NanotechnologyThe biggest science and

engineering initiative since the Apollo program

Objectives

• 1. Make sense of Nanotechnology 2. Understand the smallness of nanoscale 3. Appreciate the impossibility of creating nanoscale materials with macroscale tools 4. Explore the applications of nanotechnology and how it is changing materials

What is Nanotechnology

nano.gov

Click on Tee-shirt

How small are nanostructures?

Single Hair

Width = 0.1 mm

= 100 micrometers

= 100,000 nanometers !

Smaller still

Hair

.

DNA

3 nanometers

6,000 nanometers

100,000 nanomete

rs10 nm objectsmade by guidedself-assembly

Applications of Nanotechnology

10 GB2001

20 GB2002

40 GB2004

80 GB2006

160 GB2007

First, An Example: iPod Data Storage Capacity

Hard driveMagnetic data storage

Uses nanotechnology!

Hitachi 4TB desktop PC 2011

Why do we want to make things at the nanoscale?

• To make better products: smaller, cheaper, faster and more effective. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, medical diagnostics & therapy, and more)

• To introduce completely new physical phenomena to science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

For a sustainable future!

Types of Nanostructuresand How They Are Made

"Nanostructures"

Nano-objects Nanostructured Materials

nanoscale outer dimensions

nanoscale internal structure

Nanoscale Devices and SystemsIntegrated nano-objects and materials

"nanoparticle""nanorod"

"nanofilm"

"nanotube"and more

Making Nanostructures: Nanomanufacturing

"Top down" versus "bottom up" methods

•Lithography•Deposition•Etching•Machining

•Chemical•Self-Assembly

Nanofilms

Gold-coated plastic for insulation purposes

"Low-E" windows: a thin metal layer on glass: blocks UV and IR light

Nanofilm on plasticNanofilm on glass

Photolithography

substrate

process recipe

spin on resist

resist

expose

mask (reticle)

develop

deposit

apply spin bake

spin coating

exposed unexposed

"scission"

liftoff

etch

narrow line

narrow trench

Imprint Lithography

Mold Template

Polymer or Prepolymer

Substrate

ImprintPressure

Heat or Cure

Release

• Thermal Imprint Lithography

– Emboss pattern into thermoplastic or thermoset with heating

• UV-Assisted Imprint Lithography

– Curing polymer while in contact with hard, transparent mold

Limits of Lithography

• Complex devices need to be patterned several times

Takes time and is expensive

• Limited by wavelength of light

Deep UV ~ 30nm features

• Can use electrons instead

1nm features possible

MUCH slower than optical

IBM - Copper WiringOn a Computer Chip

Self Assembly

SELF ASSEMBLY with DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

Block “A” Block “B”

10% A 30% A 50% A 70% A 90% A

~10 nm

Ordered Phases

PMMA PS

Scale set by molecular size

CORE CONCEPT FOR NANOFABRICATION Deposition

Template

EtchingMask

NanoporousMembrane

Remove polymerblock within cylinders(expose and develop)

Versatile, self-assembling, nanoscale lithographic system

(physical orelectrochemical)

nanoporous template

Nanomagnets in a Self-Assembled Polymer Mask

1x1012 magnets/in2

Data Storage......and More

More Applications of Nanotechnology

The future of Nano Solar

Konarka

Benefit: Sun is an unlimited source of electronic energy.

Nanomedicine: Cancer Therapy

tumor

gold nanoshells

Halas group, Rice Univ.

www.sciencentral.com/articles/view.php3?article_id=218392390

targeted therapy: hyperthermic treatment

www.nano.gov/html/news/SpecialPapers/Cancer

Perhaps the most important result in nanotechology so far: People from diverse fields working together to solve important

problems in our society

• Physics• Chemistry• Biology• Materials Science• Polymer Science• Electrical Engineering• Chemical Engineering• Mechanical Engineering• Medicine• And others

• Electronics• Materials• Health/Biotech• Chemical• Environmental• Energy• Food• Aerospace• Automotive• Security• Forest products

A Message for Students

Nanotechnology will change practically every part of our lives. It is a field for people who want to

solve technological challenges facing societies across the world

Some interesting ResourcesCA Berkely What is Nanotechnologyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4kHLj8la2Fo

Nano-waterproofing lesson