Nanotechnology by WARIS

8/2/2019 Nanotechnology by WARIS

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Assignment on:NANOTECHNOLOGY

Submitted to: DR. BASHIR AHMAD

Submitted by: WARIS KHAN (6TH

MICRO)

ROll No: 38 secB


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CONTENTS PAGE

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY 3

Origins 4

Fundamental concepts 5

What Size Is Nanotechnology 5

What Is a Nanometer? 5

Types of Nanotechnology 7

1.What is Top Down Nanotechnology?2.What is Bottom Up Nanotechnology?

Applications of Nanotechnology in Microbiology 8-12

References 13


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NanotechnologyNanotechnology (sometimes shortened to "nanotech") is the study of manipulating matter on an

atomicandmolecularscale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing materials, devices,

or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1 to 100nanometres.Quantummechanicaleffects are important at thisquantum-realmscale.

WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY

Sometimes shortened to "nanotech" it is the study of manipulating matter on

anatomicandmolecularscale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with developing

materials, devices, or other structures possessing at least one dimension sized from 1

to 100nanometres. Nanotechnology entails the application of fields of science as

diverse assurface science,organic chemistry,molecular biology,semiconductor

physics,microfabrication, etc.

Microbiology relates to nanoscience at a number of levels. Many bacterial entities arenano-machines in nature, including molecular motors like flagella and pili. Bacteria also

form biofilms by the process of self-assembly (for example the formation of Curli-filmby E. coli). The formation of aerial hyphae by bacteria and fungi is also directed by thecontrolled and ordered assembly of building blocks. Also, the formation of virus capsidsis a classical process of molecular recognition and self-assembly at the nano-scale.

Nanotechnology involves creating and manipulating organic and inorganic matter at thenanoscale. It promises to provide the means for designing nanomaterials; materials withtailor-made physical, chemical and biological properties controlled by defined molecularstructures and dynamics. The present molecular biology techniques of geneticmodification of crops are already forms of what has been termed nanotechnology.

In todays competitive market technology is essential to keep leadership in the food and

food processing industry. Consumers demand fresh authentic, convenient and flavourfulfood products. The future belongs to new products and new processes, with the goal of

enhancing the performance of the product, prolonging the product shelf life and

freshness, and improving the safety and quality of food. Nanotechnology is an enabling

technology that has the potential to revolutionise the food industry. Nanotechnology can

be applied to develop nanoscale materials, controlled delivery systems, contaminant
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfabricationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor_physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_biologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_realmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanometrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecularhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom


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detection and to create nanodevices for molecular and cellular biology.

Nanotechnology can provide for the future development of far more precise and

effective methods of, and other forms of, manipulation of food polymers and polymeric

assemblages to provide tailor-made improvements to food quality and food safety.

Nanotechnology promises not only the creation of novel and precisely defined material

properties, it also promises that these materials will have self-assembling, self-healing

and maintaining properties.

Nanoscience does have an impact on several other areas of microbiology. It allows forthe study and visualization at the molecular-assembly levels of a process. It facilitatesidentification of molecular recognition and self-assembly motifs as well as theassessment of these processes. Specifically, there are three areas wheremicrobiologists use nanotechnologists' techniques:

Imaging single molecules

Poking and pulling nanoscale objects (laser traps, optical tweezer) Determining spatial organization in living microbes (AFM, near/far field microscope)

Origins

Buckminsterfullerene C60, also known as thebuckyball, is a representative member of thecarbon

structuresknown asfullerenes. Members of the fullerene family are a major subject of research

falling under the nanotechnology umbrella.

Although nanotechnology is a relatively recent development in scientific research, the

development of its central concepts happened over a longer period of time. The emergence of

nanotechnology in the 1980s was caused by the convergence of experimental advances such asthe invention of thescanning tunneling microscopein 1981 and the discovery of fullerenes in

1985, with the elucidation and popularization of a conceptual framework for the goals ofnanotechnology beginning with the 1986 publication of the bookEngines of Creation.

The scanning tunneling microscope, an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level, was

developed in 1981 byGerd BinnigandHeinrich RohreratIBM Zurich Research Laboratory, forwhich they received theNobel Prize in Physicsin 1986. Fullerenes were discovered in 1985 by

Harry Kroto,Richard Smalley, andRobert Curl, who together won the 1996Nobel Prize in

Chemistry.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckyballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckyballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckyballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_Creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_Creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_Creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Zurich_Research_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Zurich_Research_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Zurich_Research_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Krotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Krotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:C60a.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Curlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Krotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_Zurich_Research_Laboratoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerd_Binnighttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engines_of_Creationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_tunneling_microscopehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullerenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckyball


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Fundamental concepts

Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. This covers both

current work and concepts that are more advanced. In its original sense, nanotechnology refers tothe projected ability to construct items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools beingdeveloped today to make complete, high performance products.

Onenanometer(nm) is one billionth, or 109, of a meter. By comparison, typical carbon-carbon

bond lengths, or the spacing between theseatomsin amolecule, are in the range 0.120.15 nm,

and aDNAdouble-helix has a diameter around 2 nm. On the other hand, the smallest cellular

life-forms, the bacteria of the genusMycoplasma, are around 200 nm in length. By convention,nanotechnology is taken as the scale range 1 to 100 nm following the definition used by the

National Nanotechnology Initiative in the US. The lower limit is set by the size of atoms

(hydrogen has the smallest atoms, which are approximately a quarter of a nm diameter) since

nanotechnology must build its devices from atoms and molecules. The upper limit is more or lessarbitrary but is around the size that phenomena not observed in larger structures start to become

apparent and can be made use of in the nano device. These new phenomena make

nanotechnology distinct from devices which are merely miniaturised versions of an equivalentmacroscopicdevice; such devices are on a larger scale and come under the description of

microtechnology.

What Size Is Nanotechnology

Its fairly common knowledge that nanotechnology is small. Very small to be precise. That's why

it can help us in so many ways - it can be performing tasks without us even knowing it's there,

such as fog free films on glasses. They can be seen to the naked eyed, but allow the eye to seethrough.

Nanotechnology deals with materials at the level of molecules and atoms that are 1/1000th the

width of a human hair - thats too small to be seen with microscopes found in most laboratorys!

What Is a Nanometer?Nanotechnology is measured in nanometers(nm). A nanometer is:

- 1 billionth of a meter

- which is 1 millionth of a centimetre

- 1 hundred thousandth of a millimetre

That means to see a nanometre at a scale of 1cm you would have to zoom in a million times -now that's small!
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For all of you still using imperial, a nanometer is 250 millionths of an inch.

It's hard to put into perspective but a sheet of paper is 100,000 nanometers thick

A nanometer was previously known as a millimicron.

A nanometer is also smaller than the size of a cell in your body. It is for that reason that a lot ofresearch goes into uses in medicine as nanodevices someday may be small enough to interactwith human genes and proteins.

Current research

Graphical representation of arotaxane, useful as a molecular switch.

This DNA tetrahedron is an artificiallydesignednanostructure of the type made in the field of

DNA nanotechnology. Each edge of the tetrahedron is a 20 base pair DNAdouble helix, andeach vertex is a three-arm junction.

This device transfers energy from nano-thin layers ofquantum wellstonanocrystalsabove them,

causing the nanocrystals to emit visible light.[22]
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Nanomaterials

The nanomaterials field includes subfields which develop or study materials having unique

properties arising from their nanoscale dimensions.

Interface and colloid sciencehas given rise to many materials which may be useful innanotechnology, such as carbon nanotubes and other fullerenes, and various nanoparticlesandnanorods. Nanomaterials with fast ion transport are related also to nanoionics and

nanoelectronics.

Nanoscale materials can also be used for bulk applications; most present commercial

applications of nanotechnology are of this flavor.

Progress has been made in using these materials for medical applications; see

Nanomedicine.

Nanoscale materials are sometimes used insolar cellswhich combats the cost of

traditionalSiliconsolar cells

Development of applications incorporating semiconductornanoparticlesto be used in the

next generation of products, such as display technology, lighting, solar cells andbiological imaging; seequantum dots.

Types of Nanotechnology

What is Top Down Nanotechnology?Top down nanotechnology is the concept of

increasingly more precise tools, using the most precise tools available, until you reach the

nanotechnological scale. This is most common in the computer industry, where devices arebeing used to make increasingly smaller (and more powerful) processing and memory chips.

This sort of nanotechnology is already being used in the field of computer design, and portablememory based applications such as music players.

What is Bottom Up Nanotechnology?Bottom-up nanotechnology is where you create a

nanotechnological device that assembles other, more complex nanotechnological devices using

the small nanotechnological device. Research into this field of nanotechnology is currently

underway. While initially more difficult than top-down nanotechnology, the benefit is thatbottom-up nanotechnology is the field that self replicating nanotechnology belongs to (a small

device building a bigger device, or more of themselves - self replication)
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Applications of Nanotechnology in Microbiology

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN FOOD MICROBIOLOGY

Detection of very small amounts of a chemical contaminant, virus or bacteria in food

systems is another potential application of nanotechnology. The exciting possibility ofcombining biology and nanoscale technology into sensors holds the potential ofincreased sensitivity and therefore a significantly reduced response-time to sensepotential problems.

Nanosensors that are being developed by researchers at both Purdue and Clemsonuniversities use nanoparticles, which can either be tailor-made to fluoresce differentcolors or, alternatively, be manufactured out of magnetic materials. These nanoparticlescan then selectively attach themselves to any number of food pathogens. Employees,using handheld sensors employing either infrared light or magnetic materials, could thennote the presence of even minuscule traces of harmful pathogens. The advantage of

such a system is that literally hundreds and potentially thousands of nanoparticles canbe placed on a single nanosensor to rapidly, accurately and affordably detect thepresence of any number of different bacteria and pathogens. A second advantage ofnanosensors is that, given their small size, they can gain access into the tiny creviceswhere the pathogens often hide.

The application of nanotechnologies on the detection of pathogenic organisms in foodand the development of nanosensors for food safety is also studied at the BioanalyticalMicrosystems and Biosensors Laboratory at Cornell University. The focus of theresearch performed at Cornell University is on the development of rapid and portablebiosensors for the detection of pathogens in the environment, food and for clinicaldiagnostics. The bioanalytical microsystems use the same biological principles as were

used in the simple biosensors, i.e. RNA recognition via DNA/RNA hybridization andliposome amplification. The bioanalytical microsystems that are studied focus on thevery rapid detection of pathogens in routine drinking water testing, food analysis,environmental water testing and in clinical diagnostics

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY

The rapid and sensitive detection of pathogenic bacteria at the point of care is extremelyimportant. Limitations of most of the conventional diagnostic methods are the lack ofultrasensitivity and delay in getting results. A bioconjugated nanoparticle-basedbioassay for in situ pathogen quantification can detect a single bacterium within 20minutes.

Detection of single-molecule hybridization has been achieved by a hybridization-detection method using multicolor oligonucleotide-functionalized QDs as nanoprobes. Inthe presence of various target sequences, combinatorial self-assembly of thenanoprobes via independent hybridization reactions leads to the generation ofdiscernible sequence specific detection of multiple relevant sequences ("MultiplexedHybridization detection with multicolor colocalization of quantum dot nanoprobes").
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/nl050888vhttp://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/nl050888vhttp://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/nl050888vhttp://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/nl050888vhttp://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/nl050888vhttp://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1021/nl050888v


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A spectroscopic assay based on SERS using silver nanorods, which significantlyamplify the signal, has been developed for rapid detection of trace levels of viruses witha high degree of sensitivity and specificity. The technique measures the change infrequency of a near- infrared laser as it scatters viral DNA or RNA. That change infrequency is as distinct as a fingerprint. This novel SERS assay can detect spectral

differences between viruses, viral strains, and viruses with gene deletions in biologicalmedia. The method provides rapid diagnostics (60 s) for detection and characterizationof viruses generating reproducible spectra without viral manipulation. This method isalso inexpensive and easily reproducible (see for instance:"Nanotechnology: A newfrontier in virus detection in clinical practice").

The use of nanoparticles as tags or labels allows for the detection of infectious agents insmall sample volumes directly in a very sensitive, specific and rapid format at lowercosts than current in-use technologies. This advance in early detection enablesaccurate and prompt treatment.

Quantum dot technology is currently the most widely employed nanotechnology in this

area. The recently emerging cantilever technology is the most promising. Thetechnology strengthens and expands the DNA and protein microarray methods and hasapplications in genomic analysis, proteomics, and molecular diagnostics.

Waveguide technology is an emergent area with many diagnostic applications.Nanosensors are the new contrivance for detection of bioterrorism agents. All thesenew technologies would have to be evaluated in clinical settings before their full importis appreciated and accepted.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN WATER MICROBIOLOGY

An adequate supply of safe drinking water is one of the major prerequisites for a healthylife, but waterborne diseases is still a major cause of death in many parts of the world,particularly in young children, the elderly, or those with compromised immune systems.As the epidemiology of waterborne diseases is changing, there is a growing globalpublic health concern about new and reemerging infectious diseases that are occurringthrough a complex interaction of social, economic, evolutionary, and ecological factors.

An important challenge is therefore the rapid, specific and sensitive detection ofwaterborne pathogens. Presently, microbial tests are based essentially on time-consuming culture methods. However, newer enzymatic, immunological and geneticmethods are being developed to replace and/or support classical approaches to

microbial detection. Moreover, innovations in nanotechnologies and nanosciences arehaving a significant impact in biodiagnostics, where a number of nanoparticle-basedassays and nanodevices have been introduced for biomolecular detection
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4103/0255-0857.43551http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4103/0255-0857.43551http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4103/0255-0857.43551http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4103/0255-0857.43551http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4103/0255-0857.43551http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.4103/0255-0857.43551


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Nano Diagnostics: early and accurate diagnosis

Biosensors and miniaturized devices targeted imaging agents to highlight of

disease Targeted Drug Delivery: on the spot bring the drug to the target site and

monitor its impact

Regenerative Medicine: stimulated repair help the body to (re)build organs or

systems

Meeting ELSA challenges

Ethical, Legal & Social Aspects

For the main diseases in the world:

Cancer, cardiovascular disease, musculo-skeletal, mental and infectious disease,

and diabetes

Nano Technology in Cancer

To develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (e.g. cancer) through

the utilization of nanotechnology

To provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by means of

targeted drug delivery systems

ELSA Compliance

Nanomedicine touches familiar Ethical, Legal and Social Aspects (ELSA) known

from biomedical ethics such as gap between diagnostics and therapy

sensitivity of genetic information

Key Goals for Nanomedicine

To develop cure for traditionally incurable diseases (e.g. cancer) through

the utilization of nanotechnology

To provide more effective cure with fewer side effects by means of

targeted drug delivery systems


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Nanotechnology is Potential science

Nanotechnology has the potential to create many new materials and devices with

a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials and

energy production.

Makes the detection of Infectious Agents Easier

A microscopic biological sensor that can detect Salmonella bacteria--shown here

in a petri dish--in lab tests has been developed by an Agricultural Research Service

scientist and university colleagues.

Nanoparticles overcome Drug Resistance

". The treatment of multi drug-resistant bacterial infections is a great challenge

for medicine. IBN's peptide nanoparticles provide doctors with a novel means of

treating infections that do not respond to conventional antibiotic

MICROBOTICS

, the basic idea of vaccination gave rise to bactofection - the technique of using

bacteria as non-viral gene carriers into target cells. The DNA cargo is transported

inside the bacteria and, once it arrives at the target location, the bacteria is

broken up in order to release the therapeutic gene or protein. A novel technique

takes advantage of the invasive properties of bacteria for delivery of

nanoparticles into cells. Here, the gene or cargo is not carried inside the bacteria,

but rather remains on the surface conjugated to nanoparticles. Consequently, this

approach does not require bacterial disruption for delivery, or any genetic

engineering of the bacteria for different cargo.

PRIORITY AREAS on Nanomedicine

DNA Vaccines for parasitic, bacterial and viral diseases

Oral and pulmonary routes for systemic delivery of proteins and peptides

Nanotechnology in Tissue Engineering


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Impacts of Human Genome Research to Medicine

Enter the era ofpersonalized medicine

Genetic profiling for cancer risk -

To identify the molecular changes of genes that underlie the high

risk of cancer

Precise diagnosis of the special types of cancer

Pro-active cancer management -

Life style modification and monitoring.

Pharmaco-genomic profiling for drug responses

To identify the genetic predisposition for drug responses to assist drug selection,

optimize efficacy and minimize toxicity.

Spectroscopy and Nanotechnology

Advances have also been made in applying force spectroscopy to manipulate

single membrane proteins, to map surface properties and receptor sites on cells

and to measure cellular interactions at the single-cell and single-molecule levels.


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References

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Development30: 4.3. Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. (1985). "C60:

Buckminsterfullerene

4. Adams, W Wade; Baughman, Ray H (2005). "Retrospective: Richard E. Smalley (19432005)".5. Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties". Royal Society and Royal

Academy of Engineering. July 2004. Retrieved 13 May 2011.

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