Nanotechnology

By: Bushra

What is nanotechnology?Nanotechnology is the engineering of

functional systems at the molecular scale which are smaller than 100 nanometers.

It is the construction items from the bottom up, using techniques and tools being developed today to make complete, high performance products.

A nanometer (nm) is one billionth of a meter. The width of an average hair is 100,000 nanometers.

Human blood cells are 2,000 to 5,000 nm long.

A strand of DNA has a diameter of 2.5 nm.

Carbon Nanotubes

Long, thin, cylindrical nanostructures which are allotropes of carbon.

They are hexagonal lattices of graphite rolled with ends covered by half a fullerene molecule.

There are Two types:Single Wall NanotubeMulti Wall Nanotube

Single WallZigzag: rolled upgraphite sheet

Armchair: graphenesheet rolled in a 30 degree chiral angle

Chiral Vector: rolled upgraphite sheet at an angle at the axis of the nanotube

Multi WallTorus: bent carbon nanotubes that have

magnetic moments and thermal stability.

Nanobud: Combined carbon nanotubes and fullerenes which are covalently bonded to the outer sidewall; they are field emitters.

Cup-stacked: stacked graphene layers that behave as metallic conductors of electron.

Strength: nanotubes are strong, hard and stiff from the covalent bonds formed between the carbon atoms.

Kinetic: The inner nanotubes slide using almost no friction within the outer shell, which creates a linear or rotational bearing.

Electrical: The unique symmetry of the electronic structure makes it a semiconductor.

Thermal: Because they exhibit ballistic conduction they are excellent conductors.

Properties

Nanotechnology is useful in:Security

Sensors Communication

Environment Renewable Energy Remediation

Medicine Detection and Diagnosis Regeneration Treatment

Food Antimicrobial Packaging Brand Protection Pesticide Reduction

APPLICATIONS

SecuritySensors:

In order to protect biological and chemical threats, nanosensors are used to detect radioactive materials or toxins at the molecular and atomic level.

In public water systems, sensors can test and detect small amounts of contaminations.

CommunicationTo protect computers and networks from

attack, transistor- like nanoscale devices are integrated into the systems, making it impossible to crack the system.

EnvironmentRenewable Energy

Development of solar panel to collect excessive energy and convert it to hydrogen and then store it.

RemediationTo clean up environmental problems,

nanoparticles detoxify many contaminants and sense mercury vapor in the air.

MedicineDetection and Diagnosis:

Working at the nanoscale can lead to the development of tools to detect multiple life threatening diseases before it overwhelms the body.

Regeneration:Using nanotechnology to make a gel that initiates

the the growth of nerve cells that are lost or damaged.

To prevent body from rejecting artificial parts and stimulate the growth of bones and tissues.

Treatment:Nanoscale drug carries which recognize diseased

tissues and release the drug neededEnter damaged ells and release enzymes causing

them to self destruct or repair cell.

FoodAntimicrobial Packaging:

Edible food films kills bacteria and detects the presence of E. Coli bacteria. Nano-enhanced barriers keeps food fresher

Brand Protection: Nanobarcodes used to tag products and trace

outbreaks.

Pesticide Reduction: Nanofibers release pesticides to eliminate additional

spray and chemicals which can leak in the water supply

BenefitsReduce water shortagesReduction of infectious diseaseImprove prices of electronic devicesConserve energyProtect environmentImprove medical research and health care

DangersOveruse of products could damage

environmentNanotech weapons could lead to a dangerous

arms raceIntroduction of new products can disrupt

societyCriminals and terrorist can misuse the

technologyEconomic oppression from inflated pricesEconomic disruption from cheap productsCheap replication of products

Bibliographyhttp://cache0.techcrunch.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/08/nanotech-

480.jpg http://www.crnano.org/whatis.htmhttp://www.howstuffworks.com/nanotechnology.htmhttp://www.discovernano.northwestern.edu/affect/applications_content/

medicine/treatmenthttp://www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/ntproperties/http://www.ncnr.nist.gov/staff/taner/nanotube/types.htmlhttp://www.arkema.com/sites/group/en/products/spotlight/

nanotubes1.pagehttp://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/id1561_2.jpghttp://www.environmentalleader.com/2009/02/24/top-10-uses-of-

nanotechnology-in-food/http://www.crnano.org/dangers.htmhttp://rgrstatic1.tangentlabs.co.uk/images/bau/

97808050/9780805014853/0/0/plain/thats-all-folks-the-art-of-the-warner-brothers-animation.jpg

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/60/201007926_a74c2c11b1.jpghttp://www.slashgear.com/gallery/data_files/7/4/thumbnails_150x100/

thumb_fly.gif