Nargis Periodic Review - UNIC Yangonyangon.sites.unicnetwork.org/files/2013/05/periodicreview-9of9.pdf · Post-Nargis Periodic Review I 71 ... A hexagonal grid was used in the Periodic

Post-Nargis Periodic Review I71

sEctiOn 3:

AnnExEs

3.1 mEthODOlOgy OF thE FiRst pERiODic REviEW

The methodology used for the first round of the Periodic Review in the Union of Myanmar employed several innovative approaches in order to provide useful data and analysis for decision makers. A key innovation was the use of a mixed-methods approach that combined a quantitative probability-sampled household survey with a qualitative purposively-sampled 'plug-in' investigation focusing on vulnerable groups.

3.1.1 QuAntitAtivE mEthODOlOgy

sAmplE DEsign

The Periodic Review assessed the same sampling area as the VTA, which was defined as the worst-affected Townships, but not the same communities. The definition of ‘affected’ used to select the Townships was the loss of life and / or property that had an impact on the livelihood of an individual, family or a community. It did not take into consideration the ability to cope with the damage and destruction.1 There were 30 Townships with this definition (see Annex 3.3 for the list).

The Periodic Review used a two-stage cluster sample design in which the primary sampling units were communities sampled from the affected area and the secondary sampling units were households within selected primary sampling units. Primary sampling units were selected using the Centric Systematic Area Sampling (CSAS) method. This method involves dividing the survey area into non-overlapping, equal, and contiguous areas and sampling the community located closest to the centre of each area. The advantages of using the CSAS method is that it provides a spatially-even sample of communities avoiding the bias towards sampling the most populous communities that is present in sampling methods such as population proportional sampling (PPS). When combined with a representative within-community sampling method, it allows spatial analysis and presentation of survey data.

It is common practice to use a square grid to define the areas used in CSAS samples. This was done in the VTA. A hexagonal grid was used in the Periodic Review because it yields a more spatially even sample than a square grid with neighbouring primary sampling units tending to be equidistant from each other in all directions.

To determine the location of the primary sampling units, a hexagonal grid was drawn onto a map of the survey area. The size of the hexagonal tiles used was determined by consideration of the need for spatial detail and a practicable number of primary sampling units. The side length of each hexagonal tile was six nautical miles (11.11 kilometres). With this side length, the distance between the centroids of neighbouring hexagonal tiles is 10.39 nautical miles (19.06 kilometres). 113 of these hexagonal tiles were required to cover the Periodic Review survey area. Post-Nargis satellite imagery was used to determine the community located closest to the centroids of the hexagonal tiles and 113 communities were selected as primary sampling units.

Within each selected community, households were selected using a map-segment-sample technique that is known to provide a representative sample of households from communities.2 The combination of an even spatial sample of primary sampling units (PSUs) and the use of a representative within-PSU sampling method allows spatial analysis techniques to be used and for results to be presented as maps.

1 TCG (June 2008), Post-Nargis Joint Assessment, p 35.2 A short guide to the Map-Segment-Sample community sampling method for the TCG Periodic Review.


inDicAtORs AnD QuEstiOnnAiRE

The assessment tools were created by identifying contributing variables for indicators identified in consultation with the health, food, nutrition, protection of women and children, water-sanitation-hygiene (WASH), agriculture, early recovery, education and shelter Clusters, and representatives of the Government of the Union of Myanmar. Indicators selected were to be part of the Early Recovery framework for the Cluster and were to monitor needs. Some indicators were used previously in well-developed monitoring assessments, such as questions from the Core Questions on Drinking-Water and Sanitation for the WASH Cluster. However, in some cases the questions were developed to fit the requirement of monitoring needs after a cyclone. Where possible, indicators were selected to be compared to the Village Tract Assessment. The tool was developed in English and translated into Myanmar, pre-tested in English and Myanmar, and further evaluated in a pilot survey.

sAmplE sizE, DAtA cOllEctiOn AnD DAtA AnAlysis

The planned overall sample size was 113 primary sampling units (PSUs) with 22 households sampled from each PSU. Data were collected between 29 October to 14 November 2008. The survey sampled 113 PSUs as planned, but five of these were censored due to improper recording of location data. The achieved sample size was, therefore, 108 PSUs with 22 households sampled from each PSU. Data were double entered and validated using a purpose written database system. Data were analysed and mapped using ordinary kriging.


DIVISION:

DISTRICT:

TOWNSHIP

WARD/ VILLAGE TRACT:

PCODE:

M M R

Date of Interview: Day Month Year

Time: Beginning of Interview Hour Minute

End of Interview Hour Minute

THE INFORMATION COLLECTED WILL BE USED ONLY FOR STATISTICAL PURPOSES AND IS STRICTLY CONFIDENTIAL

myAnmAR pERiODic REviEW

hOusEhOlD QuEstiOnnAiRE©This document should not be replicated or othewise used without the advice and consent of the authors.

3.1.2 QuAntitAtivE AssEssmEnt tOOls


Name of Enumerator Code

Name of Supervisor Code

Name of Data Entry Operater 1 Code

Name of Data Entry Operator 2 Code

Verified: Verified by (name):

Yes 1

No 2

Hexagon No. Household No.

Name of Principal Respondent ID Code

Measure the length of the dwelling Measure the width of the dwelling

feet feet

Interview Outcome: Complete interview 1

Partial/incomplete interview 2

Refusal 3

Questionnaire of


DIV

ISIO

N:

DIS

TRIC

T:

TOW

NSH

IP

WARD

/ VIL

LAG

E T

RACT:

PCO

DE:

MM

R

Dat

e of

Inte

rvie

w:

Day

Mon

thYe

ar

Tim

e: Beg

innin

g o

f In

terv

iew

Hou

rM

inute

End o

f In

terv

iew

Hou

rM

inute

THE I

NFO

RM

ATI

ON

CO

LLECTE

D W

ILL

BE U

SED

ON

LY F

OR S

TATI

STI

CAL

PURPO

SES A

ND

IS S

TRIC

TLY

CO

NFI

DEN

TIAL

Nam

e of

Enum

erat

orCod

e

Nam

e of

Super

viso

rCod

e

Nam

e of

Dat

a Entr

y O

per

ater

1Cod

e

Nam

e of

Dat

a Entr

y O

per

ator

2Cod

e

Ver

ifi ed

:Ver

ifi ed

by

(nam

e):

Yes

1

No

2

Hex

agon

No.

Hou

sehol

d N

o.

Nam

e of

Princi

pal

Res

pon

den

tID

Cod

e

Mea

sure

the

length

of

the

dw

ellin

gM

easu

re t

he

wid

th o

f th

e dw

ellin

g

feet

feet

Inte

rvie

w O

utc

ome:

Com

ple

te inte

rvie

w1

Part

ial/

inco

mple

te inte

rvie

w2

Ref

usa

l3

Ques

tion

nai

reof

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

I D C O D E

Sta

rt w

ith t

he

all in

div

idual

s cu

rren

tly

livin

g in t

he

hou

sehol

d.

Th

en lis

t th

ose

who

lived

in t

he

hou

sehol

d

prior

to

Cyc

lone

Nar

gis

who

are

no

longer

in t

he

hou

sehol

d.

Was

this

per

son

livin

g in t

he

hou

sehol

d

prior

to

Cyc

lone

Nar

gis

?

Is t

his

per

son

curr

ently

livin

g in t

he

hou

sehol

d?

If t

his

per

son is

not

curr

ently

livin

g in

the

hou

sehol

d,

wher

e is

he

or s

he?

SEX:

AG

E

RECO

RD

AG

E

IN Y

EARS I

F PE

RSO

N I

S M

ORE

THAN

ON

E Y

EAR

OLD

. R

ECO

RD

AG

E I

N M

ON

THS

IF P

ERSO

N I

S

LESS T

HAN

ON

E

YEAR O

LD.

RELA

TIO

NSH

IP T

O H

EAD

:

HEAD

HEAD

1

SPO

USE/P

ARTN

ER

2

SO

N/D

AU

GH

TER

3

SO

N/D

AU

GH

TER-I

N-L

AW

4

FATH

ER/M

OTH

ER

5

FATH

ER-I

N-L

AW

/MO

THER-I

N-L

AW

6

SIS

TER/B

RO

THER

7

Anot

her

hou

sehol

d in s

ame

villa

ge

1G

RAN

DCH

ILD

8

Anot

her

vill

age/

city

in M

yanm

ar2

GRAN

DPA

REN

T9

Cou

ntr

y ou

tsid

e of

Mya

nm

ar3

NIE

CE/N

EPH

EW

10

Dea

d4

OTH

ER R

ELA

TIVE

11

YES 1

YES >

>5 1

Mis

sing

5M

ALE

1N

OT

RELA

TED

12

NO

2

NO

2D

on’t k

now

6FE

MALE

2YE

ARS

MO

NTH

SD

ON

’T K

NO

W13

NAM

E

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

mO

Du

lE 1

: h

Ou

sEh

OlD R

Os

tER


(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

Doe

s th

e nat

ura

l fa

ther

of

[N

AM

E]

live

in t

his

hou

sehol

d?

Doe

s th

e nat

ura

l m

other

of

[NAM

E]

live

in t

his

hou

sehol

d?

What

is

the

ethnic

ity

of

[NAM

E]?

What

is

the

relig

ion

of [

NAM

E]?

ASK O

NLY

IF

PERSO

N I

S 1

5 Y

EARS O

LD O

R O

LDER

ASK O

NLY

IF

PERSO

N I

S 1

5 Y

EARS O

LD O

R O

LDER

What

was

the

mai

n a

ctiv

ity

that

[N

AM

E]

did

bef

ore

Nar

gis

?W

hat

is

the

mai

n a

ctiv

ity

that

[N

AM

E]

doe

s now

?

Gov

ernm

ent

emplo

yee

1G

over

nm

ent

emplo

yee

1

Farm

er2

Farm

er2

Fish

erm

an3

Fish

erm

an3

Shop

ow

ner

4Shop

ow

ner

4

Mya

nm

ar1

Gro

up lab

our

(bos

s or

mem

ber

)5

Gro

up lab

our

(bos

s or

mem

ber

)5

Shan

2Sal

t pro

duce

r6

Sal

t pro

duce

r6

Chin

3Sel

f em

plo

yed/c

raft

sman

/art

isan

7Sel

f em

plo

yed/c

raft

sman

/art

isan

7

IF Y

ES,

RECO

RD

TH

E

ID C

OD

E

IF Y

ES,

RECO

RD

TH

E

ID C

OD

E

Kac

hin

4D

ay lab

or/c

asual

lab

our

8D

ay lab

or/c

asual

lab

our

8

Kay

ah5

Buddhis

t1

Dom

estic

wor

ker

9D

omes

tic

wor

ker

9

Mon

6M

usl

im2

Go

to s

choo

l10

Go

to s

choo

l10

Kay

in7

Hin

du

3H

ouse

hol

d w

ork/

care

for

mem

ber

s11

Hou

sehol

d w

ork/

care

for

mem

ber

s11

Rak

hin

e8

Christ

ian

4Pe

tty

trad

e12

Pett

y tr

ade

12

Mix

ed9

Oth

er5

Live

stoc

k/pou

ltry

sel

lers

13

Live

stoc

k/pou

ltry

sel

lers

13

Oth

er10

Don

’t k

now

6N

one

14

Non

e14

Oth

er15

Oth

er15

ID C

OD

EID

CO

DE

Don

’t k

now

16

Don

’t k

now

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10

11

12

13

14

15

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

I D C O D E

Write

the

nam

e of

any

child

who

is

15 y

ears

old

or

les

s an

d

curr

ently

livin

g in t

he

hou

sehol

d

from

the

Ros

ter

in t

he

corr

espon

din

g

line

with t

hei

r ID

Cod

e fr

om

the

Ros

ter

CH

ILD

REN

6 M

ON

TH

S O

LD O

R

YOU

NG

ER

CO

MPA

RE

TH

E H

EIG

HT

(OR L

EN

GTH

) O

F TH

E C

HIL

D

TO T

HE

MEASU

RIN

G

POLE

. D

ETERM

INE

IF T

HE

CH

ILD

'S

HEIG

HT (

OR

LEN

GTH

) IS

BETW

EEN

TH

E T

WO

M

ARKS.

CH

ILD

REN

WH

O A

RE S

UFF

ICIE

NT H

EIG

HT O

R L

EN

GTH

(25 t

o 43 I

Ns)

Is [

NAM

E]

curr

ently

bei

ng

bre

astf

ed?

Sin

ce y

este

rday

, did

[N

AM

E]

rece

ive

any

of

the

follo

win

g?

MEASU

RE

TH

E C

HIL

D’S

M

ID U

PPER

ARM

CIR

CU

M-

FEREN

CE O

N

TH

E L

EFT

ARM

AN

D W

RIT

E

DO

WN

TH

E

RAN

GE I

N

WH

ICH

TH

E

MEASU

REM

EN

T

IS F

OU

ND

IS

BIL

ATERAL

PITT

ING

O

ED

EM

A

PRESEN

T?

Did

[N

AM

E]

exer

ience

dia

rrhoe

a during t

he

last

14

day

s?

“How

did

you

tre

at [

NAM

E’S

] dia

rrhoe

a?LI

ST U

P TO

TH

REE M

ETH

OD

S”

Has

[N

AM

E]

had

a f

ever

in

the

last

14 d

ays?

Incr

ease

d f

ood o

r drink

giv

en t

o ch

ild1

(a)

(b)

Red

uce

d f

ood o

r liq

uid

giv

en t

o ch

ild2

Any

other

liq

uid

sSol

id o

r se

mi-

solid

(m

ush

y)

food

s

Gav

e sp

ecia

l fo

ods

to c

hild

3

Ora

l re

hyd

ration

ther

apy

4

Oth

er (

spec

ify)

5

Red

uce

or

stop

bre

astf

eedin

g6

RED

1H

ome

rem

edy

7

YES

1YES

1YES

1YES

1YELL

OW

2

YES

1

YES

1

No

trea

tmen

t8

YES

1

NO

2N

O

2

NO

2N

O>

>11

2G

REEN

3N

O

2

NO

2>

>9

NO

2

NAM

E

1st

2nd

3rd

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

mO

Du

lE 2

: c

hil

D m

OD

ulE


(8)

(9)

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

Doe

s th

e na

tura

l fat

her

of [

NAM

E]

live

in t

his

hous

ehol

d?

Doe

s th

e na

tura

l m

othe

r of

[N

AM

E]

live

in t

his

hous

ehol

d?

Wha

t is

the

et

hnic

ity

of

[NAM

E]?

Wha

t is

the

rel

igio

n of

[N

AM

E]?

ASK O

NLY

IF

PERSO

N I

S 1

5 YE

ARS O

LD O

R O

LDER

ASK O

NLY

IF

PERSO

N I

S 1

5 YE

ARS O

LD O

R O

LDER

Wha

t w

as t

he m

ain

activi

ty t

hat

[NAM

E] d

id b

efor

e N

argi

s?W

hat

is t

he m

ain

activi

ty t

hat

[NAM

E] d

oes

now

?

Gov

ernm

ent

empl

oyee

1G

over

nmen

t em

ploy

ee1

Farm

er2

Farm

er2

Fish

erm

an3

Fish

erm

an3

Sho

p ow

ner

4Sho

p ow

ner

4

Mya

nmar

1G

roup

labo

ur (

boss

or

mem

ber)

5G

roup

labo

ur (

boss

or

mem

ber)

5

Sha

n2

Sal

t pr

oduc

er6

Sal

t pr

oduc

er6

Chi

n3

Sel

f em

ploy

ed/c

raft

sman

/art

isan

7Sel

f em

ploy

ed/c

raft

sman

/art

isan

7

IF Y

ES,

REC

ORD

TH

E ID

CO

DE

IF Y

ES,

REC

ORD

TH

E ID

CO

DE

Kac

hin

4D

ay la

bor/

casu

al la

bour

8D

ay la

bor/

casu

al la

bour

8

Kay

ah5

Bud

dhis

t1

Dom

estic

wor

ker

9D

omes

tic

wor

ker

9

Mon

6M

uslim

2G

o to

sch

ool

10G

o to

sch

ool

10

Kay

in7

Hin

du3

Hou

seho

ld w

ork/

care

for

mem

bers

11H

ouse

hold

wor

k/ca

re for

mem

bers

11

Rak

hine

8Chr

istian

4Pe

tty

trad

e12

Pett

y tr

ade

12

Mix

ed9

Oth

er5

Live

stoc

k/po

ultr

y se

llers

13Li

vest

ock/

poul

try

selle

rs13

Oth

er10

Don

’t k

now

6N

one

14N

one

14

Oth

er15

Oth

er15

ID C

OD

EID

CO

DE

Don

’t k

now

16D

on’t k

now

16

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

I D C O D E

Write

the

na

me

of a

ny

child

who

is

15 y

ears

old

or

less

and

cu

rren

tly

livin

g in

the

ho

useh

old

from

the

Ros

ter

in t

he

corr

espo

ndin

g lin

e w

ith

thei

r ID

Cod

e fr

om

the

Ros

ter

CH

ILD

REN

6 M

ON

THS O

LD O

R

YOU

NG

ER

CO

MPA

RE

THE

HEI

GH

T (O

R L

ENG

TH)

OF

THE

CH

ILD

TO

TH

E M

EASU

RIN

G

POLE

. D

ETER

MIN

E IF

TH

E CH

ILD

'S

HEI

GH

T (O

R

LEN

GTH

) IS

BET

WEE

N

THE

TWO

M

ARKS.

CH

ILD

REN

WH

O A

RE

SU

FFIC

IEN

T H

EIG

HT

OR L

ENG

TH (

25 t

o 43

IN

s)

Is [

NAM

E]

curr

ently

bein

g br

east

fed?

Sin

ce y

este

rday

, di

d [N

AM

E] r

ecei

ve a

ny o

f th

e fo

llow

ing?

MEA

SU

RE

THE

CH

ILD

’S

MID

UPP

ER

ARM

CIR

CU

M-

FEREN

CE

ON

TH

E LE

FT A

RM

AN

D W

RIT

E D

OW

N T

HE

RAN

GE

IN

WH

ICH

TH

E M

EASU

REM

ENT

IS F

OU

ND

IS

BIL

ATER

AL

PITT

ING

O

EDEM

A

PRES

ENT?

Did

[N

AM

E]

exer

ienc

e di

arrh

oea

during

the

la

st 1

4 da

ys?

“How

did

you

tre

at [

NAM

E’S]

diar

rhoe

a?LI

ST

UP

TO T

HREE

MET

HO

DS”

Has

[N

AM

E]

had

a fe

ver

in t

he la

st

14 d

ays?

Incr

ease

d fo

od o

r dr

ink

give

n to

chi

ld1

(a)

(b)

Red

uced

foo

d or

liqu

id g

iven

to

child

2

Any

oth

er

liqui

dsSol

id o

r se

mi-

solid

(m

ushy

) fo

ods

Gav

e sp

ecia

l foo

ds t

o ch

ild3

Ora

l reh

ydra

tion

the

rapy

4

Oth

er (

spec

ify)

5

Red

uce

or s

top

brea

stfe

edin

g6

RED

1H

ome

rem

edy

7

YES 1

YES 1

YES

1YE

S

1YE

LLO

W

2YE

S

1

YES

1

No

trea

tmen

t8

YES

1

NO

2

NO

2

NO

2N

O>

>11

2

GREE

N

3

NO

2N

O

2>>

9N

O

2

NAM

E 1s

t2n

d3r

d

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 mO

Du

lE 2

: c

hil

D m

OD

ulE


I D C O D E

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

CH

ILD

REN

2 T

O 4

YEA

RS O

LDCH

ILD

REN

5 T

O 1

5 YE

ARS O

LD

Has

[N

AM

E] b

een

give

n an

inje

ctio

n ag

ains

t m

easl

es?

Doe

s [N

AM

E] g

o to

a p

lace

sp

ecia

lly for

chi

ldre

n to

lear

n,

to p

lay,

or

to b

e ta

ken

care

of?

Doe

s [N

AM

E]

atte

nd s

choo

l?

Wha

t is

the

mai

n re

ason

tha

t [N

AM

E] d

oes

not

atte

nd s

choo

l?W

hat

clas

s do

es [

NAM

E]

atte

nd?

Doe

s [N

AM

E’s]

sc

hool

hav

e a

Pare

nt T

each

er

Ass

ocia

tion

?

Has

[N

AM

E’s]

pa

rent

or

guar

dian

be

en in

volv

ed in

th

e Pa

rent

Tea

cher

Ass

ocia

tion

in t

he

last

6 m

onth

s?

Chi

ld n

ot in

tere

sted

1

Pare

nts

not

inte

rest

ed2

Educ

atio

n co

sts

3W

RIT

E D

OW

N T

HE

CLA

SS

Req

uire

d to

wor

k4

THE

ACCEP

TABLE

Chi

ld is

sic

k/di

sabl

ed5

AN

SW

ER W

ILL

BE

FRO

M

Chi

lds

look

s af

ter

61

TO 1

1

othe

rs in

hou

seho

ld

Sch

ool t

oo far

aw

ay7

No

scho

ol8

Oth

er (

spec

ify)

9

YES

1YE

S 1

YES >

>14

1

NEX

T CH

ILD

YES

1YE

S1

NO

2

NO

2

NO

2N

O >

> N

ext

2N

O >

> N

ext

2

child

child

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15

mO

Du

lE 8

: A

gR

icu

ltu

RE/

liv

Es

tO

ck/

Fis

hER

iEs

(1)

Doe

s yo

ur h

ouse

hold

hav

e a

hom

e ga

rden

now

or

did

it h

ave

one

befo

re N

argi

s?

Yes

= 1

No

= 2

>>

3

(2)

Wha

t is

the

siz

e of

you

r cu

rren

t ho

me

gard

en?

(2a)

Wha

t w

as t

he s

ize

of y

our

hom

e ga

rden

bef

ore

Nar

gis?

feet

by

feet

feet

by

feet

(3)

Is a

nyon

e in

you

r ho

useh

old

able

to

cultiv

ate

crop

s no

w o

r

was

any

one

able

to

cultiv

ate

crop

s be

fore

Nar

gis?

Yes

= 1

No

= 2

>>

7

(4)

(5)

(6)

How

man

y ac

res

did

you

cultiv

ate

in

[CRO

P] t

his

seas

on

or d

o yo

u pl

an t

o cu

ltiv

ate?

How

man

y ac

res

did

you

cultiv

ate

in

[CRO

P] t

his

seas

on

or d

o yo

u pl

an t

o cu

ltiv

ate?

If t

here

was

a r

educ

tion

in a

cres

cul

tiva

ted,

w

hat

is t

he m

ain

reas

on f

or t

he r

educ

tion

?

Land

spo

iled

(sal

t)1

Dam

age

to d

rain

age

2

Not

eno

ugh

labo

r3

Lack

of

seed

s4

Lack

of

fert

ilize

r/pe

stic

ides

5

Lack

of

farm

too

ls6

Tree

s da

mag

ed/l

ost

7

ACRES

ACRES

Oth

er8

Mon

soon

pad

dy

Sum

mer

pad

dy

Pere

nnia

l cro

ps

(7)

Do

you

have

any

fi s

h or

cra

b po

nds

now

or

did

you

have

any

bef

ore

Nar

gis?

Yes

= 1

No

= 2

>>

11

(8)

(9)

(10)

How

man

y [I

TEM

] do

yo

u ha

ve n

ow?

How

man

y [I

TEM

] di

d yo

u ha

ve b

efor

e N

argi

s?

If t

here

is a

red

uction

in [

ITEM

], w

hat

is t

he

mai

n re

ason

for

the

red

uction

?

Pond

wat

er s

poile

d1

Sol

d2

Loan

ed t

o ot

her

3

Oth

er4

Fish

pon

ds

Cra

b po

nds

(11)

Do

you

have

any

live

stoc

k no

w o

r di

d yo

u ha

ve li

vest

ock

befo

re N

argi

s?Ye

s =

1N

o =

2 >

> 1

5


(1) PLEASE TELL ME HOW MANY DAYS IN THE PAST 7 DAYS YOU OR ANY MEMBER OF YOUR HOUSEHOLD ATE THE FOLLOWING FOODS

(EXCLUDE FOODS PURCHASED AND EATEN OUTSIDE OF THE HOME) Write the number of days from 0 to 7Food Group Examples

A. CEREALS bread, noodles, biscuits, cookies or any other foods made from millet, sorghum, maize, rice, wheat

B. VITAMIN A RICH VEGETABLES AND TUBERS

pumpkin, carrots, squash, sweet potato, broccoli

C. WHITE TUBERS AND ROOTS white potatoes, kohlrabi, arrowroot, casava (tapioca), yams, radishes

D. DARK GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLES spinach, mustard greens, chinese kale, morning glory, pickle tea leaves

E. OTHER VEGETABLES tomoatoes, cucumber, lettuce, onion, cabbage, green herbs, red beet, and other vegetables including wild ones

F. VITAMIN A RICH FRUITS watermelon, peaches, apricots, oranges, papaya, mango

G. OTHER FRUITS AND DRIED FRUITS pomelo, mangosteen, apples, banana

H. FLESH MEATS beef, port, lamb, goat, rabbit, wild game, chicken, duck, or other birds

I. ORGAN MEAT (IRON RICH) liver, kidney, heart or other organ meats or blood-based foods

J. EGGS

K. FISH fresh or dried fish or shellfish, prawns, shrimp

L. LEGUMES, NUTS, SEEDS beans, peas, lentils, chickpeas, grams, cashew, groundnuts, nuts, seeds, or foods made from these

M. MILK AND MILK PRODUCTS butter, yogurt, ice cream and other products made with milk.

N. OILS AND FATS oils, fats, or butter added to food or used for cooking

O. SWEETS sugar, sugar cane, jaggery, honey, sweetened soda or sugary foods such as chocolates, sweets or candies

P. SPICES, CONDIMENTS, BEVERAGES spices (black pepper, salt), condiments (soy sauce, hot sauce), coffee, tea, soft drinks, alcoholic beverages

(2) DID ANYONE IN THE HOUSEHOLD EAT ANYTHING (MEAL OR SNACK) OUTSIDE OF THE HOUSEHOLD IN THE LAST 7 DAYS?

YES 1 No 2

(3) In the past 7 days, on average, how many meals and snacks did your household eat each day?

(4) In the past 7 days, did you have less than enough food for your household?

YES 1

NO >>7 2

(5) How often did this happen?

(1-3 TIMES) 1

(4-6 TIMES) 2

Every day 3

mODulE 3 :FOOD sEcuRity


(6) How often did you do the following when your household did not have enough food during the last 7 days?

Never 0

1-3 days a week 1

4-6 days a week 2

Every day 3

CHOSE LESS EXPENSIVE FOOD

CHOSE FOOD THAT YOU USUALLY DO NOT EAT

EAT LESS IN THE MAIN MEAL THAN NORMAL

EAT FEWER MEALS PER DAY

BORROWING FOOD OR BUYING FOOD ON CREDIT

GOT SUPPORT FROM FRIENDS AND RELATIVES

SOME MEMBERS OF HOUSEHOLD WENT WITHOUT MEALS

(7) What are the 3 most important sources of food for your household during the last 7 days?

WRITE “1” FOR THE MOST IMPORTANT, “2” FOR THE SECOND MOST IMPORTANT AND “3” FOR THE THIRD

MOST IMPORTANT

Own production

Gift from family

Purchases

Borrow/credit/advance (money)

Pre-harvest advance (food)

Exchange items for food

Exchange work for food (not food aid)

Food for work (food aid)

UN / INGO food aid

Government food aid

Local NGO / CBO (not faith based)

Faith based organization

Other


mODulE 4: WAtER AnD sAnitAtiOn

(1) What is the main source of drinking water for your dwelling?

PIPED WATER INTO DWELLING 1 >>4

PIPED WATER TO YARD/PLOT 2 >>4

PUBLIC TAP/STANDPIPE 3

TUBEWELL/BOREHOLE 4

PROTECTED DUG WELL 5

UNPROTECTED DUG WELL 6

PROTECTED SPRING 7

UNPROTECTED SPRING 8

RAINWATER COLLECTION 9

BOTTLED WATER 10 >>4

CART WITH SMALL TANK/DRUM 11 >>4

TANKER TRUCK 12 >>4

SURFACE WATER 13

OTHER (SPECIFY ______________________ ) 14

(2) Is the drinking water source within the compound?

YES 1

NO 2

(3) How long does it take to go there, get water and come back?

Number of minutes

If do not know, write “99”

(4) Do you treat your water in any way to make it safer to drink?

YES 1

NO 2 >>7

(5) Which of these methods do you use to make the water safe for drinking?

CHECK AL L THAT APPLY

YES 1 NO 2

BOIL

ADD BLEACH/CHLORINE

STRAIN IT THROUGH A CLOTH

USE WATER FILTER (CERAMIC, SAND, ETC)

SOLAR DISINFECTION

LET IT STAND AND SETTLE

OTHER (SPECIFY ________________ )

DON’T KNOW

(6) When was the last time you used one of these methods to make your water safer to drink?

TODAY 1

YESTERDAY 2

THIS WEEK 3

THIS MONTH 4

SEVERAL MONTHS AGO 5

OTHER (Specify ________________ ) 6


(7) What is the main source of water used by your household for other purposes, such as coooking and hand washing?

PIPED WATER INTO DWELLING 1

PIPED WATER TO YARD/PLOT 2

PUBLIC TAP/STANDPIPE 3

TUBEWELL/BOREHOLE 4

PROTECTED DUG WELL 5

UNPROTECTED DUG WELL 6

PROTECTED SPRING 7

UNPROTECTED SPRING 8

RAINWATER COLLECTION 9

CART WITH SMALL TANK/DRUM 10

TANKER TRUCK 11

SURFACE WATER 12

OTHER (SPECIFY _______________ ) 13

(8) Who in your household has the main responsibility for fetching the water used for your household?

Probe: Is this person under age 15 years? What sex? Circle the code that best describes this person

Adult woman 1

Adult man 2

Female child (under 15 years) 3

Male child (under 15 years) 4

Don’t know 5

(9) What kind, and how many, types of storage containers does your household have to store drinking water?

type How manydoes thehouseholdhave?

How manyhave a sealablelid?

How manyhave atap?

How manygallonsdoes eachone store?

Clay pots

Buckets

Jerry cans

Tin cans

Barrels (concrete)

Barrels (wood)

Barrels (others)

Other (specify)


(10) What kind of toilet facilities are in your dwelling?

Flush/pour flush to:

Piped sewer system 1

Septic tank 2

Pit latrine 3

Elsewhere 4

Unknown place/not sure/don't know 5

Ventilated improved pit latrine (VIP) 6

Pit latrine with slab 7

Pit latrine without slab/open pit 8

Composting toilet 9

Bucket 10

Hanging toilet/hanging latrine 11

No facilities or bush or field 12 >> 13

Other (specify) 13

(11) Do you share this facility with other households?

YES 1

NO 2 >>13

(12) How many other households share this toilet?

(13) The last time your youngest child passed stools, what was done to dispose of the stools?

CHILD USED TOILET/LATRINE 1

PUT/RINSED INTO TOILET OR LATRINE 2

PUT/RINSED INTO DRAIN OR DITCH 3

ASK ONLY IF THERE ARE CHILDRENLESS THAN 5 YEARS OLD IN THE

HOUSEHOLD

THROWN INTO GARBAGE 4

BURIED 5

LEFT IN OPEN 6

OTHER (Specify ________________ ) 7

DON'T KNOW 8

NO CHILDREN UNDER 5 IN HOUSEHOLD 9


(14) What methods do you use to dispose of solid waste in your household? MULTIPLE ANSWERS ALLOWED

BURN 1

BURY IN YARD 2

COMPOST 3

SCAVENGERS COLLECT 4

NEIGHBOURHOOD WASTE 5

COLLECTION & LOCAL DISPOSAL

THROW IN OWN YARD 6

THROW IN THE STREET 7

THROW IN RIVER/STREAM 8

OTHER (Specify ________________) 9

(15) Is there a bar of soap in the household?

YES 1

NO 2 >>NEXT MODULE

(16) Does the person who cooks the meals for the household wash his/her hands before preparing the food?

YES 1

NO 2


mODulE 5: hEAlth

1. How long does it take you to travel to the nearest health post/clinic?

Number of minutes

If don’t know, write “99”

2. Do you use the nearest health post/clinic?

Yes 1 >>4

No 2

3. What is the main reason you do not use the nearest

Wait time to see personnel too long 1

Usually no medicines available 2

Facility not open every day 3

Facility not clean 4

Facility has no equipment 5

Have to pay too much for the services 6

Prefer to use traditional healer 7

Use our own remedies for health problems 8

Other (specify) 9

4. On average, how long do you wait before being seen by medical personnel?

Number of minutes

If don’t know, write “99”

5. How often are medicines and drugs available at the health post/clinic?

All the time 1

Most of the time 2

Some of the time 3

Never 4

6. Is there a official village health worker in this village?

Yes 1

No 2


mODulE 6: hOusing

(1) What is the major construction material of the external walls?

Sticks & thatch/bamboo and palm leaves 1

Tarpaulin/polytarp 2

Mud/ wattle and daub 3

Wood 4

Bricks/blocks/concrete 5DIRECT OBSERVATION

Tin/Zinc 6

Mud 7

Banboo 8

Canvas, felt 9

Other (Specify) 10

(2) What is the major material of the roof?

Sticks & thatch/bamboo and palm leaves/Dhani 1

Tarpaulin/polytarp 2

Solid wood 3

Tiles 4

Shingles 5DIRECT OBSERVATION

Metal, tin or CGI 6

Asbestos 7

Plastic sheeting 8

Other (Specify) 9

(3) What is the primary material of the floor?

Parquet 1

Wood 2

Tile 3

Concrete 4DIRECT OBSERVATION

Clay/earthern floor 5

Other (Specify) 6

(4) Does the dwelling have any of the following features? OBSERVATION

MARK ALL THAT APPLY YES = 1 NO = 2

Dwelling built on raised ground

A wind break of trees or other plants

Shorter side of the dwelling faces windward direction

High gable roof or hip roof

Water tight roof able to harvest rainwater


(5) What type of dwelling is it?

Detached house 1

Multi-family house 2

Apartment 3

Several connected buildings 4

Several separate buildings 5

Other (Specify) 6

(6) Do you feel that is it safe to leave your belongings in your house when you leave?

YES 1

NO 2

(7) Is this dwelling owned by a member of your household

YES 1 >>9

NO 2

(8) Is the dwelling where this household lives:

Rented 1

Temporary shelter, paid or not paid 2

(9) Do you live in the same dwelling or compound that you lived in prior to Nargis?

YES 1

NO 2 >> 11

(10) Have you done major construction on your dwelling, or replaced the entire dwelling with a new building since Nargis?

YES 1

NO 2

(11) Do you want to return to where you lived before Nargis?

YES 1

NO 2

(12) Was the dwelling you lived in before Nargis owned by a member of your household?

YES 1 >>14

NO 2


(13) Was the dwelling you lived in before Nargis:

Rented 1

Temporary shelter, paid or not paid 2

(14) Do you think the dwelling is better, the same or worse than the dwelling you lived in before Nargis?

Better 1

The same 2

Worse 3

(15) Is your current house more crowded than before Nargis?

YES 1

NO 2

(16) Is your current house hotter than before Nargis?

YES 1

NO 2

(17) Does anyone in your household have another house?

YES 1

NO 2 >> 19

(18) Is this current house the strongest house of all the houses your household has?

YES 1

NO 2

(19) How many rooms is the sleeping area of the dwelling divided into?

(20) During the rainy season was this dwelling as dry as the dwelling you lived in before Nargis?

YES 1

NO 2

(21) Is this dwelling raised far enough above the ground to avoid flooding?

YES 1

NO 2


(22) Will this dwelling need improvements or maintenance during the next 18 months?

YES 1

NO 2

(23) Does anyone living in your dwelling have the skills to make needed repairs to the dwelling?

YES 1

NO 2

(24) Do any members of the community have the skills to make needed repairs to the dwelling?

YES 1

NO 2

(25) Is there a safe building within 1/2 mile from your dwelling where you can go in a big storm?

YES 1

NO 2

(26) What are the three main sources of income for the household at this time?

(Do not read the list)

Fishing 1

Agriculture (includes livestock/poultry/eggs) 2

Aquaculture (shrimp, prawn, crabs, etc) 3

Rent or lease of property 4

Salt production 5

Government employee 6

Private sector employee 7

Casual labour 8

Seasonal labour 9

Group labour (boss or member) 10

Treade/shopkeeper/village broker 11

Money sent by others 12

Self-employed/craftsman/artisan 13

Bar girl/massage/karaoke/entertainment 14

Savings 15

Borrowing (not microfinance) with collateral 16

Borrowing (not microfinance) without collateral 17

Microfinance initiative 18

Charcoal (manufacture & sale)/firewood 19

Forestry 20


Gifts/family 21

Pawning of assets 22

Sale of assets 23

Other (specify) 24

(27) What were the three main sources of income for the household before Cyclone Nargis?

(Do not read the list)

Fishing 1

Agriculture (includes livestock/poultry/eggs) 2

Aquaculture (shrimp, prawn, crabs, etc) 3

Rent or lease of property 4

Salt production 5

Government employee 6

Private sector employee 7

Casual labour 8

Seasonal labour 9

Group labour (boss or member) 10

Treade/shopkeeper/village broker 11

Money sent by others 12

Self-employed/craftsman/artisan 13

Bar girl/massage/karaoke/entertainment 14

Savings 15

Borrowing (not microfinance) with collateral 16

Borrowing (not microfinance) without collateral 17

Microfinance initiative 18

Charcoal (manufacture & sale)/firewood 19

Forestry 20

Gifts/family 21

Pawning of assets 22

Sale of assets 23

Other (specify) 24


mODulE 7: REliEF pROgRAms

1. Has anyone in this household received relief items since Nargis?

Yes 1

No 2 >> 3

2. What kinds of relief items has your household received?

More than one can be marked. If the household has received the item, write “1” in the box.

DO NOT READ THE LIST. LET THE RESPONDENT SAY WHAT HAS BEEN RECEIVED.

Seeds

Agricultural chemicals/fertililzer

Agricultural machinery

Agricultural equipment

Fishing equipment/boat with or without power

Livestock/poultry

Construction tools

Household items

Student kits/learning packs

Food

Water

Shelter/housing materials

Bednets

Soap/hygiene kit

Jerry can/bucket/water container of any type

Clothes

Personal items

Fuel

Medicine

Dignity Kits

Other

3. Are there any local organizations working in this community?

Yes 1

No 2


I D C O D E

(10)

(11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

(16)

CH

ILD

REN

2 T

O 4

YEARS O

LDCH

ILD

REN

5 T

O 1

5 Y

EARS O

LD

Has

[N

AM

E]

bee

n

giv

en a

n inje

ctio

n

agai

nst

mea

sles

?

Doe

s [N

AM

E]

go

to a

pla

ce

spec

ially

for

child

ren t

o le

arn,

to p

lay,

or

to b

e ta

ken c

are

of?

Doe

s [N

AM

E]

atte

nd s

choo

l?

What

is

the

mai

n r

easo

n t

hat

[N

AM

E]

doe

s not

att

end s

choo

l?W

hat

cla

ss d

oes

[NAM

E]

atte

nd?

Doe

s [N

AM

E’s

] sc

hoo

l hav

e a

Pare

nt

Teac

her

Ass

ocia

tion

?

Has

[N

AM

E’s

] par

ent

or g

uar

dia

n

bee

n invo

lved

in

the

Pare

nt

Teac

her

Ass

ocia

tion

in t

he

last

6 m

onth

s?

Child

not

inte

rest

ed1

Pare

nts

not

inte

rest

ed2

Educa

tion

cos

ts3

WRIT

E D

OW

N T

HE C

LASS

Req

uired

to

wor

k4

THE A

CCEPT

ABLE

Child

is

sick

/dis

able

d5

AN

SW

ER W

ILL

BE F

RO

M

Child

s lo

oks

afte

r6

1 T

O 1

1

other

s in

hou

sehol

d

Sch

ool to

o fa

r aw

ay7

No

schoo

l8

Oth

er (

spec

ify)

9

YES

1YE

S

1YE

S

>>

14

1

NEXT

CH

ILD

YES

1YE

S1

NO

2

NO

2

NO

2N

O >

> N

ext

2N

O >

> N

ext

2

child

child

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

mO

Du

lE 8

: A

gR

icu

ltu

RE/

liv

Es

tO

ck/

Fis

hER

iEs

(1)

Doe

s yo

ur

hou

sehol

d h

ave

a hom

e gar

den

now

or

did

it

hav

e on

e bef

ore

Nar

gis

?

Yes

= 1

No

= 2

>>

3

(2)

What

is

the

size

of yo

ur

curr

ent

hom

e gar

den

?

(2a)

What

was

the

size

of yo

ur

hom

e gar

den

bef

ore

Nar

gis

?fe

et b

y fe

et

feet

by

feet

(3)

Is a

nyo

ne

in y

our

hou

sehol

d a

ble

to

cultiv

ate

crop

s now

or

was

anyo

ne

able

to

cultiv

ate

crop

s bef

ore

Nar

gis

?Ye

s =

1N

o =

2 >

> 7

(4)

(5)

(6)

How

man

y ac

res

did

you

cultiv

ate

in

[CRO

P] t

his

sea

son

or d

o yo

u p

lan t

o cu

ltiv

ate?

How

man

y ac

res

did

you

cultiv

ate

in

[CRO

P] t

his

sea

son

or d

o yo

u p

lan t

o cu

ltiv

ate?

If t

her

e w

as a

red

uct

ion in a

cres

cultiv

ated

, w

hat

is

the

mai

n r

easo

n f

or t

he

reduct

ion?

Land s

poi

led (

salt)

1

Dam

age

to d

rain

age

2

Not

enou

gh lab

or3

Lack

of

seed

s4

Lack

of

fert

ilize

r/pes

tici

des

5

Lack

of

farm

too

ls6

Tree

s dam

aged

/los

t7

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(8)

(9)

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(11)

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s =

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(12)

(13)

(14)

How

man

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How

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(15)

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(16)

(17)

(18)

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mODulE 9: DuRAblE gOODs

Does anyone in your household own the following goods?

“Yes = 1 No = 2”

“Did anyone in your household own the good prior to Nargis? Yes = 1 No = 2 >> next item”

“Do you consider it necesary to obtain this item as soon as possible? Yes = 1 No = 2”

1 Bed

2 Blankets, bedding

3 Table

4 Chair

5 Fan

6 Radio

7 Television

8 Sewing machine

9 Stove

10 Refrigerator

11 Bicycle

12 Motorcycle

13 Car

14 Boat/canoe

15 Fishing net

16 Clock

17 Wheelbarrow

18 Hoe

19 Ax

20 Dishes/eating utensils

21 Cooking utensils


mODulE 10: nEEDs

What are the three most important needs that your household has today?

(Do not read out the list.)

Agricultural inputs Rank

Animal feed / fodder

Clothing

Cooking utensils

Credit / microfinance / credit unions

Dishes/eating utensils

Education

Employment

Fishery inputs

Food

Healthcare / drugs / medicine

Household items

Livestock (including fowl)

Salt industry inputs

Shelter (including materials and labour)

Sleeping mats/bednets/blankets

Veterinary inputs

Water

Other (specify)


3.1.3 QuAlitAtivE mEthODOlOgy

In-depth qualitative data was collected in a directed manner using a 'plug-in' approach. This data relates to the protection of women and children using a series of closed and open questions. The working assumption of the vulnerability assessment instrument is that, if people are unable to benefit from outside assistance after Cyclone Nargis, and if customary rules of cooperation are not working, then levels of vulnerability increase. A total of 349 households were interviewed as part of the qualitative plug-in.

The inclusion of the plug-in assessment with a quantitative household survey was a mixed-methods approach. Although such approaches are widely used in social science research, they have not previously been used in disaster and post-disaster relief contexts due to the significant logistical and organisational requirements.

The purpose of the qualitative investigation was to use household survey data to understand how internationally recognised indicators of potential vulnerability are expressed at the level of lived experience. It also provides concrete examples or 'stories' of risk categories that were quantified in filter sets that were measured by the day-filter and to function as a verification instrument for day-filter sets.

A day-filter of queries was applied to the quantitative survey data at the end of each day during the quantitative data-entry period. The queries defined the criteria for revisiting households for further investigation. The set of case-definitions used are related to the protection of women and children.

In addition, adaptive sampling techniques were used to identify households that were not included in the quantitative survey. There was also some variation in the criteria for selecting communities from the quantitative survey as some communities were selected for their remoteness.

The filter set contained standardised indicators for domains of risk, but they did not in themselves constitute all potential, culture-specific risk categories. The filter set used is set out below.

1. Household with malnourished child.

2. Household with school-age child not attending school.

3. Household with reduced (i.e., compared to before Nargis) utilisation of land.

4. Household with children living in sub-standard accommodation.

5. Female-headed household with young children.

6. Household in which main (domestic) carer is male.

7. Household in which the main carer is less than 18 years old.

8. Household in which the main carer is a grandparent.

9. Household that consists of members of different pre-Nargis households.

10. Household with an adolescent girl who is unrelated to the head of household.

The qualitative instrument builds upon data that is both technical (e.g. definitions of malnutrition, reduced utilisation of land, and sub-standard accommodation) and empirical (e.g. female-headed households with young children and households in which the main carer is a grandparent). It was therefore necessary to identify households through cooperation between the quantitative enumerators and qualitative fieldworkers.


summARy OF QuAlitAtivE invEstigAtiOn

The qualitative investigation for the TCG Periodic Review uses information from the large-scale household survey for the Periodic Review to identify categories of vulnerability to which closed and open-ended interview protocols for assessing vulnerability are applied.

The focus of the intervention is primarily the protection of women and children. However, in that women and children are made vulnerable in natural disasters by circumstances often unrelated to age or gender, the qualitative survey focuses on the functioning of the formal aid institutions and indigenous social networks before, during, and after Cyclone Nargis.

Information about the functioning of these aid institutions and social networks is then gathered by employing recognised categories of vulnerability for women and children to identify informants from the household survey. Information on vulnerable populations is also gathered by employing new categories of vulnerability identified through additional case histories documented during the qualitative research process.

QuAlitAtivE instRumEnt (vulnERAbility suRvEy)

The qualitative investigation for this project was carried out over approximately a two-week period in November 2008. Insofar as possible, this qualitative investigation followed the pattern of sites selected for the quantitative household survey, which mapped the cyclone-affected region into 113 contiguous hexagons. Household survey enumerators worked out of four 'hubs'. Each hub was assigned a qualitative hub leader, an English-speaking translator (sometimes the same as the hub leader), and two or three additional fieldworkers.

Prior to departure from the capital, Yangon, all fieldworkers received basic training in the use of the questionnaire, including an extended session in which filter categories were discussed in detail, with examples provided of each. Eighteen part-time and full-time fieldworkers were trained over a two-day period. Emphasis was placed on recording detailed narratives, not on the quantity of interviews completed.

stRuctuRE OF inQuiRy

Use of the day-filter system developed specifically for the rapid identification of vulnerable households, allowed for a speedy qualitative response to the entry of quantitative information from the household survey. Because the day-filter allows for case-definitions of vulnerability to be run on data as it is entered, workers in the future can employ this system to begin informed and directed qualitative fieldwork almost immediately.

Even though the relative importance of particular case definitions cannot be quantified accurately until all household survey data has been entered, a case definition that is strongly represented (for post-Nargis efforts, for instance, a ‘household with reduced utilisation of land’, or a ‘household with children living in sub-standard accommodation’) emerged within the first day or two of data entry. This system allows for far better focused disaster response than relief efforts managed autonomously by governmental, non-governmental, or UN organisations.

The system also allows for more efficient identification of households earmarked for revisiting, and for the development of an integrated tactical use of human resources in the field for identifying and responding to the needs of vulnerable populations following a natural disaster.

The approach employed in the utilisation of fieldworkers and other related post-disaster human resources involved two primary stages of response. In Stage I—that is, the period of a few days immediately following the initial of entry of household survey data—the field teams focused on gathering sample qualitative surveys for each of the 10 case filters. Focusing immediately on the examinations of case filters serves the urgent purpose in disaster and post-disaster assessments of understanding how general categories of vulnerability are locally expressed. Doing so also allows for some judgement to be made regarding the nature and prevalence of diverse human needs. In one village, for instance, where the household survey identified a dominant problem with school-age children not attending school, the qualitative research team quickly identified households expressing 7 of the 10 risk categories used in the household survey as filter sets. Stage I, in other


words, functions both as a means of addressing local, cultural expressions of need, but also as a reconnaissance tool for gathering information about the strength of case filters and the extent of human need in disaster and post-disaster relief efforts.

At the conclusion of Stage I — as soon as all categories were sampled in the four hub locations and their surveys were submitted for translation—qualitative fieldworkers immediately shifted their attention to Stage II. In this stage the focus of the qualitative survey turned towards identifying and recording case histories based on the demographic distribution of human need in disaster-affected areas. In Stage II of the qualitative vulnerability survey project, fieldworkers divided into smaller groups of two, or worked individually. This change in research strategy allowed for fieldworkers to visit remote villages. The focus of Stage II of the qualitative intervention was to gather detailed case histories across the entire demographic range of cyclone-affected regions. As the severity of natural disasters are always variably experienced, these researchers, now sensitised to the exigencies of life in disaster-affected areas, were able to gather information from both isolated and so-called ‘new’ villages composed of resettled, post-disaster inhabitants. The combination of this two-stage research technique allowed both for a rapid assessment of need and enough detailed accounts to venture an educated assessment of how relief and post-disaster resources might best be utilised in the context of the Cyclone-affected area of Myanmar.

3.1.4 QuAlitAtivE AssEssmEnt tOOls

The qualitative vulnerability assessment instrument was composed of a series of closed and open questions in three general domains.

The first domain of inquiry within the qualitative vulnerability assessment instrument examined formal kinds of post-disaster assistance. Formal [F] domains of inquiry included:

[F1] Nature of assistance received (which Government agencies, UN agengies, international NGOs, or local NGOs?)

[F2] Period (when?)

[F3] Duration of effect (temporary or long-term?)

[F4] Type (kind of assistance provided?)

[F5] Needs met?

[F5] Needs not met?

[F6] Equality of access?

Levels of vulnerability are identified by the presence or absence of formal assistance, and, where present [F1], the details of its implementation and effects [F2-F6].

Community domains examine indigenous community structures, modes of cooperation, resilience, and mutability. Community [C] domains of inquiry included:

[C1] Nature of community cooperation (presence or absence?)

[C2] Customary rules (Do they exist? What are they? Compliance?)

[C3] Duration of effect (Temporary or long-term?)

[C4] New forms?

[C5] Equality of access?

[C6] Sustainability (Will they grow or continue? How can we promote sustainability?)


Vulnerability domains examine of perceptions of vulnerability. Vulnerability [V] domains of inquiry included:

[V1] Identifying the vulnerable (who suffered most?)

[V2] Nature of vulnerability (kind of vulnerability?)

[V3] Coping (patterns altered?)

[V4] Normal or calamity (kind of coping?)

3.1.5 QuAlitAtivE REsults

The results presented here are a preliminary report that, at the time of writing, is based upon incomplete data analysis, therefore not wholly representative of its long-term findings. It attempts to identify general domains of vulnerability that are prevalent in the evidence examined to date. In disaster settings the presentation of such qualified evidence becomes necessary in order to make better judgements at the level of relief aid and policy.

It is certainly the case that natural disasters by definition create circumstances where already disadvantaged individuals or social groups suffer disproportionately more than those whose lives are more secure. The purpose of this study is, therefore, less one of describing the worst scenarios or cases of unimaginable individual suffering, than of enhancing our understanding of how formal institutions and social networks respond to an unanticipated natural calamity that strains them to their limits—often breaking them completely, but sometimes also necessitating their reformulation in new and unexpected ways.

The names of people and villages used in this document are fictitious. They were changed to protect the identities of the people interviewed. Interviews were conducted in the Myanmar language and then translated into English.

cAsE 1) thAWtAR khin

Risk Category: 2 – Household with school-age child not attending school

Risk Category: 4 – Household with children living in sub-standard accommodation

Thawtar Khin, a 22 year-old woman, and her two children moved to her parents’ house after she separated from her husband just before the Cyclone. Her father is U Ko Gyi, a 55 year-old day worker who has to work every day in order to maintain the family’s income while her mother is sick and bed-ridden. Before the Cyclone, the family got water and sold it to other people. Sometimes they made money by doing odd jobs. After the Cyclone, no one bought their water anymore and there were no offers for any odd jobs. Their lives have become very challenging.

Before the Cyclone, the family’s house was enough for the whole family to live in. But after the wind blew down the house, they did not have enough money to rebuild it. So instead they built a small tent in which all the members live. Since the tent is small it is quite crowded. Currently, Thawtar Khin’s mother is sick and the family does not have enough money to send her to a clinic. There is no doctor in the village and the nearest one is very far away, so they cannot send her. They could not afford to buy more food after the Cyclone destroyed their food stock in their house. Thawtar Khin has lost a lot of weight since she is also breast-feeding her two year old daughter.

Thawtar Khin’s 16 year-old brother helps the family by selling water around their community. Her 11 year-old sister just stays at home and helps her with the housework since they do not have money to send her to school. She said that when her sister grows up, she will ask her to get a job to support the family.

After waiting three months, the family got some assistance from an INGO. They received a bag of rice, a water tank, some mats, mosquito nets and some kitchenware. Thawtar Khin was very happy that these items helped her with her family’s needs. They lost their mosquito nets in the Cyclone and so were quite happy to get new ones. Although this help did not cover all their needs, the family was still happy to get it just when they needed it the most.


Thawtar Khin also said, “We want to rebuild our home. The tent we built is not in good shape. The whole family is living in it and it may collapse. There’s a very big puddle with a bad smell nearby that makes the tent unliveable. I’m looking forward to the day when my children can attend a school. Right now food is our greatest need.”

cAsE 2) DAW myA sEin

Risk Category: 3 – Household with reduced utilisation of land

When the Cyclone struck, most of the rice fields were ripe and about to be harvested. The fields were destroyed and people who owned many acres suffered a great loss. After the Cyclone, people who owned rice fields were left with no money to invest and no seeds to plant. Since landowners do not have money to start planting, casual workers also became jobless. They do not have any money to start other kinds of work. A lot of boats were also destroyed. Homes that were destroyed were only rebuilt for temporary use. Since agricultural workers cannot get back on their feet, they cannot rebuild their homes.

Daw Mya Sein lives in a village with her family of six, who work on a farm. She is 55 years old. All of her children have only primary-school education, though one of her grandsons is attending middle school. The family can only send one child to school. All the other family members work on the farm.

They planted 20 acres of paddy before the Cyclone. They were not in debt because their income matched their expenses, but now they can no longer plant or work on their farm after the Cyclone. In Daw Mya Sein’s village, the Cyclone destroyed most of the houses including hers. The crops were also ruined because they had not been harvested. The family cannot afford to plant paddy for the rainy-season crop. All the households in the village are in trouble now.

Daw Mya Sein’s family have received seeds and other assistance from an INGO to plant for the rainy-season crop, but it is not enough to cover all of the farm. They have had to borrow money from other people and pay the interest from their profit, meaning that they will not be able to get out of this debt easily. It will not be easy for them to go back to the way things were before the Cyclone. The family is always worried that things will never be as good as they were before the Cyclone.

One of Daw Mya Sein’s sisters has lent her money and the family has used the loan to plant betel. They will have to give half of their profits to the sister, meaning that the family business has become less profitable. They have not been able to repair their home yet, but only make some temporary repairs.

The family received farm assistance because they owned their own farm, though they were not eligible to receive food aid. They rely on other people to share their food with them. Their loss is substantial because of the size of the farm land they own. All the farming families have troubles. Day labourers are in trouble because farm owners have no work to give them.

The betel plants are now being attacked by insects. The family planted 1,500 plants a month ago and are worried everyday about them being infested. They used to be a happy family free of debt and worry. Even though Daw Mya Sein’s grandson is attending school, it is very difficult to support him. The family needs more help to stabilise their livelihood and return their lives to normal, as it was before the Cyclone.

cAsE 3) DAW thEt thEt sWE

Risk Category: 2 - Household with school-aged child not attending school

Daw Thet Thet Swe, a 41 year old woman has five children with a husband, who is a farm labourer. Her husband lives in a hut on the farm where he works and so was not available at the time of survey. He lives quite far away from the family home.

In front of the house is a big field where seedless and failed riceplants look like they are trying to survive under a very hot sun. Daw Thet Thet Swe said, “We do not know why the riceplants are like that, this is the first time we’ve seen that. We think it is from the Cyclone”


Her husband, who works the farm, has four main tasks that follow the four seasons. From April to July, he ploughs the fields and grows the rice. From July to November, he plants rice for the rainy season. From November to January, he harvests the riceplants, winnows it, and stores it in the barn. After that, he ploughs the field again for summer paddy during January to April. He can come back home only for a short while during these four periods. “He’s living there, working for them, and cannot come back here. We do not get to go to him either - we have not seen each other for quite a long time. Only when the Cyclone hit could he come back,” Daw Thet Thet Swe said with a faint smile.

When she was asked why the family did not join him in the field, she said, “Who will feed us? They feed only my husband, so I have to stay here with my five children,” pointing to her eldest son of 18, another of 15, two daughters of 13 and 8, and the youngest son of 4. She also added, “Just to feed them every day is so difficult, how can we send them to school? Before the Cyclone, we could still send two of them to school. After the Cyclone, we had to drop the middle daughter out of the school and made her help me make and sell food. Now we only have one child attending school.’’

Daw Thet Thet Swe meets the family’s needs by selling traditional and seasonal foods. Her eldest son used to work in a rice mill in the village as a day labourer. He lost his job for three months after the Cyclone knocked out the mill. Being a labourer, he has to carry rice from the field to the mill, winnow it, and clean it.

In order to plan their lives after the Cyclone, the family has borrowed money from a farm owner at high interest, about 60 per cent. They have to pay 60,000 kyat in interest when they borrow 100, 000. Her husband’s yearly wage is 50 baskets of paddy, which is equivalent to 200,000 kyat. Now they have to spend the high-interest loan and they will never be able to get out of the circle of debt – they are always in heavy debt. At the same time, her husband cannot give up being a day-labourer since he has better job security as a farm worker, and it is easier to borrow money or get wages in advance. Thus people in villages prefer to be farm labourers rather than casual labourers. Job scarcity for casual labourers has caused a lot of stress.

The family has received aid from two INGOs and two local NGOs, who provided some support to the family. They received tarpaulins from a local NGO, a kit of items for everyday use such as soap, tooth paste, kitchen utensils from one INGO, and a sack of rice from another INGO. This assistance was adequate, and they did not need to worry about their basic survival. Some of the aid was in the form of durable goods for use over the long-term, while others, like food and rice, covered only a certain period of time.

In Daw Thet Thet Swe’s opinion, the most vulnerable groups who suffered the most after the Cyclone, are the poorest in the village. Even though they have received support with materials to rebuild their homes, these people cannot finish because they cannot afford it. Since her husband is a farm labourer, Daw Thet Thet Swe’s family was able to borrow money from a land owner at high interest, but the family still cannot afford the cost of rebuilding the house. Without her husband, she is trying to solve her family’s everyday problems and trying to relieve their suffering while her husband is working away from home.


cAsE 4) DAW myint thEin

Risk Category: 5 – Female-headed household with young children

A widow named Daw Myint Thein and her two sons of 24 and 17 live at the centre of a village near the bank of a canal. Their hut is built of bamboo and they use palm leaves for the roof. The height is too low for a grown person to stand up in and the hut is near foul-smelling mud and polluted water. The family stated that the house they are living in was built with the generous help of their village.

Daw Myint Thein’s husband died two years before the Cyclone, when her family lived in a house her husband had built made of wood and bamboo. During the Cyclone, the whole house was washed away and they had to run for their lives and take shelter at a monastery. The place where they had lived their lives full of pride and joy had turned into a devastated hovel overnight.

From the Cyclone, the family’s living conditions is not the only thing that has changed - their health and income was affected as well. When the Cyclone washed their home away, it also carried away everything they ever owned, including the money which Daw Myint Thein invested to sell vegetables. Once a very proud widow, now she has nothing left to invest and therefore her eldest son has to do heavy work at the ricemill carrying ricebags and other heavy items. He got injured, with his spinal column getting compressed from this hard work. Her younger son, who is just 17, therefore had to quit school and do the same kind of work as his brother for the family to survive.

The family got support from the Government and from INGOs. Two months after the Cyclone they received some donations, but these were not enough for the long run. Nevertheless, the family is very grateful for these items, such as tarpaulin sheets to cover the roof, pots, longyis (a woman’s garment) and mats from an INGO, as well as rice and cooking oil from the Government. They hope they can get more of these items so they can get back on their feet again soon.

Daw Myint Thein stated that while the Cyclone may have destroyed their home and changed her family’s conditions, it cannot destroy their spirits. She hopes she gets a chance to get back to the way things were before the Cyclone, when she was selling things. To do that she hopes for the day when she can get a small amount of money to reinvest to get back on her feet.

cAsE 5) u khin mOE

Risk Category: 3 – Household with reduced utilisation of land

U Khin Moe is a community leader who lives in the eastern part of Kun Chan Village. He has a big wooden house with a galvanised-iron roof. He and his wife have 7 sons, though 4 of the elder sons are married and live separately.

Ten years ago, U Khin Moe was only a daily-wage worker and did not own any land. Through hard work and good management, he bought one paddy field after another. He now owns 40 acres of paddy fields. His sons show their father respect since he has raised them very well. Before the Cyclone, U Khin Moe’s business was going well and everyone in the village respected him.

The villagers therefore asked him to be the Chairman of the Committee for Providing Electricity to the Village. Through his efforts, the village was able to set up electric poles for electricity to be brought to their village. People who owned farm land donated 300,000 - 500,000 kyats. Some even borrowed money at interest in order to pay their share. It was only a matter of days - 10 to be precise - until the village would get electricity when the Cyclone struck and destroyed everything in its path, including the electric poles and cables. It also destroyed U Khin Moe’s farm lands. Now he can only manage to cultivate 28 of his 40 acres. The remaining 12 acres are infertile.

U Khin Moe shared his experiences about the night when the Cyclone struck his village. He was not worried since his house was big and strong. As the night grew darker, the water level reached 3 feet. Right then a house nearby was about to collapse and so the family of 5 living there came rushing into his home seeking shelter. Waiting for the wind to calm down and the water to subside, the whole family and the neighbours taking refuge with them stayed up the whole night. The next day, they all found many huts that had collapsed. U Khin Moe’s house only suffered damage to a small part of the roof, where some of the galvanised iron sheets were torn.


He was heartbroken when he saw that the electric poles had fallen down. He got really worried about what the community would think of him, and what people who had borrowed money to contribute to the project would say. It was too much for him when he saw that his paddy fields were destroyed. He could not sleep or eat. He was found walking in the village at night talking gibberish to himself. When the village became aware of his situation, they were really worried and arranged medical treatment for him. They took him to see psychiatric specialists in Yangon 3 months ago. Through the support the community gave him and the treatment he has received for the last 3 months, he was able to recover. He is now recovered and slowly talked about his experiences during the Cyclone.

The Cyclone caused 43 causalities in this village. Relief assistance such as paddy seeds, fertilizers, machines, and household goods provided by the Government and INGOs, were helpful to the villagers.

cAsE 6) u hlA sOE


U Hla Soe and his family lost their home in a Township in Yangon Division during the Cyclone. They could not afford to rebuild in the same place and so moved in to share with relatives in his grandmother’s house in the same Township. Now nine family members have to survive together in this tiny hut.

The main income-earner of this household is his daughter, Daw Chit, who works as a cook for a soccer team near their house. She earns 500 kyats per day and gets extra rice and food items, which she usually brings home to share with other members of the family. U Hla Soe and his wife sometimes provide money for the family if they have any. They also ask for money from U Hla Soe when they need it.

U Hla Soe said, “Water leaks terribly when it rains and there is nowhere to hide in the house. Nobody came and helped us after the storm. We only got a bag of rice from an INGO and another from a ward [government] authority, but we received no money to repair the house or buy new thatch for the roof. We find it difficult just to find food every day, how can we repair our house or support our children?”

He also added, “Everyone is gone, everything we have, the roof, walls, clothes, everything. We went two days without eating and we had nowhere to live. We just had to live in the railway station. I cannot describe the trouble we had. People in the same ward were not able to come and help us, they were even worse off than us. My daughter’s husband is a carpenter and if there is any work, he’ll go to work for several days. When he comes back we get a little money for the things we need.”

cAsE 7) u tOE kyi

Risk Category: 8 – Household in which the main carer is a grandparent

A six year-old boy named Maung Nay Lwin was visiting his grandparents, who lived in the middle of Kun Chan Village, when the Cyclone struck. He lost both of his parents as well as a sister, who were living on the bank of a stream where his father earned a living as a fisherman. His whole family drowned, but he was spared because he was at his grandparents’ house.

The boy’s grandfather, U Toe Kyi, lives in the centre of the village. He owns a one-acre fruit garden where he used to grew betel and fruit. His garden was destroyed by the Cyclone and he needs money to replant. He is now having a hard time helping his family survive.

Although the grandparents are in a very difficult position, they are trying their best to meet their grandson’s needs as much as they can. U Toe Kyi and his wife were saddened by the loss of their son and his family, and they give everything they can to support their grandson. They have even sent him to school to receive a proper education. They try everything to make him happy - they buy him


toys and take him to festivals. But sometimes they can see him sitting quietly lost in his thoughts, thinking about his family. They are very worried and concerned for his future as well as his mental health. They hope there will be a day when they can get help to replant their garden.

U Toe Kyi told us that their house collapsed and all the fruits and vegetables which they were growing for their income were destroyed. The Albizzia lebbek tree in front of their house has fallen and blocked the path to his house. Their income has been devastated ever since the Cyclone destroyed their garden. Hence he had to seek help from his daughter, who is married and living separately.

U Toe Kyi wants to grow his garden back to the same way it was prior to the Cyclone and so would like to have money to invest. If he can get back to the way things were before, he could help send his grandson to school. He would also like to get help from the Government for his grandson, such as for school fees, meals and the overall costs of sending him to school to get a university degree.

cAsE 8) u mAW thAnE

Risk Category: 8 – Household in which the main carer is a grandparent

U Maw Thane, the 60 year-old head of a household, has a wife and a granddaughter. He and his wife are farmers. Their family is poor. Six months before Cyclone Nargis, a tornado hit their village. During the tornado, his house and two neighbouring houses were destroyed. The tornado was so strong that his bullock cart and other agricultural equipment went up in the air. His granddaughter who was playing around his neighbour’s house was sucked up into the air and then fell onto the bank of a canal in the field. She was hurt but luckily survived, though she was left with a scar.

The granddaughter’s parents were day workers. Just before the Cyclone, they took her and her three brothers and sisters to a place near the sea to find firewood. When the Cyclone occurred, the parents put all the children into a container and pushed them into the sea to escape the tidal waves. Her brother and sisters died in the sea. She survived with the help of a rescue group, but received a severe head injury. She came back to the village and is now being looked after by her grandparents.

Despite their financial difficulties, her grandparents have sent her to school. But because of her head injury, she has not been able to learn like other children and her memory is bad. She has been downgraded from Grade I to Kindergarten. Sometimes the doctors come to the village and treat her. Whenever the sky gets dark with heavy rainclouds, she stares vacantly in dejection. Sometimes she asks for her parents to come back to live with her. Her mental suffering continues.

cAsE 9) DAW kyi Ohn

Risk Category: 1 – Household with malnourished child

Risk Category: 2 – Household with school-age child not attending school


Risk Category: 5 – Female-headed household with young children

Daw Kyi Ohn, a widow as well as head of the household, has a family of four including two sons and one daughter. During the night when the Cyclone came, a strong gust of wind nearly knocked over their house. She and her children were sitting on a mat inside the hut and they quickly ran out and away. Her eldest son was in front running, and she saw an electric pole fall on him. He died instantly.

When she saw her son lying on the road under the electric pole, Daw Kyi Ohn shouted and asked for help. No one could hear her over the wind and she felt helpless. She tried to lift up the electric pole on her own but could not because of the weight. Touching her son’s body, she found that he was already dead. While she was crying with her two children, the water quickly rushed onto the road and she had to run to a big house on the other side of the road, where she took shelter. The water reached 3 feet and flooded the whole village. The next day when the winds calmed down, she asked for help from her community to bury her dead son’s body.


In addition to the loss of her son, her hut was almost destroyed from the strong wind and water. After the Cyclone, she only lives in a small hut. In the disaster, she also lost her savings and belongings. Accordingly, she cannot sell vegetables like before. For the family to survive, her son had to drop out of the 6th grade and work on a duck farm, where he gets 700 kyat per day. Since she does not have any money to buy vegetables to sell, she has to find odd jobs or daily work. She told us that finding this type of work is difficult and so she has to rely on her son’s salary to survive. She cannot continue sending her daughter to school, who was attending the 5th grade.

The family received rice, cooking oil, clothing and other things they needed from the Government, INGOs and local NGOs. They were were so happy to receive them because they met the needs of their family. Daw Kyi Ohn told us that before the Cyclone, the money she got from selling vegetables in the village could send all of her children to school. Now she has to rely on her son’s salary and both of her children have had to drop out of school. She felt she would go mad when the Cyclone took her eldest son, their hut, their belongings and all the money she could have used to invest. She told us the children face malnutrition problems. She also said that she really wants to send them back to school and for that she is going to be strong and will never give up. She just needs some investment money to restart her life.


3.2 list OF tOWnships in AssEssmEnt AREA

Ayeyarwady Division

Bogale

Dedaye

Kyaiklat

Labutta

Maubin

Mawlamyinegyun

Myaungmya

Ngapudaw

Pathein

Pyapon

Wakema

Yangon Division

Dagon Myothit (North)

Dagon Myothit (Seikkan)

Dagon Myothit (South)

Dala

Hlaingtharya

Htantabin

Insein

Kawhmu

Kayan

Kungyangon

Kyauktan

North Okkalapa

Seikgyikanaungto

Shwepyithar

Thaketa

Thanlyin

Thingangkuun

Thongwa

Twantay


3.3 cOntRibuting AgEnciEs

Documents

Nargis Periodic Review - UNIC Yangonyangon.sites.unicnetwork.org/files/2013/05/periodicreview-9of9.pdf · Post-Nargis Periodic Review I 71 ... A hexagonal grid was used in the Periodic