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Napoleon Bonaparte
Emperor of France
1769 - 1821
Learning Objectives for the Unit
Describe Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power Identify the characteristics of Napoleon Recognize the military tactics that Napoleon used
to conqueror and annex land Analyze the painting by Jacque Louis David,
“Napoleon in his Study” List the political reforms that Napoleon established
in French Society Describe the rise and fall of Napoleon – causes for
the downfall and defeat at Waterloo
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
Military Training – 9 yrs Lieutenant – 20 yrs. Old Brigadier General –
24 yrs. Old– Capture of Toulon– Military Success
1795 – Saves the Directory – nicknamed the “Savior of France”
Napoleon Gains Political Control
1798 – Egyptian Campaign is a failure
Arrives in France to find out he is still a hero of France
1799 – Plans to overthrow Directory and later names himself “first consul”
“Napoleon in his Study”by Jacque Louis David
Characteristics of Napoleon Bonaparte– Determined– Power Hungry– “Military Genius”– Dedicated to his Work– Meticulous– Self- Sufficient– Demanding– Highly Respected by his
Soldiers
Josephine & Napoleon
Napoleon “truly” loved Josephine
While Napoleon was on his Military Campaigns she was unfaithful to him
However, he did take her back for a period of time.
Military Strategies
Napoleon Bonaparte– Adapted to battle field – Use tactics that would
work best– Make offensive moves– Keep the army well-
supplied and encourage them that they will win the fight!
Napoleon’s Tactics “Military Genius”
Divide and Conquer – Split the enemy in two and flank them from one side.
The enemy will be literally half the size after the one side is annihilated
Reconnaissance – Search for gaps Concentrate artillery fire on these gaps Napoleon increased the use of artillery
Napoleon – Building an Empire
Annexed Land – added areas to France
Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy, and Germany
Napoleon conquered most of Europe
Was this enough for Napoleon?
Coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte
Napoleon’s actions during the Coronation were very symbolic
He took the crown off of the Pope and placed it on himself
Symbolized that he does not owe his success to anyone
Napoleon’s Problems with Great Britain
Battle of Trafalgar – Goal – End trade between England and Europe
Heratio Nelson – British admiral of Navy
Great Britain’s Navy was too strong
The Napoleonic CodePolitical Reforms in France
Equality of all in the eyes of the law No recognition of birthright (nobility) Freedom of Religion Freedom to find an occupation of choice Strengthened the role of the family
– Emphasis on the husband/father as the head of the family
Napoleonic CodeStrengths and Weaknesses
Strengths– Guaranteed civil
liberties– Continued the social
aims towards the French Revolution
– Protected the interest of the middle class
Weaknesses– Women could not vote– Wife owed obedience
to her husband– Minors had few rights– Males were given
more freedoms than Women in French Society
Napoleon in Power“Order, Security, and Efficiency”
Concordat of 1801 – Peace with the Church– Recognizes Catholic Church and religious toleration
Napoleonic Code – Reflects Enlightenment ideas– All MEN are Equal– The state is more important than one man– Order and Authority over individual rights.
Economic Reforms in France -– Controlled prices – Improved Transportation– Public Schools – Abolished Serfdom
Napoleon’s Empire 1812
Napoleon’s Downfall
Russian Campaign – – Failure (500,000 lives)– Lacked Supplies– Harsh Russian Winter
Napoleon Exiled to island of Elba
Forced to abdicate the throne to King Louis XVIII
Napoleon Invades Russia
Napoleon Escapes from Elba“Last 100 Days”
Napoleon escapes from Elba and returns to France
Rebuilds Military Soldiers are Loyal to
Napoleon not the King King Louis XVIII flees
and Napoleon regains power
Battle of Waterloo - 1815
Town in Belgium named Waterloo
Napoleon’s army – short lived triumph
British and Prussian forces crushes France
Napoleon forced to exile in St. Helena
Success or Failure?Hero or Villain?
Won many victories at the tactical and strategic level
Strategic Greed may have caused his downfall
Rise of Nationalism in French Society
Napoleon the “True Leader”
Morale – Napoleon knew his soldiers on a first name basis – He gained their respect by fighting!– “All men who value life more than the glory of the
nation and the esteem of their comrades should not be members of the French army.”
– “If you should see for the moment uncertain of victory, your emperor will be on the front line.”
“Control man’s imagination & you control their heart and soul..” Napoleon Bonaparte
Legacy of the Revolution
Influenced other countries to demand:– Constitution– Individual Rights– Liberty and Equality– Strong beliefs in
Nationalism– Desire to break away
from foreign rule
Other Influences of the Napoleonic Era and French Rev Serfdom and
Feudalism abolished everywhere (ex. Russia)
Religious Toleration ^ Modern Warfare
“nations at arms” Louisiana Purchase LA fights for indepen.
In France- – Public Schools– Merit– Law codes (civil rights– National bank– Public Works– Draft for national
army