev
elo
pm
ent
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 7
Pav
ing
th
e W
ay –
Ro
bo
tic
Pre
curs
or
Mis
sio
ns
♦P
rovi
de
earl
y in
form
atio
n f
or
hu
man
mis
sio
ns
to t
he
Mo
on
•K
ey k
now
ledg
e ne
eded
for
hum
an s
afet
y an
d m
issi
on s
ucce
ss
•In
fras
truc
ture
ele
men
ts fo
r ev
entu
al h
uman
ben
efit
•S
cien
tific
res
ults
to g
uide
hum
an e
xplo
ratio
n
♦M
ay b
e ev
olv
able
to
late
r h
um
an s
yste
ms
♦M
ost
un
know
ns
are
asso
ciat
ed w
ith
th
e N
ort
h
and
So
uth
Po
les
–a
likel
y d
esti
nat
ion
fo
r a
lun
ar o
utp
ost
♦K
ey r
equ
irem
ents
invo
lve
esta
blis
hm
ent
of
•S
uppo
rt in
fras
truc
ture
–na
viga
tion/
com
mun
icat
ion,
be
acon
s
•K
now
ledg
e of
pol
ar e
nviro
nmen
t –te
mpe
ratu
res,
lig
htin
g, e
tc.
•P
olar
dep
osits
–co
mpo
sitio
n an
d ph
ysic
al n
atur
e
•T
erra
in a
nd s
urfa
ce p
rope
rtie
s
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 8
Hig
h P
rio
rity
Lu
nar
Exp
lora
tio
n S
ites
+Ari
star
chu
s P
late
au
+
+
Oce
anu
sP
roce
llaru
m
Mar
e T
ran
qu
illit
atis
+Rim
aB
od
e
+O
rien
tale
Bas
inF
loo
r
+M
are
Sm
yth
ii
+C
entr
al F
arsi
de
Hig
hla
nd
s
+S
ou
th P
ole
-Ait
ken
Bas
inF
loo
r
So
uth
Po
le+
No
rth
Po
le+
Nea
r S
ide
Far
Sid
e
1112
14
1517
16
56
31
7
24
21
20
17
16
13
9
3
Luna
Sur
veyo
r
Apo
llo
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 9
Po
ssib
le S
ou
th P
ole
Ou
tpo
st
♦T
he
lun
ar S
ou
th P
ole
is a
like
ly
can
did
ate
for
ou
tpo
st s
ite
♦E
leva
ted
qu
anti
ties
of
hyd
rog
en,
po
ssib
ly w
ater
ice
(e.g
., S
hac
kelt
on
Cra
ter)
♦S
ever
al a
reas
wit
h g
reat
er t
han
80%
su
nlig
ht
and
less
ext
rem
e te
mp
erat
ure
s
♦In
crem
enta
l dep
loym
ent
of
syst
ems
–o
ne
mis
sio
n a
t a
tim
e•
Pow
er s
yste
m
•C
omm
unic
atio
ns/n
avig
atio
n•
Hab
itat
•R
over
s
•E
tc.
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 10
Lu
nar
Su
rfac
e A
ctiv
itie
s
♦In
itia
l dem
on
stra
tio
n o
f h
um
an e
xplo
rati
on
bey
on
d e
arth
orb
it•
Lear
ning
how
to o
pera
te a
way
from
the
Ear
th
♦C
on
du
ct s
cien
tifi
c in
vest
igat
ion
s•
Use
the
moo
n as
a n
atur
al la
bora
tory
−
Pla
neta
ry fo
rmat
ion/
diffe
rent
iatio
n, im
pact
cra
terin
g, v
olca
nism
•U
nder
stan
d th
e in
tegr
ated
effe
cts
of g
ravi
ty, r
adia
tion,
and
the
plan
etar
y en
viro
nmen
t on
the
hum
an b
ody
♦C
on
du
ct in
-sit
u r
eso
urc
e u
tiliz
atio
n (
ISR
U)
dem
on
stra
tio
ns
•Le
arni
ng to
“liv
e of
f the
land
”•
Exc
avat
ion,
tran
spor
tatio
n an
d pr
oces
sing
of l
unar
res
ourc
es
♦B
egin
to
est
ablis
h a
n o
utp
ost
-o
ne
mis
sio
n a
t a
tim
e•
Ena
ble
long
er te
rm s
tays
♦T
esti
ng
of
op
erat
ion
al t
ech
niq
ues
an
d d
emo
nst
rati
on
of
tech
no
log
ies
nee
ded
fo
r M
ars
and
bey
on
d…
..
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 11
♦A
fter
lau
nch
, th
e el
emen
ts t
hat
tak
e th
e cr
ew t
o lu
nar
o
rbit
per
form
an
“E
arth
Orb
it R
end
ezvo
us
(EO
R)”
♦A
t th
e co
mp
leti
on
of
lun
ar s
urf
ace
acti
viti
es t
he
elem
ents
per
form
a “
Lu
nar
Orb
it R
end
ezvo
us
(LO
R)”
and
ret
urn
to
Ear
th
•“D
irect
Ret
urn”
elim
inat
ed b
ecau
se it
incr
ease
s cr
ew s
yste
m
com
plex
ity, h
as s
mal
l mar
gins
, has
the
grea
test
num
ber
of
oper
atio
ns is
sues
and
hig
hest
sen
sitiv
ity to
mas
s gr
owth
♦H
igh
eff
icie
ncy
cry
og
enic
lan
der
pro
pu
lsio
n is
an
en
able
r
♦T
he
Cre
w E
xplo
rati
on
Veh
icle
on
ly h
as t
o b
eq
ual
ifie
d
for
on
e la
un
ch s
yste
m
♦M
od
e h
as t
he
hig
hes
t ca
lcu
late
d m
issi
on
rel
iab
ility
an
d
safe
ty
Ho
w W
e P
lan
to
Ret
urn
to
th
e M
oo
nM
issi
on M
ode
–“E
OR
-LO
R”
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 12
Lu
nar
“F
ligh
t P
lan
”–
Get
tin
g t
o t
he
Mo
on
♦H
eavy
lift
lau
nch
of
the
Ear
th d
epar
ture
sta
ge
and
lan
der
♦L
aun
ch o
f th
e C
rew
Exp
lora
tio
n V
ehic
le (
CE
V)
♦C
EV
do
cks
wit
h e
arth
dep
artu
re s
tag
e / l
and
er
in lo
w E
arth
orb
it
♦T
ran
sfer
to
th
e m
oo
n
♦C
EV
an
d la
nd
er a
rriv
e in
low
lun
ar o
rbit
♦L
un
ar la
nd
ing
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 13
Lu
nar
“F
ligh
t P
lan
”–
Ret
urn
ing
to
Ear
th
♦L
un
ar s
urf
ace
acti
viti
es
♦A
scen
t fr
om
th
e su
rfac
e
♦A
scen
t st
age
do
cks
wit
h C
EV
in lo
w lu
nar
o
rbit
an
d r
etu
rns
to E
arth
♦C
EV
en
ters
th
e E
arth
’s a
tmo
sph
ere
♦C
EV
rec
ove
ry
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 14
Ho
w W
e P
lan
to
Ret
urn
to
th
e M
oo
nC
rew
Exp
lora
tion
Veh
icle
♦A
blu
nt
bo
dy
cap
sule
is t
he
safe
st, m
ost
affo
rdab
le a
nd
fas
test
ap
pro
ach
•S
epar
ate
Cre
w M
odul
e an
d S
ervi
ce M
odul
e co
nfig
urat
ion
•V
ehic
le d
esig
ned
for
luna
r m
issi
ons
with
4 c
rew
−
Can
acc
omm
odat
e up
to 6
cre
w fo
r M
ars
and
Spa
ce S
tatio
n m
issi
ons
•S
yste
m a
lso
has
the
pote
ntia
l to
deliv
er p
ress
uriz
ed a
nd u
npre
ssur
ized
ca
rgo
to th
e S
pace
Sta
tion
if ne
eded
♦5.
5 m
eter
dia
met
er c
apsu
le
scal
ed f
rom
Ap
ollo
•S
igni
fican
t inc
reas
e in
vol
ume
•R
educ
ed d
evel
opm
ent t
ime
and
risk
•R
educ
ed r
eent
ry lo
ads,
incr
ease
d la
ndin
g st
abili
ty a
nd b
ette
r cr
ew v
isib
ility
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 15
Ser
vici
ng
th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Sp
ace
Sta
tio
n
♦N
AS
A w
ill in
vite
ind
ust
ry t
o o
ffer
co
mm
erci
al c
rew
an
d c
arg
o
del
iver
y se
rvic
e to
an
d f
rom
th
e S
tati
on
♦T
he
CE
V w
ill b
e d
esig
ned
fo
r lu
nar
mis
sio
ns
bu
t, if
nee
ded
, can
ser
vice
th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Sp
ace
Sta
tio
n.
An
nu
ally
, th
e C
EV
has
th
e p
ote
nti
al f
or:
•2
crew
flig
hts
•3
pres
suriz
ed c
argo
flig
hts
•1
unpr
essu
rized
car
go fl
ight
♦T
he
CE
V w
ill b
e ab
le t
o t
ran
spo
rt
crew
to
an
d f
rom
th
e st
atio
n a
nd
st
ay f
or
6 m
on
ths
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 16
♦C
on
tin
ue
to r
ely
on
th
e E
EL
V f
leet
fo
r sc
ien
tifi
c an
d In
tern
atio
nal
S
pac
e S
tati
on
car
go
mis
sio
ns
in t
he
5-20
met
ric
ton
ran
ge
to t
he
max
imu
m e
xten
t p
oss
ible
.•
New
, com
mer
cial
ly-d
evel
oped
laun
ch c
apab
ilitie
s w
ill b
e al
low
ed to
com
pete
.
♦T
he
safe
st, m
ost
rel
iab
le, a
nd
mo
st a
ffo
rdab
le w
ay t
o m
eet
exp
lora
tio
n la
un
ch r
equ
irem
ents
is a
sys
tem
der
ived
fro
m t
he
curr
ent
Sh
utt
le s
olid
ro
cket
bo
ost
er a
nd
liq
uid
pro
pu
lsio
n s
yste
m.
•C
apita
lizes
on
hum
an r
ated
sys
tem
s an
d 85
% o
f exi
stin
g fa
cilit
ies
•T
he m
ost s
trai
ghtfo
rwar
d gr
owth
pat
h to
late
r ex
plor
atio
n su
per
heav
y la
unch
ne
eds.
•E
nsur
es n
atio
nal c
apab
ility
to p
rodu
ce s
olid
pro
pella
nt fu
el a
t cur
rent
leve
ls.
♦12
5 m
etri
c to
n li
ft c
apac
ity
req
uir
ed t
o m
inim
ize
on
-orb
it a
ssem
bly
an
d c
om
ple
xity
–in
crea
sin
g m
issi
on
su
cces
s•
A c
lean
-she
et-o
f-pa
per
desi
gn in
curs
hig
h ex
pens
e an
d ris
k.•
EE
LV-b
ased
des
igns
req
uire
dev
elop
men
t of t
wo
core
sta
ges
plus
boo
ster
s -
incr
easi
ng c
ost a
nd d
ecre
asin
g sa
fety
/rel
iabi
lity.
•C
urre
nt S
huttl
e lif
ts 1
00 m
etric
tons
to o
rbit
on e
very
laun
ch.
−20
met
ric to
ns is
pay
load
/car
go; r
emai
nder
is S
huttl
e O
rbite
r.−
Evo
lutio
n to
exp
lora
tion
heav
y lif
t is
stra
ight
forw
ard.
•
125
met
ric to
n ca
pabi
lity
•Lo
wer
pro
duct
ion
cost
s•
Eas
ier
to h
uman
-rat
e if
need
ed
♦C
on
tin
ue
to r
ely
on
th
e E
EL
V f
leet
fo
r sc
ien
tifi
c an
d In
tern
atio
nal
S
pac
e S
tati
on
car
go
mis
sio
ns
in t
he
5-20
met
ric
ton
ran
ge
to t
he
max
imu
m e
xten
t p
oss
ible
.•
New
, com
mer
cial
ly-d
evel
oped
laun
ch c
apab
ilitie
s w
ill b
e al
low
ed to
com
pete
.
♦T
he
safe
st, m
ost
rel
iab
le, a
nd
mo
st a
ffo
rdab
le w
ay t
o m
eet
exp
lora
tio
n la
un
ch r
equ
irem
ents
is a
sys
tem
der
ived
fro
m t
he
curr
ent
Sh
utt
le s
olid
ro
cket
bo
ost
er a
nd
liq
uid
pro
pu
lsio
n s
yste
m.
•C
apita
lizes
on
hum
an r
ated
sys
tem
s an
d 85
% o
f exi
stin
g fa
cilit
ies
•T
he m
ost s
trai
ghtfo
rwar
d gr
owth
pat
h to
late
r ex
plor
atio
n su
per
heav
y la
unch
ne
eds.
•E
nsur
es n
atio
nal c
apab
ility
to p
rodu
ce s
olid
pro
pella
nt fu
el a
t cur
rent
leve
ls.
♦12
5 m
etri
c to
n li
ft c
apac
ity
req
uir
ed t
o m
inim
ize
on
-orb
it a
ssem
bly
an
d c
om
ple
xity
–in
crea
sin
g m
issi
on
su
cces
s•
A c
lean
-she
et-o
f-pa
per
desi
gn in
curs
hig
h ex
pens
e an
d ris
k.•
EE
LV-b
ased
des
igns
req
uire
dev
elop
men
t of t
wo
core
sta
ges
plus
boo
ster
s -
incr
easi
ng c
ost a
nd d
ecre
asin
g sa
fety
/rel
iabi
lity.
•C
urre
nt S
huttl
e lif
ts 1
00 m
etric
tons
to o
rbit
on e
very
laun
ch.
−20
met
ric to
ns is
pay
load
/car
go; r
emai
nder
is S
huttl
e O
rbite
r.−
Evo
lutio
n to
exp
lora
tion
heav
y lif
t is
stra
ight
forw
ard.
•
125
met
ric to
n ca
pabi
lity
•Lo
wer
pro
duct
ion
cost
s•
Eas
ier
to h
uman
-rat
e if
need
ed
Ho
w W
e P
lan
to
Ret
urn
to
th
e M
oo
nLa
unch
Sys
tem
s
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 17
Cre
w L
aun
ch V
ehic
le
♦S
erve
s as
th
e lo
ng
ter
m c
rew
lau
nch
cap
abili
ty f
or
the
U.S
.
♦4
Seg
men
t S
hu
ttle
So
lid R
ock
et B
oo
ster
♦N
ew li
qu
id o
xyg
en /
liqu
id h
ydro
gen
up
per
stag
e•
1 S
pace
Shu
ttle
Mai
n E
ngin
e
♦P
aylo
ad c
apab
ility
•25
met
ric to
nsto
low
Ear
th o
rbit
•G
row
th to
32
met
ric to
ns w
ith a
5th
sol
id s
egm
ent
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 18
Lu
nar
Hea
vy C
arg
o L
aun
ch V
ehic
le
♦5
Seg
men
t S
hu
ttle
So
lid R
ock
et B
oo
ster
s
♦L
iqu
id O
xyg
en /
liqu
id h
ydro
gen
co
re s
tag
e •
Her
itage
from
the
Shu
ttle
Ext
erna
l Tan
k
•5
Spa
ce S
huttl
e M
ain
Eng
ines
♦P
aylo
ad C
apab
ility
•10
6 m
etric
tons
to lo
w E
arth
orb
it
•12
5 M
etric
tons
to lo
w E
arth
orb
it us
ing
eart
h de
part
ure
stag
e
•55
met
ric to
ns tr
ans
luna
r in
ject
ion
capa
bilit
y us
ing
eart
h de
part
ure
stag
e
♦C
arg
o w
ith
late
r ev
olu
tio
n t
o c
rew
if n
eed
ed
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 19
Ear
th D
epar
ture
Sta
ge
♦L
iqu
id o
xyg
en /
liqu
id h
ydro
gen
st
age
•H
erita
ge fr
om th
e S
huttl
e E
xter
nal
Tan
k •
J-2S
eng
ines
(or
equ
ival
ent)
♦S
tag
e ig
nit
es s
ub
orb
ital
lyan
d
del
iver
s th
e la
nd
er t
o lo
w E
arth
o
rbit
•C
an a
lso
be u
sed
as a
n up
per
stag
e fo
r lo
w-e
arth
orb
it m
issi
ons
♦T
he
CE
V la
ter
do
cks
wit
h t
his
sy
stem
an
d t
he
eart
h d
epar
ture
st
age
per
form
s a
tran
s-lu
nar
in
ject
ion
bu
rn
♦T
he
eart
h d
epar
ture
sta
ge
is
then
dis
card
ed
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 20
Ho
w W
e P
lan
to
Ret
urn
to
th
e M
oo
nLu
nar
Land
er a
nd A
scen
t Sta
ge
♦4
crew
to
an
d f
rom
th
e su
rfac
e •
Sev
en d
ays
on th
e su
rfac
e•
Luna
r ou
tpos
t cre
w r
otat
ion
♦G
lob
al a
cces
s ca
pab
ility
♦A
nyt
ime
retu
rn t
o E
arth
♦C
apab
ility
to
lan
d 2
1 m
etri
c to
ns
of
ded
icat
ed c
arg
o
♦A
irlo
ck f
or
surf
ace
acti
viti
es
♦D
esce
nt
stag
e:•
Liqu
id o
xyge
n / l
iqui
d hy
drog
en
prop
ulsi
on
♦A
scen
t st
age:
•Li
quid
oxy
gen
/ liq
uid
met
hane
pro
puls
ion
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 21
ISS
–M
oo
n –
Mar
s A
rch
itec
ture
Lin
kag
es
•M
ars
6 cr
ew
depa
rtur
e an
d re
turn
•3
to 6
cre
w +
pa
yloa
d•
Cre
w r
otat
ion
•IS
S c
argo
Op
erat
ion
s an
d S
yste
ms
•A
uton
omou
s op
erat
ions
•P
artia
l gra
vity
sys
tem
s•
EV
A, S
urfa
ce m
obili
ty
Cre
w E
xplo
rati
on
Veh
icle
•4
crew
Ear
th-m
oon
tran
sfer
•A
uton
omou
s op
erat
ions
•P
artia
l gra
vity
sys
tem
s•
EV
A, S
urfa
ce m
obili
ty•
AR
&D
•A
uton
omou
s op
erat
ions
Ear
th-t
o-O
rbit
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
n•
Saf
e cr
ew la
unch
•12
5 m
t-cl
ass
Hea
vy P
aylo
ad L
aunc
h•
Larg
e V
olum
e P
aylo
ads
•S
afe
crew
laun
ch
•S
afe
crew
laun
ch•
Mul
tiple
, Hea
vy P
aylo
ad
Laun
ches
•La
rge
Vol
ume
Pay
load
s
Tec
hn
olo
gy
Mat
ura
tio
n•
ISR
U S
yste
ms
•O
xyge
n-M
etha
ne p
ropu
lsio
n (C
EV
SM
. LS
AM
asc
ent)
•O
xyge
n-M
etha
ne
prop
ulsi
on (
CE
V S
M)
•IS
RU
Sys
tem
s•
Oxy
gen-
Met
hane
pro
puls
ion
(CE
V S
M, M
ars
land
er)
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 22
Po
ten
tial
Co
mm
erci
al O
pp
ort
un
itie
s
♦C
om
mer
cial
ser
vice
s fo
r sp
ace
stat
ion
cre
w/c
arg
o d
eliv
ery
and
re
turn
♦P
urc
has
e la
un
ch /
com
mu
nic
atio
ns
serv
ices
as
avai
lab
le
♦In
no
vati
ve p
rog
ram
s to
en
cou
rag
e en
trep
ren
eurs
•
Cen
tenn
ial c
halle
nges
priz
es
•Lo
w-c
ost s
ub-o
rbita
l and
orb
ital l
aunc
h de
mo
•In
depe
nden
t spa
ce s
tatio
n ca
rgo
re-e
ntry
dem
o
•In
depe
nden
t cre
w tr
ansp
ort d
emo
•S
pace
sta
tion
carg
o pa
thfin
der
dem
o
♦P
rop
ella
nt
del
iver
y to
low
Ear
th o
rbit
fo
r lu
nar
mis
sio
ns
•P
rope
llant
dep
ot in
low
Ear
th o
rbit
•P
rope
l ear
th d
epar
ture
sta
ges/
luna
r la
nder
afte
r on
-orb
it tr
ansf
er
•C
ontin
ual c
omm
erci
al r
eple
nish
men
t as
avai
labl
e
•G
over
nmen
t gua
rant
eed
purc
hase
on
deliv
ery
a ce
rtai
n pr
ice
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 23
Po
ten
tial
Inte
rnat
ion
al O
pp
ort
un
itie
s
♦C
on
tin
ue
Inte
rnat
ion
al S
pac
e S
tati
on
co
op
erat
ion
re-
focu
sed
on
h
um
an e
xplo
rati
on
♦P
urc
has
e o
f ad
dit
ion
al in
tern
atio
nal
par
tner
tra
nsp
ort
atio
n
asse
ts f
or
the
spac
e st
atio
n
♦C
oo
rdin
atio
n o
f lu
nar
ro
bo
tic
pre
-cu
rso
r m
issi
on
s
♦C
oo
per
ate
on
var
iety
of
lun
ar s
urf
ace
syst
ems
•H
abita
ts
•R
over
s
•P
ower
and
logi
stic
s
•S
cien
ce a
nd in
-situ
res
ourc
e ut
iliza
tion
equi
pmen
t
♦P
rovi
de
alte
rnat
e tr
ansp
ort
atio
n r
eso
urc
es
♦T
ran
spo
rtat
ion
of
inte
rnat
ion
al a
stro
nau
ts o
n t
he
CE
V
♦C
oo
per
atio
n o
n M
ars
pre
-cu
rso
r/sc
ien
ce m
issi
on
s
♦P
rep
arat
ion
fo
r jo
int
hu
man
Mar
s m
issi
on
s
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 24
♦M
eet
all U
.S. h
um
an s
pac
eflig
ht
go
als
♦U
.S. s
yste
m c
apab
le o
f se
rvic
ing
th
e In
tern
atio
nal
Sp
ace
Sta
tio
n♦
Sig
nif
ican
t ad
van
cem
ent
ove
r A
po
llo•
Dou
ble
the
num
ber
of c
rew
to lu
nar
surf
ace
•F
our
times
num
ber
of lu
nar
surf
ace
crew
-hou
rs•
Glo
bal l
unar
sur
face
acc
ess
with
any
time
retu
rn to
the
Ear
th•
Ena
bles
a p
erm
anen
t hum
an p
rese
nce
whi
le p
repa
ring
for
Mar
s an
d be
yond
•C
an m
ake
use
of lu
nar
reso
urce
s•
Sig
nific
antly
saf
er a
nd m
ore
relia
ble
♦M
inim
um
of
two
lun
ar m
issi
on
s p
er y
ear
♦P
rovi
des
a 1
25 m
etri
c to
n la
un
ch v
ehic
le f
or
lun
ar a
nd
late
r M
ars
mis
sio
ns
and
bey
on
d♦
Hig
her
asc
ent
crew
saf
ety
than
th
e S
pac
e S
hu
ttle
•1
in 2
,000
(1
in 1
,700
to 4
,200
) fo
r th
e C
rew
Lau
nch
Veh
icle
•1
in 2
20 (
1 in
160
to 3
10)
for
the
Spa
ce S
huttl
e
♦O
rder
ly t
ran
siti
on
of
the
Sp
ace
Sh
utt
le w
ork
forc
e♦
Req
uir
emen
ts-d
rive
n t
ech
no
log
y p
rog
ram
A S
afe,
Acc
eler
ated
, Aff
ord
able
an
d
Su
stai
nab
le A
pp
roac
h
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 25
Imp
lem
enti
ng
th
e E
xplo
rati
on
Arc
hit
ectu
re:
Tra
nsi
tio
n f
rom
ES
AS
to
ES
MD
♦A
rch
itec
ture
•T
he E
xplo
ratio
n A
rchi
tect
ure
has
been
def
ined
•
An
Exp
lora
tion
Arc
hite
ctur
e R
equi
rem
ents
Doc
umen
t will
be
final
ized
in
Sep
tem
ber
♦R
equ
irem
ents
•E
lem
ent s
peci
ficat
ions
for
the
Cre
w E
xplo
ratio
n V
ehic
le (
CE
V),
Cre
w a
nd
Car
go L
aunc
h V
ehic
les,
and
ISS
Car
go D
eliv
ery
Veh
icle
s ar
e in
dra
ft; w
ill b
e va
lidat
ed a
nd b
asel
ined
by
Oct
ober
•
New
CE
Vre
quire
men
ts w
ill b
e in
clud
ed in
the
Cal
l For
Impr
ovem
ent t
hat b
e th
e ba
sis
for
upda
ted
Indu
stry
pro
posa
ls•
Res
earc
h an
d T
echn
olog
y pr
ogra
ms
will
be
tight
ly fo
cuse
d on
sup
port
ing
CE
V
deve
lopm
ent a
nd th
e in
itial
ret
urn
to th
e m
oon
♦O
rgan
izat
ion
•A
str
eam
lined
HQ
dire
ctor
ate
is b
eing
form
ed•
Pro
gram
and
Pro
ject
Offi
ces
are
bein
g es
tabl
ishe
d at
the
NA
SA
cen
ters
•K
ey in
divi
dual
s fr
om E
SA
S a
re jo
inin
g E
SM
D
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 26
Imp
lem
enti
ng
th
e E
xplo
rati
on
Arc
hit
ectu
re:
Acc
eler
atin
g t
he
Cre
w E
xplo
rati
on
Veh
icle
5/05
6/05
7/05
8/05
9/05
10/0
511
/05
12/0
51/
062/
063/
064/
065/
06
60 D
ay A
rch
itec
ture
Stu
dy
Eva
luat
e/A
war
d2
Co
ntr
acts
Req
uir
emen
ts D
evel
op
men
t, P
has
e 1
Pro
du
cts
(2 P
rim
e C
on
trac
tors
)
Join CFI
CE
V S
RR
(Ju
l ’06
)
Pin
kR
ed
Dra
ft t
oIn
du
stry
Dra
ftF
inal
Co
nst
ella
tio
n S
RR
(May
06)
Pro
po
sal E
val &
Aw
ard
(9
0 D
ays)
CF
I Rel
ease
Ind
ust
ry U
pd
ate
Pro
po
sals
(7
5 D
ays)
CE
V P
has
e 2
Co
ntr
act
(Sin
gle
Pri
me
Co
ntr
acto
r)A
TP
(7/1
1)
Co
ntr
act
Kic
k-o
ff
Mee
tin
gs
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 27
Ou
r D
esti
ny
is t
o E
xplo
re!
♦T
he
go
als
of
ou
r fu
ture
sp
ace
flig
ht
pro
gra
m m
ust
be
wo
rth
y o
f th
e ex
pen
se, d
iffi
cult
y an
d r
isks
wh
ich
are
inh
eren
t to
it.
♦W
e n
eed
to
bu
ild b
eyo
nd
ou
r cu
rren
t ca
pab
ility
to
fer
ry a
stro
nau
ts
and
car
go
to
low
Ear
th o
rbit
.
♦O
ur
step
s sh
ou
ld b
e ev
olu
tio
nar
y, in
crem
enta
l an
d c
um
ula
tive
.
♦T
o r
each
fo
r M
ars
and
bey
on
d w
e m
ust
fir
st r
each
fo
r th
e M
oo
n.
A c
om
mit
ted
an
d lo
ng
ter
m lu
nar
eff
ort
is n
eed
ed, a
nd
we
nee
d t
o b
egin
th
at in
vest
men
t n
ow
!
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 28
Th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s m
ust
lead
th
e ex
pan
sio
n o
f th
e sp
ace
fro
nti
er t
o c
on
tin
ue
to m
ain
tain
ou
r w
orl
d le
ader
ship
ro
le,
and
fo
r th
e se
curi
ty o
f th
e n
atio
n.
Gre
at n
atio
ns
do
gre
at a
nd
am
bit
iou
s th
ing
s. W
e m
ust
co
nti
nu
e to
be
gre
at.
Th
e U
nit
ed S
tate
s m
ust
lead
th
e ex
pan
sio
n o
f th
e sp
ace
fro
nti
er t
o c
on
tin
ue
to m
ain
tain
ou
r w
orl
d le
ader
ship
ro
le,
and
fo
r th
e se
curi
ty o
f th
e n
atio
n.
Gre
at n
atio
ns
do
gre
at a
nd
am
bit
iou
s th
ing
s. W
e m
ust
co
nti
nu
e to
be
gre
at.
NASA/CP—2006-214383/VOL1 29
