Narration Techniques.ppt Copy (1)

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Narration TechniquesNarration Techniques

forforClass XII Year Class XII Year

by by

Lecturer Saima MustafaLecturer Saima Mustafa

Eng. Dept. DCW Ph VIIIEng. Dept. DCW Ph VIII



Learning TensesLearning Tenses

Present Past an! "uture tenses are !iscusse!.Present Past an! "uture tenses are !iscusse!.

Verb f#rmat in each tense is analy$e!.Verb f#rmat in each tense is analy$e!.

Stu!ents c#ntribute thr#ugh !ebate.Stu!ents c#ntribute thr#ugh !ebate.



DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECHDIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech is that f#rm #f narrati#n in %hich the actualDirect speech is that f#rm #f narrati#n in %hich the actual%#r!s #f a spea&er are rep#rte!.%#r!s #f a spea&er are rep#rte!.

She says 'I am %#r&ing in the &itchen.(She says 'I am %#r&ing in the &itchen.(

)ep#rting Speech******* )ep#rte! Speech)ep#rting Speech******* )ep#rte! Speech

In!irect Speech is that f#rm #f speech in %hich %hat #neIn!irect Speech is that f#rm #f speech in %hich %hat #nespea&er says is rep#rte! by an#ther %ith utm#st accuracy butspea&er says is rep#rte! by an#ther %ith utm#st accuracy but%ith#ut using that pers#n+s actual %#r!s.%ith#ut using that pers#n+s actual %#r!s.

)ules apply acc#r!ing t# the tense #f the)ules apply acc#r!ing t# the tense #f the

)ep#rting speech.)ep#rting speech.



Narration RulesNarration Rules

Changing from Direct into IndirectChanging from Direct into Indirect

SpeechSpeech

Eliminati#n #f in,erte! c#mmas.Eliminati#n #f in,erte! c#mmas.

Change #f pr#n#uns.Change #f pr#n#uns. Certain %#r!s that change %hen c#n,erte! int#Certain %#r!s that change %hen c#n,erte! int#

in!irect.in!irect.

Change regar!ing -uesti#ns an! eclamati#ns.Change regar!ing -uesti#ns an! eclamati#ns.



Rules ContdRules Contd

In the in!irect speech the c#mmas are #mitte!.In the in!irect speech the c#mmas are #mitte!.

/he c#n0uncti#n/he c#n0uncti#n that -that - ecept in certain casesecept in certain cases

li&e c#mman!s eclamati#ns an! -uesti#ns *li&e c#mman!s eclamati#ns an! -uesti#ns *

is use! t# 0#in the rep#rting speech an! theis use! t# 0#in the rep#rting speech an! the

rep#rte! speech.rep#rte! speech.

/he capital letter #f the first %#r! #f the/he capital letter #f the first %#r! #f the

rep#rte! speech is replace! by a small letter.rep#rte! speech is replace! by a small letter. /he pr#n#uns in the rep#rte! speech are t# be/he pr#n#uns in the rep#rte! speech are t# be

change! %hen necessary.change! %hen necessary.



Rules ContdRules Contd

/he tense #f the rep#rting ,erb is ne,er/he tense #f the rep#rting ,erb is ne,er

change!.change!.

/he tense #f the ,erb in the rep#rte! speech/he tense #f the ,erb in the rep#rte! speechchanges t# agree %ith the tense #f the ,erb inchanges t# agree %ith the tense #f the ,erb in

the rep#rting speech t# maintain the pr#perthe rep#rting speech t# maintain the pr#per

se-uence #f tense.se-uence #f tense.



Change of PronounsChange of Pronouns

Pr#n#uns #f the first pers#n are change! t# the pers#n #f thePr#n#uns #f the first pers#n are change! t# the pers#n #f thesub0ect #f the rep#rting speech.sub0ect #f the rep#rting speech.

"#r eample1 2e says 'I ha,e n# m#ney %ith me.("#r eample1 2e says 'I ha,e n# m#ney %ith me.(

2e says that he has n# m#ney %ith him.2e says that he has n# m#ney %ith him. Pr#n#uns #f the sec#n! pers#n are change! t# the pers#n #fPr#n#uns #f the sec#n! pers#n are change! t# the pers#n #f

the n#un3pr#n#un t# %h#m the rep#rte! speech is a!!resse!.the n#un3pr#n#un t# %h#m the rep#rte! speech is a!!resse!.

"#r eample1 Y#u sai! t# 4ain 'I %#ul! be happy t#"#r eample1 Y#u sai! t# 4ain 'I %#ul! be happy t#

%elc#me y#u in my h#use.(%elc#me y#u in my h#use.(

Y#u sai! t# 4ain that y#u %#ul! be happy t# %elc#meY#u sai! t# 4ain that y#u %#ul! be happy t# %elc#me

him in y#ur h#use.him in y#ur h#use. 5enerally the pr#n#uns #f thir! pers#n in the !irect speech5enerally the pr#n#uns #f thir! pers#n in the !irect speech

remain unchange! in the in!irect speech.remain unchange! in the in!irect speech.

"#r eample1 2e sai! ' She is a g##! pers#n.("#r eample1 2e sai! ' She is a g##! pers#n.(

2e sai! that she %as a g##! pers#n.2e sai! that she %as a g##! pers#n.



Rules Regarding TenseRules Regarding Tense

If the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in theIf the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in the

Present #r "uture tense the tense #f thePresent #r "uture tense the tense #f the

rep#rte! speech !#es n#t change.rep#rte! speech !#es n#t change.



ContdContd

Present3"uture In!efinite**** )emains the samePresent3"uture In!efinite**** )emains the same

Present3"uture C#nt.********* )emains the samePresent3"uture C#nt.********* )emains the same

Present3"uture Perfect******* )emains the samePresent3"uture Perfect******* )emains the same

Present3"uture Perfect C#nt.* )emains thePresent3"uture Perfect C#nt.* )emains the

samesame



E!amplesE!amples

Direct1 2e says 'I am a p##r but h#nest man.(Direct1 2e says 'I am a p##r but h#nest man.(

In!irect1 2e says that he is a p##r but h#nestIn!irect1 2e says that he is a p##r but h#nest

man.man.

Direct1 2e %ill say ' I am a humble man an!Direct1 2e %ill say ' I am a humble man an!

!# n#t %ish t# #ffen! any#ne.(!# n#t %ish t# #ffen! any#ne.(

In!irect1 2e %ill say that he is a humble manIn!irect1 2e %ill say that he is a humble manan! !#es n#t %ish t# #ffen! any#ne.an! !#es n#t %ish t# #ffen! any#ne.



E!amples ContdE!amples Contd

Direct1 Y#ur father %ill say 'Life %as ,eryDirect1 Y#ur father %ill say 'Life %as ,ery

har! !uring the %ar.(har! !uring the %ar.(

In!irect1 Y#ur father %ill say that life %as ,eryIn!irect1 Y#ur father %ill say that life %as ,ery

har! !uring the %ar.har! !uring the %ar.

Direct1 2e says 'D#gs %#ul! be har! t# beatDirect1 2e says 'D#gs %#ul! be har! t# beat

in faithfulness.(in faithfulness.(

In!irect1 2e says that !#gs %#ul! be har! t#In!irect1 2e says that !#gs %#ul! be har! t#

beat in faithfulness. beat in faithfulness.



Rules Regarding Tense ContdRules Regarding Tense Contd

If the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in the pastIf the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is in the past

tense the ,erbs #f the rep#rte! speech* in thetense the ,erbs #f the rep#rte! speech* in the

present tense* are change! t# past tense. present tense* are change! t# past tense.



ContdContd

Present In!efinite is change! t# Past In!efinitePresent In!efinite is change! t# Past In!efinite

Present C#ntinu#us*******t# Past C#ntinu#usPresent C#ntinu#us*******t# Past C#ntinu#us

Present Perfect**********t# Past PerfectPresent Perfect**********t# Past Perfect

Present Perfect C#ntinu#us** t# Past PerfectPresent Perfect C#ntinu#us** t# Past Perfect

C#ntinu#usC#ntinu#us



E!amplesE!amples

Direct1 2e sai! 'I am a sch##l teacher.(Direct1 2e sai! 'I am a sch##l teacher.( In!irect1 2e sai! that he %as a sch##l teacher.In!irect1 2e sai! that he %as a sch##l teacher. Direct1 2e sai! ' I am g#ing t# sell my shares.(Direct1 2e sai! ' I am g#ing t# sell my shares.( In!irect1 2e sai! that he %as g#ing t# sell his shares.In!irect1 2e sai! that he %as g#ing t# sell his shares.

Direct1 /he guest sai! t# his h#st 'I ha,e reallyDirect1 /he guest sai! t# his h#st 'I ha,e reallyen0#ye! my stay at y#ur h#use.(en0#ye! my stay at y#ur h#use.(

In!irect1 /he guest sai! t# his h#st that he ha! reallyIn!irect1 /he guest sai! t# his h#st that he ha! reallyen0#ye! his stay at his h#use.en0#ye! his stay at his h#use.

Direct1 /he stu!ent sai! 'I ha,e been !#ing a l#t #fDirect1 /he stu!ent sai! 'I ha,e been !#ing a l#t #fhar! %#r&.(har! %#r&.(

In!irect1 /he stu!ent sai! that he ha! been !#ing a l#tIn!irect1 /he stu!ent sai! that he ha! been !#ing a l#t#f har! %#r&.#f har! %#r&.





Past tense an! the tense #f the rep#rte!Past tense an! the tense #f the rep#rte!

speech is in the "uture tense then %ill3shallspeech is in the "uture tense then %ill3shall

change t# %#ul! 6in ecepti#ns it changes t#change t# %#ul! 6in ecepti#ns it changes t#

sh#ul!7.sh#ul!7.



E!amplesE!amples

Direct1 /he manager sai! t# me 'I %illDirect1 /he manager sai! t# me 'I %ill

pers#nally see that y#u get all y#u nee!.( pers#nally see that y#u get all y#u nee!.(

In!irect1 /he manager sai! t# me that heIn!irect1 /he manager sai! t# me that he

%#ul! pers#nally see that I g#t all I nee!e!.%#ul! pers#nally see that I g#t all I nee!e!.

Direct1 2e sai! 'I shall be c#ming bac& in aDirect1 2e sai! 'I shall be c#ming bac& in a

!ay #r t%#.(!ay #r t%#.(

In!irect1 2e sai! that he %#ul! be c#mingIn!irect1 2e sai! that he %#ul! be c#ming

bac& in a !ay #r t%#. bac& in a !ay #r t%#.





Past tense an! the tense #f the rep#rte!Past tense an! the tense #f the rep#rte!

speech is als# in the Past tense then f#ll#%ingspeech is als# in the Past tense then f#ll#%ing

changes ta&e place1changes ta&e place1



ContdContd

Past In!efinite changes t# Past perfectPast In!efinite changes t# Past perfect

Past C#ntinu#us*****t# Past Perfect C#ntinu#usPast C#ntinu#us*****t# Past Perfect C#ntinu#us

Past Perfect remains as Past PerfectPast Perfect remains as Past Perfect

Past Perfect C#ntinu#us remains as PastPast Perfect C#ntinu#us remains as Past

Perfect C#ntinu#usPerfect C#ntinu#us



E!amplesE!amples

Direct1 2e sai! '8immy %as in the r##m.(Direct1 2e sai! '8immy %as in the r##m.( In!irect1 2e sai! that 8immy ha! been in the r##m.In!irect1 2e sai! that 8immy ha! been in the r##m.

Direct1 I sai! t# her 'I %as planning t# ,isit y#u.(Direct1 I sai! t# her 'I %as planning t# ,isit y#u.( In!irect1 I sai! t# her that I ha! been planning t# ,isit her.In!irect1 I sai! t# her that I ha! been planning t# ,isit her.

Direct1 2e sai! 'I ha! n#t epecte! my frien! t# reach s#Direct1 2e sai! 'I ha! n#t epecte! my frien! t# reach s#s##n.(s##n.(

In!irect1 2e sai! that he ha! n#t epecte! his frien! t# reachIn!irect1 2e sai! that he ha! n#t epecte! his frien! t# reach

s# s##n.s# s##n.

Direct1 /he nurse sai! 'I ha! been %#r&ing ,#luntarily.(Direct1 /he nurse sai! 'I ha! been %#r&ing ,#luntarily.( In!irect1 /he nurse sai! that she ha! been %#r&ing ,#luntarily.In!irect1 /he nurse sai! that she ha! been %#r&ing ,#luntarily.



NoteNote

If the rep#rte! speech epresses a uni,ersalIf the rep#rte! speech epresses a uni,ersal

truthtruth

its tense %ill n#t change.its tense %ill n#t change.

EampleEample

Direct1 2e sai! '/he %#rl! is r#un!.(Direct1 2e sai! '/he %#rl! is r#un!.(In!irect1 2e sai! that the %#rl! is r#un!.In!irect1 2e sai! that the %#rl! is r#un!.



"uestions"uestions

a. When a -uesti#n %itha. When a -uesti#n %ith why, what, how, where,why, what, how, where,

when, etc.when, etc. is t# be change! int#is t# be change! int# in!irect speechin!irect speech

the ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is replace! bythe ,erb #f the rep#rting speech is replace! byinquired, demanded or asked,inquired, demanded or asked, an! thean! the

c#n0uncti#nc#n0uncti#n thatthat is n#t use!. /he -uesti#nis n#t use!. /he -uesti#n

changes int# a statement.changes int# a statement.



E!amplesE!amples

Direct1 I sai! t# him 'What is y#ur netDirect1 I sai! t# him 'What is y#ur net

plan9( plan9(

In!irect1 I as&e! him %hat his net plan %as.In!irect1 I as&e! him %hat his net plan %as.

Direct1 2e sai! t# the little b#y 'Why are y#uDirect1 2e sai! t# the little b#y 'Why are y#u

crying9(crying9(

In!irect1 2e in-uire! #f the little b#y %hy heIn!irect1 2e in-uire! #f the little b#y %hy he%as crying.%as crying.



"uestions"uestions

b. When -uesti#ns beginning %ith an auiliary b. When -uesti#ns beginning %ith an auiliary

,erb are t# be change! int# in!irect speech,erb are t# be change! int# in!irect speech

ifif #r#r whetherwhether is use! t# 0#in the rep#rtingis use! t# 0#in the rep#rting

speech an! the rep#rte! speech an! the -uesti#nspeech an! the rep#rte! speech an! the -uesti#n

is c#n,erte! int# a statement.is c#n,erte! int# a statement.



E!amplesE!amples

Direct1 /he stranger sai! t# me ':re y#uDirect1 /he stranger sai! t# me ':re y#u

%illing t# c#ntribute t# #ur charity9(%illing t# c#ntribute t# #ur charity9(

In!irect1 /he stranger as&e! me if I %asIn!irect1 /he stranger as&e! me if I %as

%illing t# c#ntribute t# their charity.%illing t# c#ntribute t# their charity.

Direct1 2e sai! t# the teacher 'D# y#u thin&Direct1 2e sai! t# the teacher 'D# y#u thin&

my essay is g##!9(my essay is g##!9(

In!irect1 2e as&e! the teacher %hether sheIn!irect1 2e as&e! the teacher %hether she

th#ught his essay %as g##!.th#ught his essay %as g##!.



Commands and RequestsCommands and Requests

In in!irect speech c#mman!s an! re-uests areIn in!irect speech c#mman!s an! re-uests are

intr#!uce! %ith an infiniti,e an! the rep#rtingintr#!uce! %ith an infiniti,e an! the rep#rting

,erb is replace! by,erb is replace! by told, ordered, commanded,told, ordered, commanded,

requested etc.,requested etc., acc#r!ing t# the sense #f theacc#r!ing t# the sense #f the

sentence.sentence.



E!amplesE!amples

Direct1 2e sai! t# his ser,ant '"etch me aDirect1 2e sai! t# his ser,ant '"etch me aglass #f %ater.(glass #f %ater.(

In!irect1 2e #r!ere! his ser,ant t# fetch him aIn!irect1 2e #r!ere! his ser,ant t# fetch him a

glass #f %ater.glass #f %ater. Direct1 I sai! t# him 'Please sit !#%n.(Direct1 I sai! t# him 'Please sit !#%n.( In!irect1 I re-ueste! him t# sit !#%n.In!irect1 I re-ueste! him t# sit !#%n.

Direct1 2e sai! 'Let us g# #ut f#r a %al&.(Direct1 2e sai! 'Let us g# #ut f#r a %al&.( In!irect1 2e pr#p#se! that they sh#ul! g# #utIn!irect1 2e pr#p#se! that they sh#ul! g# #ut

f#r a %al&.f#r a %al&.



Desires and E!clamationsDesires and E!clamations

When !esires an! eclamati#ns are change! int#When !esires an! eclamati#ns are change! int#

in!irect speech the rep#rting ,erb is replace! byin!irect speech the rep#rting ,erb is replace! by

wished, desired, exclaimed, cried, wished,wished, desired, exclaimed, cried, wished,

prayed, desired etc. prayed, desired etc. an!an! thatthat is use! as a c#n0uncti#n t#is use! as a c#n0uncti#n t#

0#in the rep#rting speech an! the rep#rte! speech. 0#in the rep#rting speech an! the rep#rte! speech.



E!amplesE!amples

Direct1 2e sai! '2urrah; I ha,e t#ppe! again.(Direct1 2e sai! '2urrah; I ha,e t#ppe! again.( In!irect1 2e eclaime! %ith 0#y that he ha! t#ppe!In!irect1 2e eclaime! %ith 0#y that he ha! t#ppe!

again.again.

Direct1 She sai! '2#% ugly !# I l##& in this !ress;(Direct1 She sai! '2#% ugly !# I l##& in this !ress;( In!irect1 She eclaime! that she l##&e! ,ery ugly inIn!irect1 She eclaime! that she l##&e! ,ery ugly in

that !ress.that !ress. Direct1 /he #l! beggar sai! t# me 'May 5#! blessDirect1 /he #l! beggar sai! t# me 'May 5#! bless

y#u my s#n;(y#u my s#n;( In!irect1 /he #l! beggar calle! me his s#n an! praye!In!irect1 /he #l! beggar calle! me his s#n an! praye!

that 5#! might bless me.that 5#! might bless me.



Change of #ords Denoting TimeChange of #ords Denoting Time

and Positionand Position

/he %#r!s sh#%ing nearness in time an! space/he %#r!s sh#%ing nearness in time an! space

are change! t# %#r!s sh#%ing !istance unlessare change! t# %#r!s sh#%ing !istance unless

the sense re-uires #ther%ise f#r eample inthe sense re-uires #ther%ise f#r eample in2e sai! 'I %an!ere! here an! there.(2e sai! 'I %an!ere! here an! there.(

%e cann#t replace%e cann#t replace herehere by by therethere..

Ch f # d C tdCh f # d C td



Change of #ords ContdChange of #ords ContdIf the rep#rting ,erb is in the past tense1If the rep#rting ,erb is in the past tense1

Direct Speech In!irect SpeechDirect Speech In!irect Speech

this3these that3th#sethis3these that3th#se

here therehere there n#% thenn#% then

last <the pre,i#uslast <the pre,i#us

the=bef#re=>the=bef#re=>

net <the netnet <the net

the f#ll#%ing=the f#ll#%ing=

the =after>the =after> t#!ay that !ayt#!ay that !ay

t#night that nightt#night that night

yester!ay <the pre,i#us !ayyester!ay <the pre,i#us !ay

the !ay bef#re>the !ay bef#re>

t#m#rr#% <the net !ayt#m#rr#% <the net !ay

the f#ll#%ing !aythe f#ll#%ing !ay

the !ay after>the !ay after>

the !ay bef#re yester!ay the !ay bef#re the pre,i#us !aythe !ay bef#re yester!ay the !ay bef#re the pre,i#us !ay

the !ay after t#m#rr#% the !ay after the net !aythe !ay after t#m#rr#% the !ay after the net !ay

last night the pre,i#us nightlast night the pre,i#us night

net %ee& the f#ll#%ing %ee& net %ee& the f#ll#%ing %ee&



Changing from Indirect to DirectChanging from Indirect to Direct

SpeechSpeech

?se say3sai! as the rep#rting ,erb instea! #f?se say3sai! as the rep#rting ,erb instea! #fsai!3t#l!3state!.sai!3t#l!3state!.

If the rep#rting ,erb is in the past tense ma&eIf the rep#rting ,erb is in the past tense ma&e

the re-uisite change #f tense in the !irectthe re-uisite change #f tense in the !irectspeech.speech.

Ma&e the necessary changes #f pers#n.Ma&e the necessary changes #f pers#n.

)eplace %#r!s !en#ting rem#teness by the)eplace %#r!s !en#ting rem#teness by thec#rresp#n!ing %#r!s !en#ting nearness.c#rresp#n!ing %#r!s !en#ting nearness.

Put the !irect speech %ithin in,erte! c#mmas.Put the !irect speech %ithin in,erte! c#mmas.



E!amplesE!amples

In!irect1 She says she li&es g#ing t# the seasi!e.In!irect1 She says she li&es g#ing t# the seasi!e.

Direct1 She says 'I li&e g#ing t# the seasi!e.(Direct1 She says 'I li&e g#ing t# the seasi!e.(

In!irect1 Y#u sai! t# me that y#u ha! been rea!ing aIn!irect1 Y#u sai! t# me that y#u ha! been rea!ing a

,ery interesting b##& the pre,i#us !ay.,ery interesting b##& the pre,i#us !ay. Direct1 Y#u sai! t# me 'I %as rea!ing a ,eryDirect1 Y#u sai! t# me 'I %as rea!ing a ,ery

interesting b##& yester!ay.(interesting b##& yester!ay.(

In!irect1 /he girl as&e! her m#ther %hether she mightIn!irect1 /he girl as&e! her m#ther %hether she might%ear that !ress.%ear that !ress.

Direct1 /he girl sai! 'May I %ear this !ress m#ther9(Direct1 /he girl sai! 'May I %ear this !ress m#ther9(



Narration PracticeNarration Practice

Stu!ents buil! the ability t# !istinguishStu!ents buil! the ability t# !istinguish

bet%een !ifferent rules. bet%een !ifferent rules.

Stu!ents learn t# ch##se c#rrect meth#! an!Stu!ents learn t# ch##se c#rrect meth#! an!

apply it.apply it.

Stu!ents impr#,e their ability t# c#me up %ithStu!ents impr#,e their ability t# c#me up %ith

c#rrect ans%ers.c#rrect ans%ers.



ENDEND

Thank YouThank You f#r y#ur patience. @y this time thef#r y#ur patience. @y this time the

c#ncepts regar!ing Aarrati#n are pretty clear. :c#ncepts regar!ing Aarrati#n are pretty clear. :

little practice #ff an! #n is re-uire! t# ma&elittle practice #ff an! #n is re-uire! t# ma&ethe stu!ents rea!y f#r any challenges.the stu!ents rea!y f#r any challenges.

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Narration Techniques.ppt Copy (1)