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8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
1/23
62
UNIT 1.6
Technologies for Space
Biology: New Horizons
Presented by:
Mr. John Hines
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
2/23
INTRODUCTION
63
UNIT 1.6
Technologies for Space Biology: New HorizonsMr. John Hines
Vocabulary:
Biomimetics Biophotonics In situ Mesoscale Nanotechnology
Outline:
1. Technology Challenges of Biology in Space
2. Scope of NASA Biological Sciences Research3. Introduction to NASA programs
a. Astrobiology
b. Fundamental Space Biology Programc. Biomolecular Systems Research Program
4. Technology Drivers for Space Biology Research
5. Advanced Technologies for Space Biotechnology
6. Technology Application Examplesa. Automated Ion-Monitoring System for Cell-Culture Flight Experiments
b. In situ Cell Flow Cytometer
c. Maskless Array Synthesizer / Automated Gene Sequencer (In situGenomicsTechnologies)
d. BioExplorer Program BioNanoSatellite
e. In situ Gene Expression on Nanosatellites (ISGEN) Technology Accelerator
Projectf. Remote Automated Yeast Gene Expression Analyzer using Gene-Promoterg. Pill-Shaped Biotelemetry Transmitters
h. Sensors 2000 Flight Technology Demonstration
i. Smart Healthcare Management Systems Physiological Monitoring ofAstronauts
j. Stanford Cell-Based Biosensor System
7. Reference Materials and Web Links
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
64
Pump
Reactor
Motor
Technology Challenges of Biology in Space
As NASA defines and expands its goals and objectives for long duration exploration
of space, interest in genetics, cell, and molecular biology have become key and critical
topics. Increasingly, the capability to perform autonomous, in-situ acquisition,
preparation and analysis of biological samples and specimens to determine thepresence and composition of biological components is required for both space biology
and medical researchers. Technology developments and advances are needed to
support applications across all of the relevant technology application areas, includingBioastronautics, Fundamental Biology, and Astrobiology.
Biological and Biomolecular/Genomic research is enabling unprecedented insight intothe structure and function of cells, organisms, and sub-cellular components and
elements, and a window into the inner workings and machinations of living things.
Triggered by advances in microelectronics and related areas, we are now able tofabricate and construct devices and components such as sensors, actuators, machines,
motors, valves, switches, pumps, and other items on the same scale as the biologicaltargets of interest, even in some cases on the order of tens of nanometers in size. This
directly scaled relationship allows for new strategies and interactions between physicaldevices and living systems.
These techniques and technologieshave permitted the emergence of a
new class of instruments and devices,
generally described as mesoscaletechnologies. Many devices,
techniques and products are now
available or emerging, which allowmeasurement, analysis andinterpretation of the biological composition at the
molecular level, and which permit determination of
DNA/RNA and other analytes of interest.
Finally, advances in information systems and
technologies, and bioinformatics, provide thecapability to understand, simulate, and interpret the large amounts of complex data being
made available from these biological-physical hybrid systems. These synergistic
relationships facilitate the development of revolutionary technologies in many areas, and
bode well for the future of space biology research objectives.
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
65
Scope of NASA Biological Sciences Research
Human
Operations
Emphasis
Biological
Research
Emphasis
Astrobiology Emphasis
Biochemistry,
Fundamental and
EvolutionaryBiology
Fundamental Physics
and Chemistry,
Cosmology
Geology, Planetary
Ecosystems and
Evolution
Galactic
Ecosystems
Human Space
Flight Tech. and
Habitability
Bio-Technology,
Nanotechnology,Information Tech.
Atomic,Molecular
Physics
and
Biology
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INTRODUCTION
66
Astrobiology
Astrobiology is the study of life in the universe. It
provides a biological perspective to many areas ofNASA research, linking such endeavors as the
search for habitable planets, exploration missions toMars and Europa, efforts to understand the origin of
life, and planning for the future of life beyond Earth.
Interdisciplinary research is needed that combines
molecular biology, ecology, planetary science,astronomy, information science, space exploration
technologies, and related disciplines. The broad
interdisciplinary character of astrobiology compelsus to strive for the most comprehensive and
inclusive understanding of biological, planetary
and cosmic phenomena.
Astrobiology addresses three basic questions that have been asked in various ways for
generations. How does life begin and develop?
Does life exist elsewhere in the universe?
What is the future of life on Earth and beyond?
Life is a central theme that unifies NASA's vision and mission. A golden age has begun for
the life sciences, an age in which science and technology will benefit enormously from afundamental understanding of the full potential of living systems.
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
67
Fundamental Space Biology Program
Fundamental Space Biology is NASA's program for the study of fundamental biological
processes through space flight and ground-based research. Bringing together state-of-the-art
science and technology, the program seeks to answer the most basic questions regarding the
evolution, development, and function of living systems.
Yeast,Bacteria,
CellsC. Elegans,
Drosophila
Arabidopsis
Rodents,(Humans)
Integrated Payloads
(Multi-Specimen)
Model
Organism
Emphasis
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
7/23
INTRODUCTION
68
Integrated Biology Research Program
Technology Development Matrix
Specimen/Sample
ManagementExperiment
Logistics
Data Acquisition
And MonitoringInformation
Management
Experiment
Operations
Technology Categories
FBRP Program Elements
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BBiioommiimmeettiiccss
MMEEMMSS//MMOOEEMMSS//OOppttiiccss
BBiiootteelleemmeettrryy
SSaammpplleeFFiixxaattiioonnaanndd
SSttoorraaggee
Materials and
Composites
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CCeellll
BBiioollooggyy
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BBiioollooggyy
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BBiioollooggyy
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EEccoollooggyy
BBiioosseennssoorrss
BBiiooaannaallyyttiiccaall
DDeevviicceess
GGeennoommiiccss
Naannootteecchhnnoollooggiieess
Enabling
Technologies
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TTeecchhnnoollooggiieess
MMiiccrroofflluuiiddiiccss
MMoolleeccuullaarrSSttrruuccttuurreess
aannddPPhhyyssiiccaall
IInntteerraaccttiioonnss
EEvvoolluuttiioonnaarryy
BBiioollooggyy
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
69
Biomolecular Systems Research Program
The NASA Biomolecular Systems Research Program is an integrated
research program focused on developing molecular level technologies to
monitor cellular signals and processes with applications to crew health and
safety, basic biology research, life detection, planetary protection, andnanotechnology.
Biomolecular Signatureso Identification of signatures of life via thermodynamics and
kinetics of metabolism
o Detection of molecular level structures and anomalies
o Detection of chemical disequilibria and microscale chemical analyses
o Models for biological metabolism
o Genomic and protein signatures indicative of disease
Signal Amplificationo Single, specific molecular detection among high background noise
o Sensitivity enhancerso Utilization of biological amplification or self-amplification of target
molecules
o Signal enhancement from targeted molecules
Biomolecular Sensing and Manipulation
o Biomolecular probes
o Nanotube-based actuators and force sensors
o Biologically-based and biomimetic sensors
o Molecular engineered biosensors
o Molecular manipulators
o Single molecule sensing and recognition
Biomolecular Imagingo New technologies for imaging protein expression in cells
o Nanoscale imaging to resolve protein or DNA structure, correlate with
function
o Image cellular activities
o Development and refinement of optical/electromagnetic techniques
Biomolecular Informatics / Information Processingo Data: Pattern recognition, data mining, data fusion
o Modeling: genomics, kinetics of biological processes and cellular function
o Knowledge Discovery: real-time medical diagnostics and treatment
Nanoscale Sensing
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INTRODUCTION
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Technology Drivers for Space Biology Research
GROW - Autonomous, Multigenerational Habitatso In-flight systems and modules will permit growth and nurturing of cells,
tissues, and higher organisms
SENSE In Situ Biosensors and Sample Managemento Development of biosensors, DNA chips and automated sample management
and handling systems will permit in-situ measurement and analysis of
biological processes
OBSERVE - Microscopy and Advanced Imaging Systemso Incorporation of new advances in optical, nano- and information technologies
will allow in-situ imaging systems to visualize changes in cell
shape and configuration
ANALYZE - Information Systems and Technologies
o Revolutionary developments in bioinformatics, modeling, simulation, and
adaptive - autonomous bioanalytical systems will enable rapid conversion of
raw data to information/knowledge FLY - Free Flyer BioNanosatellite Development
o Development and flight demonstration of advanced in-situ biological
technologies and platforms
Critical Space
Technology Drivers
Reduce Crew Time Requirements Power
Volume / Weight
Accuracy / Stability
Cost
Operate in Remote Environments
Operate In Microgravity
Measurement Systems
Design and Development Elements
Sample Collection, Preparation,Handling, Reduction
Parameter Sensing and Transduction
Signal Pre-Conditioning
Signal Processing
Communications (all levels - interand intra)
Data Acquisition, Monitoring,Control, Display
Power Conditioning andManagement
Data Reduction, Analysis,Distribution, Archiving
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
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Advanced Technologies for Space Biotechnology
Tools of the Trade (In Situ)
Sample Management and Handlingo Microfluidics
o Mesoscale Systems Nanotechnologies
Biosensors
Tissue-Based Biosensors
DNA Technologieso Isolation
o DNA Detection
o Purification
o Amplification
o Decision making
o Analysis
Gene Chips and Arrays
cDNA Libraries
Bioinformatics / Biocomputation
Bioimaging / Biophotonics
Biomaterials
Micromachining
Biomimetics
Optics and Optical processing
Microscopy (some examples)o Confocal
o
Atomic Forceo Scanning Tunnel
o Fluorescence
o Multi-Photon
o Hyperspectral
Cell Culture Systems
Molecular Components and Function Blocks
Biotelemery and Wireless, Modular Instrumentation Architectures
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
11/23
INTRODUCTION
72
TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES
BIONA-C
Automated Ion-Monitoring System for Cell-Culture Flight Experiments
STS-93
July 23-27, 1999
Sensor array onpre-amplifier PCB(Sensor Card)
Foursensor cards oncontroller CB
Sensors andcontroller onCCM rail withpumps, valves
SensorArray
Indicator electrodeReference electrode
Thermistor
Reference Indicator
Electrolyte
Ag/AgClWire
Epoxyplug
p-HEMAplug
PVCbody
Ion-SelectiveMembrane
Ag wire
Sensor Electrodes
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
73
TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES (continued)
In SituCell Flow Cytometer Flow Cell
InjectorTip
Sheath
fluid
FFlluuoorreesscceennccee
SSiiggnnaallss
FFooccuusseedd
LLaasseerrBBeeaamm
Purdue University
Cytometry Laboratories
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
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TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES (continued)
Maskless Array Synthesizer / Automated Gene Sequencer
(In SituGenomics Technologies)
Objective
To develop the capability to:
Produce DNA array chips (MMaasskklleessssAArrrraayy
SSyynntthheessiizzeerr). The MAS can print DNA microarrays on
any simple UV transparent surface glass or plastic
substrate, which could be produced on a spacecraft.The MAS could also be integrated into multipurpose
platforms or a fully automatic system
Expand MAS capabilities and develop an AAuuttoommaatteeddGGeenneeSSeeqquueenncceerr((AAGGSS)) to provide the capability to
manufacture in-situ biological countermeasures, andother biological/genetic products.
These systems are intended to allow state of the artgenomic analysis and intervention in space on any
biological sample: human, animal, bacterial or
unknown with a minimum of operator input, and with
remote operator capabilities.
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
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TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES (continued)
BioExplorer Program
The intent of this new program is to develop, demonstrate and utilize small free-flying
orbital spacecraft, BioExplorers, to support Principal Investigator-led sciencemissions that have been selected through peer review.
BioNano SatelliteSatellite with Cage Assembly and Biology Module Exploded
Experiment Systemo Cage Assembly
o Biology Module
Satellite Buso Structure
o Control and Data Handling
o External Camera System
o Power System
o Communication System
o Stabilization Systemo Data logger System
o Software
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
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TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES (continued)
In SituSpace Gene Expression on Nanosatellites (ISGEN) Technology
Accelerator Project
1. Single protein: fluorescent/ luminescent assay in
multiwell plate
a. Multiple proteins: different target in each
well (12 - 48)
b. Multiple proteins: multiple color (2 - 4)indicators per well
2. Tissue-type-specific proteins: 5 - 10 m lateral
resolution imaging fluorescence/luminescence
a. Multiplex: multiple wells, colors; multiple
constructs by tissue type
3. Multiplexed proteins: Liquid arrays requiring
minimal sample prep from Luminex, Qdot,Nanoplex, ACLARA (3 - 50 targets per assay)
4. Multiplexed genes: amplification plus fluorescent
tagging
a. Cepheid system adapting PCR to zero
gravity (2 - 5 targets per optical unit)
b. Multiplexed genes (5 - 30 targets):
ACLARA eTag system or Luminex beads
incorporating amplification step5. Gene microarray: fully automated sample prep,
hybridization, readout (100s - 1000s of targets)
T
0
2 yr
4 yr
ISGEN Stages
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
77
TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES (continued)
Remote Automated Yeast Gene Expression Analyzer using Gene-Promoter
/ Luciferase-Reporter Constructs
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INTRODUCTION
78
TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES (continued)
Pill-Shaped Biotelemetry Transmitters
ASIC
Ion-selective Micro-Electrode
..
Drug Reservoir
Biosensor Drug Release Holes
Pressure/Temperature Pill
pH/Temperature Pill
pH/Temperature/Pressure Pill
Heart rate/Temperature Pill
pH/Pressure/Temperature/Heart Rate Pill
ECG/Temperature Pill
Responsive Drug Delivery Pill
35 mm (1.38)
Printed Circuit Boards with
SMT components and bare diesSilver-Oxide
Batteries
Shell coated with silicone Pressure Sensor
Pressure/Temperature Pill-Transmitter
9 mm(0.35)
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
79
TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES (continued)
Sensors 2000 Flight Technology Demonstration
WASP
Cell-Culture Modu le Rail
pH-Tx Ca2+-Tx K
+-Tx pH-Tx Wearable
Computer
Displayand
AnalysisDevicesReal-Time
Data-Baseand Data
Server
WASP
AEM
AEM
WASP
WASP
AEM
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
80
TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES (continued)
Smart Healthcare Management Systems: Developing systems to monitor thehealth and performance of NASA personnel and the functional status of the
systems that support them.
Physiological Monitoring of Astronauts
Biotelemeter implanted in animals,or ingested by/attached toastronauts senses BodyTemperature, Blood Pressure,Blood pH, and Heart Rate.
TriSponderquickly displaysHealth Status.
Physiological Signal
Conditioner (PSC)acquiresECG, EEG, EMG, and EOG(and other bio-parameters ofinterest).
Transponderrelaysbiotelemeter signalto other monitoring
devices.
Laptop monitorsand analyzesPhysiologicalParameters.
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
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TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES (continued)
Stanford Cell-based Biosensor System
Cardiac cells growing on a sensor chip
Portable, hand-held cell sensor system
with microenvironment chip.
50 m
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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INTRODUCTION
82
Reference Materials and Web Links
Astrobiologyhttp://www.nai.arc.nasa.gov/
http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/index.html
Fundamental Space Biology and Ames
http://fundamentalbiology.arc.nasa.gov/
Biomolecular Systems Research Program
http://nasa-nci.arc.nasa.gov/
Liquid Array examples:QuantumDot Qbead system
http://www.qdots.com/new/technology/beadtech.html
ACLARA eTag system
http://www.aclara.com/etag_reporters.asp
Luminex LabMap systemhttp://www.luminexcorp.com/
GeneXpert Products
http://www.cepheid.com/
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INTRODUCTION
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Notes:
8/14/2019 nasa biology 6
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UNI T ONE: INTRODUCTION
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